tw 



WITH THE LATIN INTERPRETATION OF 

RILffiUS, 

AND THE ENGLISH NOTES OF 

DAVIDSON. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED A LARGE VARIETY OF 

Botanical, Mythological, and Historical Notes f 

SELECTED AND ORIGINAL, 



With a view to facilitate the acquisition of the meaning, and to promote a taste for the 
beauties of the illustrious author, by 



WILLIAM STAUGHTON, D. D, 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY PKlLIP H. NICKLIK 

WXLLIA5T *»Y, PRINTEB. 

1813. 



Kj 









District of Pennsylvania, to wi*: 

******** BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twentieth day of February, in 

* seal. » the thirty-seventh year of the independence of the United States of Ame- 

1******* rica » A D - ^813, Philip H. Nicklin, of the said district, have deposited in 

this office, the titlo of a book, the rigkt whereof he claims as proprietor, 

in the words following, to wit: 

" The Works of Virgil; with the Latin Interpretation of Ruaeus, and the English 
Notes of Davidson. To which is added a large variety of Botanical, Mythological, and 
Historical Notes, selected and original, with a view to facilitate the acquisition of the 
Meaning, and to promote a Taste for the Beauties of the illustrious Author, By Wil- 
liam Staughton, D. D." 

In qrmformity to the act of the congress of the United States, intitled, " An act 
for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to 
the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned." — And 
also to the act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, entituled, " An act for the 
encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the 
authors and proprietors of such copies during the time therein mentioned," and ex- 
tending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical 
and other prints." 

D. CALDWELL, 

Clerk of the District of Pennsylvania- 



I 






PREFACE. 

IT is generally admitted not only that the ancient poets furnish the 
most elegant and correct specimens of fine writing, but that their effu- 
sions deserve to be regarded as standards of taste. Of these Virgil is 
one of the most eminent. The increasing zeal of parents and preceptors 
to render our American youth familiar with his works, must afford the 
liveliest pleasure to the lovers of classic learning. Every measure that 
has for its object the removal of difficulties from the young reader, and 
the inspiring a taste for the exalted beauties of such a writer as the Man- 
tuan bard, will, at least, secure public approbation, should it even fail of 
its full design. 

The value, and in many cases the necessity, of notes for illustrating 
the text of our author have been generally acknowledged. His allusions 
frequently relate to sentiments and facts which require to be stated and 
explained. His moral, though always beautiful, is not always obvious. 
Some of his constructions are obscure. The distance of time at which 
we are placed from the writing of his works, the errors of copiers, and 
the circumstance that the iEneid is itself a composition which never re- 
ceived the perfecting touch of the poet, have created a thousand critical 
conjectures. These are sometimes ridiculous, but often ingenious, pro- 
bable, and instructive. Few editions, comparatively, of Virgil have been 
published, without numerous notes. 

It is however to be regretted that the greatest proportion of these is 
written in Latin. The Delphin, one of the most popular and correct of 
the editions of Virgil, and which abounds with copious illustrations, la- 
bours under this inconvenience. Tutors, especially such as have several 
classes under their care, have not leisure to translate them to their pu- 
pils, and the pupils, at the time they begin to read Virgil, possess too 
small an acquaintance with the Roman tongue distinctly to comprehend 
their meaning. Hence they are almost generally disregarded. Martyn, 
the celebrated professor of botany at Cambridge, has given large English 
notes on the Bucolics and Georgics. To him the reader is indebted for 
many useful observations, particularly such as relate to a botanical deter- 
mination of the plants named by our poet. Trapp and Wharton have 

A 



vi v PREFACE. 

appended a variety of notes to their respective translations. A few have 
been added by Dryden to his. But no one of these is a school book. 

Davidson's notes, many of which have been taken from the above- 
named authors, are confessedly good. It is believed that the large addi- 
tion here made to them will prove an acceptable present to the friends 
of literature. A body of the most valuable observations of Ruaeus, Mi- 
nelius, Heyne, Marty n, Trapp, Wharton, Wakefield, &c. together with 
many critical observations selected from Addison, Johnson, and others, 
will be found in the following pages; and with them some original remarks 
which the habit of reading and teaching Virgil for many years has sug- 
gested. The substance of the ideas of Dr. Warburton on the descent of 
iEneas into hell is prefixed to the sixth book of the iEneid. It may be 
proper to remark, that in some cases where the interpretation of Ruaeus, 
the notes of Davidson, or the additional illustrations in the present edi- 
tion have contradicted or clashed with each other, the preservation of 
each entire has been preferred to the making of alterations which, though 
harmonious among themselves, might be found harmoniously wrong. 
In such instances the good sense of the reader must determine the mean- 
ing he will adopt. 






._ 1 

THE 



LIFE OF VIRGIL. 



V IRGIL was born at Mantua, in the first consulship of Pompey the 
Great and Licinius Crassus, in the year of Rome dclxxxiv., sixty- 
nine years before the birth of our Saviour, on the fifteenth of October, 
a day which the Latin poets observed annually in commemoration of his 
birth. His father Maro was a person of humble extraction; but his mo- 
ther, whose name was Maia, was nearly related to Quintilius Varus, 
who was of an illustrious family. 

He passed the first seven years of his life at Mantua; thence went to 
Cremona, where he lived to his seventeenth year; at which age, as Was 
usual among the Romans, he put on the toga virilism Pompey and Cras- 
sus being that year, a second time, consuls. 

From Cremona he went to Naples, where he studied the Greek and 
Latin languages with the utmost application and assiduity: he afterwards 
applied himself closely to the study of physic and the mathematics, in 
which he made a very great proficiency. To this early tincture of geo- 
metrical learning were owing that regularity of thought, propriety of ex- 
pression, and exactness of conducting all subjects, for which he is so re- 
markable. He learned the Epicurean philosophy under the celebrated 
Syro, of whom Cicero speaks with the greatest encomiums both of his 
learning and virtue. His acquaintance with Varo, his first patron, com- 
menced by his being fellow student with him under this philosopher, 
for whom Virgil seems to have retained a lively affection. 

After he had spent some years at Naples, he went thence to Rome, 
where he soon attracted the notice of some of the great men at court, 
who showed the high esteem they had of him by introducing him to Au- 
gustus. But whether Virgil disliked the hurry and bustle of a court life, 
or the air of Rome did not agree with his sickly constitution, is uncer- 
tain; however, he again retired to Naples, where he set about writing 
his Bucolics, chiefly with a design to celebrate the praises of Pollio, 
Varius, and Gallus, who recommended him to Maecenas. By his inte- 
rest he was particularly exempted from the common calamity of the 
poor Mantuans; whose lands, as a reward to the veterans for their bra- 
very at the t>attle of Philippi, were divided among them. Virgil's was 
excepted, as appears by the first Eclogue, in which he expresses the ut- 



viii THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. 

most gratitude for so singular a favour, in such a manner as ingratiated 
him more in the favour of Augustus. It is said he spent three years in 
writing his Eclogues; and had he spent as many more, the time would 
have been well employed, that produced the finest pastorals in the Ro- 
man, or perhaps any other language. He used to revise his verses with 
extreme severity. He would dictate a great number of lines in the mor- 
ning, and spend the rest of the day in revising and abridging them. He 
compared himself to a she bear, which licks her cubs into shape. His 
behaviour was so benevolent and inoffensive, that most of his contempo- 
rary poets (even the genus irritabile vaturn) though they degraded each 
other, agreed in loving and esteeming him. 

Italy being now reduced to extremity, the lands lying uncultivated, 
and the inhabitants being in want of the very necessaries of life, the fa- 
tal but natural consequences of a civil war, in so much that the state 
seemed to be in danger, the people throwing all the blame upon Augus- 
tus; Maecenas, sensible of the great parts and unbounded knowledge of 
Virgil, set him about writing the Georgics for the improvement of hus- 
bandry, the only mean left to save Italy from utter ruin; in which Virgil 
succeeded so well, that, after their publication, Italy began to put on a 
new appearance. The Georgics are not only the most perfect of all Vir- 
gil's works, but the rules for the improvement of husbandry are so just, 
and at the same time so general, that they not only suit the climate for 
which he wrote them, but have been found of such extensive use, that 
the greatest part of them are put in practice in most places of the world 
at this very day. Virgil was now thirty-four years of age; having spent 
seven of the prime of his years in composing this inimitable poem, which 
has been, and ever will be admired as the most finished and complete 
piece that ever poet produced: for here indeed he shines in his meridian 
glory. 

Having finished his Georgics; after a few years' respite, he set about 
the iEneid, when turned of forty; though it is generally believed he laid 
the foundation of that great and arduous work more early. To this he 
seems to allude in his sixth pastoral: 

Cum canerem reges et przelia, Cynthius aurem 
Vellit, et admonuit: .Pastorem, Tityre, pingues 
Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. 

But when I try'd her tender voice, too young 1 , 
And fighting kings and bloody battles sung-, 
Apollo check'd my pride; and bade me feed 
My fatt'ning flocks, nor dare beyond the reed. 

Virgil's design of writing the iEneid being announced, the expectations 
of the Romans were raised so high that Sextus Propertius did not scru- 
ple to prophesy, 



THE LIFE OF VIRGIL, ix 

Cedite, Romani scriptores, cedite Graii, 
Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade. 

Had Virgil designed the ^Eneid only as an encomium on Augustus, he 
might surely have written short panegyrics on his prince, as Horace has 
done, at several times, and on proper occasions, at a far less expense of 
time and labour than the ^Eneid must of necessity have cost him: for 
he has not only given Augustus' character under that of ^Eneas, but has 
wrought into his work the whole compass of the Roman history, with 
that of the several nations, from the earliest times down to his own; and 
that with such exactness as to deserve the title of the Roman historian, 
much better than Homer did that of writer of the Trojan war: most of 
the Romans, in any controverted point, submitting rather to his autho- 
rity than to that of the most learned historian. 

The iEneid is an epic poem, which being the noblest composition in 
poetry, requires an exact judgment, a fruitful invention, a lively imagi- 
nation, and a universal knowledge. These must center in one and the 
same person, as they did in Virgil, whose prodigious genius has been 
the admiration of all mankind, and will be so, while learning and good 
sense have a place in the world. Virgil spent about seven years in wri- 
ting the first six books of this admirable poem, some part of which Au- 
gustus and Octavia longed to hear him rehearse, and at length prevailed 
with him, after many entreaties- Virgil for this purpose fixed on the 
sixth, which, not without reason, he thought would affect them most; as 
in it he had, with his usual dexterity, inserted the funeral panegyric of 
young Marcellus (who died a little before) whom Augustus designed 
for his successor, and who was the darling of his mother Octavia, and 
of all the Romans. After he had raised their passions by reciting these 
inimitable lines, 

O nate, ingentem luciurn ne quaere tuoruni: 
Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra 
Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago 
Visa potens, superi, propria hsec si dona fuissent. 
Quantos ille viruui magnam Mavortis ad urbem 
Campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tyberine, vide bis 
Funera, cumtumulum prxterlabere recentem! 
Nee puer Iliac a quisquam de gente Latinos 
In tantum spe toilet avos: nee Romula quondam 
Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. 
Heu pietas! heu prisca fides! invictaque bello 
Dextera! non ilii quisquam se impune tulisset 
Obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, 
Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos 

He at last surprises them with 



X THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. 

Hen miserande puer! si qua fata aspera rumpas, 
Tu Marcellus eris. 

\ 

At which affecting words the emperor and Octavia burst both into tears, 
and Octavia fell into a swoon. Upon her recovery she ordered the poet 
ten sesterces for every line, each sesterce making about seventy-eight 
pounds of our money. A prodigious sum for the whole! but they were 
Virgil's verses. 

In about four years more he finished the iEneid, and then set out for 
Greece, where he designed to revise it at his leisure; proposing to de- 
vote the chief of the remaining part of his days to philosophy. This had 
been always his darling study, as he himself informs us in these charm- 
ing lines: 

Me vero primumdulces ante omnia Musae, 
Quarum sacra fero ing'enti perculsus amore, 
Accipiant; coelique vias etsidera monstrent, 
Defectus solisvarios, lunaeque labores; 
•Unde tremor terris; qua vi maria alta tumescant 
Obicibus ruptis, rursusque in seipsa residant; 
Quid tantum oceano properent se tingere soles 
Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 

Ye sacred muses, with whose beauty fir'd, 
• My soul is ravish'd and my brain inspir'd, 
Whose priest I am, whose holy fillets wear, 
Would you your poet's first petition hear: 
Give me the ways of wand'ring stars to know, 
The depths of heaven above and hell below; 
Teach me the various labours of the moon, 
And whence proceed th' eclipses of the sun; 
Why flowing tides prevail upon the main, 
And in what dark recess they shrink again; 
What shakes the solid earth, what cause delays 
The summer-nights, and shortens winter- days. 

But he had not been long in Greece, before he was seized with a lin- 
gering disease. Augustus returning about this time from his eastern 
expedition, Virgil was willing to accompany him home; but he no sooner 
reached Brundusium than he died there ; in the year of Rome dccxxxv., 
and in the fifty-first year of his age, and was buried at Naples, where 
his tomb is shown to this day. 

He was tall and of a swarthy complexion, very careless of his dress, 
extremely temperate, but of a sickly constitution, being often troubled 
with a pain in his head and stomach, and with spitting of blood: he was 
bashful to a fault; he would frequently run into the shops to prevent 
being gazed at in the streets of Rome; and had a hesitation in his 
speech, as often happens to great men, it being rarely found that a very 
, fluent elocution and depth of judgment meet in the same person. 



THE LIFE OF VIRCxIL. x [ 

He was one of the best and wisest men of his time; and in such po- 
pular esteem, that one hundred thousand Romans rose up when he came 
into the theatre, showing him the same respect they did to Caesar him- 
self: and as he was beloved in his life, he was universally lamented at 
his death. He went out of the world with that calmness of mind that 
became so great and good a man, leaving Augustus his executor, who 
committed the care of publishing the iEneid to Tucca and Varius, strictly 
charging them, neither to cancel, nor add one word, nor so much as fill 
up the breaks or half-verses. In the publication of the iEneid the world 
has to be grateful to Augustus, who, though the modesty and genius of 
Virgil requested that the work might be burned, because it had not re- 
ceived his last corrections, could not refrain from giving it to mankind. 

A little before his death, it is said, he wrote this inscription for his 
monument, which does him the more honour, as it savours not the least 
of ostentation. 

Mantua me genuit; Calabrirapuere; tenet nunc 
Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces. 



I sang flocks, tillage, heroes; Mantua gave 
Me life, Brundusium death, Naples a grave. 



Mr. Pope has finely contrasted Virgil with Homer: 
" Methinks the two poets resemble the heroes they celebrate; Homer, 
boundless and irresistible as Achilles, bears all before him, and shines 
more and more as the tumult increases. Virgil, calmly daring like 
^Eneas, appears undisturbed in the midst of the action, and conquers 
with tranquillity: or when we look on their machines, Homer seems 
like his own Jupiter in his terrors shaking Olympus, scattering the light- 
nings and firing the heavens. Virgil, like the same power in his benevo- 
lence counselling with the gods, laying plans for empires, and regularly 
ordering his whole creation." 






PREFACE 



TO THE 



BUCOLICS. 

-PASTORAL poetry, arising naturally out of the simplicity and plea- 
sures of pastoral life, appears to have been cultivated at an early period 
in the history of man. The life of a shepherd was favourable to the study 
of astronomy, the sheep requiring his vigilant protection more during 
the silent hours of the night, than while the day continued. It was in 
character with rustics 

*' Chatting- in a row," 

to place the ram and the bull, the lion and the bear, a fair damsel and a 
water bearer, among the constellations. But such a life was equally fa- 
vourable to music and to verse; and as in primitive times the occupation 
of the swain was not painful and servile, but joyous and honourable, the 
understanding was as active to correct, as was the fancy to form, the 
" native wood-note." 

According to Dr. Johnson, a pastoral is " a poem in which any action 
or passion is represented by its effects upon a country life." Whatever 
circumstances can occur in a country become therefore suitable materials 
for Bucolic measure. Virgil deserves no censure for introducing the 
predictions of the sage, the mythology of the priest, the philosophy of the 
schools, and the simplicity and piety of domestic circles, into his inimi- 
table pastorals. 

It is acknowledged that our author has kept Theocritus ever in his 
eye; but where the delicacy of taste, the contrivance of art, or the so- 
briety of judgment were required, he is in every respect the Grecian's 
superior. 

A finer compliment can scarcely be passed upon a writer than that 
paid our author by Mr. Addison. " We receive more strong and lively 
ideas from his words than we could have done from the objects them- 
selves, and find our imaginations more affected by his descriptions than 
they would have been by the very si^ht of what he describes." Such as 
suppose the intoxication of Silenus in the sixth pastoral to mean no more 
than the inspiration of the gods appear to err by an excess of kindness. 
They who apply his fourth to the birth of the Messiah are well support- 
ed by the elegant Pollio of Mr. Pope. 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 
BUCOLICA. 



ECLOGA I. 

TITYRUS. 



MEL. 



Melibosus, Tityrus, 



INTERERETATIO. 

mel. Tityre, tu jaeens 
sub umbracuto fagi opaeae, 
modularis cantilenam pasto- 
ralem cum parva fistula: nos 
5 deseriraus termbos patrite^ 
et agros amdsQOS; nos eximus 
c patria: tu, i ityre, otio- 
sus sub umbra, doces arbo- 
res referre nomen pulchra; 
Amaryllidis. tit. <J Me- 
Ilbose, Deus nobis dedit hane 
quietem. Namhabebo seni- 
le- 



TITYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi, 

Sylvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena: 

Nos patriae fines, et dulcia linquimus arvaj 

Nos patriam fugimus: Tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra 

Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida sylvas. 

tit. O Melibcee, Deus nobis hxc otia fecit. 

Namque erit ille mihi semper Deus: illius aram 

Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. 

Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum 

Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. 10 

mel. Non equidem invideo: miror magis: undiq; , per ilium Dei loco: stspe u 

;^her agnus electus ex ovi 
nostxo tinge t iliius aram sanguine. Ille permisit vaccas meas vagari, ut vides, et me ipsum canere 
fistula rustica quicquid vellem. me. Ego quidem non invideo, imo admiror, 

NOTES. 
Theoccasion of the first pastoral wasthis: plainly distinguishes them. Metam. lib. %> 
When Augustus had settled himself in the 
Roman empire, that he might reward his 
veteran troops for their past service, he dis- 
tributed among them all the lands that lay 
about Mantua and Cremona, turning out 
the right owners for having sided with his 
enemies. Virgil (or his father) was a suf- 
ferer among the rest; but he recovered his 
estate by the intercession of Maecenas, Pol- 
lio, and Varus. Virgil, as an instance of his 
gratitude, composed the following pastoral; 
where he sets out his father's good fortune 
in the person of Tityrus, and the calamities 
of his Mantuan neighbours in the charac- 
ter of Meliboeus. To this piece of history 
Martial refers in the following lines: 
. Sint Msecenates, non deerunt, Flacce, 
Marones; 
Virgiliumque tibi vel tuarura dabunt. 
Jugera perdiderat miserae vicina Cre- 
mona, 
Flebat et ahductas Tityrus xgeroves. 
Risit Thuscus eques, paupertatemque 
malignam 
Reppulit, ut celeri jussit abire fuga. 
Accipe divitias, etvatum maximus esto, 
Tu licet, et nostrum, dixit, Alexin 
ames. 
1. Fagi. We commonly make the fagus 
the same tree, as the esculus; but Ovid 



B 



v. 91, 92. 

2. Silvestrem Musam, i. e. rusticum car» 
men, Lucretius, lib. II. 

Fistula silvestrem ne cesset findere Mu- 
sam. 

2. Meditaris, i. e. exerces, exercise your 
rural muse, as in Plautus, Stichu II. 1= 34. 
Ad cursum meditabcr me, And Cic. 1. de 
Orat. 62. Demosthenes perfecit meditando^ 
ut nemo planius eo locutus putaretur. 

2. Avend. For fistula avenacea. The mu- 
sical instruments used by shepherds were 
at first made of oat and wheat straw; then 
of reeds and hollow pipes of box; afterwards 
of the leg bones of cranes, horns of animal% 
metals, &c. Hence they are called, avena 3 
stipula, calamus, arundo, fistula, buxus 9 
tibia, cornu, ces, &c. 

4. The primitive meaning of lentus is slow,' 
but here it implies being at rest, and at lei- 
sure. 

5. Amaryllida. By Amaryllis some un- 
derstand Rome, and Virgil's friends at 
Rome: but there is no occasion for such re- 
finement: the pastoral will appear more 
beautiful by considering Amaryllis simply 
as the shepherd's mistress, whose praises 
lie sings at his ease. See Theocritus, Idvll 
III. 

9. Errare To feed at large 



2 P. VIRGILJI MARONIS 

cum tantus sit tumuitus Usque adeo turbatur agris. En ipse capellas [totis 

toto rure. Ecce ego race- p rotenus g,™ ago: hanc etiam vix Tityre, duco: 
rens abigo pra; me capel- . & o ' / » 

las, ethane, oTityre, difficile Hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos, 
traho: raodo enim enixa ge- Spem gregis, ah! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. 15 
minos>*«* ,qui erant spes s ma lum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset, 

eregis, proh dolor/ deseruit ~ r . . . ,. ' 

eos rigidoin saxo, inter spis- De coelo tactas memini praedicere quercus: 
sas corylos. Memini quercus Ssepe sinistra cava prsedixit ab ilice cornix. 
afflatas fulmine sspe pr«- s e d tamen, ille Deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. 

nunciasse nobis banc calami- TT , .. * n A ', ... . 

tatem, nisi animus impru- ti. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Melibcee, putavi 
dens fuisset; ssepe cornix fa- Stultus ego huic nostras similem, quo saepe solemus 
nestaadmonuit ex dice putri. p as tores ovium teneros depellere foetus. 22 

5£2*aTSS?SJ; ^c canibus catulos similes, sic matribus hcedos 
Ego demens, 6 Melibcee, ex- No ram: sic parvis componere magna solebam. 
istimavi urbem, quaevocatur Verum hsec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, 
jfeat??d "S Q-ntum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. 26 

pastores consuevimus dedu- mel. Lt quae tanta iuit Romam tibi causa videndi: 
cere agnos teuellos. Quem tit. Libertas: quae sera, tamen respexit inertem; 
admodum sciebam catulos Ca ndidior Dostquam tondenti barba cadebat: - 

canibus, et hcedos capelhs es- N 

se similes: quemadmodum Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore vemt, # 30 
solebam comparare magna Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. 
parns. Sed urbs ilia tantum N amque (fatebor enim) dum me Galatea tenebat, 

emmet inter cameras, quan- XT k V... . ' , A 

tum cupressi solent eminere Nec S P? S libertatis erat, nec cura peculi: 

inter viburna flexilia. mel. Quamvis multa meis exiret victima septis, 

Et qua; tanta necessitas te pinguis e t ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, 35 

LiDlKas^q^S 6 tarda,* Non unquam gravis sere domum mihi dextra redibat. 

tamen aspexit me desidem, mrl. Mirabar, quid moesta Deos, Amarylli, vocares, 

cum jam cana barba deci- Q u i pendere sua patereris in arbore poma. 

tS. ewSt pottos' Tityrushinc aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre, pinus, 

annos servitutis: ex quo se- Ipsi te lontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. 40 

cutussumAmarjllida,etre- TIT . Quid facerem? neq; servitio me exire licebat, 

liqui Galateam. Scilicet, jj t praesentes alibi coe;noscere divos. 

quamdiu amavi Galateam • .,, i . .. . __ & 

(fatebor enim) nec speravi Hie ilium vidi juvenem, Melibcee, quotannis 

libertatem, nec curavi patri- Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. 

monium: licet educerem ex Hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti: 45 

ovihbus meis multas victi- _. . r v . * , ., .,5 ^ 

mas, et coagularem optimos Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri: submittite tauros. 
caseos arf iisum ingratse ur-MEL. Fortunate senex! ergo tua rura manebunt: 
bis; nunquam referebam do- Et ^j ma gna satis: quamvis lapis omnia nudus, 

mummanus plenas pecuma. T . ° , , , L 

mel. Mirabar cur tristis in- Limosoque palus obclucat pascua junco: 

vocares Deos, 6 Amarylli, cui servares poma pendentia suis qu<eque arboribus. Tityrus 
hinc aberat: ipsse pinus, ipsi fontes, hse' ipsse arbores te repetebant. tit. Quid fecissem? nec 
poteram aliter abire e servitute: nec Deos experiri tam propitios in alio loco, qudm Romce. Ill i c 
vidi juvenem ilium, 6 Melibcee, propter quem arse nostra; fumant singulis annis per duodecim 
dies. Mic ipse prior ita respondit roganti mihi: Pueri, pascite boves, ut prius: et subligate tau- 
ros jugo. mel. O felix senex! itaq; agri tui relinquentur tibi, iiq; tibi satis ampli: licet nuda 
saxa tegant cteteros undique, et palus operiat pascua eoenoso junco: 

NOTES. 

19. Iste is the true reading; hie, iste, and 28. Libertas. Not that Virgil or his fa- 

ille, being thus distinguished: Hie Deus, ther were really slaves: but he speaks of 

is this god of mine, or whom, I mentioned; the oppressions which he sustained at home 

iste Deus, is that god of yours; and ille Deus, in his own country as a kind of slavery. 

that god of his, of theirs, or of any third 33. Peculi. Peculium is the private stock 

person. of a slave; in which sense it is properly ap- 

23. Sic. He thought it only different in plied to Tityrus, who personates the cha- 

magnitude, not in kind: but, when he came racter of a slave. 

to see Rome, he not only found it distin- 35. Ingratze urbi. Unhappy city. 

guished in degree, but even in species: it 36. Non unqaam, &c. Literally, My right 

was a quite other sort of city, just as the liand never returned home loaded with money 

::vpress diners in species from a shrub 46. Pueri. Puer has three significations 



BUCOLICA. ECL. I. 



Non insueta graves tentabunt pabula foetas, 

Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. 

Fortunate senex! hie inter flumina nota, 

Et fontes sacros, frigus captabis opacum. 

Hinc tibi, qua? semper vicino ab limite sepes 

Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti, 

Saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro. 

Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras. 

Nee tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes, 

Nee g-cinere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo. 

tit. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi, 

Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces: 

Ante, pererratis amborum finibus, exul 

Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim, 

Quam nostro iliius labatur pectore vultus. 

mel. At nos hinc alii sitientes ibimus Afros, 

Pars Scythiam, et rapidum Cretae veniemus Oaxem, 

Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. 

En unquam patrios longo post tempore fines, 

Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen, 

Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas? 

Impius hsec tarn culta novalia miles habebit? 

Barbarus has segetes? En quo discordia cives 

Perduxit miseros! en queis consevimus agros! 

Insere nunc, Melibcee, pyros, pone ordine vites: 

Ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 

Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, 

Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo: 



50insoKta pabula non vitiabunt 
gravidas pecudes, Deque 
n<>\ia contagies vicini gregis 
inficiet eas. O felix senex! 
hie prope amnes cognitos, et 
fontes dicatos JWimphis fru- 
em umbra frigid*. Ex alia 
parte scpes limitis propin- 
qui, in qua Acs salicum 
carpitur semper a Siculis 
apibus, sa?pe tenui mur-. 
mure apy.m te invrtabit, ut 
somno indulgeas. Ex alia 
60 parte putator frondium ex- 
celso in colle cantabit ?A au- 
ras. "Neque tamen interim 
raucse palumbes, quae simt 
tuas delicise, neque turtur de- 
sinet queri ex ulmo sublimi. 
^ tit. Prius igitur aples eer- 
65 vi paseent in aere, et maria 
deseVent in litore pisees de- 
fectos aqua: Prius extorris 
Parthia potabit Ararim, aut 
Germania Tigrim, regioni- 
bus mutuo permutatis, qukm 
«q forma iliius juvenis excidat 
mini ex animo. mel Nos 
vera hinc pulsi partim ibi- 
mus in Africam arid am, 
partim petemus Scythiam, 
aut celerem Oaxem Cretse, 
^ aut Britannos omnino sepa- 
75 ratos a caeteris populis. Nun- 
quamne post diuturnum 
tempus, post aliquot annos, 
revisam cum admiratione 



patriam regionem, et tectum casse pauperis extructum e gleba, qu£ tota erat mea posses- 
sio? Sceleratus miles possidebit hsec arva tam culta? peregrinus has messes? Ecce quo calami- 
talis dissensio adegit cives infortunatos : ecce propter quos seminavimus arva. Nunc, 6 Meli- 
baae, insere pyros, digere vineas in ordinem. Ite, ite, mes capellse, grex olim fortunate, Non 
ego deinde stratus viridi in spelunca aspiciam vos procul spinosa e rupe pendere: 



NOTES. 



1. A'- slave. % a boy in opposition to a girl. 3. 
Puerilis cetas. 

50 Graves foetas, i. e. prcegnantes: Nam 
feta sine addito, et de gravida, et de puerpera 
dicitur. In the first sense it occurs. Mn. VIII. 
640. 

Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro 

Procubuisse lupam. 

52. Inter flumina. The Mincio and the Po. 

53. Frigus opacum. Literally, the shady 
tss. 

54. Ab vicino limite. The same as in, ifc- 

55. Florem depasta salicti. AGrecism,the 
same as habens florem salicti depasium- 

55. Hybl&is apibus, i. e. bees such as 
those of Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, pro- 
ductive of the finest honey. 

57. Frondator. Servius gives it three sig- 
nifications: 1. The woodman in general: 2. 
The vine-dresser, who clears away the 
vine -leaves when they are too thick, and 
lavs the grapes more open to the sun: 3. 
Any bird that sings among the boughs; 
e some render it the nightingale. 



57. Ad auras. To the breezes: or per- 
haps it means aloud, so as to pierce the 
skies, as the phrase is used elsewhere. 

63. Parthus is not here to be taken for a 
particular native of Parthia, but for the 
Parthian nation in general; as Germania in 
the other part of the verse signifies the Ger- 
mans in a body. The meaning therefore is, 
That these tvio nations shall sooner exchange 
countries vjith one another, than, Sec Had 
the critics attended to this, it might have 
saved them a great deal of needless trouble. 

70. Aliquot aristas. Some years, accord- 
ing to some, as Claudian says, decimas 
emensus aristas. But this agrees not with 
longo post tempore,- the one implying a long, 
and the other a short duration; or at best it 
would be an idle repetition of the same idea. 
Therefore by aristas it seems better to un- 
derstand thinfields of corn, where are but a 
few ears to be seen; which also suits best 
with mea regna, which in the natural order 
of construction must refer to aliquot aristas, 
not to culmen pauperis tuguri. 



4 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

cantilenam nullam modula- Carmina nulla canam: non, me pascente, capellae 

bor: non tondebitis, d capel- pi orentem cytisum et Salices carpetis amaras. 70 

las, cvtisum norentem et sa- TTX ' , * . • 

lices" amaras, me custode. tit. Hie tamen hanc mecum poteris reqwescere 

tit. Tamen poteris bac Fronde super viridi. Sunt nobis mitia poma, [noctera 

nocte quicscere hjc mecum Castanese molles, et pressi copia lactis. 

r«r^ StB jam summa procul villarum cnlmina fumant, 

neas molles, et multum co- Majoresque cadunt altisde montibus umbrae. 

act) lactis. Et jam summa 

pagorumtecta procul fumant, et umbra grandiores porriguntur ex altis monUbus. 

NOTE. 

82. Castanets molles. Molles may either 53. the one being smooth in the husk, the 
signify ripe, or such ches?iuts as we're called other rough and jagged. 
soft, in opposition to the hirsute, Eel. VII. 



EC LOG A II 

ALEXIS. 



interpretatio. FORMOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim, 
Pastor Corydon amabat Delicias domini: nee, quid speraret, habebat. 
£*£'£&'£ STantum inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos 

ipsi spes ulla: solummodo Assidue veniebat: ibi haec incondita solus 

veniebat frequenter ad spis- Montibus et sylvis studio jactabat inani. 5 

ZgPJSETSXo crudelis Alexi ' nihiI ™ea carmina curas: 

debat inutiliter montibus et Nil nostri miserere: mori me denique coges. 
nemoribus hsee verba incom- N unc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant; 
5* ^"f^Nunc « ri de3 etiam occnltant spineta lacertos: 
nullo modo miserescis mei: denique coges me mori. Nunc ipsa pecora fruuntur umbra et frigore: 
nunc Lacerti ipsi virides latent in vepribus: 

NOTES. 

By Corydon here some would have us to with a suitable present of nuts and apples; 

understand Virgil himself, and by Alexis a but, when be finds that nothing will prevail, 

young slave of Maecenas, for whom Virgil he resolves to quit his troublesome amour, 

had conceived a violent affection, and soli- and betake himself again to his former bu- 

cited his patron to make him a present of the siness. 

boy; to which Martial is thought to allude There is certainly something more in- 

in the verses above quoted, Eel. L Be that as tended in this pastoral than a description of 

it will, Corydon is here represented ma- friendship or Platonic love; the sentiments, 

king love to this beautiful youth. His way though chaste, are too warm and passionate 

of courtship is wholly pastoral: he com- for a mere Platonic lover. But there is no 

plains of the boy's coyness; recommends reason to charge Virgil on that account with 

himself for his beauty and skill in piping; the unnatural love of boys; a poet may show 

invites the youth into the country* where his talent in describing a passion which 'he. 

he promises him the diversions of the place, by no means approves. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 



10 et Thcstylis content herbas 
odorit'eras, rdliunvet scrpyl- 
lum, messoribus fatigatis ob 
graVera acstum. Interim, 
dum scquor tua vestigia, rae- 
cum ad solem fcrventem 

. raucte cicada strepitant per 

*5 loca consita arboribus. 

Nonnc tuissct melius tolc- 
rare graves irasetimperiosa 
fastidia Amaryllidis? Nonnc 
fuisset melius tolerare Me- 
nalean? licet ille fuscus sit s 

20 licfet tu albus sis. O formosc 
puer, ne nimis confidas colo- 
ri. Ligastra jacent humi s 
quamvis Candida; vaccinia 
colliguntur, quamvis nigra. 
Me contemnis, 6 Alexi, nee 
consideras quis ego sim r 

25 qukm multas possideam o- 



rhestylis etrapido fessis messoribus aestu 
Allia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentes. 
At raecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro, 
Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. 

Nonne fuit satius tristes Amaryllidis iras, 
Atq; superba pati fastidia? nonne Menalcan? 
Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses. 
O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori: 
Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. 
Despectus tibi sum, nee qui sim quaeris, Alexi: 
Quam dives pecoris, nivei quam lactis abundans 
Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae: 
Lac mihi non ae state novum, non frigore defit. 
Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, 
Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. 
Nee sum aded informis: nuper me in litore vidi 

Cum placidum ventis staret mare: non ego Daphnim, ves, qukm multum habeam 
Judice te, Bietuam, si nunquam Mat imago, 
O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura, 
Atque humiles habitare casas, et figere cervos, 
Hoedorumq; gregem viridi compellere hibisco! 
Mecum una in sylvis imitabere Pana canendo. 
Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures 
Instituit; Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros. 
Nee te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum. 
Haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas? 
Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis 
Fistula, Damcetas dono mihi quam dedit olim: 
Et dixit moriens: Te nunc habet ista secundum. 
Dixit Damoetas: invidit stultus Amyntas* 
Praeterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle reperti, 
Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo ? 
Bina die siccant ovisubera: quos tibi servo. 



rem induxit nectere cera multas arundines: 



mete vagantur in monti- 
bus Siciliae: lac novum non 
deest mihi per sestatem s 

oq nee per hyemem. Cano ea 
qua? Amphion Thebanus so- 
lebat can ere in Ai'aeyntho 
maritimo. Nee sum tarn ds- 
formis: nuper vidi me e li- 
tore, cum mare tranquillum. 
non moveretur vento. Ego 
non timerem Daphnim, te 

3 6 *P so a r bitro: nisi aliquando 
forma me decipiat. Utinam 
velis tantummodo mecum 
incolere agros tibi viles, do- 
mosque parvas: et transfo- 
dere cervos, et ducere gre- 
gem hcedorum ad hibiscum 
virentem. In sylvis sirau! 
mecum imitaberis Pana can- 
tando. Pan primus in mo- 
Pan protegit oves et pastores ovium. Nee pig eat 



40' 



te labra atterere fistula. Quid non faciebat Amyntas, ut disceret hsec eadem a me? Habeo fts.- 
tulam conflatam e septem cicutis insequalibus, quam Damcetas quondam donavit mihi: et dixit 
moriens: Tu nunc istam secundus possides. Damcetas hoc dixit, Amyntas stolidus invidit. In- 
super duo eapreoli ihventi a me in valle, non sine periculo: quorum pedes sunt adhuc distine- 
tx maculis candidis, quotidie exhauriunt gemina ovis ubera: hos servo tibi. 

NOTES. 
18. Vaccinia. Some will have this to be was the fountain Dirce: it is called Actteo. 



bilberries; Servius makes it the violet; but 
from that Virgil himself plainly distinguish- 
es it, Eel. X. 39. 

Et nignv violas sunt % et vaccinia nigra. 
Salmasius and others explain it of the hya- 
cinth, chiefly because vaccinium answers to 
uawv9oj in that line of Theocritus, which 
Virgil here not only imitates, but almost 
literally translates: 

&ai to tov fjuhav tvlt x.cu et-ygocvlcic VKKtvdog. 
24. Amphion. The famous king of Thebes 
who built the walls of that city; the 
stones whereof he is said to have made to 
dance into their places by the music of his 
lyre. He is called Dircaeus, either from 
Dirce his stepmother, whom he put to 
death for the injuries she had done to his 
mother Antiope; or from a fountain in Bceo- 
tia of that name. 

24. Aracyntho. Aracynthus was a town on 
the confines of Attica and Bceotia, where 



from Acta or Acte, the country about At- 
tica, Ovid. Met. lib. II. 720. Sic super Ac- 
taeas agilis Cyllenius arces inclinat cursus. 

28. Tibi sordida rura. Servius, and all the 
commentators after him, join tibi with sordi- 
da, the country which gives you such dis- 
gust. But that construction seems not so na- 
tural; perhaps it would be better to join 
tibi with libeat. As for sordida, it is a proper- 
epithet for cottages and villages, which are 
mean and poorly furnished. Or he speaks in 
the character of a lover, who thinks nothing 
good enough for his beloved object. 

30. Hibisco. A slender twig or rush; as 
appears from Eel. X. 71. 
Dura sedet, et gracili Jiscellam texet hibisco. 

36. Cicutis. Hemlock, here used for any 
hollow reeds. 

38. Te nunc, &c. Literally, now it has you 
its second master* 



C P.- VIRGILII MARONIS 

Jamdudum Thestylis cona- Jampridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat: 

^'stESrs&ig ^r i uoniam sordent tibi ™ n ™ "<•**• 

donameatibivilescunt. Hue Hue ades, 6 formose puer. Tibi lilia plenis 45 

veni, 6 formose puer. En Ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis: tibi Candida Nai's 

J&StiSMi.S*'^ ™ la | et ™ a P^era carpens, 
bi colligens violas pallidas et Narcissum et florem jungit bene olentis anethi: 
capita papaverum, addit nar- Turn casia, atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis, 
cissum et florem anethi odo- Mollia luteoia { [t vaccinia cakha> 50 

nferi: demde miscens cum T T & 1 , . 

casia et aliis herbis dulcibus, l V se e g° cana legam tenera lanugine mala, 

omat mollia vaccinia calthis Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat. 

croceis Ego verd cofflgam Addam cerea pruna: et honos erit huic quoq; porno: 

poma albentia molh lanu- x?. * « • n ^ r 

gine, et nuces castaneas, h } vos \° Iauri > carpam, et te, proxima myrte; 

quas mea Amaryllis dilige- Sic positae quoniam suaves miscetis odores. 55 

bat. Adjungam pruna flava, Rusticus es, Corydon; nee munera curat Alexis: 

S^^rS^Tft toI Nec simuneribus certes, concedat lolas. 

ri; et te, myrte, lauris vicina: Eheu, quid volui misero mihi? floribus Austrum 

quia ita junctas emittitis Perditus, et liquidis immisi fontibus apros. 

rc^t'Te. iEfc'JS Q«e™ f"S is > <*> demens! habitarunt dii quoq; sylvas,60 

movetur tuis donis: et.. si Dardanmsq; Pans. Pallas, quas condidit arces, 

contendas donis, lolas non Ipsa colat: nobis placeant ante omnia sylvae. 

fedf ^isfAutuSl'Torvale^na lupum sequiwr: lupus ipse capellam: 

ribus, et apros puris fonti- * lorentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella: 

bus, imprudens! Ah, stulte, Te Corydon, 6 Alexi: trahit suaquemq; voluptas. 65 

quem fugis? Dii ipsi bco- Aspice, aratra jugo referunt suspensa juvenci, 

luerunt nemora, et Paris,-. r , ; J j , it- J i 

Trojanus. Pallas incolat Et so1 crescentes decedens duphcat umbras. 

ipsa urbes quas extruxit: Me tamen urit amor: quis enim modus adsit amori? 

syh-as autem placeant nobis Ah, Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit! 

fena StpiTpt Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est. 70 

ipse capellam, -petulans ca- Quin tu aliquid saltern potius, quorum indiget usus, 

pella sectatur cytisum: te Viminibus molliq; paras detexere junco? 

S5^«S Invenies alium > si te hic fastidit - Alexim - 

iuptate. Vide, era juvenci referunt domum aratra sublevata jugo: et sol occidens auget crescen- 
tes umbras: me tamen amor inflam mat: nam quis potest esse finis in amore? Ah Corydon, Co- 
rydon, qu«nam insania teoccupavit! liabes in ulmo frondosa vitem media ex parte recisam: cur 
non potius conaris saltern texere vimine, aut junco flexili, aliquid earum rerum, quarum eget 
vita rustica? Reperies alium Alexim, si hic te despicit. 

NOTES. 

51. Mala. We would translate it quinces, Pubentesque rosse primos moriuntur ad 

with Servius, and all the commentators; austros. 

whereof the white are the best and most 61. Dardanius que Paris. Vans was exposed 

fragrant. See Pliny, XXI. 6. But the de- by his father in a wood, in order to elude 

scription here given seems rather to suit the the oracle, which foretold that he was to 

peach, as Mr. Dryden renders it. be the destruction of Troy. 

53. Cerea. Of a beautiful colour as wax. - 61. Pallas condidit. Meaning that she first 

See La Cerda. ' invented and taught persons to build stately 

57- lolas. Those who think Corydon per- structures, 

sonates Virgil, and Alexis the slave of Mae- 66. Aratra jugo suspensa. These words 

cenas whom he loved, by lolas here of allude to the manner of bringing home the 

course understand Maecenas. plough, when the labour of the day is over. 

58. Floribus Austrum immisi. A prover- It is then drawn backward: thus the share 

bial expression, applicable to those who not entering the ground, glides easily along, 

wish for things that prove destructive to and may be said to be only just hung upon 

them; the south wind by its hot sultry qua- the yoke, 
lity being noxious to flowers. Hence Papin. 
lib. III. Svlv. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. Ill 

ECLOGA III. 

PALiEMON. 



Men. Menalcas, DAMoeTAs, Paljemox. 



1KTERPRETATIO. 

men. O Damreta, die mi- 



DIC mihi, Damoeta, cuium pecus? an Meliboei? 

da. Non, verum ^gonis: nuper mihi tradidit jEgan-&ffi 'ISTm^ 

me. Infelix 6 semper oves pecus! ipse Neaeram 

Dum fovet, ac, ne me sibi praet'erat ilia, veretur, 

Hie alienus oves custos bis mulget in hora: 

Et succus pecori, et lac subducitur agnis. 

da. Parcius ista viris tamen objicienda memento. 

Novimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis, 

Et quo, sed faciles Nymphas risere, saceilo. 

me. Turn, credo, cum me arbustum videre Myconis, 

Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas. 

d. Aut hie adveteres fagos, quum Daphnidis arcum 

Fregisti et calamos: quae tu, perverse Menalca, 

Et cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas; 

Et, si non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses. 

me. Quid domini facient, audent cum talia fures? 

Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum 

Excipere insidiis, multum latrante lycisca? 

Et cum clamarem; " Quo nunc se proripit ille? 

Tityre, coge pecus:" tu post carecta latebas. 

da. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille, 

Quern mea carminibus meruisset fistula, caprum? 

Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit; et mihi Damon 

Ipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse negabat. 

m. Cantando tu ilium? aut unquam tibi 'fistula cera. 

Juncta fuit? non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas 

Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen? 



sed est iEgonis: iEgon mihi 
nuper ilium commisit. m e n - . 
c O oves, pecudes semper in- 
faustse! dum *£gon ipse de- 
mulcet Neaeram, ac timet 
ne ilia me anteponat ipsi: 
mercenarius iste pastor Da- 
mcetas exprimit lac o\ibus 
bis singulis horis: Et sac- 

lOcus subripitur gregi, etlac 
agnis. dam. Memineris 
tamen ista cautius esse ex- 
probranda viris. Scimus et 
qui te corruperint, hcedis 
oblique spectantibus, et quo 

i c in delubro, sed bonse Nym- 
phaj riserunt. men. Tunc, 
puto, riserunt^ cum vide- 
runt me amputare improba 
falce arbores, et novas vites 
Myconis. dam. Vel potius 
hie prope fagos antiquas, 

20 quando rupisti arcum et sa- 
gittas Daphnidis : quse tu, 
maligne Menalca, quando 
vidisti data esse puero illi et 
invidebas, et periisses, nisi 
damnum aliquod /p-wintulis- 
ses. men. Quid faciet he- 
rus &gon: siquidem sennis 

2 6 fur ax audet talia mihi di- 
cere? Nonne ego te vidi, 
nequissime, dolo furari ca- 



prum Damonis lycisca multum latrante? Et cum clamai*em: " Quem in locum fugit ille? Tityre, 
collige gregem:" tu delite3cebas post carecta. dam. An ille, canendo superatus, mihi non red- 
didisset caprum, quem avena mea meruerat cantilenis? si ignoras, caper ille erat meus, et ipse 
Damon id fatebatur, sed dicebat se non posse reddere. men. Tu ilium vicisti canendo? an un- 
quam habuisti avenam cera compactam? Nonne tu, imperite, solebas rauca cicuta spargei'e in 
plateis miserabiles cantilenas? 



NOT 

Damoetas and Menalcas, after some smart 
strokes of rustic raillery, resolve to try who 
has the most skill at a song; and according- 
ly make their neighbour Pal aemon judge of 
their performance; who, after a full hear- 
ing of both parties, declares himself unqua- 
lified to decide so important a controversy, 
and leaves the victory undetermined. 

7. Viris. A particidar emphasis rests on 
wis; as much as to say, such indignities 
may be borne by such varlets as you, but 
'iot bv msn of honour 



ES. 

10. Turn, credo, &c Menalcas here slily 
accuses Damcetas of what he charges him- 
self with. 

16. Fures, i. e. slaves; because slaves 
were much addicted to pilfering: hence 
Plautus speaking to a slave, says: tu trium 
literarum homo, vituperas me? i. e. tu fur. 

18. Lycisca. The mongrel breed of a 
wolf and a bitch, from \vy.oq lupus, and kva i 
can is. 

20. Coge, i. e. examine that none of them 
be wanting. 



5 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

bam. Visne igitur ut priva- da. Vis er^o inter nos, quid possit uterque vicissim 
^tTaiSt^trr Experiamur? ego banc vitulam (ne fond recuses, 
mine? ego do pignori banc " ls venit ad mulctram, binos aht ubere foetus) 30 

juvencam. nefortasse rejici-Depono: tu die, mecum, quo pignore certes. 
as earn, bis mulgctur, edu- ME j) e 2r re p. e non ausim quicquam deponere tecum. 

cat lacte geminos vitulos: tu . , . . P to . n n . . r 

die quo pignore contendas ^ st ml » l namque domi pater, est injusta noverca: 

mecum. men. De grege Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et hoedos. 

non ausim collocare quic- Verum, id quod multo tute ipse fatebere majus, 35 

quam in sponsione tecum: T . ... ' . ., . r , J 

babeo enim domi patrem, Insanire hbet quoniam tibi, pocula ponam 
habeo novercam difficilcm: Fagina, coelatum divini opus Alcimedontis: 
ct bis quotidie recensent Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis 
wr^haS^At, siiuidem Diffusos hedera vestit pallente corymbos. 
tibi placet stultum esse, op- In medio duo signa, Conon: et quis fuit alter, 40 

ponam id quod tu ipse fate- Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem? 
Se^c^Sropus Tempora qu* messor, qu* curvus arator haberet? 
incisum a prsestantissimo Al- Necdum lllis labra admovi, sed condita servo. 
cimedonte; in quibus vimen da. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit, 

%SLE&§B3& & T m ci . rc * ra e - st ansas amplexus acantho: 45 

bus hedera; paliidae corym- Orpheaq; in medio posuit, sylvasque sequentes. 

bos sitos dispersos. In medio, Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. 

du« sunt effigies, Conon: et si ad v i tulam spe ctes, nihil est quod pocula laudes. 

quis fait alter, qui virea uis- xr , r ,. ' n . r A 

tinxit populis totum mun- M - Nunquam hodie effugies: veniam quocunque voca- 

dum, et tempora quse essent ris. 

apta messori, quse curvo ara- Audiat haec tantum vel qui venit: ecce, Palaemon: 50 

tori? Neque adhuc ulos rare- ^ re • .1 ' i 

resattigi labiis, sed servo ab- Efficiam posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas. 
ditos. dam. Mihi quoque d. Quin age, si quid habes; in me mora non erit ullas 
idem Alcimedon fabricavit Nee quemquam fugio: tantum, vicine Palaemon, 
ST^r^XTeS; Sensibus h*c imis, res est non parva, reponas. 

et locavitin medio Orpheum pal. Dicite: quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba: 
et arbores sequentes. Ne- Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos: 56 
que adhuc^los attigi la- Nunc frondent s lv2e nunc formosissimus annus. 
mis, sed servo abditos. bi_. J J- • i a *.* • 

tamen ad juvencam respici- Incipe, Damopta: tu demde sequere Menalca. 
es, non est cur aestimes cali- Alternis dicetis: amant alterna Camenae. 
ces. men. Nullatenus ho- 
die evitabis certamen: descendam ad quascunque conditiones we adduxeris. Tantummodo, idem 
ille qui venit, ea audiat: En Pateemon: Faciam ne deinceps ullum provoces cantu. dam. Ergo 
age, si habes aliquid; ego nullo modo morabor: neque recuso ullum judicem. Unum precor, 

6 Paleemon mi vicine; id penitus defige animo, res est non levis. pal. Canite, siquidem sedi- 
musin tenero gramine; et nunc omnis arbor, nunc omnis campus parit: nunc nemora virescunt, 
nunc annus pulcherrimus est. Incipe, 6 Damceta; tu deinde suceedes, 6 Menalca: canetis vi- 
eissim, vicissitudo placet Musis. 

NOTES. 

31. Mecum quo pignore certes. Literally, 40. Quisfuit alter? supposed to mean ei- 

With what stake you will contend with me. ther Aratus or Archimedes. 

38. Lenta quibus, &c. These two verses 45. Acantho. Acanthus is properly the 

are somewhat intricate, and the commen- plant called bearVfoot, or bear's-breech. 
tators have made them much more so by 49. Nunquam hodie effugies. Damcetas 

their glosses. Ruxus takes vitis for vimen, seemed to construe Menalcas' backward- 

but quotes no authority: and the whole of ness to stake a heifer as an attempt to evade 

Ins interpretation appears harder than the the combat, and still insisted on that condi- 

origmal. Vitis we would take in the usual tion; upon which Menalcas tarns short up- 

sense, by torno facili, the easy carving-tool, on him, retorts the charge of fainthearted- 

understand the ingenious carver, who han- ness, and takes bim on his own terms: nun- 

dies the graving-tool with ease and address; quam hodie, &c. Think not that any of your 

and by diffusos edere pallente corymbos, the evasive arts will serve your turn; veniam 

berries diffused on the ivy-boughs: so that quocunque vocdris; I will descend to any 

the plain meaning will be, that each cup terms you name; if you insist on my staking 

was engraven with vine and ivy-branches a heifer, be it so; I agree to that, or any 

interwoven, in such sort, that the ivy-ber- other condition you name, 
ries were shaded by the mantling vine 54. Sensibus imis. Literally, Lay up these 

matters in your deepest thoughts. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 9 

da. Ab Jore principium, Musae: Jovis omnia plena: dam. A Jove ducamus initi- 
Illc colit terras, illi mca carmina curse. 6 1 um » d T Wus*: omnia plena 

t^ r»i u m t - . sw#f Jove: ille lceeundatter- 

ME. Lt me Phoebus amat: Phoebo sua semper apud rogj m e curat meos versiw . 

Munera sunt, lauri, et suave* rubens hyacinthus. [me men. Phrebus quoque me 

da. Malo me Galatea petit, lasci va puella: a . mat: sunt g»Pf ^pud me 

-•-.<*• 1 .• • ti .1 -_ dona sacra rhoebo, luun, et 

Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. 65 hyacinthus suaviter purpur- 

men. At mini sese offert ultro meus ignis Amyntas: ascens. dam. Galatea, joco- 
Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris. «J puella, me ferit malo, et 

da. Parta meae Veneri sunt munera: namq; notavi vi ^ a ™ prim^mtx^t 
Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere paiumbes. at. men. Amyntas vero, 

me. Quod potui, puero sylvestri ex arbore lecta 70 meus amor, se sponte exhi- 
Aurea mala decern mfai: eras altera mittam, ^otASttSS 

da. O quoties, et quse nobis Galatea locuta est: bus mek, dam. Dona jam 

Partem aliquam, venti, divum referatis ad aures. parata sunt arnicas mess: 

M. Quid prodest, ^m. ipse animo non spemis.jf; J u ?^Si P 1^ U S 
Si, dum tu secturxs apros, ego retia servo: \_ Amynta, dificaverunt. men. Misi A- 
da. Phyllida mitte mihi, meus est natalis, lola. 76 myntse decern mala flava 
Cum faeiam vhula ^ro frugibus, ipse venito £*• ZjfiXfiZg 

me. Phyllida arao ante anas: nam me discedere tievit; cra3 mittam totidem alia. 
Et, " longum, formose, vale, vale," inquit, lola. dam. O quoties, et quae 

da. Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, verba mihi dixit Galatea! O 
\ , ., r . , • » II* v • 01 venti, ferte ad auras Deorum 

Arboribus venti: nobis Amaryllidis irae. # 81 aUquam CTmOT partem. 

m. Dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus hcedis, men. Quid prodest mihi, 6 

Lenta salix fceto pecori: mihi solus Amyntas. Amynta, quod tu me non 

■n „• r . ^ -xt aspernaris ammo, si ceo ser- 

d. Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Alusam. V o retia, dum tu apros inse- 
Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro. 85 queris? dam. O lola, mitte 

m. Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina: pascite taurum, a ^ me PM 11 ^ meus est 

Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam {& ^ "iTuel 

d. Qui te, Pollio, amat; veniat quo te quoq; gaudet: tibus, tu ipse veni. men. O 

lola, diligo Phyllida prae aliis, me enim abeunte ploravit, et diu, dixit: vale, vale, 6 formose. da. 
Lupus funesta res est gregibus, pluvia segetibus maturis, venti arboribus: nobis ira Amaryllidis, 
men. Humor grata res est teneris segetibus, arbutus hcedis d lacte depulsis; salix flexilis gregi 
prcsgnanti: mihi solus Amyntas. dam. Pollio diligit mea carmina, licet sint agrestia: 6 musx-, 
nutrite juvencam Polliaru, ■qui vos legit, men. Ipseetiam Pollio componit novos versus: nutrite 
illi taurum, qui jam cornibas feriatj et spargat arenam ealeibus. dam. Quisquis te diligit, 6 Pol- 
lio, perveniat ad ea, ad qu?3 lsetatur te quoque pervenisse: 

NOTES. 

63. Lauri— -hyacinthus. The laurel and hya- respond with formose, but is to be eonstru- 

ckith were sacred to Apollo; the one on ed at the beginning- of the couplet, as in 

account of Daphne, Apollo's mistress, who the couplet preceding, 

was transformed into the laurel; and the 77. Faeiam vituld, i. e. Faeiam sacra ex 

ether of Hyacinthus, his favourite boy, vituld. 

whom he accidentally killed with-a coit, 78. Me discedere jlevit, for discessum metim 

and from whose blood sprang the flower of Jlevit, a Grecism. 

his name. See Earner's Mythology. 80. Stabulis. Stalls are here put for herds 

68. Veneri The Greek and Roman po- or flocks of cattle, 

ets frequently use Venus for a mistress. 82. Depulsis, d lacte understood. It is 

74. Quid prodest, &c. Damoetas mentions expressed in the 7th eclogue, 
the happiness he had enjoyed in his mis- Depulsosd lacte domi quxclauderet agnos. 
tress's presence and converse; and in her 82. Arbutus. The strawberry -tree, so call- 
absence solaces himself with the delight- ed from the resemblance of its fruit to a 
ful remembrance thereof: Menalcas here strawberry. 

strives to go beyond him in sentiments of 86. Nova, i. e. magna, niiranda, such as 

love and tenderness, and shows that it is are rare and unmatched, 

impossible for him to have an enjoyment of 88. Veniat qud. May he arrive at the Con = 

himself while Amyntas is absent, nay, un- sulship, and all those honours which you 

less he share with him every danger. have attained, 

76 lola, The vocative lola does*notcor- 

c 



10 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Uli mei fluat, et vepres rigi-Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. 
J E /S? „„»": «• Qui Barium non odit, amet to. carmjna Mam: 90 
vium, amet tuos versus, d Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 
Msevi! idemque subHget ju- d. Qui legitis flores, et humi nascentia fraga, 
go vulpes, etexpnmat lac ex prigidus, 6 pueri! fugite nine, latet anguis in herba. 

hircis. DAM.Opuen, qui col- n ' • -t i_ > • 

ligitis flores, et fraga nascen- M - Parcite oves nimium procedere: non bene ripae 
tiahumi,hinc fugite: serpens Creditur: ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat. 95 

lethalis occuitus est sub era- DAM> Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas: 

mine. men. O oves, absti- T . . ' r . ♦ r i r_ 

nete longius ire, non tuto Ipse* ubl tempus ent, omnes in fonte lavabo. 
fiditur rip»: ipse aries siccat men. Cogite oves, pueri: si lac praeceperit sestus, 
adhucvillos DAM.OTityre, ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis. 99 

remove a nuvio pascentes r>-% \ L -l- • . t 

capellas: ego purgabo eas D - Ehe u> quam pingui macer est mini taurus in arvo! 
omnes in fonte, cum eritop- Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisq; magistro. 
portunum. men. O pueri, M# jjj s cert £ neq . amor causa est: vix ossibus haerent. 
tS^^SfiS^ZZ^ 6 quis teneros oculus mih. fascinat agnos. 
te paucos dies, incassum n. Die quibus in terns, et ens mini magnus Apollo, 
prememus mammas mani-Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. 105 

■Jto* hibS^SSfa S: £• Dic ^*>™ 1" *«* ;n^ ri P» n °»»ua «gum 
tili agro: idem amor perdit Nascantur flores: et Phyllida solus habeto. 
gregem, et dominum gregis. pal. Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites. 
tapo;tS hi s Ce ^r°^ Et vitula tu dignus, et hie: et quisquis amores 

tamenvix stant ossibus. Nes- Aut metuet dulces, aut expenetur amaros. 1 10 

cio quis oculus corrumpit Claudite jam rivos, pueri: sat prata biberunt. 
mihi juniores agnos. dam. 

Dic qua in regione, coeli spatium apertum sit ulnis non plusquam tribus, et eris mihi magnus 
vates. men. Dic qua in regione oriantur flores notati regum nominibus: et possidebis solus Phyl- 
lida. pal. Non meumest dirimere tantam contentionem inter vos: Tu mereris vitulam, et hie 
quoque: et quicunque aut diffidet amoribus prosperis, aut experietur tristes. Nunc obstruite 
rivos, 6 juvenes: prata satis irrigata sunt. 

NOTES. 

89. Rubus, is without doubt the black- 106. Inscripti notnina regum, &c The 

berry bush. flower here meant is probably the hyacinth, 

89. Amomum. What is commonly called of which Pliny says: Hyacinthum comitatur 

amomum Plinii, or berry-bearing night- fabula duplex, Juctum prceferens ejus quem 

shade: but Salmasius thinks that the anci- Apollo dilexerat, aut ex Ajacis cruore editi, 

ents called every sweet odor amomum. ita discurrentibus vents, ut figura literarum 

When Damcetas wishes that Pollio's friends Grcecarum Ai legatur inscripta, Lib. XXI, 

may gather amomum (some spice or per- Chap. 11. This account, I doubt, is like 

fume) from brambles, he makes an allusion many others in Pliny, built on a slight foun- 

to the golden age: dation: but it is sufficient for Virgil if there 

Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum. was such a tradition. Minelius observes 

Dryden renders amomum, myrrh. that some suppose that this is to be under- 

96. Reice. Here is first a syncope, rejice stood of the money coined in the time of 

being changed into reice, then a contraction Augustus, by Florus the trj»mvir, on which 



of the two short vowels into a long diph= a flower was impressed. Vsl 

thong. So eicit for ejicit in Lucretius 1.3.891- 110. Metuet dulcesp&c Literally, Shall 

Na radicitus e vitd se toilet et eicit. either fear sweet amours, or" Experience the 

98. Praceperit- Shall take it before us. bitter, i. e. shall sing the fears and jealousies 

100. In arvo. Several manuscripts read in that mingle with sweet successful love, and 

ervo. The ervum is a leguminous plant call- from experience describe the pangs and bitter- 

ed the vetch. Aristotle and Pliny represent ness of disappointment. The one was the 

it as useful for fattening cattle. case of Menalcas, Dulce satis humor, &c. 

104. Dic quibus, &c. Observing Menalcas the other that of Damcetas, Triste lupus sta~ 
prepared to continue his responses, to put bulis, &c. In the language of poetry, per- 
an end to the contest, Damcetas offers what sons are said to do what they naturally de- 
he supposes an enigma too difficult for solu- scribe. So Eel. VI. 62. 

tion. Turn Phaethontiadas musco circumdat a* 

105. Tres pateat, &c. may mean, In the mora, 
bottom of a well. Some suppose the shield Cortids, &c. 

of Achilles is meant, on which the constel- 111. Claudite, &c. An allegorical expres- 

lations were depicted. Professor Martyn sion, demoting that it was time to give over 

conceives it may allude to the space or body their songs, now that they had given suflv 

of the heavens as seen on a celestial globe, dent proof of their talent. So in Catullus, 
Globes had been before this time (probably Claudite ostia, virgines, lusimus satis. 

by Atlas) invented 



BUCOLICA. ECL. IV. 



11 



ECLOUA IY 



POLLXO. 



SICELIDES Musae, pauld majora canamus. 
Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesq; myricae* 
Si canimus sylvas, sylvae sint consule dignse. 
Ultima Cumsei venit jam carminis aetas: 
Magnus ab integro sseclorum nascitur ordo. 
Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Satumia regna; 
Jam nova progenies coslo demittitur alto. 
Tu modd nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum 
Desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, 
Casta fave Lucina: tuus jam regnat Apollo. 

hominum mittitur e summo coslo. Tu tantum, 6 pudica Diana, adsis nascenti puero: sub quo fer- 
rea cetas primum finietur, et aurea per totum orbem orietur: tuus /rater Apollo jam imperat 



INTERPRETATIO. 

O Musse Siculas, cante- 

mus pauld grandiora. Arbo- 

res, et parvse myriese non 

placent omnibus. Si canta- 

5 mus sylvas, sylvae deceant 

eonsulem. Nunc attigimus 

extremum sseculumvaticinii 

Cumese Sibylla. Magna 

aeries temporum oritur de 

novo. Nunc Astrsea rever- 

titur, regnum Saturni re- 

1 vertitur; nunc novum genus 



NOTES. 
Among the various conjectures about the 3. Sylvce. Woods, here put for pastoral, 
design of this pastoral, the most probable rural subjects. 

is, that Virgil therein celebrates the birth 3. Consule dignce. Minelitis is of opinion 
of the famous Marcellus, the nephew of that the poet alludes to a custom of the old 
Augustus by Octavia; the same who died Romans, among whom it was provided, 



in the flower of his age, and whose memo 
ry the same poet has perpetuated by that 
celebrated funeral eulogium in the sixth 
iEneid. The time of his birth agrees to the 
year of Pollio's consulship, A. U. C. 714, 
when the child here described is said to 
have come into the world. This event oc- 
curred in a happy conjuncture, just after 
Augustus and Antony had ratified a league 
of peace, and Octavia, by marrying Anto- 



that the consuls themselves should have the 
care of the mountains and woods, lest at 
any time timber might be found deficient for 
building vessels for the sea. 

5. Magnus ordo. Thought to refer to the 
great Platonic year, which Cicero says, 
turn efficitur, cum Solis, et Lurne, et quinque 
errantium ad eandem inter se comparationem 
confectis omnium spatiis, est facta conversio. 
2. de Nat. Deor. And Clavius, C. 1. Sph*- 



ny, sealed that peace; which restored plen- rce quo tempore quidam volunt omnia, quce 

ty to Rome, and reestablished the tranquil- cunque in mundo sunt, eodem ordine esse redi- 

lity of the empire, as in the time of the 

golden age. Yet many, not without ground, 

think this pastoral a prophecy of our blessed 

Saviour, there being several remarkable 

passages in it applicable to him 



cunque in mundo sunt, 
tura, quo nunc cernuntur. 

9. Gens aurea. Hesiod mention five ages 

of the world. 1. The got*" a S e > in the 

days of Saturn, when n^ n " v ed like the 

gods, without labour ^rouble or decay. 2d. 

1. Sicelides Musce. Sicilian or pastoral Thew/wr age, in ^ mch men were less hap 



muses; because Theocritus, the original 
pastoral poet, was a native of Sicily. 
2. Non omnes; for, as Horace observes, 
Multos castra juvant, et lituo tubce 
Permistus sonitus, bellaque matribus de- 
testata. 



py, being in/<»rious to each other, and in - 
devest- 3d. The copper or brazen age, in 
•which rae» made themselves armour, and 
we r e given to war. 4th. The age of demi- 
srds ->" a beroes, who warre^ at Thebes 
fnd Troy- 5th. The iron age", in which He- 



. Myric*. The tamarisk generally grows si° d u J ed » a ." d wh,ch *r to , end wh £ n the 

low and shrubby. It is common on the banks ^J^'tTu F^ tuJ'lf S ^Ia HenCe 

of the rivers in Italy, and was first intra?- K 9 S«£l i the golden age, 

•:ed into England in the reign of E^^ eth ' h ? a natUral re ° IutI ° nj Was ^turning. 



12 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Porr6 sub tuo consulate, 6 Tequc aded decus hoc cevi, te consule, inibit, 

S±t£^t iJEZ l° m P- et i - ncipient magni p™**™^™*- ■ 

ses incipient currere. Tele duce, si qua manent scelens vestigia nostri, 
auctorc, si aliqutc nostri eri- Irrita perpctua solvent formidine terras, 
minis reiiquue supcrsunt, 11Ic De{im it accipiet, Divisque videbit 

tunc delete hbcrabunt rami- ~ . , i 1 . , , , n .... 

dumsetemomctu.Ipse/^rPermixtoshcroas, etipse videbitur ilhs: 

particcpseritvitte divina;, et Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. 

yidebit heroassociutosdiiset At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu, 

ipse videbitur a& ll us, et gu- r, . r , , r . , «. n 

bernabit mundum pacatum Errantcs hedcras passim cum baccarc tcllus, 
patris virtute. Terra au- Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 
tem ubique sine eultura ip S3B i acte dornum referent distenta capelte 
^^■t^^TelUbera' ncc magnos metuent armenta leones. 
deras passim cum buccare Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula llores: 
et colocasia mixta grato a- Occidet et serpens, ct fallax h^rba veneni 
WinteZr.S^Occidet: Assyrian, vulgo nascetur axnomum. 
lacte tumentes, nee greges At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis 
timebunt magnoa leones: Jam legere, et qua?, sit poteris cognoscere virtus: 

tSSVStSS^ ? Ioll , i P aullatim flavescet c ? ra P us . arista > 

que morientur, et morientur Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, x 

planta? venenata;, quse colli- Et durae quercus sudabunt rascida mclla: 30 

gentem decipiant: amommii 

Syriacum orietur ubiqus. Scd statim atque poteris jam legere laudes heroum, et gesta tut 
patris, ac percipere quid sit virtus; tunc agrisensim flaveseent spiels maturb, et racemi rubenfces 
pendebunt b rubis agrestibus, et duns quercus stillabunt mei instar roris. 



15 



20. 



23 



NOTES 



11. Inibit is not an unclassical expres- 
sion; and it is more emphatic than any of 
those which the commentators have substi- 
tuted for it: it implies, he shall enter on 
the happiness of his life, and glories of his 
reign. 

12. JMagni menses . About Virgil's time, 
Quintilis and Sextilis, or July and August, 
(from Julius Caesar and Augustus) were 
added to the calendar. The high compli- 
ment the words convey is easily discovered 

17. Pacatum orbem. After the battle of 
Actium the temple of Janus was shut, and 
peace prevailed by land and sea. 

18. Nullo munuscula cultu. So Ovid Met 
1. 108. sine semine. 

19. Hederas. He promises him ivy as a 
future poet, Eel. VII. 25. 

Pastores, hederd crescentem ornate po'e'tam. 

19. Baccare. The herb baccar, or ladies'- 
glove, thought to have virtue against fasci- 
nation. 

20. Colocctsiaju?idet acantho. The colocasia 

is without ew u bt an Egyptian plant. Dios- 

corides affirms <h at i t "i s tne root of the 

Egyptian bean. R^ us says the root and 

stem are used for food., ^ tne leaves for 

chaplets. When this eclog^ was wr i t ten 9 

the colocasia was a rarity newv, brought 

from "Egypt, its native soil. Th<? poet speaks 

of its spread through Italy as o»m? f the 

glories of the approaching age of go ) a j^ e 

acanthus here meant is the Acacia, anEgy^ 

tian tree, from which we obtain th& g u ' m . 

arabic. 



22. Zeones. It is impossible, says Mr. 
Wharton, to forbear observing the great si- 
militude of this passage and the famous 
ones of Isaiah, chap. 11. and also chap. 35. 
which see. He adds *' How much inferior 
is Virgil's poetry to Isaiah's. The former 
hdUfcpihing comparable to these beautiful 
strokes, that a little child shall lead the lion, 
and that the trees of the forest shall come to 
pay adoration. Virgil says only occidet et 
serpens; Isaiah adds a circumstance inimi- 
tably picturesque: that the sucking child 
shall play upon the hole of the asp, and the 
weaned child, a little older and beginning 
to make use of his hands, shall put his fin- 
gers on the adders den. There are certain 
critics who would never cease to admire 
these circumstances and strokes of nature, 
if they had not the ill fortune to be placed 
in the bible." See Pope's Poilio. 

26. At simuly i. e. As soon as you shall ar- 
rive at youth. 

26. Facta parentis. This is referred to 
Augustus, the adoptive father of Marcellus. 

28. Molli arista. Mr. Wharton says the 
ancients used to sow bearded or prickly 
wheat, which deterred 5 ^ birds from pick- 
ing the ears. But in tliis golden period no 
such vallum aristarumY&s Cicero calls it, 
no such fortification or pallisade will be 
needed. 

29. Sentibus. Sentes imports not any parti- 
cular plant; but is a general word for all 
shrubs of a wild and spinous character. It 
corresponds with the English word thorn. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 

Pauca tamen suberunt prise ae vestigiidpudis, 

Quce tentarc Thctim ratibus, quae cingere muris 

Oppida, quae jubcant telluri innnderej&ulcos. 

Alter erit turn Tiphys, et altera qux vehat Argo 

Delcctos heroes: erunt etiam altera Jcvella, 

Atq; itcrum ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles. 

Hinc, ubi jam firmata virum te fecerit aetas, 

Cedet ct ip=e mari vector: nee nautica pinus 

Mutabit mcrces: omnis feret omnia tellus. 

Non rastros patietur humus, non Tinea falcem: 

Robustus quoque jam tauris ju^a sol vet arator. 

Nee varios discet mentiri lana chores: 

Ipse sed in pratis aries jam suave rubenti 

Muricc, jam croceo mutabit vellera luto: 

Sponte sua sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos. 

Tafia scccla suis dixerunt, currite, fasis 

Concordes stabili fatorum n amine Parcae. 

Aggrederc, 6 magnos, aderit jam tempus, honores, 

Cara Deum soboles, magnum Jovis incrementum! 

Aspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum, 

Terrasque, tractusq; maris, coelumq; profundum: 

Aspice venturo icstentur ut omnia saeclo. 

O mihi tarn longce maneat pars ultima vitae, 

Spiritus, et quantum sat erit tua dice re facta! 

Non me carminibus vincet, nee Thracius Orpheus, 

Nee Linus: huic mater quamvis, atq; huic pater adsit:dum rotunda mole vacillan 

Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. tem > terramque , et spatia 

mari3, et altum ccelum. V ide, 
tit cuncta cxultent ob adventum tetatis cures. Utinam restet mihi pars extrema tam prolixse 
vitic, etanima, quantum suffieiet ut tua gesta celebrein. Non me can tu superabit, aut Orpheus 
Thracius, aut 'Linus: licet huic Orphee mater fav eat Calliopea; et huic Lino pater puleher 
Apollo. 



13 

Tamen latebunt nonnullst 
retfquise mtktitis veteris, qusc 
cogant adirc mivibus mare, 
et chuck-re nrbei mcenibus, 
ct sulcare terram. Tunc erit 

« ^ alter Tiphys, et altera Argo, 
" quse portet electos duces: 
erunT quoque bella alia, ct 
in gens Achiik-s rursus ibit 
ad versus Trojam. V 
postquam cetas jam robusta 
te reddiderit virum, ipse eti- 

40 am nauta recedet e mari, nee 
naves e pinu fabricate 
transferent merces- oniric 
terra producet omnia: nee 
ager scindetur rastris, nee 
vitis falce, Turn quoque for- 

* . tis agricola auferet jugum 
bobus; nee assuescet lana si- 
mulare diversos colores: sed 
aries ipse in pascuis tinget 
vellus purpura suariter ru- 
benti, et croco luteo: Sandyx 
ultro indttet agnos inter pas- 

50cendum. Pares, firmo fato^- 
rum ordine unanimes dixe- 
runt suis fusis: 6 talia tern- 
pora, currite. Accede 6 ad 
magnos magistratus mox ve= 
niet tempus accedendi: 6 
„ dilecta proles deorum, mag- 

"ne Jovis alumnel Videmun- 



NOTES. 



31. Pauca vestigia. Men will still cherish 
avarice and ambition. 

32. Tketim. Here taken for the sea. She 
was the daughter of Nereus, or, as others 
say, Neptune. 

35. Delect os heroes, The Argonauts, so 
called because they sailed in the ship Argo. 
These heroes accompanied Jason in his ex- 
pedition to Colchis to fetch the golden 
fleece. Tiphys was the pilot in this expe- 
dition . 

37. Firmata virum, &c Literally, Jflien 
confirmed age shall nmv have made tliee a men, 
i. e. WJven thou art now arrived at the years of 
fud maturity. 

38. Nautica pinus. Ships used to be built 
of the pine tree. 

44. Murice. The murex was a shell-fish 
set about with spikes, from which the Ty- 
rian purple was obtained. 

44. Luto, Lutum is an herb with which 
they dyed yellow. 

45. Sandyx. A fine red colour, answering 
to our redorpiment. Pliny describes it as a 
cheap material for painting. 

46. Talia scecla, currite. Some make the 
construction to be, currite talia scecla, or per 
talia sjecla; i. e. interrupt not the course of such 



happy ages. The expression seems borrow- 
ed from Catullus, who has, currite ducentes 
subtemina, currife^f^ The poet represents 
the Destiniyg^^iFpleasedin spinning such 
happy evefresfand hastening to bring forth 
the glorious schemes of fate. 

48. Aggredere expresses the greatness of 
mind with which he was to rise to honour, 
and surmount all difficulties that opposed 
his advancement; the assumption of thar. 
power to himself with which he was tc 
subdue vice and establish virtue. 

50. Aspice convexo nut anion pondere. Some 
explain it thus: Look Tiiih camp 
ivorld, nutantem mole vitiorum, laboring and 
oppressed with guilt and misery. 

55. JVon me carminibus vincet.~\ Such will 
be the glory of thy actions, that though de- 
scribed by me, an humble poet, my verse 
shall be unrivalled. Moses gives a fine idea 
of the eloquence of the speaker, arising not 
from himself, but from the dignity of his 
theme. " My doctrine shall drop as the 
rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as 
the small rain upon the tender herb, and as 
the showers upon the grass, because I 
will publish the name of the Lord," Dent 
xxxii. 2,3. 



14 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Si Pan ipse contcndat me-p a n etiam Arcadia mecum si judice certet, 

*Z£8£?2g3Z?* etiam Arcadia d ! cat se J udice victum - 

esse, Arcadia? arbitrio. In- Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem: 60 

cipe, parve puer, agnoscere Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses. 

2£S^tt ! J&£S d IB P «T P u <*> ™ n ° n risere parentes, 
tri diuturna tsedb. incipe, Nee Deus hunc mensa, Dea nee dignata cubih est. 
parve puer: cul parentes non arriserc, hunc nee Deus ad mensam, nee Dea in lectum, excipere 
dignata est 



NOTES. 



60. Risu cognoscere. Some explain it, Be- 
gin to distinguish thy mother by smiling on her. 

63. Nee Deus, &c. The meaning seems 
to be this: Begin, sweet boy, to know thy pa- 
rents by their smile; for thy parents must smile 
upon thee before thou canst be advanced to that 
life of the gods mentioned verse 15.' MleDe&m 
vitam accipiet, &c. For no god or goddess 
ever promoted any to their society on whom 
their parents did not smile. 



Or it may be interpreted thus: Begin, 
sweet boy, to know thy parents by their smile; 
for thy parents must smile upon thee before thou 
canst be honoured with the table of a god, viz. 
Augustus, or bed of a goddess, viz. Julia. 
Both which honours Marcellus attained, as 
Augustus adopted him for his son, and 
gave him Julia his daughter in marriage. 



ECLOGA V. 



BAPHNIS, 



Menalcas, Mopsus. 



MEN. 



INTERPRET AT 10. 

men. Mopse, siquidem una 
feumus; periti uterque, tu fis- 
tula canere, ego canere ver- 
sus; cur nondum hie procu- 
buimus inter ulmos mixtas 
corylis? mop. Tu natu ma- 
jor, justum est ut tibi obe- 
diam, 6 Menalca: seu subi- 
mus umbracula fluctuantia 
ventis agitantibus, seu potius 



CUR non, Mopse, b©ni quoniam convenimus ambo, 

Tu calamos inflare leves, ego dicere versus, 

Hie corylis mixtas inter consedimus ulmos? 

mo. Tu major: tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca: 

Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, 

Sive antro potius succedimus: aspice ut antrum 

Sylvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. 

cavernam. Vide quomodo vitis agrestis prsetexit cavernam uvis raris. 



NOTES. 



Two shepherds, Menalcas and Mopsus, 
celebrate the funeral eulogium of Daph- 
nis. Virgil himself is Menalcas, as appears 
from verse 85, &c. Mopsus, some other poet 
of reputation in Rome, but young, and who 
had probably beenVirgil's disciple. Daphnis 
some suppose to have been a brother of his, 
who died in the prime of his age; others 
Quintilius Varus, of whom Horace says, 
nulli flebilior quam tibi, Virgili: but here the 



chronology does not agree; for Quintilius 
Varus died A. U. C. 730, and Virgil wrote 
this eclogue fifteen years before: others 
therefore, with more probability, refer it 
to the death and deification of Julius Caesar. 
Mopsus laments his death; Menalcas cele- 
brates his apotheosis or deification. 

7. Labrusca. This was the wild vine of 
the ancients 



BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 



15 



me Montibus in nostris solus tibi certet Amyntas. mek. Arayntas unua tecum 

mo. QuTd si idem certet Phtfbum superare canendo? l^^^.^Tl 

me Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phylhdis ignes, ^^ cum ip ae contends 

Am Alconis habes laudes, aut jurgia Codri. 

Incipe: pascentes servabit Tityrus hoedos. 

mo. Imrao haec, in viridi nuper qu« cortice fagi 

Carmina descripsi, et modulans alterna notavi, 

Experiar: tu deinde jubeto certet Amyntas. 

me. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae, 

Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis: 

Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. 

mo. Sed tu desine plura, puer: successimus antro 

Extinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim 

Flebant: vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis: 

Ciim, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati, 

\tque Deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. 

Non ulli nastos illis e^ere diebus 

^iuiiu p .v, . , ° , „ . „. u„ „ „ «™««™ mgressi sumus in antrum 

Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina: nulla neq; amnem N J mph£e lugebant Daph- 
Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam. 26 n im defunctum fera morte: 
Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones yos, 6 coryli et fluvii, testes 

iyayinn, vuu o %„„ n „ n4 .„„ fuistis Nympharum luctus. 

Internum, moniesque fen sylvaeque loquuntur. J Dvim mSL ( er v amplexa y^se- 

Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungere tigres randum cadaver filii sui, et 

Deos et sidera fera appella- 
ret. O Daphni, nullus boves deduxit e pastu ad fluvios frigidos, per illos dies: nulla quadrupes 
nee degustavit aquam, nee attigit herbam graminis. O Daphni, et montes inculti, et sylvse, dicunt 
leones ipsos Africa; doluisse mortem tuam. Daphnis etiam induxit morem subligandi tigres 

NOTES. 
8. Tibi certet, a Grecism, for tecum certet. 20. Daphnim. Daphnis signifies a laurel; 
10. Phjllidis ignes. Phyllis, queen of and is well applied to Caesar, who demand 



me. Mopse, incipe primus, 
si habes, aut aliquos amo- 
res Phyllidis, aut laudes 
Alconis, aut rixas Codri. 

1 5 Incipe: Tityrus custodiet 
hcedos pascentes. mo. Me- 
ditabor potius ilia carmina, 
quas nuper scripsi in cortice 
fagi, et per vices canens in- 
sculpsi: tu postea fac ut eon- 
tendat Amyntas. me. Quan- 

20 to salix flexilis inferior est 
oliva, quanto parva saliunea 
rubentibus rosis, tanto tibi 
inferior est Amyntas, mea. 
' quidem sententia. mo. At 
tu, puer, omitte plura loqui, 
antrum. 



Thrace, fell in love with Demophoon, the 
son of Theseus, and married him. Some 
time after, Demophoon having gone to A- 
thens, and being detained there beyond the 
time when he had promised to return, Phyl- 
lis, tortured with the pangs of a jealous 
lover, grew impatient under his absence, 
and at last hanged herself in despair. 

11. Alconis. A famous Cretan archer, who 
aimed an arrow so dexterously at a serpent 
wreathed about his son, as to kill the ani- 
mal without touching the boy. Servius says 
he could shoot through a ring placed on a 
man's head; split a hair with the point of 
his dart; and stick an arrow without a head 
on the point of a sword or spear. 

11. Jurgia Codri. Codrus was king of the 
Athenians, and signalized himself by dying 
for his people. For in a war between them 
and the Lacedemonians, hearing that an 
oracle had promised the victory to that 
people whof.e king should die, and the ene- 
my being strictly enjoined not to kill the 
Athenian king; he disguised himself in the 
habit of a peasant, went in among the ene- 
my, picked a quarrel with some of them, 
and was slain in the scuffle. The enemy no 
sooner found out who he was than they 
threw down their swords. 

16. Lenta salix, &c.~\ The most remarka- 



ed no higher honour from the senate than 
permission constantly to wear a laurel 
crown. 

23. Mater. Ruseus is of opinion, that 
Rome is here meant; the poet calling that 
city the mother of Julius Caesar. Professor 
Martyn believes Venus intended, and addu= 
ces in confirmation of the sentiment an al- 
most parallel passage from the 15th book 
of the Metamorphoses. 

24. Non ulli. To this Ruseus refers these 
words of Suetonius, in Jul. Cxs. 81. Prox- 
imis diebus equorum greges, quos in trajiciende 
jlumine Rubicone consecrdrat, ac vagos et sine 

custode dimiserat; comperit pertinacissime pa- 
bulo abstinere, ubertimque jlere. 

25. Nulla neque. La Cerda observes, that 
this is a Grecism; because in Greek two 
negatives make the negation stronger; but 
in Latin they make an affirmative. So in 
Propertius, in the 19th elegy of book II. 

Nulla neque ante tuas orietur rixafenestras. 

26. Quadrupes. This word is used in se- 
veral other places in Virgil, and in almost 
every one of them plainly signifies a horse. 
The only place where quadrupes is used for 
any other animal is in the 7th Mneid, where 
it signifies a stag. 

Saucius at quadrupes nota inter tecia refugit. 
29 Armenias tigres. Yoked tigers drew 



ble property of the willow is its flexibility, the chariot of Bacchus. Caesar vanquished 

hence called lenta: the epithet pallenti is no Phavnaces, the king of Pontus. Pontus was 

Less proper for the olive; for\its leaves are contiguous to Armenia. 

|of a yellowish green. 29. Curru, for curnd. The genitive and 

17. Humilis saliunca, Perhaps the French dative of the 4th declension used to be tiis 

\ipikenard. and vi. When ids became contracted us, id 



16 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



4C 



Armenia* ad currum, ei ce- Instituit: Daphnis thiasos inducere Baccho* 

febrandi chore&3 in honoren? rr^ r ,•• , * . 4 > .... , •"" V 'V" V 5 

Bacchi, et hiduendi gexfles h T ? tollls }enta . s mtexere molhbus hastas. 
hastas teneris frondibus. Ut Vltta ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae, 
vitis est ornamentum arbo- Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pin&uibus arvis: 
£3 SS^K Tu decus omne tuis: postquum t/fata tulcrunt, 
sesagrorumfertilium. «ctu*psa Pales agros, atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 
eras ornamentum omne tu- Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, 

£"?£ S°^ I p nfelix }f™: et steriles dominantur aven*. 
Apollo deseruit ana. Sape rro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, 
mi8erumlolium,etinf(Bcuri-Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. 

SET£3CIL h ^ |P ar ? ite humu ™ fo' iis - inducite fontibus umbras, 

hordea. Carduus, aut pa- ^stores: mandat lien sibi taha Daphnis. 
liurus armatus spinis acu- Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen. 
tis nascitur pro dulci vio- Daphnis ego in sylvis hinc usque ad sidera notus: 
la, et narcisso purpureo. v> * • ° . ' c ^ . ««.«->. 

Spargitefrondesperterram, *<>rmosi peCOHS CUStOS, formosiOP ipse. 

tegite tontes umbraeulis, 6 me. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, 
pastures! Daphnis jubethac Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per xstum 
pall™ U2F2& DulcU «u« sahente shim restinguere rivo. ' 
chro epitaphium: EgoDaph- Nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum 
nis hicjaceo, Celebris in syl- Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo: 
r»g&v3Spt^&S? s tamen hsc quocunq; modo tibi nostra vicissim 5< 
sepulchrior me. Tales mihi Dicemus, Daphnmq; tuum tollemus ad astra: 
sunt versus tui, 6 divine Daphnin ad astra feremus: amavit nos quoq; Daphnis, 
poeta, qualis res e^fatigatis Mop# An qu i cquam no bi s tali sit munere maius? 

somnus in hei'bis, et qualis r?, . ^ - 1 . . ,. iii««^*«. *n«jua. 

res est scstuantibus sedare ^ P ue . r J P se IUlt cantari dlgnus, et ISta 
atim scaturiente rivo dulcis Jampridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis. 55 

aqus. Nee tantum sequas 

magistrum fistula, sed etiam voce. Felix juvenis, tu modo eris primus post eum. Nos tamenvi- 
eissimtibi qualicumque modo canemushtec nostra, et Daphnim tuum tollemus in ccelum: Daph- 
nis nos etiam dilexit. mop. An ulla res mihi sit pretiosior, quam hoc munus? et puer ipse 
meruit celebrari, et jamdudum Stimicon laudavit mihi tuos istoa versus. 



NOTES. 



was diminished to u. So y£n. 1. 261. parce 
metu for metui. See also 6. 465. and 9. 605. 

35. The contrast in the appearance of 
nature, on the birth of the child in the pre- 
ceding eclogue, and the death of Ccesar in 
the present, is exquisitely beautiful. 

37- Lolium, or cockle-weed. Virgil calls it 
infelix, or hapless; because, says Wharton, 
its nature is malignant. The modern Ita- 
lians suppose it the cause of melancholy 
madness. It is common with them to say of 
any such person, he has eaten bread vrith foli- 
um in it, A mangiato pane con foglio. 

38. Purpureo narcisso. There are many 
different kinds of the narcissus or daffodil; 
Dioscorides particularly mentions one that 
is xog$vgoeifoe t of a purple hue. 

39. Paliurus acutis. Professor Martyn 
says we can hardly doubt that the paliurus 
of the ancients is the Rhammxs folio subro- 
iundofructu compresso, which is cultivated 
in our gardens under the name of Clmst's 
thorn; and is supposed to be the thorn of 
iwhicb. the crown was made, that was put 



upon our Saviour's head. This shrub grows 
abundantly in Italy. 

40. Spargite humum foliis. It was a cus' 
torn among the ancients to scatter leaves 
and flowers on the ground, in honour o; 
eminent persons. 

52. Amavit nos quoque Daph?ris. Virgil was 
obscure and little known in the time of Ju 
lius Caesar; but Ruasus thinks that it may 
be explained of the Mantuans in general, 
who, with the other people of Cisalpi 
Gaul, were cherished and protected by Cae- 
sar. 

54. Et puer ipse. Hence Servius infers 
that the Daphnis here celebrated cannot be 
Julius Caesar, since puer ill agrees to a man 
of fifty-six years. Ruxus contends that he 
may be called pier, as being now a god. 
whose privilege is to preserve immortal 
youth. But these refined criticisms are very 
superfluous; Virgil, in the style of pastoral 
poetry, represents Daphnis, whoever h 
was, as a swain; and puer is the word con- 
stantly used by him in that sense, Eel. IH 
vlt. VI. 14, &c. 






BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 



17 



me. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi, 
Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis. 
Ergo alacris sylvas et caetera rura voluptas, 
Panaque, pastoresque tenet, Dryadasque puellas. 
Xec lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis 
Ulla dolum meditantur: amat bonus otia Daphnis. 
Ipsi lastitia voces ad sidera jactant 
Intonsi montes: ipsae jam carmina rupes, 
Ipsa sonant arbusta: Deus, Deus ille, Menalca. 
Sis bonus 6 felixque tuisl en quatuor aras: 
Ecce duastibi, Daphni, duoque altaria Phosbo. 
Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis, 
Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi: 
Et multo imprimis hilarans convivia Baccho, 
Ante focum, si frigus erit; si messis, in umbra, 
Vina novum fundam calathis Arvisia nectar. 
Cantabunt mihi Damoetas, et Lycthis .Egon: 
Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus. 
Haec tibi semper erunt; et cum soiennia vota 
Reddemus Nymphis, et cum lustrabimus agros. 
Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, 
Dumq; thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae: 
Semper honos, nomenq; tuum, laudesq; manebunt. 
L't Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis 
Agricolse facient: damnabis tu quoq; votis. 

tyrorum. Phee in honorem tuum semper fient, et cum solvemus Nymphis vota annua, et cum cir- 
cuimus campos cum hostid. Quamdiu aper amabit culmina montium, quamdiu piscis amnes, et 
quamdiu apes alentur thymo, quamdiu cicadse rore: semper gloria, et n omen tuum, et laudes 
durabunt. Agrestes singulis annis sic tibi vota facient, quemadmodum Baccho et Cereri. Tu quo- 
que adiges eos ad vota solvenda. 



me. Daphnis splendens mi- 
ratur portas cceli a se nou 
ant6 visas, et despicit sub 
pedibus nubila et astra. 
Ergo lreta voluptas occupat 

gQ nemora, camposque omnes, 
et Pana, et pastores, vt 
Dryadas virgines, Xeque 
lupus struit insidias gregi, 
neque ullse plagas moliuntur 
fraudem cervis: Daphnis bo- 
nus diligit pacem. Ipsi moti- 

65 tes inculti emittunt clamores 
ad astra pr£ gaudio, ipsej 
rupes modulantur versus, 
ipsae arbores modulantur 
hoc: Deus, 6 Menalca, Deus 
ille est. Utinam sis commo- 

-q dus et propitius tuis! ecce 
quatuor aras, ecce duas tibi, 
et duo altaria Phrebo erect a. 
Singulis annis offeram tibi 
duo vasa recenti lacte un- 
dantia, et duo vasa pinguis 
olei. Prsssertimque leetifi- 

75 cans epulas copioso vino; ad 
ignem, si fuerithyeras; sub 
umbraculis, si fuerit Eestas: 
effundam e calicibus vina 
Chia, qiue stint novum nec- 
tar, Damcetas, et JEgon Cre- 

Qn tensis mihi canent: Alphe- 

"^sibcEus exprimet choreas Sa- 



NOTES. 



56. Candidus insuetum. Mopsus lamented 
the death of Daphnis in 25 verses; Menal- 
cas celebrates his apotheosis in an equal 
number. Candidus or a white colour was as- 
cribed to the gods above, and a black colour 
to the infernal deities. It was also believed, 
that the residence of the souls of departed 
heroes was in the milky way. 

56. Olympi. Twelve mountains bear this 
name. The principal one is in that part of 
Thessaly which borders on Macedonia. Its 
top being- so elevated as to penetrate the 
clouds, it was said to reach to the heavens; 
and is for that reason used by the poets for 
heaven itself. 

59. Dryadas. Nymphs that presided over 
woods: oblations of milk, oil, and honey 
were offered to them, and sometimes a goat 
was sacrificed. They were not generally 
considered immortal; but as genii whose 
lives were terminated with the tree over 
which they were supposed to preside. 

63. Intonsi montes, &c This sublime pas- 
sage bears a strong resemblance to that of 
Isaiah; " Break forth into singing, ye moun- 
tains, O forest and every tree therein." 
Wharton supposes it probable that Virgil 
had seen Isaiah's writings. 

64. Deus, Deus ille. Pope has imitated this 
in his Messiah: 

" A God, a God.' the vocal hills reply; 
The rocks proclaim tK approaching - - 



66. Altaria. Are were altars consecrated 
indifferently either to the celestial or infer - 
nal deities; but the altaria only to- the for- 
mer, and were of a larger form: hence 
Servius derives the word from altus, fagh. 

71. Calathis. Calathus commonly signi- 
fies a basket, here a drinking vessel. 

71. Jfamsia. From Arvisus, a promontory 
in the island of Chios, famous for excellent 
wines. JVorwm nectar, i. e. quce sunt novum 
nectar; rAnes -which are excellent as nectar, the 
drink of the gods. JVorws here signifies excel- 
lent, as above, Eel. III. 86. 

73. Saltantes Satyros. Martyn supposes 
that some large sort of monkey or baboon, 
that had been seen in the woods, gave the 
first occasion to feign the existence of these 
half deities. They were a sort of demi-gods 
that attended upon Bacchus. They are re- 
presented as having horns upon their heads, 
crooked hands, shaggy bodies, long tails, 
and the legs and feet "of goats. All the sa- 
tyrs ever said to have been seen were no- 
thing more than large monkeys. 

80. Damnabis tu quoqne votis. Literally, 
Thou shall condemn them to their vo~ws. When 
the object of the vow or prayer was grant- 
ed, then the person was reus voti, or dam- 
natus voti; so that damnare votis is a phrase 
equivalent to that of granting their vows, 
or hearing their prayers as a god, 






D 



18 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

mo. Qualia tibi, qualia mu- M0 . Q uae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona? 

sqss3£asS2SHS MB neque me tan, "r ™™%*m™ *■*. 

ingruentis, nee ripse undis Nee percussa juvant liuctu tarn litora, nee quae 

verberatse, sic me delectant, Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. 

neque fluvii qui inter lapido- Hac te nos f m donabimus ante cicuta. '85 

sas valles volvuntur. me. TT _^ ° „ , , , ._ 

PriustibidabohanctenucmHgec nos, rormosum Corydon ardebat Alexim: 
fistulam: qua ego didici ca- Haec eadem docuit, Cujum pecus? an Melibcei? 

?iere: Formosum Corydon MQ M m sume pec | um quo d me c £ m sa£ p e r0 earet, 
amabat Alexim; eademque VT ,. A . l , ? ^ ,. r . v ° 

didici, Cujum pecus? anMe- Non tuht Antigenes (et erat turn dignus aman) 

liboei? mo. Tu vei-6, Menal-Formosum paribus nodis atque sere, Menalca, 90 

ca, accipe pedum insigne 

nodis a'-qualiter distantibns, et sere: quod Antigenes non obtinuit, licet ssepe a me peteret; et tunc 

tamen merebatur amari. 

NOTE. 

88. Sume pedum. Accept tins crook:. 



EC LOG A VI 

SILENUS. 



iNTE-RPRETATio. PRIMA Syracosio dignata est ludere versu 
Musa mea, prima ommum Nostra nec e rubuit sylvas habitare, Thalia. 
diemata est canere bicula t , N J . . „ ' . 

earmina: nec earn puduit in- <-um canerem reges et praeha, Cynthms aurem 
^olere nemora. Cum cane- Vellit, et admonuit: Pastorem, Tityre, pingues 
rem reges et bella, Apollo p asce re oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. 5 

mihi velhcavit aurem, et me 

sic admonuit: Tit5 r re, decet pastorem pascere pingues oves, et componere tenues versus. 

NOTES. 

Silenus surprised in a grotto by two shep- 3. Cum canerem reges. It is said that Vir- 

herds, Chromis and Mnasylus, and by the gil once attempted to describe the actions 

nymph iEgle, is solicited to perform the of the Alban kings, but that being deterred 

promise he had long given them of a song, by the harshness of their names, he de- 

Upon which he explains to them the ori- sisted, and applied himself to the Bucolics 

gin of the world according to the doctrine 4. Vellit. This is elegantly imitated by 

of the Epicureans; and then, to gratify Young: 

their curiosity, entertains them with seve- I sought a patronage; but sought in vain. 

ral fables agreeable to the simplicity of pas- Apollo twitch' 'd my ear, and cried " Germain" 

toral. This eclogue is supposed to have been The ear was dedicated to memory, the 

designed as a compliment to Syro the Epi- forehead to shame, the right hand to friend- 

curean, who instructed Virgil and Varus ship, the knees to mercy, the nose to deri 

in the principles of that philosophy. sion; and hence, says Minelius, the man - 

1. Prima. Used adverbially for primo. ner arose of exciting or admonishing any 

1. Syracosio versu. In Syracusan verse, i. one. 

e in pastoral poetry, such as Theocritus 4. Pingues pascere oves, i. e. Pascere ui 

the Syracusan wrote. pinguescant. 

2. Thalia. One of the muses; who pre- 5. Deductum dicere carmen. An humble or 
sided over pastoral and comi<* poetry. She slender song; a metaphor taken from wool 
is drawn leaning on a column. Her mask, spun out till it becomes fine and slender, 
her crook, and the shortness of her dress, So Hor. Lib. II 1. 225. Tenvi deducta poe- 
distinguish her from the rest of her sisters, matajilo. And Tibul Lib. I. 3.86 JJeducat 
Her name seems here to be put for mvse plena stamina longa colo. 

in general 



BUCOLICA. FXL. VI. 



19 



Nunc ego (namq; super tibi erunt qui dicere laudes, Ego nunc, 6 Vare, exci - 

Vare, tuas cupiant, et tristia conderc bella) %£& £*&£* 

Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musam. ti suppetent tibi, qui opta 

Non injussa cano: si quis tamen haec quoque, siquis bunt celebrare laudes tuas. 



jQet scribere t'unesta bella 

Canto ea, quse d Phabo jus- 
sus sum cantare. Si tamen 
aliquis, si aliquis hsec etiam 
legat, horum amore perci- 
tus; te nostras myricte, te 
omnis sylva resonabit, 6 

1 5 Vare: nullaq; pagina magis 
placet Apollini, quam quse 
sibi prsefixit Vari nomen 
Pergite, 6 Musse. Chromis 
et Mnasilus pueri videruht 
Silenum in caverna prostra- 

9Qtum somno: venis tumenti- 
bus hesterno vino, ut mos 
est. Erant procul humi co- 
ronte, tantum lapsa? e capite: 
Et grande poculum suspen- 
sum erat per ansam attri- 
tam. Hunc invadentes, it)ji- 

25 ciunt vincula confecta ex ip- 
sis coronis: ssepe enim Me se- 
nex utrumque deceperat spe 
versuum. iEgle adjungit se 
sociam, et accedit pavidis: 
iEgle formosissima Naia- 

._. dum: Et ipsi, jam oculos 

Nec tantum Rhodope miratur et Israarus Orphea. oO a p er i en ti, unit frontem et 

tempora moris rubris. Ille ridens fraudem: Cur, ait, implicates mihi vincula? expedite me ex Us, 
O pueri: sufficit quod potuerim deprehendi a vobis. Audite versus quos petitis: vobis versus: 
huic JEgle, aliud prsemium erit: simul ipse incipit. Tunc vero aspiceres Faunos et feras saltare 
ad cantum, tunc duras quercus cacuminibus nutare. Nec mons Parnassus adeo leetatur Apolline; 
nec Rhodope et Ismarus adeo mirantur Orpheum. 



Captus amore legetj te nostrae, Vare, myricae 
Te nemus omne canet: nec Phoebo gratior ulla est, 
Quam sibi quae Vari praescripsit pagina nomen. 
Pergite, Pierides. Chromis et Mnasilus in antro 
Silenum pueri somno videre jacentem, 
Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, Iaccho. 
Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa jacebant: 
Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa. 
Aggressi (nam saepe senex spe carminis ambo 
Luserat) injiciunt ipsis ex vincula sertis. 
Addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit iEgle: 
^Egle Na'iadum pulcherrima: jamque videnti 
Sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit. 
Ille dolum ridens: Quo vincula nectitis? inquit, 
Solvite me, pueri: satis est potuisse videri. 
Carmina, quae vultis, cognoscite: carmina vobis; 
Huic aliud mercedis erit: simul incipit ipse. 
Turn vero in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres 
Ludere, turn rigidas motare cacumina quercus, 
Nec tantum Phoebo gaudet Parnassia rupes 



NOTES. 



7 . Vare. Interpreters are divided respect- 
ing the Varus here intended. It is most 
probable he was the same with P. Quinti* 
lius Varus, who was endowed with great 
honours by Augustus, and was for eight 
years governor of Syria. The loss of three 
legions in Germany, which was effected by 
the treachery of Arminius, so distressed 
Varus, that he fell upon his own sword; 
and distracted Augustus to such a degree, 
that beating his head against the walls and 
doors, he would cry out, " Vare, legiones 
redde." Varus, restore my legions. 

9. Injussa may mean strains 'which I am 
forbidden to sing, viz. Varus' battles. 

10 Nostras myricce, i. e. humble pastorals. 

13. Chromis et Mnasilus, two satyrs or 
shepherds. Chromis from ^go/tri, a neighing 
noise; and Mnasilus from ^vaa, I perpetuate, 
or keep in recollection, and <ri\\oc, a jeer. 

14. Silenum. Servius says this story of Si- 
lenus is not feigned by Virgil, but taken 
from Theopompus. He relates, that Sile- 
nus being dead drunk was seized by some 
shepherds of king Midas and bound; that 
afterwards his bands slipping off spontane- 
ously, he answered several questions of 
Midas concerning philosophy and antiquity, 
Silenus was, as some suppose, the son of 



Pan. He is always represented as a fat, jolly 
old man, riding on an ass, crowned with 
flowers, and always intoxicated. The fauns 
in general, and the satyrs, are often called 
Silent. 

16. Serta. To be crowned with garlands 
was the badge of a drunkard. 

16. Procul tantum. This is the only pas- 
sage in Virgil, where procul and tantum 
come together. Professor Martyn shows 
from various authorities that they require 
to be rendered ?iear or just by. 

27. In numerum; that is, to the number 
or measure of the song, to which the mu- 
sic kept time. 

27. Faunos. These were, like the satyrs, 
country deities; having the legs, feet, and 
ears of goats; the rest human. They were 
called fauns, d fando, because they speak 
personally to men. 

30. Rhodope. A mountain of Thrace, the 
country of Orpheus. The mountain is re- 
presented as resounding the lamentations of 
the dryades for the death of Orpheus. The 
poets say the wife of Haemus, king of 
Thrace, was changed into this mountain, 
because she preferred herself in beauty to 
Juno. 

30. Miratur, In manv MSS. mirantur 



20 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Cantabat enim quomodo se- Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta 
STnUsTefs'lmuipiriignis; s emina, terrarumque, animaeque, marisque fuissent, 
congregata fuerint in im- Et hquidi simul ignis: ut his exordia primis 
menso vacuo: ut ex his pri- Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis. 
£££&£&«£ Turn durare solum, et discludere Nerea ponto 35 
erit. Deinde quomodo terra Coepent, et rerum paullatim sumere formas. 
cceperit solidari, et aquas Jamque novum ut terrae stupeant lucescere solem, 
dispellere a se in mare, et Aldus atque cadant submotis nubibus imbres: 

accipere sensim species re- T . . ^ , N N v 

rum. Postea quomodo terra Incipiant syl vae cum pnmum surgere, cumque 
miraretur solem recentem Rara per ignotc-s errent animalia montes. 40 

emicare,et ^ m rf pluvi« Hinc i ap ides Pyrrhse jactos, Saturnia regna, 
motis d terra.- cum nemora Caucaseas q» refert volucres, furtumq; Promethei. 
tunc inciperent crescere, et His adjungit, Hylan nautse quo fonte relictum 
cum animalia adhuc rara va- Clamassent: ut litus, Hyla, Hyla, omne sonaret. 

srarentur per montes non-i?, c . 1_ . r : ' L*. a r- 

dum cognitos. Deinde nar- Et fortunatam, si nunquam armenta fuissent, , 45 

rat saxa projecta a Pyrrha, Pasiphaen nivei solatur amore juvenci. 

tempora Saturni, et aves Ah, virgo infelix, quae te dementia cepit? 

ftrtR&^AdttS Prcetides implerunt falsis mugitibus agros: 

rebus, quem.ad fontem Ar. At non tarn turpes pecudum tamen ulla secuta est 

gonaut» alte vocassent Hy- Con cubitus: quamvis collo timuisset aratrum, 50 

lEStefSS&E E* «P« «! >«* q™*™* cornu. fronte. 

Et ob amorem tauri condo- Ah, virgo mfelix, tu nunc in montibus erras! 

let Pasiphae: felici, si nun- Hie latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho, 

quam tauri fuissent. Ah, mu- Ilice gub ni k pailentes rum i nat herbas, 

lier misera, quae msania te . i .. °. * . ' _. __ 

occupavit?FillaiPrcetireple. Aut aliquam mmagno sequitur grege. Claudite, Nym- 

verunt campos falsis mugiti- phce, 55 

bus: nulla tamen earMwquaj-i)j ctaeae Nymphse, nemorum jam claudite saltus: 

suit tarn mfames amplexus J r J 

pecudum; licet metueret suo co\lo jugum aratri, et ssepe exploraret cornua in fronte polita. Ah, 
mulier misera, tu jam vagaris per montes! taurus verb reclinans candidum latus in teneris hya- 
cinthis, sub umbrosa ilice regustat herbas pallidas: vel consectatur aliquam vaccam in numeroso 
armento. O Nymphse, Cretenses Nymphse! claudite jam, claudite saltus sylvarum: 

NOTES. 

31. Magnum per inane. The Epicureans, theft he was chained to a rock in mount 
whose philosophy is here sung", taught that Caucasus, and had a vulture continually 
incorporeal space, here called magnum preying upon his liver, that grew as fast as 
inane, and corporeal atoms, were the first it was consumed. 

principles of all things: their void space 43. Hylan. The boy Hylas, Hercules' 

they considered as the womb, in which favourite and companion in the Argonautic 

the seeds of all the elements were ripened expedition, having gone to fetch water 

into their distinct foi*ms. from a fountain near which the Argonauts 

32. Anima. Anima is also used for air in had landed, fell into the well, and was 
Lucretius, 1. vi. drowned. Hercules and his fellow Argo- 

Ventus ubi, atque animse subito vis maxima, nauts, missing the boy, went in search of 

35. Et discludere Nerea ponto. Literally, him along the coast, calling on him aloud 

To shut up Nereus apart in the sea, i. e. to by his name. 

separate the waters into their channel; Nereus 43. Nautce. The Argonauts, 

the sea-god being here put for the waters 48. Falsis mugitibus. They imagined 

in general; and ponto for the channel or re- themselves ti*ansformed to heifers; there- 

ceptacle of these waters. fore he calls their lowings falsi: they were 

37. Solem. The circumstance of the only fancied, not real. 

earth's being amazed at the first appearance 55. Claudite. Here Silenus personates Pa- 

of the sun, is strongly conceived. siphae apostrophizing the woods and groves. 

41. Lapides Pyrrhtz. See the fable, Ovid. 56. Dictcece nymphce. The nymphs of Crete, 
Met. I. 318. from Dicte, a mountain in that island., 

42. Caucaseasque volucres. Prometheus is where Pasiphae was queen. 

fabled to have stolen fire from heaven, 56. Saltus are the lawns or open places 

wherewith he animated aman of clay of his in forests and parks, where the cattle have 



own 



formation; for which presumptuous room salire, to feed and frisk about. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. 



21 



Si qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostris 

Errabunda bovis vestigia. Forsitan ilium, 

Aut herba. captum viridi, aut armenta secutum, 

Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccae. 

Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam: 

Turn Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarae 

Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit alnos. 

Turn canit errantgm Permessi ad flumina Galium 

Aonas in montes ut duxerit una sororum; 

Utque viro Phoebi chorus assurrexerit omnis: 

Ut Linus haec illi divino carmine pastor, 

Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro, 

Dixerit: Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae, 

Ascraeo quos ante seni: quibus ille solebat 

Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos. 

His tibi Grynaei nemoris dicatur origo: 

Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus jactet Apollo. 

Quid loquar? aut Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est, ^^^ E^sLt 

7 5 Musse dant tibi hanc fistu- 
lam; quam prius dederant 
Ascrseo seni; qua ille canen- 
do solebat evocare duras or- 
nos e montibus: hac fistula 
celebretur a te origo Gry- 
gQ ntese sylvan; ut nulla sit sylva 
qua magis Apollo glorietur. 
Quid dicam ut memoraverii„ 
aut Scyllam Nisi filiam,* 
quam rumor tulit, cinctam 
latrantibus monstris circa 
alba crura, disturbasse naves 
Ulysseas, et in profundo mari laniasse, heu! nautas pavidos canibus marinis? Aut ut memora- 
verit corpus Terei conversum irnipupam; quos eibos, quae munera Philomela illi prseparaverat: 
qua celeritate abierit in deserta; et quibus pennis miser volaverit super domum prius suam. Si- 
lenus cantat omnes fabulas quas felix Eurotas olim audiit, Phoebo canente; et jussit ut lauri 
discerent: valles repercusss referunt cantus ad coelum; 



ut videamus, an fortasse 
alicubi vaga vestigia tauri 
se nostris oculis offerant 
obviam. Forsitan aliquse vac- 

60 ess allicient ilium ad sta 
bula Gortynia, aut sectan- 
tem gregcs, aut cupidum 
viridis herbse. Deinde cantat 
virginem admiratam poma 
Hesperidum. Deinde cingit 

_ _ sorores Phaethontis musco 

^5 corticis amarse, et attollit e 
terra excelsas alnos. Deinde 
cantat quemadmodum una 
e Musis deduxerit in colles 
Boeotia? Cornelium Galium, 
deambulantem circa fluen- 

70 ta Permessi: et quemad- 
modum totus chorus A pol- 
lings assurrexerit huic viro. 
Quemadmodum Linus pas- 
tor, coronatus floribus et 



Candida succinctam latrantibus inguina monstris, 
Dulichias vexasse rates, et gurgite in alto 
Ah! timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis? 
Autut mutatos Terei narraverit artus? 
Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit? 
Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante 
Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis? 
Omnia quae, Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus 
Audiit Eurotas, jussitque ediscere lauros, 
Ille canit: pulsae referunt ad sidera valles; 



NOTES. 



- 60. Stabula. Gortynia was a famous city 
of Crete, near which the famous labyrinth 
is still to be seen. The herds of the sun are 
said to have been kept near this city. 

61. Mala. See the 10th book of Ovid's 
Metamorphoses. Hippomanes being enga- 
ged in a race with Atalanta, in order to ob- 
tain her in marriage, threw down a golden 
apple whenever she gained ground upon 
him; which she stooping to gather up, Hip- 
pomanes had an opportunity of getting be- 
fore her, and of consequence obtaining the 
lovely prize. 

62. Turn Phaethontiadas. Literally, Then he 
infolds the sisters of Phaeton in the moss of 
bitter bark, and rears the tall alders from the 
grove; l. e. he sings their transformation, and 
describes it to the life. See the note on Eel. 
III. 10. 

62. Phaethontiadas. The sisters of Phaeton 
consumed themselves with weeping for his 
death, and were transformed into trees, 
whose boughs drop perpetual amber. 

64. Permessi. Permessus, a river in Boeo- 
tia, issuing from mount Helicon. 

64. Galium. Cornelius pallus, a native of 



Frioul, contemporary with Virgil and his 
friend. 

65. Aonas in montes. Helicon and Cithse- 
ron, mountains in Boeotia, so called from 
Aon the son of Neptune, who reigned there, 

70. Ascnzo se?ii. Hesiod, whose country 
was Ascrsea, a village of Boeotia. 

72. Grynxi nemoris. Grynium, according 
to Strabo, was a city of iEolrs, where Apol- 
lo had a temple of white marble, and a sa- 
cred grove, where was a famous oracle. 
See Banier^s Mythology. 

74, 78, 79- Scyllam— Terei— Philomela, 
See all these fables in Ovid, and the other 
books of mythology, and the history of them 
in Banier. 

76. Dulichias. Dulichium, an island of the 
Ionian sea, over against the mouth of the 
river Achelous. It was subject to the do 
minion of Ulysses. 

82. Omnia qu<e, Phoebo. The poet cor: 
eludes this fine eclogue with telling us, that 
Silenus related all the stories also which 
Apollo himself sung on the banks of the 
Eurotas, when he courted his darling Hy. 
acinth. 



22 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



quosque Hesperus apparu- Cogere donee oves stabulis, numerumque referre 

%£*2Xi2i&&. J ' a *> et invito p rocessit Ves P er 'y m p°- 

lis, et recensere numerum earum. 



85 



NOTES. 



86. Vesper. The planet Venus, when she 
goes before the sun, is called Lucifer, or 
the morning-star; but when she follows the 
sun, she is called Hesperus or Vesper, the 
evening-star. So Cicero: Stella Veneris, Lu- 
cifer Latine dicitur, cum antegreditur solem, 
cum subsequitur autem Hesperus." 

86. Invito Olympo. Tins beautifully repre- 
sents the sun, and sphere of day, listening 
to the sweetness of the song which de- 
scribed their own formation; and unwillingly 



giving way to the evening-star, that came 
unseasonably, as it were, to interrupt their 
pleasure. Milton has a similar beautiful 
thought. Adam tells the angel the sun will 
gladly stay to hear his discourse: 

" And the great light of day yet ivatits to run 
Much of his race, though steep; suspense in 

heav'n 
Held by thy voice, thy potent voice he hears % 
And longer will delay to hear thee tell 
His generation.'* 



EC LOG A VII 



MELIBOEUS, 



Meliboeus, Corydon, Thyrsis. 



INTERPRET ATIO. 

mel. Forte Daphnis recu- 
buerat sub ilice susurrante, 
et Corydon atque Thyrsis 
conjunxerant simul greges: 
Thyrsis oves, Corydon ca- 
pellas tumentes lacte. Uter- 
cme in flore setatis, uterque 
ex Arcadia: et pares cantu, 
et parati ad certandum. Cir- 
ca nunc locum aberraverat 
a me hircus ipse dux gregis, 
dum munio teneras myrtos 
videt e regione: dixit, Veni 



MEL. 

FORTE sub arguta consederat iliee Daphnis, 
Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum: 
Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacte capellas. 
Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo: 
Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 5 

Hie mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, 
Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat: atque ego Daphnim 
Aspicio: ille ubi me contra videt; Ocyus, inquit, 
Hue acles, 6 Meliboee; caper tibi salvus et hoedi; 
contra i'rigus. Ego vero statim Daphnim video. Daphnis ubi me 
hue cito, 6 Meliboee: hircus et hoedi tui sunt in tuto: 



NOTES. 



Meliboeus here gives us the relation of a 
sharp poetical contest between Thyrsis and 
Coiydon; at which he himself and Daphnis 
were present, who both declared for Cory- 
don. 

Melibceus is a name derived from the care 
of oxen: i. e. /u.I\h, he takes care of, flng an ox. 
Corydon is from xo^uJV, a lark. Daphnis (as 
before) from Sapvtg, a laurel; and Thyrsis 
from 3-vgo-oc, a spear bound round with vine 
stems, in honour of Bacchus. This 7th 
eclogue, like the 3d, seems to be an imita- 
tion of a custom among shepherds of old, of 
vying together in extemporaneous verse. It 



is very like the inrpro* isatoridp present in 
Italy. The Tuscans brougidSfcr s -total of 
wit to Rome. IP 

1. Argutd. Ruaeus thinks this epithet may 
be applied to trees on account of the sing- 
ing of birds in the branches, or of the whist- 
ling of the wind among the leaves. 

1. Ilice. The holm-oak, common, as Mr. 
Ray certifies, in most of the provinces of 
Italy. 

4. Arcades ambo. The Arcadians, who in- 
habited an inland country of Peloponnesus, 
were famous for their musical skill. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 



23 



Et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. 10 et si potes aliquantulum 

Hue ipsi potum venient per prata juvenei: ^S; J-J- J? v ^ 

Hie viridis tenera praetexit arundine npas ent ipsi hue per prata ad 

Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu. potandum: hie Mincius vi- 

Quid fecerem? neque ego Alcippen, nee Phyllida ha--- ^'l™™: 

bebam, quercu sacra. Quid egissenv 

Depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos: 15Namque non habebam AI- 

Et eertamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum. fe^L^t t^X 
Posthabui tamen lllorum mea seria ludo. agnos abductos ab ubere 

Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo Prcetered magna erat con- 

Ccepere: alteinos Musae meminisse volebant. tendo c ^g a d n °™ s cum Th y*': 

Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. 20 * * negot^cTntuFSum" 

cor. Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides: aut mihiitaquecrepituterquecertar*- 

carmen, 
Quale meo Codro, concedite: proxima Phoebi 
Versibus ille facit: aut si non possumus omnes, 
Hie arguta sacra, pendebit fistula pinu. 
th. Pastores hedera crescentem ornate poetam 
Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro. 
Aut si ultra placitum laudarit, baccare frontem 
Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro. 
cor. Setosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus 
Et ramosa Mycon vivacis cornua cervi. 
Si proprium hoc merit, levi de marmore tota 
Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. 



versibus alternis:Musae enim 
volebant per vices, ut eanta- 
rent. Hos Corydon, illos 
Thyrsis dicebat, sua quis- 
que vice. cor. Nympha: 

2 5 Boeotise, nostrse delicise: vel 
inspirate mihi carmina, qua- 
lia impiratis meo Codro 
ille eomponit proxima car- 
minibus Apollinis: vel si 
non omnes possumus id as- 
sequi, hoc loco canora mec 

30 tibia suspendetur e sacra pi- 
nu. th. Pastores Arcadise. 
coronate hedera me poetam. 
crescentem, ut Codro rum- 



pantur viscera pros invidia: aut si laudaverit me ultra quam volo, coronate mihi frontem bac- 
care; ne lingua maligna fascinet poetam crescentem. cor. O Diana, puer Mycon offerttibi hoe 
caput pilosi apri, et arborea cornua cervi longsevi. Si hoc sit mihi stabile, statueris integra e po- 
lite marraore ligata calceamento purpureo circa tibias. 



NOTES. 



13. Mincius, is a gently flowing river of 
Cisalpine Gaul; now called Menzo. 

16. Et eertamen erat, Corydon cum Thyr- 
side. There is no occasion here for having 
recourse, with Servius and other commen- 
tators, to the antiptosis, or substitution of 
one case for another: Corydon cum Thyr- 
side is an elipsis for Corydon certabat cum 
Thyrside, and is as easily understood as if 
the verb had been expressed. 

21. Nymphce Libethrides. The Muses are 
called Libethrian nymphs, from Libethra, 
a fountain in Magnesia, or, according to 
others, in Bocotia; over which they pre- 
sided. 

22. Meo Codro. Codrus was a contempo- 
rary poet with Virgil, of superior talents. 

22. Proxima; carmina understood. 

24. Pendebit fistula. It was a custom, says 
Minelius, for any one who laid aside any 
art, whether gladiatorial, military, or other- 
wise, to hang up and consecrate the instru- 
ments he had used to the god who over his 
art presided. 

25. Hedera. The ivy was frequently used 
by the ancients in crowning poets; because 
ivy is ever-green, and good poetry should 
he immortal A late witty writer, says 



Martyn, observes, that ivy is a just embierr 
of a court poet; because it is creeping, dirty, 
and dangling. 

27- Laudarit, baccare frontem. Immode- 
rate praise was thought to be of a fascinat- 
ing nature. Hence says Pliny, Lib. VII. 2. 
Esse in Africa famili as quasdam effascinan^ 
tium; quarum laudatione intereant probata^ 
arescant arbores, emoriantur infantes. 
Therefore, to avert the malignant influence,, 
they wore a garland of baccar or lady's- 
glove, by way of amulet. 

28. Mala lingua. Many unlettered people 
still think, that the evil-tongue (perhaps of a 
cross old woman) muttering charms may 
make themselves or their cattle sickly. 

29. Delia. Diana, so called, from the 
island Delos, her birth-place. 

31. Si proprium, &c. The meaning is, if 
you continue to give me such success in 
hunting. 

31. Tota. It was common to make only 
the head and neck of a marble statue, Co- 
rydon vows to Diana an entire one. 

32. Suras. The calves of the legs. 

32. Cothurno. A sort of boot used by both 
sexes, and particularly when hunting, or or 
the stasre. 



24 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



th. O Priape, satis estTH. Sinum lactis, et haec te liba, Priape, quotannis 

te singulis annis expec- Expectare sat est: custos es p auperis horti. 

has placentas: tu es custos Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus: at tu, 35 

horti pauperis. Nunc te po- Si foetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. 

suimus © marmore, juxta COi Serine Galatea, thymo mihidulcior Hybte, 

prxsentem facultatem. Sxh! ^ ,.,. . . ' , '* *» • n* J 

si fetus reparaverint gre- Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba: 

gem, tu eris ex auro. cor. Cum primum pasti repetent praesepia tauri, 

Galatea, Nerei filia, gratior si qua tu j Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40 

ctdidir^rcycn^p^TH. Immo ego Sardois videar tibi amarior herbis, 

chrior qukm alba hedera: Horridior rusco, projecta vilior alga; 

statim atque saturati tauri si mihi non haec lux toto jam Jongioranno est. 

sssriyssira ite *«»»«*. si quis pudor ' s » e ju r n e L 

Corydonis. th. Ego vero co. Muscosi tontes, et somno molhor herba, 45 

appareamtibi asperiorquam £t quae vos rara. viridis tegit arbutus umbra, 
herba Sardonica spinosior s olstitium pecori defendite: jamvenit sestas 

quamruscus, abiectior quam _„ . . . r , . J , . 

alga ad litus ejecta; si h^c 1 ornda: jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae. • 
dies non mihi jam videturxH. Hie focus, et taedae pingues: hie plurimus ignis 

prolixior quam annus inte- 
ger. Abite in stabulum 6 boves jam saturati: abite, si vobis est aliquis pudor. co. Fontes mus- 
cosi, et gramen dulce ad somnum, et virens arbutus quae vos inumbrat raris foliis, protegite pecus 
contra calorem solstitialem: sestas nunc imminet calidissima, nunc gemmce tument in fcecundo 
palmite. th. Hjc semper est focus, et ttedae pingues, et multus ignis, 



NOTES. 



S3. Sinum* A vessel swelling- in the mid- 
dle like a pitcher. Vossius thinks it was a 
churn. 

*S3. Priape. The son of Bacchus andVenus; 
an obscene figure with a sithe in his hand, 
and reeds round his head, to affright thieves 
and birds. 

35. Pro tempore. Literally, according to 
the time; i. e. in proportion to my present 
ability. 

37. Nerine Galatea. He compliments his 
mistress, by giving her the name of Gala- 
tea, the daughter of Nereus; as much as to 
say, equal to her in charms. Professor Mar- 
tyn, however, says, he believes the poet in- 
tends to praise Galatea the sea-nymph her- 
self; for we have a fragment in the 9th 
eclogue where Galatea is spoken to: 
Hue ades, O Galatea! &c. 

37. Hyblce. Celebrated for the superior ex- 
cellence of its honey. Hence the delicacy 
of this expression, sweeter than the thyme of 
Hyblce; i. e. sweeter than the most fragrant 
herb from which the bees extract the most de- 
licious honey. 

41. Sardois herbis. An herb like smallage, 
or, as some say, holly-bush, growing in Sar- 
dinia, which, being bitter, causeth convul- 
sive laughter, with great grinning. Hence 
Sardonicus risus, a forced laughter. Or ra- 
ther the ranunculus palustris or crowfoot. 
The inhabitants of the Alps are said to ex- 
press its juice in the spring, and to preserve 
it with care, that when necessity requires 
they may dip their arrows in it, which poi- 
son and destroy every beast they wound. 



42. Rusco. A prickly plant called butcher's 
broom, and knee-holly. 

42. Alga. Fucus or sea- wrack. That which 
the ancients peculiarly called so, grew 
about the isle of Crete, and was of a purple 
colour. The sub-marine plants are frequent- 
ly torn from the rocks by storms, tossed 
about on the sea, and at last thrown upon 
the shore. The alga when thus treated in 
all probability loses its colour, and becomes 
useless: hence the beauty and force of the 
words projecta vilior alga. 

43. Lux is put for day. 

45. Muscosi fontes. Muscosi finely ex- 
presses coolness, because moss will seldom 
grow where there is any considerable de- 
gree of heat. It grows best on banks that 
face the north. It may be generally observed, 
that the side of a tree which is exposed to 
the north, is more covered with moss than 
that which receives the southern sun. A 
mossy fountain is therefore a cool one. 

45. Somno mollior. Either soft and inviting 
to sleep, or softer than sleep. 

46. Arbutus. The arbute or strawberry- 
tree is an ever-green of low stature, com- 
mon in the woods of Italy. The observation 
of Heyne on the singular construction here 
is judicious: " Arbutus, pro 6 arbute qua te- 
gis eos, C'C. h. est 6 arbuti quae tegitisfontes cum 
herba." 

48. Palmite. Palmes is the branch of a 
vine. 

48. Gemma. Buds, or the first appearance 
of the young shoots of trees or shrubs. This 
is spoken of the spring season 

49. Tiedte. Pine-knots 



BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 



25 



Semper, et assidua postes fuligine nigri. 
Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora; quantum 
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. 
cor. Stant et juniperi, etcastaneae hirsutae: 
Strata jacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma: 
Qmnia nunc rident: at si formosus Alexis 
Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. 
th. Aret ager, vitio morienssitit aeris herba: 
Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras. 
Phyllidis adventu nostras nemus omne virebit: 
Jupiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. 
co. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis Iaccho: 
Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo. 
Phyllis amat corylos: illas dum Phyllis amabit, 
Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phosbi. 
th. Fraxinus in sylvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, 
Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis: 
Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas; 
Fraxinus in svlvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis 



50 et limina perpetuo fumo ni- 
grantia: hie non magistime- 
mus frigus Borese, quam lu- 
pus timet multitudinem avi- 
um, aut fluvii rapidi timent 
ripas. co. Hie sunt juniperi, 
el castanese hirsutse: jacent 

55 hincinde sub arbore sui qui- 
que fructus : nunc omnia 
pulchra sunt: sed si pulcher 
Alexis discedat ex his colli- 
bus, videbis fluvios ipsos 
arentes. th. Campi ares- 

gQeunt, gramina pereunt ex- 
usta coeli sestu nimio. Bac- 
chus abstulit montibus pam- 
pinos umbriferos: sed omnis 
sylva revirescet ad adven- 
tum nostras Phyllidis, et 
multus aer solvetur in pluvi- 
am fei'tilem. co. Populus 

66 acceptissima est Herculi, vi- 
nea Baccho, myrtus pulchrae 
Veneri, Apollini sua laurus. 



Phyllis amat corylos: quam- 

me. Hsec memini, et victum frustra contendere Thyr=diu Phyllis amabit illas, nee 

myrtus nee laurus Apollinis 
sin * . superabit corylos. TH.Frax- 

Ex illo Cory don, Corydon est tempore nobis. 70 i nus formosissima est in ne- 

moribus, pinus in hortis, populus in fluminibus, abies in montibus excelsis: sed si me 3aepe in visas, 
6 pulcher Lycida; fraxinus in nemoribus, pinus in hortis, cedet tibi. me. Recorder illorum car- 
mimim, et quod Thyrsis superatus frustra pugnaverit. Ab illo tempore Corydon, habetur a 
nobis vere Corydon. 



NOTES. 



50. Assidud postes. A very proper de- 
scription of the warmth of a poor cottage, 
which had no chimney, and therefore the 
posts are all black with soot. 
" Here ever glowing hearths embrown the 
posts." 

53. Hirsute. Of the kind that were rough 
and prickly, in opposition to the soft and 
smooth ones mentioned Eel. I. ad fin. Or in 
general they stand rough; i. e. still in the 
shells. 

53. Stant. Servius renders it plena; sunt, 
viz. fructu, they are loaded with fruit, taking 
juniperi and castanese for the trees. I under- 
stand them, with others, of the fruit, and so 
consider stant in opposition to strata jacent 
in the next verse: the former stand or hang- 
ripening on the boughs; the latter in rich 
profusion strew the ground. 

54. Sua, (re. We must either read qua- 
que, or sua must be contracted into one syl- 
lable sa, as Ennius says sis for suis. 

56. Videas et flumina sicca. This has ap- 
peared to some critics to be flat, and espe- 
cially in an amrebaean of Corydon's: but Mr. 
Wharton observes, that he is of opinion the 
poet designed the line should be languish- 



ing to express more fully that mournful 
state of nature in his painting. 

61. Populus Alcidcs. It is fabled that Her- 
cules, who is also called Alcides, crowned 
his head with the twigs of a white poplar 
growing on the banks of Acheron, when he 
returned from the infernal regions. 

61. Vitis Iaccho. The vine was sacred to 
Bacchus, because, according to profane 
authors, he was the first inventor of wine. 

62. JMyrtus Veneri. Either, says Ruaeus, 
because of the sweetness of its odour, or 
because it is frequent on the sea-shore; 
from the froth of the sea Venus sprung. 

62. Laurea Phabo. Because Daphnis was 
changed into a laurel. 

69. Et victum frustra. The victory is ad- 
judged to Corydon, because Corydon, in 
the first amrebsean, begins with piety to the 
gods; Thyrsis with rage against his adver- 
sary: In the second, Corydon invokes Dia- 
na, a chaste goddess; Thyrsis, an obscene 
deity, Priapus: In the third, Corydon ad- 
dresses himself to Galatea with mildness; 
Thyrsis with dire imprecations: in the rest, 
Corydon's subjects are generally pleasing 
and delightful to the imagination; those of 
Thyrsis are directly contrary. 



26 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



E CLOG A VIII 



PHARMACEUTRIA. 



Damon, Alphesiboeus. 

INTERPRET ATIO. 

Narrabimus carmen pas-PASTORUM Musam, Damonis et Alphesiboei, 
t:Cqu"r^US:^™emor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca, ' 

sunt vacc» obliue pabuli: Certantes, quorum stupefactae carmine lynces, 
quorum ad cantum obstupu- Et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus: 
ere lynces et fluvii turbati D j Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei. 

cohibueruntsuos cm*sus. fu ... . ^ "*.' 

mihi fame, 6 Pollio.' sive iu mihi, seu magni superasjam saxa Timavi: 
jam transcendis runes Tima- Sive oram lllyrici legis sequoris: en erit unquam 

vi: sjve veneris circum litus 11]e f]ie mihi cum j' iceat ma dicere f ^j 
man Illvrici. JNunquamne r , -. .. . ~ , 

a dentilludtempus,quoper- ^ n ^^ ut llceat totum mihl . 1Te P eI * orbem 

mittetur mihi narrare tua Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno! 
gesta! Nonne aderit illud \ te pn nc ipium: tibi desinet: accipe jussis 
;«t?u,n orLt^s't"- Carmina ccepta tuis, atque hanc sine tempora cireum 
gcedias; quae sola; dignse suntlnter victrices hederam tibi serpere lauros. 
cothurno Sophoclis! A te in- £>igida vix co3lo noctis decesserat umbra 
t&t&££i3K C *» '** ™ teneri pecori gratissimus herba est: 
tuo; et permitte ut hsec he- Incumbeiis tereu Damon sic coepit ohvae. 

dera repat circum caput tuum, inter lauros triumphales. Vix frigidse tenebrse noctis abierunt 
ex sere, cum ros in molli gramine jucundissimus est pecudibus. Tunc Damon innitens ole« 
tereti, sic orsus est. 



10 



15 



This pastoral contains the song of Damon 
and Alphesiboeus. The former bewails the 
loss of his mistress, and repines at the suc- 
cess of his rival Mopsus. The other repeats 
the charms of some enchantress, who en- 
deavoured by her spells and magic to make 
Daphnis in love with her. Pharmaceutria, 
the title of this eclogue, is the same with 
the Latin xenefica, and signifies a sorceress: 
but it applies only to the 2d part of it. 

3. Lynces. Lynxes or ounces. 

4. Requierunt here may be active, as in 
Propertius, Lib. II. 18. 25. Jupiter Alcme- 
n<e geminas requieverat Arctos. But as 
Virgil constantly uses it as a neuter in every 
other part of his works, and as he is fond 
of Grecisms, it seems more just to suppose 
the expression a Grecism. It will then 
read flumina mutata {quoad) sues cursus re- 
quierunt: the rivers changed as to their 
courses, rested. 

6. Saxa Timavi. Mountains to be passed 
on a journey from Italy into Illyricum. 

7. lllyrici. The modern Sclavonia. 
7. En erit unquam. An interrogation join- 
ed with a desire. See Eclog. I. 68. 

10. Tua carmina. Some by this under- 



NOTES. 

stand my verses, in which your praises are 
celebrated; but this seems very harsh. 

10. Sophocleo cothurno. In Sophocles' bus- 
kin; i. e. in his sublime tragic style. Co- 
thurnus signifies the higher kind of shoe 
worn by tragedians, hence put for tragedy 
itself; as soccus, the lower kind of shoe, is 
for comedy. Hor. de Art. Poet. 90. 

Lidignatur itemprivatis acprope socco 

Dignis carminibus narrari cosna Thyestaa. 

13. Victrices lauros. Crowns of bays were 
worn by conquerors. 

13. Hederam tibi serpere. The poetical ivy 
is the Redera baccis aureis. There is a very 
great poetical delicacy in this verse. The 
ivy is known to be an humble creeping 
plant, therefore when Virgil entreats his 
patron to permit his ivy to creep among his 
victorious bays, he desires him to' accept of 
these verses in the midst of his victories. 

16. Incumbens tereti olivce. Leaning against 
an olive. La Cerda observes a great beauty 
in the variety of plants with which Virgil 
distinguishes his pastoral scenes. In the 
first eclogue, Tityrus is represented lying at 
ease under a beach. In the 2d, Corydon 
vents his complaints not to the beaches 



BUCOLIC A. ECL. VIII. 



27 



OA. Nascere, prseque diem veniens age, Lucifer, al- da. Orire, Lucifer, ct 
Conjugis indigno Nisae deceptus amore [mum: J!* v ^ dveh , e \" cem: dum 

-^ J ° ° .. , v .... ...L conqueror, delusus insa- 

Dum queror, et divos (quanquam nil testibus lllis n o amore Nisse sponsae, 

Profeci) extrema moriens tamen alloquor hora. 20 et moriens appello Deos 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. *» u *£? a £? ra v j tX: <l uam - 

t>. r , ' . vis nihil mihi protuit attesta- 

iVlaenalus argutumque nemos pmosque loquentes rl e0Si i nc ipe mecum, 6 mea 

Semper habet: semper pastorum ille audit amores, fistula, pastorales cantus 
Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertes. Manah! Msenaius habet 

T »i i« .-u- «_ semper sylvam canoram, et 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 25 pinu ' s re sonantes: semper 

Mopso Nisa datur: quid non speremus amantes? ille mom audit amores pas- 

Jungentur jam gryphes equis, aevoque sequenti torum, et Pana, qui primus 

Cum canibus timidi venient ad poculadamae. 

Mopse, novas incide faces: tibi ducitur uxor. 

Sparge, marite, nuces: tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 

O digno conjuncta viro! dum despicis omnes, 

Dumque tibi est odio mea fistula, dumque capellae, 

Hirsutumque supercilium, prolixaque barba: 

Nee curare Deum credis mortalia quern quam. 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 

Sepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala, 

(Dux ego vestereram) vidi cum matre legentem: 

Alter ab undecimo turn me jam ceperat annus: 

Jam fragiles poteram a terra contingere ramos. 

lam, et capellas, et supercilia mea pilosa, et barbam longam: et putas nullum Deum providere 
mortalibus rebus. Incipe mecum, 6 mea fistula, pastorales cantus. In septis horti nostri, vidi te 
adhuc parvam, colligentero cum matre poma perfusa rore: ego vos ducebam illuc. Tunc ordiebar 
annum duodecimum. Tunc poteram ab humo attingere tenues ramos. 



non reliquit arundines inu- 
tiles. Incipe mecum, 6 mea 
fistula, pastorales cantus. Ni- 
sa datur Mopso. J\"os ama- 

n I tores quid non possimus ex- 
pectare? Jam gryphes copu- 
labuntur equis, et futuris 
temporibus pavidi dama? ve- 
nient potum cum canibus. 
Mopse, prsecide novas tse- 

35 das, sponsa deducitur ad te. 
Abjice nuces, 6 sponse! Hes- 
perus pro te relinquit Oe- 
tam. Incipe mecum, 6 mea 
fistula, pastorales cantus. O 
sociata digno marito! Dum 

AQContemnis reliquos, dum- 
que odio habes meam fistu- 



NOTES. 



alone, but to the woods and mountains. In 
the 3d, Palaemon invites the shepherd to 
sit down on the soft and verdant grass In 
the 5th, Menalcas and Mopsus retire into 
a cave overshadowed by a wild vine; and 
here Damon pours forth his lamentations 
under the shade of an olive tree. 

18. Conjugis Nisce, i. e His designed wife; 
as maritus is put for a lover or intended hus- 
band, JEn. IV. 536. 
£>uos ego sum totiesjam dedignatamaritos. 

22. Mcenalus. A high mountain of Arca- 
dia, sacred to Pan, and greatly frequented 
by shepherds. It was covered with pine 
trees, whose echo and shade have been ce- 
lebrated by the poets To represent the 
mountain as speaking and hearing is highly 
poetical. 

27. Gryphes. The griffin is fabled to have 
the body of a lion, and the head and wings 
of an eagle. This animal was as fabulous as 
the story of the Pegasus. 

28. Damce. This word is here used in the 
masculine. 

29. Faces The bride used to be led home 
at night with lighted torches: ducere uxo- 
rem is commonly used for to marry. 

30. Nuces. Walnuts. 

30. Sparge nuces. This ceremony of strew- 
ing nuts., that the boys might scramble for 
them, was usual at nuptials; for which se- 
veral reasons are assigned by Pliny. 



30. Tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. Oeta was 
a mountain, or range of mountains, in Thes- 
saly, of a very great height; which, as Ru- 
seus observes, being westward of Attica 
and Bceotia, the inhabitants of those coun- 
tries used to observe the stars set and re- 
tire out of sight behind that mountain; so 
that, with respect to them, Hesperus leaves 
Oeta, is the same as to say, The evening- 
star is now setting- And the same way of 
speaking was adopted by poets of other 
countries, though differently situated. 

39. Alter ab undecimo. Literally, the year 
next after eleven had then just taken hold 
of me Servius makes it the thirteenth year; 
for alter, he says, is said only of two. But 
alter ab illo, Eel. V. 49. plainly signifies the 
next after, and so it would seem to do 
here. 

40. Contingere ramos. The age of the 
young shepherd; his being just able to 
reach the boughs of the apple-tree; hisoffi- 
ciousness in helping the girl and her mo- 
ther to gather them, and his falling in love 
with her at the same time, are circum- 
stances so well chosen, and expressed so 
naturally, that we may look upon this pas- 
sage as one of those numerous easy and de- 
licate touches that distinguish the hand of 
Virgil. 



28 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Statim ac te vidi, quomo- Ut vidi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error! 
t e P r C ro" JeTpd? JE £** Mamalios mecum, mea .tibia, versus 
Incipe mecura, 6 mea fistu-Nunc scio quid sit amor. Duns in cotibus ilium 
la, pastorales cantus. Jam Ismarus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes, 

25TJ? l S&5r £ * ec s e " eris r tri puerum - nec -r guinis edunt - 4S 

Garamantes ultimi, produ- Incipe Maenahos mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
cunt in rigklis rupibus ilium Ssevus amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem 
puerum, qui non est nostra Commaculare manus, crudelis tu quoque, mater: 

naturae et orunnis. Incipe^ ... . . n / \.. 3 

mecum, 6 mea fistula, p as -Crudehs mater magis, an puer improbus llle? 

torales cantus. Durus amor Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque, mater. SO 

suasit matri fcedare manus [ nc i pe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 

cruore liberorum. 1 u etiam XT r - * c . '" ? , , 

immitis/7/^,6 mater. Ma- N unc et oves ultro fugiat lupus, aurea durae 

gisne immitis m&ter fuit, an Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alnus, 

puer ille improbus?* Impro- pj n g U i a CO rticibus sudent electra myricae. 

etTam^mmkisS, 6 ma^enent et cycnis ululae: sit Tityrus Orpheus: 55 

ter. Incipe mecum, 6 mea Orpheus in sylvis; inter delphinas Arion. 

fistula, pastorales cantus. incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 

%Z%2%E2:£3£.to*& vel medium fiant mare: vivite sylvae. 

cant poma aurea, alnus flo- Praeceps a'erii specula de montis in undas 

reat narcisso, myricse stil-i) e ferar: extremum hoc munus morientis habeto. 60 

Lrn'utT.qtrLrntDesine M*nalios, jam desine, tibia, versus. 

ant cum cycnis: Tityrus fiat Haec Damon: vos, quae respondent Alphesiboeus, 

Orpheus.- Orpheus inter ax-- Dicite, Pierides: non omnia possumus omnes. 

bores; Arion inter delphi- £ff aquam et moJ1 i c J nge haec altaria vitta: 

nes. Incipe mecum, o mea.. , A . . i ^ c~ 

fistula, pastorales cantus. Verbenasq; adole pmgues, et mascula thura, 65 

Cuncta fiant altum ipsum Conjugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris 
mare: valete nemora, pweci- Experiar sensus. Nihil hie nisi carmina desunt. 
pitabo me m mare e culmine r 

rupis excelsse: accipe donum hoc ultimum morientis. Cessa mecum, 6 mea fistula, a pastorali- 
bus cantibus. Hsec dixit Damon: vos, 6 Musse, narrate ea qua? retulit Alphesiboeus: non possu- 
mus omnes ommsifacere. alp. Exporta aquam, et circumda has aras txnia lanea, et adure ver- 
benas pingues, et mascula thura: ut coner magicis ritibus abalienare sponsum a recta mente„ 
Nihil h)c deest preeterquam carmina. 

NOTES. 

44. Ismarus — Rhodope. Two mountains There stands a rock, from, whose Impending 

in Thrace, very wild and horrid. steep 

The Garamantes were a savage people Apollo's fane surveys the rolling deeps 

inhabiting the inland parts of Libya. There injured lovers leaping from above. 

47. Matrem. This cruel mother is Medea, Their fames extinguish, and forget to love. 

who, to be avenged on Jason for preferring 59 Speeuld. An eminence which com- 

another mistress to her, slew before his mands the prospect of all the country round, 

eyes her sons whom she bore to him. 64 Effer aquam, &c Here Alphesiboeus 

54. Electra. Electrum is amber; so called, personates the enchantress, whom we must 

because it reflects the rays of «X£xr«f , or the now suppose to be entering on her magic 

sun. rites, in order to recover the lost affection 

56. Arion. A lyric poet, who, in his re- ofDaphnis: and these words she addresses 

turn to Corinth his native country, from to her maid Amaryllis, who is mentioned 

Italy, where he had enriched himself, was in verse 77. 

by the covetous mariners thrown overboard, 65. Verbenas, according to the best inter- 
while he was playing on his lyre: but a dol- preters, may here be taken for all sorts of 
phin, charmed with his music, is said to herbs used in such kind of rites: the herb 
have taken him on its back, and carried him vervain, however, was peculiarly appropri- 
to Tsenarus. ated to magical operations, Plin. Lib. 

58. Omnia. "Me moriente, mergantur XXII. 2. 

omnia," says Minelius; since I must perish, 65. Mascula thura, i. e. The purest and 

let the whole world be drowned. best, as La Cerda explains it from Dios- 

58. Vivite. That is, valete, adieu. corides. 

59. Praeceps aerii. Alluding perhaps to 66. Conjugis, Istc. To turn away the sound 
the famous rock in Arcadia, from which mind of him who was to have been my 
those who leaped into the sea were cured spouse, i. e. to throw him into the frantic 
of their love. So Pope from Ovidj passion of love for me whom he has re- 
jected. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. VIII. 29 

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Trahite, trahite Daphnim 
Carmina vel ccelo possunt deducere Lunam: niea oamina Carmilia p ' os . 

Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssei: 70 sunt Lunam ipsam evocarc 

Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis. & coelo. Circe transformavit 

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. EgSgEfc £&£ 
Tenia tibi haec primum triplici diversa colore brigescit, dum incantatur. 

Licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum Trahite, trahite Daphnim 

Effigiem duco. Numero Deus impare gaudet. wS^a&SStaSSSj 

Ducite ab urbe domum, me a carmina, ducite Daph-ug tibi h»c terna licia, tri- 
Y\\lXi plici colore varia; et circa has 

Necte tribus nodi, ternos, Amarylli, colore.; ZZ&Z2L2E&& 

Necte, Amarylh, modo: et v eneris, die, vincula necto. cet Deo . Trahite, trahite 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Daphnim ab urbe in meant 
Limus ut hie durescit, et haec ut cera liquescit, 80 domum, 6 mea carmina. O 
, ... rs i__- Amarylh, implicatres colo- 

Uno eodemque igni: sic nostro Daphnis amore. res in J n ' es £ odos; i mp i lca 

Sparge molam, et fragiles incende bitumine lauros. jam, 6 Amarvlli, et die, im- 
Daphnis me malus urit, ego hanc in Daphnide laurum.V lico . no i os y eneris 1 Tr a hit . e » 

T-k • i i j j •/ tV ■*-*-• trahite Daphnim ab urbe in 

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. meam domum, 6 mea car mi- 
Talis amor Daphnim, qualis, cum fessa juvencum 8 5na. Quemadmodum hoc si- 
Per nemora atq; altos quxrendo bucula lucos, mulacrum e limo factum in- 

^ • • *j- u-«- • i & duratur, et hoc alterum e 

Propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva cera f ^ hm emolUtup> una 

Perdita, nee serae meminit decedere nocti: et eadem flamma: sic Daph- 

Talis amor teneat: nee sit mihi cura medefi. nis nostro amore induretur 

Duciteaburbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. J*^' SSSS'm^ 

mine erepitantem laurum. Daphnis crudelis me comburit, ego hanc laurum comburo contra 
Daphnim. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam domum, 6 mea carmina. Talis amor occu* 
pet Daphnim, qualis est, cum juvenca fatigata sequendo juvencum per sylvas et altos saltus, re- 
cumbit misera Juxta rivum aquse, in ulva viridi, et omittit abire sub seram noctem. Talis amor 
occupet Daphnim, et ego non curem ilium sanare. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam 
domum, 6 mea carmina. 

NOTES. 

69. Carmina. Charms. The ancients 82. Sparge molam. The tnola was made 

thought that their magicians could change of meal salted and kneaded, molitd, whence 

the moon to redness, assist its recovery it derived its name. Victims were said to 

from an eclipse, and even bring it down to be immolated, because their foreheads, the 

the earth at pleasure. hearths, and the knives had this cake crum- 

71. Cantando. i. e. Dum incantatur, as bled on them. 
Geor. II. 250. 82. Fragiles. Either crackling, quasi fhu 

Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit gorem edentes: in which sense Lucretius 

habendo, i. e. Dum habetur tractaturque uses the word, lib. VI. 3. 
digitis. , Interdum percissafurit petulantibus Euris, 

73. Terna. The number 3 was as much Et fragiles sonitus chartarum commeditatur, 

esteemed sacred among the heathens, as is Or, which is the same thing, withered, and 

the number 7 in the divine writings. so apt to crackle: Thus fragilis is opposed 

80. Limus ut hie. The sorceress proceeds to succosus in Celsus. Succosa firmiora 

to the making of images, which was a fa- quzmfragilia, Cel. II. 18. That the crack- 

mous part of witchcraft. Here are two ima- ling of the laurel was a good omen we learn 

ges plainly described; one of wax, the from Tibullus, II 5 81. 

other of mud. Servius supposes that the Et succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea flam- 
image of mud represented the sorceress, mis, 

and that of wax, Daphnis: and that as Omine quojelix, et sacer annus eat. 

Daphnis would melt into love of her as his Mr. Wharton well expresses the force of 

image dissolved, she would grow obdurate this passage, 

as her image hardened. Horace also speaks " Crumble the sacred cake, let withered bays 

of two images, one of wool, the other of Inflam'd with liquid sidphur crackling blaze ." 
wax. 86. Bucula. A diminutive of bos, 

" Lanea et effigies erat, alter cereaP 87. Ulva, Coarse sedge. 



*• 



30 ?> VIRGILTI MARONIS 

Perjurus ille reliquit mi- Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit, 9) 

Ee^^miS^Ks™™. <*«" «* W* " unc W. «™ne in ipso, 

nunc ego sub ipso limine 1 erra, tibi mando: debent haec pignora Daphnim. 
committo tibi, 6 terra: hse Due ite ab urbe domum. mea carmina, ducite Daphnim 

Daptta «f £. 5SBS; J 1 " **£«* ha5t Pon '° mi , hi .'"ta venena «5 

trabite Daphnim ab urbe in *P s e dedit Mcens; nascuntur plunma Ponto. 
meam domum, 6 mea car- His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere sylvis 

Sffi. Mceris iRse ""!" K ra ' Moerin, ssepe animas irnis excise sepulchris, 

didit hsec gramina, et hsec A 7 r ,. s . ,. , r 7 

venena, coUecta in Ponto: Atque satas alio vidi traducere messes. 

multa enim oriuntur in Pon- Ducite aburbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 

to. Ego vidi Mffirin sa?pe Fer c i ner es, Amarylli, foras: rivoq; fluenti, 101 

transforman per ula m lu- T ' . 1 TI . ~ , . 

pum, et abdere se in sylvis: Transq; caput jace: ne respexeris. His ego Daphnim 

ssepe evocare animas b pro- Aggrediar: nihil ille Deos, nil carmina curat. 

fundis tumulis, et transferre Ducite ab urbe domum,mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. 

messes satas in alium locum. A _ • »• ,. . Q • i«- 

Trabite, trabite Daphnim Aspice: compuit tremuhs altana flammis 105 

ab urbe in meam domum, 6 Sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse: bonum sit! 
mea carmina. AmaryUi, ex- Nescio quid certe est: et Hylax in limine latrat. 
It^rr^ptr^Credimus? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? . 
vum fluentem, neque retr6 Parcite, ab urbe venit, jam parcite, carmina, Daphnis. 
aspicias. Ego per hos cineres oppugnabo Daphnim: siquidem non movetur, neque per Deos, 
neque per carmina. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam domum, d mea carmina. Vide: 
dum exportare differo, cinis ipse ultro involvit aram flamma tremula: sit hoc faustum! Certe 
nescio quid apparet, et Hylax latrat in limine. Credamne illud? An amantes fingunt sibi somnia? 
Cessate, jam 6 mea cessate carmina. Daphnis ab urbe venit. 

NOTES. 

91. Exuvias- The clothes he had once 101. Fer cineres. The most powerful, and 
worn, which were thought to further the usually one of the last efforts of the enchan- 
effect of enchantments; for which reason ter was, to throw the ashes of the magical 
Dido orders the garments of JEneas to be sacrifice over the head backward into run- 
laid on the pile which she pretended to have ning water. Servius says that this was done 
raised for the performance of magical rites: that the gods might catch the ashes with- 

— arma viri, thalamo qucefixa reliquit out being seen, as they were unwilling to 

Impius, exuvias^e omnes — super imponas. show themselves, except on extraordinary 

Incantation was practised, by burying the occasions. 

clothes of a lover under the threshold, to 101. Rivoquefiuenti. The same as in rivum 

constrain his return. fluentem, of which construction many ex- 

92. In ipso limine. In the porch of Vesta's amples occur in Virgil. See JEn. I. 293. II. 
temple, says Servius. But Tumebus ex- 250. V. 451. VI. 191. VIII. 591. IX. 664. 
plains it, in the entrance to Daphnis' house. XII. 283. 

Others, with more reason, understand it of 105. Aspice. The ancients thought the 

the entrance to her own house: for it ap- sudden blazing of the fire a happy omen, 

pears that the enchantress performed all 107. Hylax. The name of a dog; see 

these rites near her own house, verse 64, Ovid. Met. 3. 224. from u\a« and vkocktio, I 

107. bark. The barking of the dog betrayed the 

95. Has herbas. Referring to the magic approach of his master, 

power of drugs. The description of Mceris, 108. An, qui amant. So Publius Syrus; 

the magician, is sublime. Amans quod suspicatur vigilans sotnniat: and 

■5 " The fell sorcerer have I seen become Terence, 

A wolf, and through voildforests hoivling roam; Num ille somniat ea quce vigilans voluit? 
With these, from graves the starting spectres 

viarn, 
And whirl to distant fields the standing corn" 



BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 



31 



EC LOG A IX 

MOERIS. 



Lycidas, Moeris. 



Lyc. 



iNTERPRETATIO, 

lyc. O Mceri, quo te du~ 
cunt pedes? an Mantuam, ad 
quam via ducit? MOE. O Ly- 
cida, viventes eo miserice de- 
^ venimus, ut peregrinus oc~ 
cupator agri nostri diceret, 
id quod nunquam timuera- 



QUO te, Moeri, pedes? an, quo via ducit, in urbem? 

moe. O Lycida, vivi pervenimus; advena nostri 

(Quod nunquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli 

Diceret: Haec mea sunt; veteres migrate coloni. 

Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat, 

Hos illi (quod nee bene vertat) mittimus hcedos, 

ly. Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere colles mus: Hie ager ad me perti- 

Incipiunt, mollique iuffum demittere clivo, " et > re £edite, 6 antiqui cui- 

TT ^ , ^ J P • • r • c • tores. Nunc superati, mces- 

Usque ad aquam et vetens jam fracta cacumma fagi, ti> s i qu i dera fbrtuna vertit 
Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan. 10 omnia, ferimus illi hos hog- 
moe. Audieras et fama fuit: sed carmina tantum dos, quod wrfnam non prosit 

Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum 
Chaonias dicunt, aqaila veniente, columbas. 
Quod nisi me quacumque novas incidere lites 
Ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice cornix; 
Nee tuus hie Moeris, nee viveret ipse Menalcas. 

et ad cacumen ruptum antiquse fagi. moe. Id audiveras, et rumor sic tulit: sed versus nostri 
non plus possunt inter arma belli, 6 Lycida, quam dicunt posse columbas Epiroticas, aquila im- 
minente. Qu6d nisi funesta cornix e cariosa ilice me admonuisset, ut quocumque modo abrum- 
perem novas rixas; nee ego ipse tuus amicus Moeris, nee ipse Menalcas vivus esset. 



illi. lyc. Ego sane audive- 
ram Menalcam vestrum do- 
minum versibus suis sibi con- 
servasse cuncta ab eo Iocs, 
, _ ubi colles incipiunt rece- 
dere, et incurvare cacumen, 
aciSi clivo; usque ad aquam s 



NOTES. 



When Virgil, by the favour of Augustus, 
had recovered his patrimony near Mantua, 
and went to take possession, he was in dan- 
ger of being slain by Arius the centurion, 
to whom those lands had been assigned by 
the emperor, in reward of his service against 
Brutus and Cassius. This pastoral therefore 
is filled with complaints of his hard usage, 
and the persons introduced are alleged to 
be the bailiff of Virgil, represented by Mce- 
ris, and his friend Lycidas, a Mantuan 
shepherd. 

Lycidas. From Kvxo$> a wolf, oi A.sflti<r«V, 
young wolves. 

Maris. From ftotgx, fate, lot: because 
Virgil by an ill fate, had lost a part of his 
farm. 

1. Quo te, Mceri, pedes? i. e. Quo pedes 
ducunt te? 

2'. Vivi pervenimus, i. e. Vivendo perve- 
nimus eo. 

2. Nostri agelli. It is no more improper for 
Moeris to call his master's farm our land, 
than for a mere coachman to say my horses, 
and a cook, my kitchen, 



6. Quod nee bene vertat. Literally, Which 
may it not turn out well to him. The com- 
mon form of congratulating one upon re- 
ceiving a favour was, Bene vertat, I wish 
yovi joy, much good may it do you. 

7. Colles. Here is a description of Vir- 
gil's farm. It wat' bounded on the one side 
by a sloping hill; in other parts of its limits 
were the fine beech tree, and a marsh, or 
perhaps the river Mincius. 

13- Chaonias columbas. The pigeons of 
Dodona, in Chaonia or Epirus, said to have 
delivered oracles. Epirus was called Chao- 
nia from the Chaonians, who inhabited a 
part of that country. 

15. Sinistra cornix. Virgil, says Martyr 
here means to say, not that the crow was 
lucky or unlucky, but that the augury was 
certain. So Cicero; Quid augur, cur a dex- 
tra corvus, a sinistra cornix faciat ratumP 
Minelius remarks, That the Romans con- 
sidered auguries on the left hand propi*. 
tious; but the Greeks and other nations 
more approved those of the right hand.' 

16. Menalcas. Menalcas here is most 



32 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



LYc.Heu,tantumne crimen LYC , Heu! cadit in quemquam tantum scelus? heu tua 

venit cuiquam in men tern! , • * 

heu, tuorum versuwn sola- v nODlS 

men fere nobis abiatum est Pene simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca! 

tecum, d Menalca! Quis ce- Q u i s caneret Nymphas? quis humum florentibus herbis 

££££££&££> Sp-nse^r aut viridi fontes induceret umbra! 20 

autinumbraretfontesviren- vel.quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmma nuper, 

tibus ramis? Aut quis cane- Cum te ad delicias ferres Amaryllida nostras? 

^^qSolK" Jityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas: 

Amaryllida, nostram ami-" kt potum pastas age, 1 ltyre, et inter agendum 

cam? Tityre, donee redeam, « Occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto." 25 

breve est iter, pasce capel- MOE# i m mo haec, quae Varo, necdum perfecta, canebat. 

las: et postquam eas pave-,, Tr ^ • A is \„ ^T- 

ris, due potum, 6 Tityre: et v are, tuum nomen (superet modo Mantua nobis, 

dum ducas, cave ne occurras " Mantua, vse misers nimium vicina Cremonse!) 

capro, ille enim cornu petit. « Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera eyeni." 

moe. Aut potius quis cane- e . ~ c • > „ rt 

ret hos verms, quos Menal- L ? c - Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 30 

cas cantabat Varo, nondum Sic cytiso pastse distentent ubera vaccse: 

perpolitos. O Vare, olores incipe, si quid habes: et me fecere poetam 

canon alte efferent ad astra •-»• - ■ . »■« j- 

nomen tuum: dummodo Piendes: sunt et mihl carmina: me quoq; dicunt 

Mantua salva sit nobis: Man- Vatem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis. 

tua, vse misers ninispropin- Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nee dicere Cinna S5 

^renrtaxoYcorsSDigna, sed argute inter strepere anser olores. 

insula: sic tua vaccse saturate cytiso distendant ubera. Incipe si babes aliquid: Musse me quoque 
reddiderunt poetam: habeo etiam versus: pastores appellant me etiam vatem, sed ego non ad- 
hibeo fidem illis; nondum enim videor ea proferre, qua si/it Varo aut Cinna digna; sed videor 
stridere inter eyenos canoros, velut anser. 



NOTES. 



probably Virgil himself- It seems the life 
of both himself and Moeris had been in 
danger, 

17. Heu, cadit. Literally, Can such wick- 
edness fall to the share of any one? 

20. Fontes induceret umbra". Induco is used 
in the same sense by Caesar, 2 Bel. GaL33. 
Scutis ex cortice factis, aut viminibus in- 
textis, quae subito (ut temporis exiguitas 
postulabat) pellibus induxerunt. 

21. Sublegi. 1 stole, or read secretly. So 
Minelius; if Surripui tacite, secreto, la- 
tenter." 

26. Necdum perfecta. In some copies non- 
dum perfecta. 

29. Cycni. It was a common opinion of 
the ancients, that swans used to sing, es- 
pecially before their death. Plato repre- 
sents Socrates, when about to die, saying to 
his friends: " The swans sing, because sa- 
cred to Apollo; and, endowed with a spirit 
of divination, they foresee, I believe, the 
happiness of another life; and therefore 
sing more cheerfully, and rejoice more at 
that time than ever they did before. For my 
own part, I consider myself as a fellow-ser- 
vant with the swans, and sacred to the 
same God; and believe, I have no worse 
divination than they from the same master, 
and that I shall not die with a less easy 
mind." The story of swans singing is fabu- 
lous; but as poets are often compared to 
swans, it is no wonder Virgil_ employed 
these celebrated birds in carrying to the 
skies the name of his patron. 



30. Sic. A form of obtesting, a little like 
so help me God. See Eclog. 10. 4. 

30. Cyrneas taxos. The island of Corsica 
was called Cyrnus. Taxus is a yew-tree. 
The honey from this island, says Martyn, 
was infamous. Ovid, being out of humour 
with an unsuccessful letter that he had 
sent to his mistress, says the wax with 
which it was sealed was made by a Corsican 
bee. As the Corsican honey was universally 
allowed to be very bad, the poet was at li- 
berty to ascribe the ill qualities of it to any 
plant; he has made choice of theyetv; Ovid 
of the hemlock. 

34. Vatem. An inspired poet. The name 
answers to the modern word, a bard. 

35. Varo — Cinnd. Quintilius Varus, men- 
tioned Eel. VI. 7. and Cornelius Cinna, 
Pompey's grandson, who became a favour- 
ite of Augustus. 

36. Argutos, &c. 

" I reach not Vard's voice, nor anna's song; 
But scream like gabbling geese, sweet swa?is 

among." 
Dr. Sterling, in his Virgil, seems to consi- 
der many of the fine sentiments of our au- 
thor as mere proverbial sayings, and en- 
deavours to find some modern proverb to 
correspond with them: " Argutos inter stre- 
pere anser olores" he renders, a nettle among 
roses. Eel. 1. 72. ** En quo discordia, &c" is 
with him, whilst two dogs are fighting for a 
bone, a third runs away with it. Eel. 18. 
" Vaccinia nigra leguntur," is, pepper is 
black, but it has a good smack. Eel. 2. 63. 



BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 



33 



Mofc. Id quidem ago, et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse moe. Equidcm id facio, et 

volnto taOltfe revolvo ipse mecum, d 

VOIUIO, ^ Lycida, an possim recordari: 

Si valeam memmisse: neque est ignobile carmen. nenuecst carmen abjectum. 
" Hue ades, 6 Galatea: quis est nam luclus in undis? Hue veni, 6 Galatea, qu» 



aq enim est voluntas in aquis? 
H)c est verrubicunduni; hie 
terra producit diversos flores 
circa fluvios; hie alba popu- 
lus incumbit caverna?, et vi- 
tes flexuosie efficiunt um- 
bram. Veni hue, ne cures 

45 quod procellosi fluctus per- 



" Hie ver purpureum; varios hie flumina circum 

* Fundit humus flores: hie Candida populus antro 

" Imminct, et lentae texunt umbracula vites. 

a Hue ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus. " 

ly. Quid, quae te pura. solum sub nocte canentem 

Audieram? numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 

moe. " Daphni, quid antiquos siernorum suspicis ortus? c,lt,a r it lltora - L J C - Q uid 

., ., t^S • •* fy °. , * verof quieuam audiveram te 

« Lcce« Dionaei processit Caesans astrum: cantantem solum per noc- 

" Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo temserenam? recordor can- 

« Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem. turn, si scirem verba, moe. 

« Insere, Daphni, piros, carpent tua poma nepotes." 50 S?S&.tta3S.^£: 
Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque. Saepe ego longos diit sidus Csesaris oriundl a 
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles. Venere; sidus, per quod sa» 

Nunc oblita mibi tot carmina: vox quoq; Moerim £"S^m'^«S! 
Jam fugit ipsa: lupi Moerim videre priores. bus apertis induet colorem. 

Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. 5 5 Daphni, pianta piros, posteri 
H. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores: £$?££*„*£& 

Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes quoque. Ego recordor me 

(Aspice) ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae. ssepe traduxisse canendo to- 

tos dies, cum essem puer. 
Nunc tot versus exciderunt mihi; ipsa etiam vox me destituit: lupi me priores aspexerunt. At- 
tamen Menalcas sat ssepe recitabit ista tibi. lyc. Differs diu meam volttptatem, quasrendo va- 
rias causas. Aspice, jam tota aqua quieta tibi taeet, et omnes sibiK ventorum strapentium 
>"essaverunt. 



NOTES. 



and " trahit sua quemque voluptas," every 
one as they like, as the man said that kissed 
his cow. So also Eel. 2. 73. " Invenies alium, 
&c." if one will not, another will: why was 
the market made? Eel. 3. 90. ** £>ui Bavium 
non odity &c" if you like the devil, you will 
like him, and v. 91. " idem jungat vulpes, 
&c" washes the blackmoor white. Such ren- 
derings as these are as inconsistent with cor- 
rectness and taste, as with the spirit of the 
Roman poet. They have in them a vulgarity 
which the preceptor and pupil should stu- 
diously avoid. 

40. Purpureum. Purple is used by the an- 
cients to express any bright colour. 

41. Populus. The white poplar or abele tree. 

42. Umbracula vites. The poet mentions 
only the shade of the vines; because the 
g-rapes do not appear in the spring. 

44. Purd. Serene. 

47. Dionaei Caesar is. Cjesar of the Julian 
family, which sprang from iEneas, the son 
of Venus, whom mythology makes the 
daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 

47. Processit. " There is something," says 
Dr. Trapp, '* very majestic in this word." 
So Eel. 4. 

" Magni procedere menses" 

47. Casaris astrum- Astrum properly sig- 
nifies a constellation. The poet uses it for a 
single star, giving by this means greater 

V 



dignity to the star of Csesar. The Julian 
Star, according to Dr. Halley, was a comet 
and the same that appeared, for the 3d time 
after, in 1680. He says, its tail in its near- 
est approacli to the sun was 60 degrees 
long. The superstitious mistook it for the 
soul of Caesar. Hence Augustus caused his 
statue in the forum to be adorned with the 
addition of a star. 

48. Segetes. The fields. Virgil frequently 
uses seges in this signification. 

49. Apria's. Open, exposed. Apricus and 
opacus are opposed to each other. Minelius 
understands by the words sunny situations^ 
" soli oppositis et calidis" 

50. Carpent tua poma nepotes. Here Mceris 
abruptly breaks off, as if his memory had 
failed him, and thence takes occasion to 
make the following reflection, than which 
nothing can be more natural: Omnia fert 
xtas, &.c. 

50. Poma. Any. esculent fruit. 
52. Soles. Suns for days. So in the 3d 
^neid: 

Tres adeo incertos cceca caligine soles 

****** 

Quarto terra die, &c. 
54. Lupi Mcerim vidire priores. Alluding 
t6 a superstitious notion, that, if a wolf saw 
a man before it was seen by him, it made 
him lose his voice. 



34 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



praterea ex hoc loco su- Hinc aded media est nobis via: namq; sepulchrum 
S£"vlL TanAumu: In<=ipit W™« Bianoris: hie, ubi densas 60 

lus Bianoris incipit appare- A^ncolae stringunt frondes: hie, Moeri, canamus: 
re: hoc loco, in quo agrico- Hie hcedos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem: 
H»t2?2LS??lfiS;A* si > ^.Pjuviam ne cplligat ante, veremur: 
hoc loco demitte hoedos, ni- Cantantes licet usque (minus via lsedet) eamus. 
hilominus perveniemus in Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. 65 

nox e add^t' .Ite™* *-?"™ P'^a- puer: et quod nunc instat, agamus. 
gud?nadeampervenerimus:^' drmm&t ^ m melius, cum venentipse, canemus. 

progrediamur, quaravis interim semper canentes: iter minus nos fatigabit. Ut progrediamur 
canendo, ego te levabo hoc on ere. moe. Puer, omitte cxtera, etfaciamus quod jam urget: turn 
cantabimus commodius versus, cum Menalcas advenerit. 



NOTES. 



60. Bianoris. Bianor was the son of the 
river Tiber and the prophetic nymph Man- 
to, who founded Mantua, and called it after 
the name of his mother. His tomb, as an- 
cient ones usually were, was placed by the 
way side. Hence the expressions, abi via- 



tor; siste viator; sta viator, absurdly introdu- 
ced upon modern tomb-stones, not placed 
in such situations. 

62. Urbem. Mantua. 

67. Cum venerit ipse. Virgil was probably 
at Rome when he composed this eclogue, 



EC LOG A X. 

GALLUS. 



INTERPRET AT 10. 

O Arethusa, permitte mi- 
hi hoc ultimum opus. Ca- 
nendi sunt pauci versus ami- 
co meo Gallo, sed quos ip- 
sa Lycoris legat. Quis pos- 
set negare versus Gallo? 
Sic salsa Doris non con- 
fundat suas aquas cum tuis, 
cum flues subter mare Si- 
culum. Incipe, celebremus 
anxium amorem Galli; dum 



EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede labo- 

rem. 
Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris, 
Carmina sunt dicenda: neget quis carmina Gallo? 
Sic tibi, cum fluctus subter labere Sicanos, 
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. 5 

Incipe, sollicitos Galli dicamus amores, 
Dum tenera attondent simse virgulta capellae. 
capeHse depressis naribus carpunt teneros frutices 



NOTES. 



Gallus, a great patron of Virgil, and an 
excellent poet, was deeply in love with one 
Cytheris, whom he calls Lycoris; and who 
had forsaken him for the company of a sol- 
dier. The poet therefore supposes his friend 
Gallus retired in his height of melancholy 
into the solitudes of Arcadia (the celebrat- 
ed scene of pastorals,) where he represents 
him in a languishing condition, with all the 
rural deities about him, pitying his hard 
usage, and condoling his misfortunes. 

This Gallus is he who, Suetonius tells us, 
raised himself from a mean station to high 
favour with Augustus, and had from him 
the government of Egypt after the death of 
Antony and Cleopatra. Suet, in Aug. LXVI. 
1. Arethusa. A fountain or fountain- 
nymph in Sicily, where Theocritus flour- 
shed 



4. Cum Jluctus, &c. Alpheus, a river of 
Peloponnesus, was in love with the nymph 
Arethusa, who, flying from his pursuit, was 
turned by Diana into a fountain. She made 
her escape under the sea to Ortygia, an 
island adjacent to Sicily, where she rose up: 
but Alpheus pursuing her by the same way 
mixed his waters with hers. The poet here 
wishes that in her passage under the Sici- 
lian sea, Doris, or the sea, may not mix the 
salt waves with her pure waters. 

5. Doris amara. Doris is one of the sea- 
nymphs, here put for the sea itself. For the 
fabulous story of Alpheus and Arethusa^ 
see iEn. III. 694. 

7. Simce capellce. The original, says 
Wharton, calls them snub-nosed goats. This 
is one instance among a thousand, that may 
be adduced of the impossibility of giving 



BUCOLICA. ECL. X. 



35 



Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia sylvae. 
Quae nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae 
Naiades, indigno cum Gallus amore periret? 
Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi 
Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia Aganippe. 
Ilium etiam lauri, ilium etiam flevere myricae. 
Pinifer ilium etiam sola sub rupe jacentem 
Maenalus^et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei. 
Stant et oves circum, nostri nee poenitet illas: 
Nee te poeniteat pecoris, divine poeta 
Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis. 
Venit et upilio, tardi venere bubulci: 
Uvidus hyberna venit de glande Menalcas. 
Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant, tibi? Venit Apollo. 
Galle, quid insanis? inquit: tua cura Lycoris, 
Perque nives alium, perq; horrida castra secuta est 
Venit et agresti capitis Sylvanus honore, 
Florentes ferulas et grandia lilia quassans. 

nes petunt, unde sit tibi amor ille. Venit Apollo: Galle, 



secuta est alium per nives, et per castra horribilia 
capitis, quatiens ferulas florentes et magna lilia. 



Non cantaraus surdis, sylvae 
referunt omnia. Quie sylvae, 
aut qui saltus detinuere vos, 

1 6 Nymphsc Naiades, cum 
Gallus deficcret, pro- amore 
indigno? Neque enim ulla 
culmina Parnassi aut Pindi, 
neque Aganippe Boaotica vos 
retardaverunt. Ilium etiam 

j 5 lauri, ilium etiam myricae 
ploraverunt. Maenalus etiam 
abundans pinis, et rupes ge- 
lidi Lycaei ploraverunt ilium, 
stratum sub deserta rupe 
Oves quoque circumsistunt, 
neque contemn unt nos. Nee 

20 tu contemnas gregem, 6 di- 
vine poeta: ipse pulcber A- 
donis pavit gregem circa flu- 
vios. Venit quoque custos 
ovium: venerunt lenti cus- 
todes bourn, venit Menalcas 

2 5 madefactus e collectione 

glandium bybernarum. Om- 

ait, cur desipis? Lycoris, arnica tua, 



\ enit quoque Sylvanus cum rustica corona 



NOTES. 



any gracefulness to many images in the 
classics, which in a dead language do not 
appear gross or common. 

9. §>u<e nemora, &c. Pope has imitated 
this beautiful passage: 
Where stray ye muses/ in what lawn or grove, 
While your Alexis pines in hopeless love. 
In those fair fields where sacred Isis glides, 
Or else where Cam his winding vales divides? 

9. Saltus. Between nemora and saltus, says 
Minelius, is this difference: nemus signifies 
a wood or grove, thinly set; in which flocks 
may graze; from the Greek vi^Q, to feed. 
Saltus is a thick wood, where bushes and 
fallen trees will not permit animals to pass 
without leaping. Saltus from saliendo. 

10. Indigno amore. Either unworthily re- 
quited, qui dignus erat meliore amore: or 
taking indignus in the sense of foedus, cru- 
delis, as Donatus interprets it; and as it is 
used in the second jfLneid: 

6>u<z causa indigna serenos—fesdavit vultusP 

11. Nam neque, &c. The meaning is, 
that neither Parnassus, Pindus, nor any 
place sacred to the Muses, could retard you 
from Gallus; for there the very trees and 
shrubs mourned in concert with his elegiac 
muse, and must have melted you into pity, 
had you been in those retreats; they were 
so far from retarding, that they would have 
invited you to aid the love-sick dying 
swain. Milton in his Lycidas has finely imi- 
tated this passage: 

" Where were ye nymphs when the remorse- 
less deep 
Clos'd on the head of your lov'd Lycidas? 
For neither were ye playing on the steep 
Where your old bards, the famous Druids lie; 
Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high, 
Nor yet where Deva spreads her wizard 
stream' 9 



11. Parnassi— Pindi. Parnassus is a moun- 
tain in Phocis, and Pindus in Boeotia; both 
of them sacred to the Muses. Out of this 
last the fountain Aganippe springs, and is 
here called Aonian, from Aonia, the same 
as Bccotia. 

15. JILenalus — Lyccci. Mzenalus and Ly- 
caeus are two mountains of Arcadia, the 
scene of this pastoral. The one abounded 
with pines, the other is often covered with 
snow. 

16. Nee pcenitet illas, for nos nee poenitet il- 
latum* 

19. Upilio, for opilio,- changing 1 the short 
o into a long u. It seems derived from oves, 
as if it were ovilio. 

19. Bubulci. Others read subulci. 

21. Venit Apollo. He comes first as being 
the god of poetry. 

22. Tua cura Lycoris. Lycoris thy care, 
or the object of thy love. 

24 Sylvanus The god of the woods, who 
always bore in his hand a branch of cypress. 
His head was usually covered with a rustic 
chaplet. 

25 Florentes ferulas. The ferula or fennel 
giant is a large plant, growing to the height 
of 6 or 8 feet, with leaves cut into small 
segments like those of fennel, but larger. 
The stalk is thick and full of a fungous pith, 
which is at this time used in Sicily as tinder 
is with us, to catch fire: whence the poets 
feigned, that Prometheus stole the celes- 
tial fire, and brought it to earth in a hollow 
ferula; Ferula is by some derived dferendo, 
because its stalk was used by the aged as 
a walking stick; by others, aferiendo; be- 
cause it was used by the ancient school- 
masters to strike their scholars on the hand. 
Hence the modern instrument or ferule 
which is used for the same purpose: 



36 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Venit Pan Deus Arcadiae, p a n Deus Arcadiae venit, quem vidimus ipsi 

guineis baccis ebuli. Quis Acquis erit modus? inquit: amor non talia curat. 
erit finis, ait Pan? A*orNec lacrymis crudelis amor, necgramina rivis, 
S" &£££.%?&*?? cytiso saturanturapes, nee fronde eapell*. 
bx rivis, n,ec apes cytiso, 1 ristis at llle: 1 amen cantabms, Arcades, inquit, 
nee capellse fbliis. At Gallus Montibus haec vestris: soli cantare periti 
mcestus ait: Tamen, 6 Ar- Arcades. O mihi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant, 
cades, soli docti canere Ar ir . i« • n , ,- , ^ 

cades' canetis hxc vestris vestra meos ohm si fistula dicat amores! 
montibus. O quam piacide Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem 
tunc quiescent mea ossa, si Aut custos gregis, aut mature vinitor uvae! 

quondam vestra tibia referat r> ,,4.^ „• 'u: ou u* • ^ a 

meos amores' et utinam fu- Celte S1Ve mihl P^lllS, Sive esset Amyntas, 

issem unus e vobis, aut cus- Seu quicumq; furor (quid turn, si fuscus Amyntas? 
tos vestri pecoris, aut puta- Et nigre violae sunt, et vaccinia nigra.) 
SS!rSSjr¥5S: Mecum inter ^aliees lenta sub vite jaeeret. 
da, sive Amyntam, seu berta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas. 
quemcunquea/m?«(quidre-Hic gelidi fontes, hie mollia prata, Lycori: 

fert utrum Avnyntas sit ni- Ric nemus , h ic i P SO tecum Consumerer 32VO. 
jrer? et violse sunt nigral, et XT . ' r , .. . . 

vaccinia nigra) recumberet^ unc msanus amor dun me Martis in armis 
Hie mecum sub vite flexuo-Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostes. 

sa inter salices. Phyllis col- Tu procul £ patri4 / nec sk mihi credere ) tantum 
liereret mihi tlores, Amyntas A , • , J V ^ r . n% .' 

caneret. O Lycori, sunt hie Alpinas, ah dura, nives, et frigora Rheni 
fontes frigidi et amcena pra- Me sine sola vides. Ah te ne frigora laedant! 
ta, etsylvte: h)c traducerem Ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas: 

tecum omnem xtatem.Nunc — 



30 



?5 



40 



45 



^j 



stuitus amor me retinet in- Ibo > e . 1 Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu 

ter media tela et infestos Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. 

hostes, in armis feri Martis Tu, 6 cru<lelis, longe a patria (utinam liceret mihi id non credere) 

sola sine me vides tantummodo nives Alpium et glaciem Rheni. Ah ne te vulneret gelu! Ah. 

ne glacies acuta tibi vulneret delicatos pedes! Ibo, et canam fistula Siculi pastoris ea, quse ver- 

sibus traduxi eChalcidensi/wefcz. 



NOTES. 



though very different from the ancient fe- 
rula, and capable of giving much greater 
pain. 

27. Ebuli baccis. The ebulus, dwarf-elder, 
■wall-wort or dane-wort, grows about three 
feet high, and has red berries. It has ob- 
tained the name of dane-wort in England, 
because it is fabled to have sprung from the 
blood of the Danes at the time of their mas- 
sacre. It is found chiefly in church-yards. 

27. Minio. Minium is the native cinnabar. 
This was the vermilion of the ancients, and 
is the name of our modern red-lead. 

33. Shidm molliter ossa, &c. They seem 
to have had a superstitious dread that the 
bodies of the dead might be oppressed with 
the weight of the earth that was laid upon 
them: and therefore they took care that it 
should be pounded and crumbled into dust 
before it was laid on the grave; using this 
form of words; Sit tibi terra levis, May the 
earth be light vpon thee. 

36. Vinitor is one who prunes or takes 
care of vines. As it is here joined not with 
vitis but uvce, it would seem to import the 
same as custos vinex, as Mancinellus ex- 
plains it; vindemiator, the vintager. 

39. Vaccinia. Some say bilberries, or 
whortle-berries. Professor Martyn says it 
is the flower of the hyacinth. 



45. Adversos, \. e. says Servius, se pec- 
tusque mum pugnx objiczentes; recta Jronte t in- 
trepidoet virili animo occurrentes . 

46. Tantum, an adverb, to be referred to 
the sentence of the following verse; " vides 
tantummodo nives et frigora." 

48. Me sine sola. Lycoris had followed 
the rival of Gallus to the wars, as is said 
in the argument; therefore the meaning of 
me sine sola, is, that she nvas alone as to him. 

50. Chalcidico versu. In elegiac verse, 
such as Euphorion of Chalcis wrote. Ser- 
vius informs us, that Gallus had translated 
his Greek elegies into Latin verse; and 
Ruxus and most interpreters take this to be 
the meaning of the words condita Chalcidico 
versu: 2>ucc versibus traduxi e Chalcidensi poe- 
ta, says Ruxus. But, though this may be 
true, it is not to be made out of Virgil's 
words, without great straining; for they 
imply no more than simply that Gallus had 
composed some songs or elegies in the 
same kind of verse as the poet of Chalcis 
wrote. Catrou seems to have hit upon the 
true meaning, namely, that he would for- 
sake Euphorion for Theocritus; i. e. elegy 
for the pastoral kind of poetry. 

51. Pastoris Siculi. Theocritus. 



37 

Ratum est, me malle pati in- 
ter nemora et speluncas bel- 
luarum, et meos amores in- 
scribere teneris arboribus; 
55 crescent ilia?, crescetis, 6 a- 
mores. Interest circuibo M oe- 
nalum montem, cum sociis 
Nymphis; aut persequar for- 
tes apros; nulla frigora pro- 
hibebunt me cingere canibus 
sylvas Parthenii montis. Js 



BUCOLICA. ECL. X. 

Gertum est in sylvis, inter spelaea ferarum, 
Malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores 
Arboribus: crescent illae, crescetis amores. 
Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala Nymphis, 
Aut acres venabor apros: non me ulla vetabunt 
Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus. 
Jam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantes 
Ire: libct Partho torquere Cydonia cornu 

o • , , ,. - p • -~ syivas rarcnenii monns. Jam 

Spicula: tanquam haec sint nostri medicma furons, 60 fi J ngo mihi> me vagari per 

Aut Deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat. montes et nemora resonan- 

Jam neq; Hamadryades rursum, nee carmina nobis M*/ J uva ^ vibr are arcu Par- 

Ipsa placent: ipsse rursum concedite sylvse. 

Non ilium nostri possunt mutare labores; 

Nee si frigoribus mediis Hebrumq; bibamus, 

Sithoniasque nives hyemis subeamus aquosae: 

Nee si, cum moriens alta. liber aret in ulmo, 

^Ethiopum versemus oves sub sidere Cancri. 

Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori. 

Hsec sat erit, Divae, vestrum cecinisse poetam, 

Dum sedet, et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco, 

Pierides: vos haec facietis maxima Gallo: 



Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, 
Quantum \k re novo viridis se subjicit alnus. 
Surgamus: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra: 
Juniperi gravis umbra: nocent et frugibus umbrae . 
Ite domum saturs, venit Hesperus, ite capellae. 



thico sagittas Cretenses: ve- 
luti Usee omnia essent reme- 
dium insanise mese, aut qua- 

55 si ille Deus disceret placari 
miseriis hominum. Nunc ite- 
rum neq; Hamadryades, 
neq; versus ipsi nobis arri- 
dent: Valete iterum, vos ip= 
sa nemora. Nostra? curae 
nequeunt flectere amorem, 

70 ne sic quidem, si media by- 
erne potaremus aquam He- 
bri; et toleraremus Thracias 
nives hyemis humidse: ne sic 
quidem, si pasceremus oves 
iEthiopum sub sidere Can- 

ij c cri, cum intimus cortex ex- 
siccatus arescit in ulmo ex- 
celsa. Amor superat omnia; 
nos quoque cedamus amorh 
O Diva? Musse, 



sufficiet ves 

trum poetam cantavisse ista carmina, sedendo, et conficiendo calathum ex hibisco tenui: vos 
efficietis, ut ista videantur Gallo maxima: Gallo, erga quem amor me us tantum crescit singulis 
horis, quantum alnus virens attollit se ineunte vere. Surgamus: umbra solet esse noxia canenti- 
bus; prxsertimque noxia est umbra Juniperi; umbra? quoque nocent frugibus. Ite, ite domum, 6 
capella? saturate: Vesper imminet. 



NOTES. 



52. Spelxa. From the Greek crrnkua, spe- 
luncas. 

53. Teneris meos. This fancy of cutting 
letters on the bark of trees has always ob- 
tained among lovers. To this Thomson 
elegantly alludes in his Damon and Musi- 
dora: 

— On the spreading beach, that o'er the stream 
Incumbent hung % she with the sylvan pen 
Of rural lovers this confession carv'd, 
Which soon her Damon kiss'd with weeping 

5°y- 

56. Acres Apros. The wild boar is an 
animal dangerous and fierce. 

59. Partho cornu. The Parthian bow; be- 
cause the Parthians were famed for hand- 
ling the bow, which they made of horn. 

59. Cydonia spicula. Cydonian shafts, from 
Cydon, a town in Crete, whose arrows 
were much esteemed, 

62. Hamadryades, are those nymphs 
which belong to particular trees, and are 
born and perish together with them. The 



name is derived from apa, together, and 
Sgv?, an oak. 

As Dr. Barton, the great botanist of Ame- 
rica, was one day exhibiting the garden of 
Mr. Bartram to his botanical class, observ- 
ing a fine oak, (robur) he asked how long it 
had been planted. The old gentleman an- 
swered in the true spirit of a Hamadryad, 
Sir, it is my brother; it was planted the day on 
which J was born. 

65. Hebrum. A river of Thrace, now call- 
ed Marisa. 

66. Sithonias nives. Sithonia is a part of 
Thrace, cold and snowy. 

68. Versemus. Verso has the sense of to 
feed, because shepherds drive their flocks 
from place to place. 

75. Gravis cantantibus umbra. The even* 
ing shade, as is plain from what follows. 

77. Saturx. The goats are sufficiently fed . 
Time enough has been spent in pastoral 
writing. 



38 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



The following table of the order of time The Eclogues employed nine years. The 

in which the Bucolics were written (from first was written when Virgil was twenty- 

a manuscript of the late Dr. Davidson of five, the last when he was thirty -four years 

the University of Pennsylvania) will be ac- old: 
ceptable to the reader. 



The 2d in order was written 1st. A. U 


C. 706 


The 3d 2d. . . 


. . 711 


The 5th 


.3d . . 


. 712 


The 1st 


. . 4th. . . 


. 713 


The 9th 


. 5th. . . 


. 713 


The 6th 


. 6th. . . 


. 714 


The 4th 


. 7th . . 


. 714 


The 8th 


. 8th. . . . 


. 715 


The 7th . ..... 


. 9th. . . 


. 716 


The 10th 


. 10th.. . . 


. 717 



FINIS BUCOLICORtTIvL 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

GEORGICA. 



THE necessities and conveniences of man first taught the pro- 
priety of an assiduous attention to the culture of the earth. The 
promotion of this has been considered of so much importance to 
the welfare of a community, that the ablest statesmen and heroes 
have, by their precepts, rewards and examples, endeavoured to 
encourage it. At the voice of his country Cincinnatus abandoned 
the toils of the plough, for the dangers of the tented fiekL Fabri- 
cius and Dentatus, Curius and Camillus were as familiar with 
the implements of husbandry as with the shield and the javelin, 
" Prithee friend" said Scipio Nasica on meeting a countryman, 
whose hands with rustic labour had become hard, " do you walk 
on your hands?" This impertinent and trifling wit, carrying in it 
an insult on agriculture, was by the Romans resented, and Scipio 
lost the edileship, for which he was at that time a candidate. 

Some of the most distinguished prose writers of antiquity have 
given instructions to the husbandman. Greece can boast her De= 
mocritus and Xenophon, her Aristotle and Theophrastus. Rome 
had her sober Cato and her learned Varro. The muses have been 
invited to give elegance and interest to the rural landscape. Clio 
and Terpsichore ever appear with their chaplets of laurels, and 
Euterpe and Erato with fillets of flowers — of roses and myrtles. 
Thalia sustains the crook of a shepherd; and Calliope is described 
as being the mother of Orpheus, whose skill was such that he is 
represented as commanding the currents of rivers, the beasts of 
the forest, and the verdure of the hills. Amid the horrid wars ex- 
hibited by Homer, the employ of the herdman is kept in view, 
An army in motion, with its commander at its head, is 



40 

" Like Ida's flocks proceeding o'er the plain; 

Before his fleecy care, erect and ooid 

Stalks the proud ram, the father of tne fold; 

With joy the swain surveys them as he leads 

To the cool fountains through the well known meads. 

So joys iEneas" B. 13. 

The trampling of horses and wounded men resemble oxen 
treading out corn: 

" round and round with never-weary'd pain, 

The trampling steers beat out th' unnumber'd grain: 

So the fierce coursers, as the chariot rolls, 

Tread down whole ranks and crush out hero's souls. B. 20. 

The noise of the Trojan army approaching to battle is com- 
pared to the loud lowing of herds: 

« As when the fleecy flocks unnumber'd stand, 
In wealthy folds, and wait the milker's hand, 
The hollow vales incessant bleating fills, 
The lambs reply from all the neighbouring hills: 
Such clamors rose from various nations round, 
Mix'd was the murmur, and confus'd the sound." B. 4 

The fall of trees and heroes is represented as similar: 

" As through the shrilling vale, or mountain ground 
The labou s of the woodman's ax resound; 
Blows following blows are heard reechoing wide, 
While crackling forests fall on every side: 
Thus echo'd all the fields with loud alarms, 
So fell the warriors, and so rung their arms." B. 16. 

In Laertes, the prince of Ithaca, who abandoned his throne 
that he might devote himself to tillage, Homer has elegantly dis- 
closed his views of its value. Hesiod, who flourished about a 
century ar.er Homer's decease, wrote a poem on agriculture, 
called The Works and the Days, abounding with instruc- 
tions to the cultivator of the earth, and interspersed with excel 
lent moral reflections* The taste and genius of Virgil qualified 



41 

him for discovering poetic excellence, and his ambition urged 
him to rival it. Theocritus of Syracuse wrote the Id) ilia. Vir- 
gil did more than imitate. " Whosoever,'' says professor Mar- 
tyn, " would excel in pastoral poetry, may find plenty of ore in 
the rich mine of Theocritus; but the art of refining and purify, 
ing it must be learned from Virgil." In the second great effort 
of the Roman poet, he proposed to himself the example of 
Hesiod. He has succeeded in a high degree. He has produ- 
ced a poem which, for accuracy of expression and a delicate poe- 
tical vein, may challenge comparison. It is said every line cost 
Virgil in the prime of his life more than an entire day, A pow= 
erful incitement to the completion of the Georgics was derived 
from the solicitations of Maecenas, a Roman knight, the great 
patron of literature in the Augustan age. The suspension of agri- 
culture during the civil wars rendered such a production neces- 
sary. It w^as desirable to make tillage fashionable among the 
great; since their example, when correct, on the lower classes of 
the community is always auspicious, This consideration will ac- 
count for the elevation of the poet's style above the capacity of 
the rustic. It should moreover be remembered, that in the early 
ages of the world the sovereign and the philosopher took plea- 
sure in the harvest field and the vineyard. 

In ancient times the sacred plough employ'd 

The kings and awful fathers of mankind: 

And some with whom compar'd your insect tribes 

Are but the beings of a summer's day, 

Have held the scale of empire, rul'd the storm 

Of mighty war; then with unwearied hand, 

Disdaining little delicacies, seiz'd 

The plough, and greatly independent liv'd. Thomson, 

Homer calls Agamemnon the shepherd of the people.^ Judah 
and David were at sheep-shearings. Abraham, the father of a 
nation, was a grazier; and to till a garden was the occupation of 
Adam, the father of us all. 

Many passages might be selected from the Georgics, in which 
Virgil has elegantly accommodated the sound to the sense. The 
labour of the line is obvious, when the giants are heaping moun- 
tain on mountain: 

Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam, 
G 



42 

On the contrary the sudden seizure of a stone to kill a serpent, 
is expressed with a corresponding rapidity: 

Cape saxa manu, cape robora pastor. 

To several such beauties reference will be made in the notes; 
many more will be discovered by the reader of discernment and 
taste. 

Nothing equal to Virgil has been produced by any writer of 
later times. — Rapin in his book of gardening, and Philips in his 
celebrated poem entitled Cider, have approached nearest the fair 
original. Had the language of Philips received a polish propor- 
tioned to the delicacy and boldness of his ideas, he might have 
stood a competitor with the Mantuan poet for classic fame, 



P. VIRGILII MAHONIS 



GEORGICON 



A.D C. CILNIUM M^ECENATEM, 



LIBER I. 



M 



- 



QUID facial laetas segetes; quo sidere terram 
Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vites, 
Conveniat: quae cura bourn, qui cultus habendo 
Sit pecori: atque apibus quanta experientia parcisi 
Hinc canere incipiam. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi 



INfERPSETATIO. 

O MsecenaSy ordiar serj= 
bere deinceps quasnam res 
efficiat messes copiosas; quo 
tempore oporteat arare tel- 
« lurem, et vites alligare ul- 
mis; quae sit cura bourn: quse 



tliligentia sit necessaria, ut habeatur pecus: et quanta industria, ut aiantur apes frugales; O vos 
sidera mundi splendidissima., 



NOTES. 



The poet, in the first four lines, shows 
the design of each of the four books of the 
Georgics in their order. And, after a so- 
lemn invocation of all the gods who are any 
way related to his subject, he addresses 
himself in particular to Augustus, whom he 
compliments with divinity; and then enters 
upon the body of the work. He shows the 
different kinds of tillage proper for differ- 
ent soils, traces out the original of agricul- 
ture, gives a catalogue of the husbandman's 
tools, specifies the employments peculiar to 
each season, describes the changes of the 
weather, with the signs in heaven and earth 
that forbode them; instances many of the 
prodigies that happened near the time of 
Julius Caesar's death, and closes all with a 
supplication to the gods for the safety of 
Augustus, and the preservation of Rome. 
Georgics is a name derived from ytapyoc, a 
husbandman, and this from ycuic, or ytx, the 
earth, and t§yov, a work or labour. 

1. Lcetm segetes. Joyful is a noble epithet. 



So Psalm Ixv. 14. « The valleys shall stand 
thick with corn; they shall laugh and sing," 
1. Quo sidere, How much more poetical 
than quo tempore. 

3. Qui cultus. Aptus, par, necessariw, or 
some such word governing a dative, is here 
understood. 

4. Pecori, Pecus here, as opposed to boves 9 
signifies the smaller cattle, as sheep and 
goats, but especially sheep, as the word 
always signifies in Virgil, when it stands by 
itself. See Eel. I. 75. III. 1. 20. 34 V- 87, 
Georg. II. 371. 

4. Parcis, An epithet frequently applied 
to bees. So Martial, parca laborat apis. 

5- Hinc may either mean henceforth^ or 
•with those subjects, as Georg. II, 444. 

5. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi, &c. Varro, in 
his seventh book of agriculture, invocatss 
the sun and moon, then Bacchus and Ceres g 
as Virgil does here: which sufficienly eon» 
futes those who take the words, vos, cla- 
rissima lumina, to be meant of Bacchus and 
Ceres 



44 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



10 



15 



qua; possidetis anno currcn- Lumina, labentem coelo quae ducitis annum, 

mines vestro beneficio reli- Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista, 
querunt glandes Dodonajas Poculaque inventis Achelo'ia miscuit uvis: 
/^oframentopingui etmis- Et vos a ~ restum prsesentia numina Fauni, 
cuerunt aquam Acheloi cum „ • ■ , r. • i r^ i n 

vino reperto: Et vos 6 Fauni, rerte simul raumque pedem Uryadesque puellae:- 
Dii propitii rusticis: adested Munera vestra cano. Tuque 6, cui prima frementem 
Fauni, una cum Dryadibus Fudit equum ma ^ n o tellus percussa tridenti, 
Nymphis. Canto vestra do- XT ^ ° r . ^ 

na. Et tu, cui terra adhuc Neptune: et cultor nemorum, cui pingma Caeae 
recens produxit equum fe- Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta juvenci: 
rocem, ictamagnotridente,ip se nemus Hnquens patrium, saltusque LyC3ei, 
6 Neptune: et tu qui coluisti rf . * . . . iu . 4* , ' 

loca sylvestria, cui trecenti Pan ovlum custos, tua si tibi Mamala curae, 
boves candidi carpunt fru- Adsis 6 Tegeaee favens: oleaeque Minerva 
tices fertiles insula Case: Tu Inventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri: 

&2SZ Ti e S C Et teneram ab ra<lice ferens > S y' vane ' cupressum: 20 

lum tuum, adesto propitius, Diiq; Deaeq; omnes, studium quibus arva tueri, 
relinquens nemus patrue et Quique novas alitis nonnullo semine fruges, 

sylvas Lyceei. Et tu, o Pallas 

repertrix olivae. Et tu, 6 puer auctor unci aratri. Et tu, 6 Sylvane, portans a radice teneram 
cupressum. Et vos, 6 Dii, et Dese omnes, qui habetis curam protegendi agros; seu qui sustenta- 
tis novas fruges aliquo semine: 



NOTES. 



7- Liber et alma Ceres. These two deities 
are properly invoked together, because tem- 
ples were erected jointly to them, and they 
were frequently united in the same myste- 
ries. 

7. Si. Servius says, for siquidem. 

8. Chaoniam. Because the woods of Do- 
dona in Epirus or Chaonia abounded with 
oaks and mast-bearing trees. 

9. Pocula Achelo'ia. Draughts of Ache- 
lous, i.. e. of pure water: Achelous was a 
river in iEtolia, said to be the first that 
arose out of the earth, and therefore was 
frequently put for water by the ancients. 

12. Prima. Most probably, as in other 
parts of Virgil, the adjective is substituted 
for the adverb prima. So in this same Geor- 
gic: 

" Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere ter- 
rain 
Xnstituit." 

13. Equum. La Cerda contends for equam; 
but what then becomes of the epithet/re- 
mentem? 

14. Cultor, &c. Meaning Aristaeus. Aris- 
tseus was the son of Apollo and the nymph 
Cyrene. He was born in the deserts of Li- 
bya, brought up by the seasons, and fed up- 
on nectar and ambrosia. For having taught 
the arts of curdling milk, making bee-hives, 
and cultivating olives, he had the same di- 
vine honours rendered to him as to Bacchus. 
We have his story in the 4th book. 

14. C<e<e. Caea, one of the Cyclades islands, 
where Aristaeus settled, leaving Thebes, 
after his son Actaeon was torn in pieces by 
a pack of hounds, for gazing upon Diana as 
she was bathing herself. 

16. Lyccsir—Manala. L yearns and Maena- 



lus were two mountains in Arcadia, sacred 
to Pan. 

17. Si here, according to some, has the 
force of etsi, though thy own Mcenalus, &c be 
thy care, yet draw nigh. But others explain 
it: If thou hast any care for these pasturages t 
aid my so?ig, whence so much honour and advan- 
tage will accrue to those places. 

18. Tegeaee. Pan: so called from Tegea, 
a city of Ai-cadia, sacred to Pan. 

19. Inventrix. Alluding to the story of the 
contention between Neptune and Minerva, 
respecting naming Athens. Pliny says the 
olive tree produced on that occasion by Mi- 
nerva was to be seen in his time at Athens. 

19. Uncique puer. Triptolemus, who, ac- 
cording to fable, first taught the Greeks 
agriculture, wherein he himself had been 
instructed by Ceres. 

20. Jib radice. Achilles Statius tells us, 
that Silvanus was represented on ancient 
coins and marbles, bearing a cypress tree 
plucked up by the roots. He is generally re- 
presented as half a man and half a goat. 
His worship was established only in Italy 
He presided over gardens and limits. 

22. JVonnullo semine. Mr. Martyn observes, 
the poet in these two lines invokes first those 
deities who take care of spontaneous plants, 
and then those who shed their influence on 
plants that are sown. Thus, at the begin- 
ning of the second Georgic, he tells us, that 
some trees come up of their own accord 
without culture, and that others are sown; 

Principio arboribus varia est natura creandis , 
Namque alia:, nullis hominum cogentibus, 
ipsae 

Sponte sua Veriiunt ■ — 

Pars autem posito surgunt de semine. 



GEORGICA. LIB. I, 



45 



Quique satis largum coelo demittitis imbrem. 

Tuq; aded, quern mox quae sint habitura Deorum 

Concilia, incertum est, urbisne invisere, Caesar, 

Terrarunique velis curam: et te maximus orbis 

Auctorem frugum, tempestatumque potentem 

Accipiat, cingens materna tempora myrto: 

An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautae 

Numina sola colant: tibi serviat ultima Thule, 

Teque sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus undis. 

Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas, 

Qua locus Erigonen inter, Chelasque sequentes 

Panditur: ipse tibi jam brachia contrahit ardens 

Scorpius, et coeli justa plus parte reliquit. 

Quicquid eris (nam te nee sperent Tartara regem 

Nee tibi regnandi veniat tarn dira cupido: 

Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos, 

Nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem) 

Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus annue czptis: 40 JSSff^SriMS 

Ignarosque viae mecum miseratus agrestes te brachia, et cessit tibi de 

Ingredere, et votis jam nunc assuesce vocari. ccel ° pjus gudm justam par 

Vere novo, gelidus canis ctim montibus humor 

Liquitur. et Zephyro putris se gleba resolvit; 

Depresso incipiat jum turn mihi taurus aratro 

Ingeraere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer. 

Ilia seges demum votis respondet avari 

Agricolae, bis quae solem, bis frigora sensit; 

Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes. 



s0u qui effunditi9 e ceelo plu^ 
viam copiosam in segetes. 
Et tu praecipue, 6 Ciesar, 

^5 quem dubium est quinam 
ccetus Deorum deinde ac- 
cepturi sint; an velis per- 
lustrare urbes, et suscipere 
curam terrarum; an totus 
orbis agnoscat te parentem 

2q frugum, et rectorem tempo- 
rum, coronans tuum caput 
myrto matris tuae; an evadas 
Deus vasti aequoris, et nau- 
tae adorent tuam solam po- 
tentiam, tibique Thule ulti- 
ma insularum pareat; et Te- 

35 thys te comparet sibi gene- 
rum omnibus aquis. An ve- 
r6 te adjungas quasi novum 
astrum pigris mensibus, qua 
patet spatium inter Virgi- 
nem et brachia Scorpii il- 



tem. Quicumque Deus eris 
(nam neque inferi sperent 
te sibi regem, neque tarn 
45 insana cupiditas regnandi 
veniat tibi: Etsi Graecia ad- 
miretur campos Elysios, et- 
si Proserpina non curet se- 
qui matrem, a qud repo- 
scitur) praebe iter facile, 
et fave consiliis audacibus; 



et ingredere mecura warn, miseratus rusticos inscios viae, etjam nunc assuesce invocari per 
vota. Principio veris, cum humor nivosus h'quescit e montibus candidis, el gleba emollita dissol- 
vitur Zephyro: tunc statim aratro alte impresso incipiat mihi taurus gemere, et vomer sulcando 
tritus fulgere. Ilia tandem seges complet desideria cupidi agricolae, quae bis pestatem, et bis hye= 
jnempassa est: amplissimse messes illius agricolae rumpunt horrea. 



# NOTES. 

24. Tuq; adeo. Virgil here'begins a fine er in their ascension than the other eight, 

address to Augustus. The choice is refer- Libra was the very sign that was said to 

red to him whether to become agod of the preside over. Italy. Augustus, in holding it 

earth, the seas, the skies, or the infernal re- up, would appear to be the guardian angel 

gions. Adeo is introduced with peculiar of his country after his decease, as he had 

beauty and force, and may be rendered been its father while living. 

ddefly. 34. Ardens. Impatient for thy coming. 

24. Mox. Hereafter. This sense is chosen rather than to make it 

27. Tempestatumque. 2$ot storms, as some an epithet of Scorpio, 

translate it; for that belongs to the classy of 43. Vere novo. The writers on agriculture 



sea-divinities, mentioned afterwards. Be- 
sides, to be ruler or arbiter of the seasons, 
is a much higher compliment. 

30. Thule. An island in the Scottish seas, 
between Norway and Scotland. 

31. Tethys. The greatest of the sea deities, 
wife of Ocean us, and daughter of Uranus 



dated their spring from the termination of 
the frosty weather. 

43. Gelidus humor. Literally, the cold mot" 
shire. 

45. Turn mihi. That is, as Minelius ob- 
serves, cuivis aranii. 

46. Splendescere vomer. Heyne exclaims, 



and Terra. She was mother of the chief ri- how beautiful the passage! How superi 

to the plain assertion, ive must nouo begin 
ploughing. So Lucretius, v. 209. Vis huma- 
na— valido consueta bidenti. Ingemere et 
terram pressis proscindere aratis. Thomson 
had this passage in view where he says, 

" The well-us'd plough ' 

Lies in the furrow." 

48. Bis qu<e solem, &c. i. e. Which is suf-. 
'fired to liefalloxo two years. 

49. Ruperunt, ifc. Meaning, that his 



vers of the universe, as the Nile, the Al- 
pheus, the Mseander, the Simois, &c. and 
of about three thousand daughters, called 
the Oceanides. The word Tethys is poeti- 
cally used to express the sea. 

32. Tardis mensibus. Either the summer 
months, called slow, because the days are 
then longer: or, as Mr. Martyn has it from 
Dr. Halley, because the four signs of Leo, 
Virgo, Libra, and Scorpio, are really slow- 



46 



1* VIRGILII MARONIS 



Sed antequam aremus fer- At prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor, 50 
£ ^STSSSTZS: Centos et varmm cceli prsdiscere morem 
et diversam coeli rationem, Cura sit, ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum: 
et propriam culturam uatu- Et quid quseque ferat regio, et quid quaeque recuset 

ramque terrarum: et quid uk se g, eces illlC veniunt felicius UV$: 
unaquasque regio producat, . , °. P J ■■ i-u •• 

et quid unaquceque neget. Arborei foetus alibi, atque mjussa virescunt 55 

Hie segetes nascuntur ferti- Gramina. Nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, 
Uus, iinc vites: alibi tructus Ind | a m j tt i t eburj mo n es sua t h U ra Sabaei? 

^e^tNonne vidS, qCnT- At Chalybes nudi ferrum, virosaque Pontus 
admodum Tmolu3 mittit ad Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epirus equarum? 
nos crocum odoratum, India Continuo has leees seternaque faedera certis 60 

ftm* ferrum, et Pontus gra- Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem: 
veolentes castoTum testicu- Unde homines nati, durum genus. Ergo age, terrse 
rum E ot r m P rr SiPingue solum primis extem P 16 a mensibus anni 
ra imposuit certis locis has Fortes mvertant tauri: glebasque jacentes 65 

leges, et hsec pacta per- Pulverulenta coquat maturis solibus aestas. 

petua, statim ab illo tempo- 
re, quo Deucalion projecit saxa in mundum desertum: unde orti sunt homines, quod est du- 
rum genus. Eia igitur, statim a primi mensibus anni, robusti tauri arent pmguem terra plant 
tiem: et jestas sicca torreat glebas inertes vehementi Sole. 



NOTES. 



barns have not been able to contain so great 
plenty. 

50. Ignotum equor. Soil, whose qualities 
are not known. 

50. Ferro. Any instrument of iron. 

51. Ventos. To what winds it stands most 
exposed. 

51. Cceli morem. Whether moist or dry, 
cold or hot; and how the soil agrees with 
each. 

52. Patrios cidtus, &c. This we explain in 
Servius' sense. Sciendum est, says he, ager et 
quemadmodum d 7iiajoribus cidtus sit, et quid me- 
lius ferre consueverit. A soil, by being culti- 
vated in a certain way, acquires a habit or 
aptitude to produce some grain better than 
others; which is the habitus locorum, chiefly 
its acquired habit or genius; for the natu- 
ral genius is expressed in the following 
words, Quid quceque ferat, &c. 

55. Arborei foetus, nurseries of trees in ge- 
neral, as verse 75. 

56. Tmolus. A mountain in Lydia, famous 
for the best saffron. 

57. India mittit ebur. The elephants of In- 
dia are preferred to those of all other coun- 
tries. The ivory is derived from the tusk, 
not the tooth of this animal. 

57. Modes. Similar epithets are applied 
constantly to the Asiatics; the fertility of 
their soil and the fervors of their sun ren- 
dering them effeminate. So Tibullus, II. 2. 
4- tener Arabs. 

57. Sabcei. The inhabitants of Arabia Fe- 
lix, in whose country only the frankincense- 
tree is said to grow, Geoiv II. 117. 

Solis est Thurea virga Sabaeis. 

58. Chalybes nv.di. The Chalybes, accord- 



ing to Justin, were a people in Spain, here 
called nudi, because the heat of their forges 
made them work naked. 

58. Virosa castorea. Castor, according to 
Pliny, is the beaver's testicles: it is of a me- 
dicinal nature, and the smell of it so pow- 
erful, that it is said to make women miscar- 
ry. Lucretius says, the emell of it affects 
them in certain circumstances with a kind 
of lethargy, and makes them drop the work 
they are about out of their hands, Lib. VI, 
794. 

Castoreoque gravi mulier sopita recunjbit a 
Et manibus nitidum teneris opus effluit ei, 
Tempore eo si odorata est, quo menstrua 

solvit. 
Hence Virgil gives it the epithet virosa,, 
poisonous or heady. The moderns have dis- 
covered that the castor is not contained ia 
the testicles of the beaver, but in odorife- 
rous glands about the groin. 

59. Palmas equarum, the prime or choice 
of the mares, such as were wont to carry 
the palm at the Olympic games in the plains 
of Elis. Thus JEn. V. 339. Nunctertiapalma 
Diores; i. e. Diores tertius victor. 

62. Deucalion. Deucalion and Pyrrha sur- 
viving the deluge, as soon as the waters had 
retired, went to consult the oracle of The- 
mis, and were directed to repair the loss of 
mankind, by throwing behind them the 
bones of their grandmother. This was no- 
thing but the stones of the earth: after some 
hesitation they obeyed. Those thrown by 
Deucalion became men, and those by Pyr- 
rha, women. The deluge of Deucalion hap- 
pened 1503 years before Christ. 



GEORGICA. LIB. I 



47 



Sen* si terra non sit pinguis, 
sufnciet earn perstringere 
levi sulco, circa ortum Arc- 
turi: In ilia terra hoc fa- 
70 cies, ne herbac noceant t'ru- 
gibus fertilibus; in hue, ne 
modicus bunior destituat 
infoecundam terram. Tu 
idem permittes, ut novalia 
demessa requiescant alter- 
w e ws annis, et ut agcr fou- 
'- 1 tiiisindurescat otio. Vel sal- 
tern converse- anno semina- 
bis frumenta flaventia illic, 
unde collegeris antea copi- 
osa legumina folliculis stre- 
pentibus, aut parva gran a 
80 vicix, aut tenues stipulas et 
manipulos crepitantes lupi- 
ni amari. Nam seges lini ex- 
siccat agrum, exsiccat qno- 
que seges avens:, exsiccant 
papavera conciliantia som- 
num oblmosum. Attamen alternis annis facile erit ea serere: modo ne pigeat fcecundare terram 
pingni stercore, et ne pigeat spargere foedos cineres per arva exbausta. Ita etiam agri quiescunt 
variatis segetibus: et interim terra, qua non arata/wmV, non caret utilitate. 



At si non fuerit tellus foecunda, sub ipsum 

Arcturum tenui sat erit suspendere sulco: 

Illic officiant lsetis ne frugibus herbae; 

Hie, sterilem exiguus ne deserat humor arenam. 

Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales, 

Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum. 

Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra; 

Unde prius laetum siliqua. quassante legumen, 

Aut tenues foetus viciae, tristisque lupini 

Sustuleris fragiles calamos, sylvamque sonantem. 

Urit enira lini campum seges, urit avenae: 

UruntLethseo perfusa papavera somno. 

Sed tamen alternis facilis labor: arida tantum 

Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola; neve 

Effoetos cinerem immundum jactare per agros. 

Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt fcetibus arva: 

Nee nulla interea est inaratae gratia terrae. 



NOTES. 
About the mid- 75. Tristisque lupini, Martyn considers the 
epithet tristis as well chosen, because lupi- 
nus is derived from xii*», tristitia; but this 
appears a quibble too trifling for Virgil. 
The professor adds, that the lupin is a fine 
manure, and renders the fields greatly pro- 
ductive. One would suppose then that the 
epithet l<eti, or joyful, would have been bet= 
ter chosen. Minelius gives a more correct 
idea of the passage: He translates tristis 
by amari, bitter, as also does Heyne, who 
adds as a reason " contristatur enim de- 
gustantis vultu." Wharton tells us, that the 
73. Farina. Far, says Ruxus, is the most Italians soak it in water, to get rid of its 



67. Sub ipsum Archirum. 
die of September. 

71. Novales. Novalis terra is properly 
ground newly broken up; unde nuper sylva 
excisa est, says Pliny. Hence it is transfer- 
red to signify fallow-ground, because by 
resting it is recruited, and as it were re- 
newed. 

72. Situ. Situs is properly the foul weeds, 
the scurf or squalor which overspread the 
ground for want of culture. 

73. Mutato sidere. Or semine, as in Pie- 



pure and excellent kind of fruit. Martyn 
conceives it is put for corn in general. He 
considers it the same with the £?a of the 
Greeks, which the English call spelt. It re- 
sembles wheat; but the chaff adheres so 
firmly to the grain as to be capable of sepa- 
ration only by a mill. Far was the corn of 
the ancient Italians, and was frequently 
used in sacrificial ceremonies. 

74. Latum legumen. By this it is probable 
Virgil understood beans, which were es- 
teemed the principal sort of pulse; and Pli- 
ny, quoting this passage, for latum legumen 
substitutes faba. Legumen. Fruit, accord- 
ing to Ruaeus, which is not cut, but gather- 
ed with the hand: leguntur manu. 

74;. Quassante siliqud. So Ovid, Metam. 
XV. 399. quassa cinnama; alluding to the 



bitterness. The lupin with us is the Roman 
faselus, and not the lupinus. 

76. Sylvam. A thick luxuriant crc-p of any 
kind is called sylva. 

77. Urit enim. The connexion is; if you 
are to change the grain, it must be with 
pulse, beans, vetches, or lupins, but not 
with flax, &c. for these burn and exhaust 
the moisture of the land. 

78. Papavera somno. Poppies were culti- 
vated, by the Romans; not the scarlet, corn- 
field poppy, -&it the kind that is raised in 
gardens. That it was the garden poppy is 
evident from its figure, as seen in the hand 
of many statues of Ceres. Pliny says the 
head of the garden poppy is round, that of 
the red poppy long and slender. The juice 
flowing from its wounded head produces 



manner in which the Romans disengaged opium, the qualities of which are sufficiently 



their beans from the pods, after the pods 
were broken with the foot or the flail. Da- 
vidson renders it " rattling ,•" Martyn, with 
more propriety, " shattered." Our English 
word quash is derived from quasso. 

75. Tenues fcetus vicice. The seeds of 
vetches or tares are very small in propor- 
tion to beans or lupins: hence the proprie- 
ty of the epithet tenues, 



known for producing sleep: hence the pro- 
priety of the epithets lethaeo, somnifero, &c 
Lethe is an infernal river, which causes 
those who drink of it to forget every thing- 

79. Sed tamen. Here, as it is com monk 
said, the poet returns to his precept, verse 71. 

83. Nee nulla. Literally, Nor meanwhile 
is there no gratitude in the land that is un~ 
tilled, i. e. left fallow every other year. This 



48 



P. VIRGILII MAR0N1S 



Ssepe etlam utile fuit ac-Saepe etiam steriles incendere profuit aeros, 
TtZTlle^T^ Atq; .levem s.ipulam crepitants urere flammis. 85 
igne crepitante: sive guzaSive mde occultas vires et pabula terrae 
terra sumit inde secre- Pinguia concipiunt; sive illis omne per ignem 

r n r" te s™e et ^ 8u o e m tf x ~r itur vitiu ™' at <> ue exudat inutilis humor: 

ejusvitiumigneconsumitur, ^eu plures calor llle vias, et cseca relaxat 

et humor nimius exsiceatur: Spiramenta, novas veniat qua succus in herbas: 90 

racula, per qute succus influ- N e tenues pluviae, rapidive potentia sohs 
at in plantas novas: sive grum Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat. 
iile calor magis indurat ter- Multum aded, rastris glebas qui frangit inertes, 

ram, et comprimit rimas ° * ° 

apertas: ne tenues imbres, nimiusve solis ardor vel frigus penetrans Borese exsiccet earn. Cas- 

terum ilk qui rumpit rastris glebas inutiles, 



NOTES. 



whole paragraph, as it is explained by the 
commentators, is bo perplexed and confu- 
sed, that one knows not what to make of 
it. The sense of the whole seems to be 
shortly this: The poet, verse 71, advises to 
let the ground lie fallow every other year; 
or, if circumstances will not admit this, 
then he advises, verse 73, to change the 
grain, and sow, after corn, pulse of seve- 
ral kinds: but not flax, nor oats, nor pop- 
pies, because, verse 77, these burn out the 
substance of the ground. Yet these too 
may be used in their turn, provided care be 
taken to recruit and again enrich the soil 
with fat dung and ashes, after it has been 
parched with those hot grains, verse 79. 
But he concludes, that should the ground 
be left fallow, and quite untilled, instead 
of being sown with any of these grains in 
the alternate year, it would not be ungrate- 
ful, i. e. it would make it well worth the 
farmer's while, by producing proportiona- 
bly more in those years when it is culti- 
vated. 

85. Atque. How finely does this line, con- 
sisting entirely of dactyls, express the ra- 
pidity and noise of flame over a stubble field., 

Atque le-vem stipu-lam crepT-tantibus 
urere flammis. 
— — The light stubble to the flames resign'd 
Is driv'n along and crackles in the wind. 

Dryden. 

86. Sive inde. Minelius obse^es, that four 
kinds of advantages result from burning the 
fields. " 1. Their frigid leanness will be re- 
moved; 2. Their excess of moisture will be 
dried up; 3. Fissures will open for the im- 
bibing of dews and the influence of the ze- 
phyrs; 4. They will acquire a hardness 
which will secure them from too much 
rain, heat or cold." To each of these ad- 
vantages Virgil refers . 

93. Borece. Boreas was the north wind, 
blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. 
He is fabled to have been the son of Astrse- 



us and Aurora. He was worshipped as a 
deity, and represented with wings and 
white hair. He changed himself into a 
horse to unite with the mares of Dardanus, 
by which he had twelve mares, so swift 
that they ran or rather flew over the seas 
without scarce wetting their feet. 

93. Penetrabile. The passive voice taken 
actively for penetrans. So JEn. X. 481. and 
Lucretius, 

" Permanat calor argentum, penetraleque 
frigus." 

93. Adurat. 

" Lest baleful colds should scorch the crops 

away." 
Burning applied to cold, says Martyn, is not 
merely a poetical expression, but we find it 
made use of also by the philosophers. He 
quotes passages from Aristotle and Pliny, 
in confirmation of this idea. Modern che- 
mistry renders the figure of the poet easy 
and elegant. The finger, applied to a red 
hot bar of iron and to a lump of frozen mer- 
cury, would expedience a similar burn. In 
the first instance^ the caloric would be 
thrown into the body, and in the last ab- 
stracted from it with insupportable violence. 
94 Multum aded. Virgil had already de- 
livered several precepts on the art of till- 
age: 

I. Concerning the early using of the 
plough. 45. 

II. For ascertaining the quality of the 
ground. 50. ^ 

III. Concerning the renewing of soils. 71. 

IV. Relative to the remedies for sterility; 
these are, manure, the strewing* of ash- 
es, and the burning of the stubble. 80. 

He here adds a fifth precept with respect 
to the breaking of the clods small, and 
smoothing the surface of the soil. This 
the writers on agriculture called occa- 
tio and pidveratio. 

94. Rastris. The rastrwn is not a rake s as 
Trapp supposes, but a harro-as. 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



49 



Vimineasq; trahit crates, juvat arva; neq; ilium 
Flava Ceres alto nequicquam spectat Olympo: 
Et qui, procisso qua? suscitat aequore terga, 
Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro: 



95aut qui trahit vimineas 
crates super Mas, \a\d& pro- 
dcst agris; nee flava Ceres 
frustra ilium aspicit ex alto 
ccelo. Valde etiam prodest 

™- St ££&£&££ 

1 00 res sulcorum, quos excitave- 
rit prima agri arationc; et 
qui assidue colit terram, et 
domat agros. O agricolse, 
petite s JJiis sestatem humi- 
dam, et hyemem siccam; 

]05 frumenta copiosa sunt et a- 
ger fertilis est, ex siccitate 
hyemali. Nullam aliam ob 
culturam sic Mysia gloria- 
tur, et ipsa Gargara admi- 
rantur suas segetes. Quid 
dicam de eo, qui projecto 

1 10 seraine statim agros exercet. 



Humida solstitia atque hyemes orate serenas, 
Agricolae: hyberno laetissima pulvere farra, 
Laetus ager: nullo tantum se Mysia cultu 
Jactat, et ipsa suas mirantur Gargara messes. 
Quid dicam, jacto qui semine cominus arva 
Insequitur, cumulosq; ruit male pinguis arenae? 
Deinde satis fluvium inducit, rivosque sequentes? 
Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, 
Ecce, supercilio clivosi tramitis undam • 
Elicit: ilia cadens raucum per levia murmur 
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. 

Quid, qui, ne ^ravidis procumbat culmus aristis, e t frangit globos terra; male 

^- ^ ° compacts? Postea inducit in 

agros consitos aquam, et rivos fluentes; et cum terra exsiccata languet herbis arescentibus, ex 
improviso educit aquam ex summitate canaliculi inclinati; ilia cadens raucum strepitum movet 
inter lapides attritos, et ebullitionibus humectat agros aridos. Quid dieam de eo, qui, ne calami 
concidant sub pondere plenarum spicarum, 



NOTES. 



95. Crates. Instruments for smoothing the 
ground, made of osiers or twigs intertwist- 
ed after the manner of hurdles. Virgil uses 
the word for any kind of basket-work. 

96. Flava Ceres. As in Homer £av3-ij 
Ah/ictilng, called yellow from the colour of 
ripe corn. She was represented with a gar- 
land of ears of corn on her head, holding in 
pne hand a torch, and in the other a poppy. 
She is frequently represented as a country- 
woman seated on an ox, with a basket on 
her left arm. 

96. Spectat Olympo. The image of Ceres, 
says Wharton, puts one in mind of that beau- 
tiful passage in the Psalms; "Righteousness 
(a person) hath looked down from heaven." 
Ps. lxviii. 2. 

100. Solstitia. Generally applied by the 
poets to signify the summer solstice. See 
La Cerda. 

100. Orate. A sixth precept is here given. 
Husbandmen are directed to entreat the 
gods to send moist summers and fair win- 
ters. 

102. Mysia. There were two countries of 
this name; the one in Europe, between 
Macedonia and Dacia, more properly called 
Mcesia; and the other in the west of Asia, 
bounding Troas on the inland sides. This 
last is here meant. 

103. Gargara. A part of mount Ida, and 
a city in Troas. 

104. Quid dicam. A seventh precept enjoins 
the levelling of the ground, after sowing 
the seed, and watering it well. Mr. Da- 
vidson, in his translation, certainly with no 
great felicity of expression, calls this per- 
secuting the lands. Heyne rightly observes, 
" irnequi, iclem atque urgere, instare et sine 



intermissione aut mora rem statim aggredi 
aut prosequi." 

106. Deinde satis flxivium. An eighth pre° 
cept is given for the watering of a thirsty soiL 
Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, informs 
us, that when the Persians were masters 
of Asia, they permitted those who convey- 
ed a springto anyplace, which had not been 
watered before, to enjoy the benefit for five 
generations; and as a number of rivulets 
flowed from mount Taurus, they spared no 
expense in directing the course of their 
streams. At this day, without knowing how 
they came thither, they are found in the 
fields and gardens. Homer says, Iliad 21st, 

When a peasant to his garden brings 

Soft rills of water from the bubbling springs^ 
And calls the floods from high, to bless his 

bow'rs, 
And feed, with pregnant streams, the plants 

andflow'rs; 
Soon as he clears whate'er their passage 

staid, 
And marks their future current with his 

spade, 
Swift o'er the rolling pebbles, down the 

hills, 
Louder and louder purl the falling rills, 
Before him scatt'ring, they prevent his pains* 
And shine in mazy wand'rings o'er the 

plains. Pope. 

110. Scatebris. Ebullitionibus, says Mine- 
lius, with bubbling streams. 

111. Quid, gwi refers to a ninth precept, 
He seems, says Martyn, to have taken this 
from Theophrastus, who says, that in a 
rich soil the husbandmen both mow the 
young corn and suffer the cattle to feed it 
down, to keep it from running too much to 

H 



50 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

amputat superflaitatem se- Luxuriem segetum tenera. depascit in herba, 

&ZtfS£Sg£Z™* P rfm r sulcos ^quant sata? quique paludis 

iequalessuntsulcis?EtJeeo,^ollectum humorem bibula deducit arena? 

qui derivat ex terra bibula Praesertim incertis simensibus amnis abundans 115 

^nSJ%xciTb X SminZ ExiU et obducto lat ^ tenet omnia limo » 

bSs^ubUsfiu^tumefectoUnde cavae tepido sudant humore lacunae. 

exundat, et undique tegitNec tamen (haec cum sint hominumque, boumque la- 

omnia limo superjccto: unde bores 

eavse fossae fiunt madidsete- Tr , . .... ., • • . , 

pidauUgine. Tamen licet ho- Versando terrain experti) nihil improbus anser, 
minum et boum labores ex- Strymoniaeque grues, ct amaris intuba fibris, 120 

perti sinthjec omnia, terram Officiunt, aut umbra nocet. Pater ipse colendi 
S^%SSf hSjHaud facilem esse viam voluit, primusq; per artem 
et cichorea, cujus radices a- Movit agros, curis acuens mortaha corda: 
marsesz«^,nonnihilobstant; >j ec torper£ gravi passus sua reena veterno. 
£££££££*£ Ante Jovem nulli subigebant am colon.: 125 

tionem esse facilem; et pri-Ne.c signare quidem, aut partiri hmite campum 
mus ex arte versavit terrain, Fas erat: in medium quaerebant: ipsaque tellus 
excitans curis dionunum *ni- k Uherius, nullo poscente, ferebat. 

raos: nee passus est sua reg- T11 . 7 r » 

na languere tristi otio. Ante Hie malum virus serpentibus addidit atris, 

Jovis tempora, nulli agricola? Prsedarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, 1 30 

exercebant agros. Nee bee- Mellaque decussit foliis, ignemque removit, 

bat quiaem notare, aut defi- _ * . . . / & . ^ . 7 

nire terminis agros. Qu«re- Et passim nvis currentia vma repressit: 
bant cibos in commune, etUt varias usus meditando extunderet artes 
ipsa terra sponteproducebatp aulatim et sulc } s f rumen ti quaereret herbam, 

omnia, nemineexigente. Ju- ._ .... , j . • 10- 

piter adjunxit noxium vene- Et sihcis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. 135 

num. nigris serpentibus: et Tunc alnos primum fiuvii sensere cavatas: 
voluit lupos voraces esse, et^avita tum ste llis numeros et nomina fecit, 

mare agitan, et excussit mel 

e foliis arborum, et oceultavit ignem, et stitit vinum ubique fluens in rivos. Ut experientia ob- 
servando excogitaret paulatim diversas artes, et colligeret spicas frumenti e sulcis, et exprime- 
ret ignem occultum e venis lapidum. Tunc primo flumina tulerunt arbores cavatas: tune 
nauta attribuit ordinem et nomina sideribus, 

NOTES, 

leaf. So Pliny; " Luxuria segetum castiga- bread by f< the sweat of his brow." Virgil 

tur dente pecoris in herba duntaxat, et de- here begins to treat of the origin of agri* 

pastx quidem vel samius in spica injuriam culture, 

sentirent." 123. Movit. Literally, Stirred or solicited, 

113. Quique paludis He now speaks of i.e. He taught or commanded mortals to culti- 

drying up a marshy land. vate tlie ground. 

115. Incertis menkbus, i.e. in those months 123. Curis acuens. Sterling says, " sharp * 

when the weather is more variable. ening man's wit -with care " 

118. Cumsint, &c. Servius, and the whole 127 '. In medium qu<zrebant. They made ao 
herd of interpreters after him, explain quisition for the public, or common stock, 
these words thus: Though the labours of men 131. JStellaque decussit foliis. It is no un- 
and oxen have proved all these evils. It may common thing to find a sweet, glutinous li~ 
be rendered; when the labours of men and oxen quor on oak leaves, which might give the 
have thus been tried in cultivating the ground, poets room to imagine, that in the golder 
■which seems to agree better with the con- age the leaves abounded with honey, 
text, since the poet does not so much insist 131. Ignem removit. The fire was not to - 
on the bad qualities of the land, as on the tally taken, but, as Hesiod says, K^u^e S: 
means of meliorating and correcting them. srvg. It became hid in flints. 

119. Improbus anser. Columella, Lib. VIII. 132. Currentia vina. So Isaiah invites to 
13. observes of the goose, Quicquid tene- the waters to buy thence wine and milk. 
rum contingere potest carpit. And Pallad. Lib. 136. Cavatas alnos. The first vessels were 
I. 23. Jbiserum Sterols satis omnibus inimicum nothing but hulks coarsely hollowed out of 
est. Hence Martyn humorously calls it trees. " The alder tree^ delights in moist 
" TJie wicked goose." places and the banks of rivers. One of these 

120. Intuba. Succory, or, as Heyne says, trees grown hollow with age, failing into 
endive. a river, may be imagined to have given the 

121. Pater ipse. How like the decree of first hint towards navigation." 
5 The true God. that man should procure his 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



51 



Pleiadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton. 
Turn laqueis captare feras, et fallere visco 
Inventum: et magnos canibus circumdare saltus. 
Atque alius latum funda jam verberat amnem 
Alta petens, pelagoque alius trahit humida lina 
Turn ferri rigor, atque argutae lamina serrae; 
(Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum) 
Turn variae venere artes. Labor omnia vincit 
Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas. 

Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terrain 
Instituit: cum jam glandes atque arbuta sacrae 
Deficerent sylvae, et victum Dodona negaret. 
Mox et frumentis labor additus; ut mala culmos 
Esset rubigo, segnisque horreret in arvis 
Carduus: intereunt segetes, subit aspera sylva, 

sacrae sylvsc deficerent, et Dodona recusaret cibos. Deinde addita est frugibus materies lahoris 
nempe ut noxia rubigo absumeret calamos, et carduits inutilis horresceret in agris: segetes emo 
riuntur, succedit copia herbantm asperarum, 



apl>o:!ans Pleiadas, Hyadas, 
et lucidam ursam Lycaonis 
fiUam. Tunc repertum est, 

140 capere feras laqueis, et deci- 
pere visco: et cingere cani- 
bus magnas sylvas. Et jam 
alius projicit reticulum in la- 
tum fluvium, se committens 
alto Jluvio, et alius trabit e 

ut mariretia humida. Tuncx>e- 
nit durities ferri, et lamina 
serrse stridentis: (nam majo- 
res dividebant cuneis lignum 
fissile). Tunc varice artes 
prodierunt: Magnus labor 
superat omnia, et necessi- 

150 tas urgens in rcrum inopiii. 
Ceres prima docuit homi- 
nes movere teiTam ferro 
cum jam glandes et arbuta 



NOTES. 



138. Pleiadas. The seven daughters of 
Atlas by Pleione. They all, except Merope, 
who married Sysiphus, king of Corinth, had 
immortal gods for their suitors. For this 
reason Merope's star is said to be dim The 
name Pleiades is derived from the Greek 
xxiuv, to sail; because these stars were con- 
sidered propitious to sailors. They bear al- 
so the names of Vergilia, Atlantides, and 
Hesperides. 

138. Hyadas. Five daughters of Atlas, 
The ancients supposed that the -rising and 
setting of the Hyades were always attended 
with much rain, whence the name {vu,pluo.) 

138. Lycaonis Arcton. The Ursa Major 
was called Lycaon's bear, because his daugh- 
ter Calisto was transformed by Juno into a 
bear, and by Jove, to whom she had been 
kind, translated to the stars. 

141. Verberat amnem. Lashing the river is 
a beautiful description of the manner of 
throwing the casting net. 

142. Humdalina. La Cerda observes, that 
linum is often used for a net. It is uncertain 
in this passage, whether Virgil intends the 
drag net or the fishing line. 

143. Ferri rigor. The art of hardening iron 
is here brought to view, and under it all 
the metallic arts are implied. 

146. Improbus. Indefatigable, or unwea- 
ried, as JEn. XII. 687. 

Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus 

actu. 
146. Buns. Agreeably to the familiar pro- 
verb, * necessity is the mother of invention.' 
So in the 1st iEneid: 
Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt 

moliri. 

147. Prima Ceres. Ovid in like manner at- 
tributes the origin of agriculture to the be- 
neficence of Ceres: 



Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro, 
Prima dedit fruges, alimentaque mitia ter* 
ris. 
148. Arbuta. The Kofucgos, as the Greeks 
called the arbute, or strawberry tree, is 
common enough in our gardens . The poets 
have supposed the people of the first age to 
have lived on acorns and arbutes, before 
the discovery of corn. 

150. Labor additus. Labor here we take to 
signify calamity or distress; and additus has 
the sense of datu's or assignatus, as Hor 
Lib. 3. Ode IV. 78. 

Incontinentis nee Tityi jecur 
Relinquit ales, nequi'tise additus 
Custos. 
So iEn. VI. 90. 

Nee Teucris addita Juno 
Usquam aberit. 

151. Esset; not from sum, but from edo, 
es, est, &c. 

151. Rubigo. The blight, says Martyn, is a 
disease to which corn is subject. Theo. 
phrastus calls it s^wn'/fr. Many modem wri- 
ters take rubigo to signify smut, which is a 
putrefaction of the ear, and converts it to 
black powder; but Virgil mentions it as a 
disease of the stalk. Ruxus calls it in 
French nielle, a word corresponding to our 
mildew. The Romans, on the 25th of April 
annually worshipped a goddess whom they 
named Roblgo, that she might preserve 
their corn from blights. 

152. Carduus. Perhaps the carduus solstiti- 
alts, or St. Barnaby's thistle, which, accord- 
ing to Ray, is very troublesome in the Ita- 
lian corn-fields. Dr. Woodward has calcu- 
lated, that one thistle seed will produce at 
the first crop twenty-four thousand, and 
consequently five hundred and seventy-six 
millions of seeds at the second crop. This 



52 



P. VIRGILII MARONJS 



155 



160 



165 



70 



et lappa;, et tribuli; et Lappaeque, tribulique: interque nitentia culta 
a"et X £3t ^FR**!* ?«*■■ «t steriles dominantur avenge. 

pinguia. Quod nisi et assi- Quod nisi et assiduis terram insectaberc rastris, 
due terram proscindas ras- Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci 

Stu, e et ampuls SSE ™ ce P remes u ™ bras ' «*■», ^eris imbrem: 
mosarborum ruris urabrosi, Heu, magnum altenus frustra spectabis acervum, 
et precibus obtinueris pluvi- Concussaque famem in sylvis solabere quercu. 
am: heu, frustrk videbis Dicendum et qua: sint duris aerestibus arma: 
magnum • acervum altenus, ~ ^ ° 

et cogens subvenire fami Queis sine, nee potuere sen, nee surgere messes, 
succutiendo quercum in syi- Vomis, et inflexi primum grave robur aratri, 
vis. Dicendum est quoque, Tardaque Eleusinse matris volventia plaustra, 

qute smt mstrumenta duro- rp. -, t x , . . r , 

rum agricolarum: sine qui- Tnbulaque, traheaeque, et miquo pondere rastn: 
bus segetes nee seminari, Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, 
nee crescere possunt. Pri- Arbuteae crates, et mystica vannus Iacchi. 
mo vomer, et cravis moles ^ • ,^s f\ 

curvi aratri, et plaustra Ce- Omnia qu* multo ante memor provisa repones, 
reris matris difficile volubi- Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris. 
lia, et tribula, et trahete, Continuo in sylvis magna vi flexa domatur 
S£*£&&£Z g >?urim, et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri. 
pellex Celei, crates ex arbu- Huic a stirpe pedes temo portentus in octo, 
to, et sacra vannus Bacchi. Quae omnia memineris multo ante parare et servare: site spectat 
vera laus beati ruris. Principio in sylva, magna vi inflexa, subigitur ulmus in burim, et capit for- 
mam curvi aratri. Huic buri jungiiur per imam partem temo extensus in octo pedes, 

NOTES, 
nume- the husbandman's implements. He enume- 
rates four for ploughing, and as many for 
harvest. 

162. Robur, particularly a kind of oak; but 
applied to any solid wood. 

163. Tardaque. Wharton has attempted 
to imitate Virgil in the slow motion of the 
cart, which this line describes: 
" And Ceres' ponderous wagon, rolling 

slow." 

163. Eleumue matris, i. e. such as were 
invented by Ceres, who was worshipped at 
Eleusis in Attica. 

164. Tribula. The tribulum, or tribula, was 
an instrument used by the ancients to thresh 
their corn. It was a kind of plank or wag- 
on pointed with stones or pieces of iron, 
with a weight laid upon it; and so was 
drawn over the corn by oxen. Thus it is 
described by Varo: Id Jit e tabula lapidibus, 
out ferro asperata, quo imposito auriga, aut 



exuberance, however, is not -waste: 

rous birds derive from the winged thistle 

seed their subsistence. 

153. Lappa. Lappa, says the Cambridge 
botanist, seems to have been a general 
word to express such things as stick to the 
garments of those that pass by. We use the 
word burr in like manner, though what is 
properly so called is the head of the barda- 
na major, or burdock, The lappa was proba- 
bly the same with the galium, or, as it is 
commonly called, cleavers, clivers, or goose- 
grass. 

153. Tribuli. The tribulus, or landcaltrop, 
is an herb with a prickly fruit common in 
Italy and warm countries. The fiction that 
Jupiter caused the earth to produce these 
prickly weeds seems to have been borrow- 
ed from Moses. See Genesis iii. 

154. Lolium, or darnel, a common weed in 
corn-fields. 



154. Jlvence. The -wild-oats (says Martyn, pondere gravi, trahitur jumentis junctis, tit 
for we continue to quote his botanical illus- discutiat e spied grana. 
trations) are no less frequent than the dar- 
nel in many places. They are not the com- 
mon oats degenerated by growing wild, but 
a quite different species. The chaff of them 
is hairy, and the seed small like that of 
grass. It was the general opinion of the an- 
cients, that wheat and barley degenerated 



into these weeds, but they are specifically grain from the chaff, 
different, and rise from their own seeds. 
The word dominantur is very proper, for 
the weeds grow so tall, that they overtop 
the corn. 

155. Quod nisi. To avert these evils, he 
advises harrowing, the scaring away of the 
birds, pruning, and prayer. 

158. Spectabis. The Medicean manuscript 
reads expectabis. 



164. Traheaeque. The traliea was a car- 
riage without wheels, used for the same 
purpose as the former. 

165. Celei. Celeus was the father of Trip- 
tolemus, whom Ceres, as has been said, 
instructed in husbandry. 

166. Vannus. The fan to separate the 



168. Si te digna manet, &c- Literally, if 
due honour awaits thee from the divine country,- 
i. e. Jf thou expectest to see thy blest rural la- 
bours crowned with due honour. The country or 
counts-life is called divine, because of its 
innocence and pleasures. 

169. In sylvis. The Roman plough was 
formed of a bended elm. 

171. Temo. The pole. Minelius describes 



160. Dicendum. He here begins to treat of it as an oblong piece of wood, to which 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



53 



Binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. 
Caeditur et tilia ante jugo levis, altaque fagus, 
Stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos: 
Et suspensa focis explorat robora fumus. 
Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre, 
Ni refugis, tenuesque piget cognoscere curas. 
Area cum primis ingenti aequanda cylindro, 
Et vertenda manu, et creta solidanda tenaci: 
Ne subeant herbae, neu pulvere victa fatiscat: 
Turn variae illudunt pestes. Saepe exiguus mus 
Sub terns posuitque domos, atque horrea fecit: 
Aut oculis captifodere cubilia talpae. 
Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae 
Monstra ferunt: populatque ingentem farris 

vum 
Curculio, atque inopi metuens formica senectse. 
Contemplator item, cum se nux plurima sylvis 
Induet in florem, et ramos curvabit olentes: 
Si superant foetus, pariter frumenta sequentur, 
Magnaque cum magno veniet tritura calore. 
At si luxuria foliorum exuberat umbra, 
Nequicquam pingues palea. teret area culmos. 

plare, cum in sylvis multa nux vestiet se floribus, et demittet ramos odoriferos^ si flores plures 
sint quam folia y similiter frumenta succedent; et veniet magna ubertas, cum magno calore. At 
si rami abuudent nimia copia frondium; frustra conteres in area manipulos, palea crassos. 



accommodantur bime aures, 
et dentalia qua habent du- 
plex dorsum. Amputatur 
quoque priiis tilia levis ad 

175 jngum, et fagus alta, et sti- 
va, qua regat posteriorem 
aratri partem: et fumus pro- 
bat ligna ilia suspensa ad fo- 
cum. Possum enarrare tibi 
multa antiquorum praecepta, 

, R ~ nisi nolis, et te tsedeat dis- 
8U cere minima quseque. Prasci~ 
pue oportet complanare are- 
am magno cylindro, et manu 
tractare terrain, et firmare 
creta tenaci: ne herbae nas- 
cantur, et ne area siccitatc 
resoluta rim as agat. Praete- 
rea varii hostes nocent, saepe 
parvus mus facit domum sub 
terris, et struit horrea: aut 
talpse privati oculis fodiunt 
cubilia: et bufo in caverais 
reperitur, et multa alia ani- 
malia quae terra producit: et 

190 curculio, et formica provi- 
dens egense senectuti cor- 
l'odunt magnum cumulum 
frumenti. Praeterek contem- 



acer- 
185 



NOTES. 



wheels were connected, about eight feet in 
length. 

172. Aures. In modern language, earth- 
boards: according to Minelius, two iron or 
wooden sides, affixed laterally like ears, 
for the purpose of widening the furrow. 

172. Duplici dentalia dorso. See at the end 
of Mr. Martyn's first Georgic, a draught 
of a plough such as is used at this day in 
Mantua; nearly the same with that which 
Virgil here describes. There the share - 
beams fdentaliaj joined to the two han- 
dles, form that shape which Virgil calls 
the double back. 

173. Lexis. Light, that it may not op- 
press the oxen with its weight. 

174. Stiva. The plough -staff, or handle. 
174. Currus. Some think cursus. 

174. Currus. The plough was so called, 
because it ran upon wheels, as do several 
modern ones, particularly that of Mantua 
abovementioned. 

178. Area. The floor. The mode here re- 
commended was intended for the purpose 
of avoiding the inconveniences of mud and 
vermin. 

178. Cylindro. A large rolling stone. A 
fragment of a column sometimes was em- 
ployed for the purpose. 

181. Exiguus mus. Not only the diminish- 
ing epithet exiguus, but the terminating of 



the line with a single syllable, beautifully 
expresses the littleness of the animal. 

183. Oculis capti. Supposed blind, because 
of the diminutiveness of those organs. 

186. Curculio. The weevil. 

187. Aux. By this interpreters generally 
understand the almond-tree, agreeably to 
what is said of it in other authors. Isid. 
lib. XVII. 47. AmygdaMa nomen Gr cecum est, 
quae Latine nux longa vocatur — de qua Virgi- 
lius, cum se mix plurima silvis Induet injlorenu 
So Theophyl. in Natural. Prob. Cap. 17. 
'Ogx Ttiv ap.uyS'a.tov, &c. Amygdalum cemefruc- 
tuingravescentem, adeo ut pr<z faetu et exube- 
rantia incurveiur, et terrain pene contingai 
Est hoc, O Polycrates, argumentum maximum 
fertilitatis. Plut. Lib. 2. de VitaJlfoysis, TivYirat 
ftsvTot y.xt tg)v, &c. Fertur e vernis arboribus 
prima fiorere Amygdalus proventum prcenun- 
tians fructuum arborum. Mr. Martyn howe- 
ver contends that it refers to the walnut- 
tree. 

192. Aeqnicqua?n. Servius renders ?iequic- 
quam pingues by non pingues; but it may just- 
ly be questioned, whether Virgil ever uses 
the word in that sense; those other exam- 
ples which Servius produces are very du- 
bious. 

192. Pingues palea. The sense is, that the 
culms would be rich, not with fruit, but 
with chaff, 



51 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



195 



200 



torum 
retro acta 



Egoquidemvidimultossato-Semina vidi equidem multos medicare serentes, 

£££.££;&?? n » r ° P ri «? «»*?«* Perfundere amurdt, 

murca,ut grana majora es-Grandior at foetus sihquis fallacious esset. 
sentinfoiliculis w^oinani-Et quamvis igni exiguo properata tnaderent, 

men vidi ea, diu electa, et Degenerare tamen; m vis humana quotannis 
magna cura explorata, de. Maxima quaeque manu legeret: sic omnia fatis 

generai-e: ni S1 hommumin- In j us retrQ sublapSa re ferri. 

dustna singulis annis eu-__ r •»,. J 7 , r . _ . . . 

■geret maxima quteque ^ra- Non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum 
■no. Sic vidi omnia vi fa- Remigiis subigit: si brachia forte remisit, 

abu-e m^pejus,^et Atque ilium in praeceps prono rapit alveus amni. 
rinde a^iUe^qSrcolitrarfoPraBterea tarn sunt Arcturi sidera nobis 
flumine ajgre impeiUt remis Hoedorumq; dies servandi, et lucidus anguis; 205 
cvmbam: si forte remittat Q u £ m quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora vectis 
brachia, statim impetus ra-n A •* • j? a u j- 

pit ilium in profluentem, Pontus et ostnfen fauces tentantur Abydi. 

qua propendet fluvius. Prx- Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas, 
terek, nos agricote, tam de- £ t me dium luci atque umbris jam dividet orbem: 

bemus stellam Arcturi ob- rr . . ^ . , J , « . ~ 

servare, et dies nredorum, Exercete, viri, tauros, sente hordea campis, 210 

et spiendidnm draconem; Usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem. 
qukm a qui, vecti in patriam Necnon et lini seeetem et Cereale papaver 

per ventosum mare, expo- ° 

nunt se Hellesponto, etfreto Abydi ostriferi. Quando Libra feceret horas diei et noctis sequales, 
et jam distribuet medium mundum luci ac tenebris: exercete tauros, 6 agricolaj, seminate hordea 
in agris, usque ultimas circiter pluvias durae brumse. Tempus quoque est abscondere terra sege- 
tem lini, et papaver Cereris: 



NOTES. 



193. Semina vidi. Beans or pulse. The 
poet here teaches, by what means the seed 
may be preserved vigorous. 

200. In pejus ruert. Gilbert Wakefield in- 
sists, that the word fluere is the right read- 
ing, for says he, "Vox 'mere' in se notio- 
nem habet perfecti cujusdam atque absoluti 
quod gradus respiciat: unde, quamvis bo- 
num fuerit ' ruere' per se, * ruere in pejus' 
minime ferri potest." 

200. Sublapsa. Gliding insensibly, as iEn. 
XII. 686. 

Seu turbidus imber 
Proluit, aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas. 

203. Atque, &c. Most interpreters explain 
atque by statim, upon the authority of A. 
Gellius; but none of them have produ- 
ced any parallel example from a classical 
author. The passage may be explained, by 
supposing an ellipsis, which every one will 
easily supply in the reading, thus: Omnia in 
pejus ruere, ac retro sublapsa referri, non 
aliter qudm ille mit, ac, retro sublapsus, re- 
fertur, &c. 

204. Pr<etered. Having treated of the 
modes of tilling the ground, the origin of 
agriculture, and the husbandman's imple- 
ments, the poet now teaches the propriety 
of observing times and seasons. 

204. Arcturi sidera. Arcturus is a star 
near the tail of the Great Bear, whose 
rising and setting were generally supposed 
portentous of tempests. It derives its name 
from its situation; aQ%1og is a bear, and ovgx, 
a tail. Pliny says it rose in his time on the 
22th, or according to Columella, on the 5th 



of September: it rises now at the beginning 
of October. 

205. Heedoram. The kids are two stars on 
the arm of Auriga. 

205. Anguis. The northern constellation. 
There are three that bear this name, one to 
the north, another in Ophiuchus on the 
equator, and a third in the south. Servius 
supposes Virgil to speak of the latter; but 
all others agree he intends the first, because 
most conspicuous. 

207. Pontus. Ruseus thinks the Hellespont; 
Martyn and Minelius, the Euxine. 

207. Abydi, now called the Dardanelles, 
ever famous for oysters, 

208. Libra die. Barley is sowed in hot 
climates at the latter end of the year. The 
barley harvest in consequence comes ear- 
lier than the wheat. Thus we find in the 
book of Exodus that the flax and the barley 
were destroyed by the hail, because the 
barley was in the ear and the flax in seed, 
but the wheat and the rye escaped, having 
not yet come up. 

208. Die, for diei; antiquo more, says Mi- 
nelius. 

209. Dividet. In many MSS.dividif. 

211. Brum<x. Holdsworth remarks, that 
bruma was not used by the ancients for the 
whole winter, but merely for the winter 
solstice. Usque in this line intimates that 
the husbandman must labour until the rainy 
season commences. 

212. Lini. Flax; which was sowed in Ita- 
ly during October and November. 

212-. Cereale papaver. Probably the white 



GEORGICA. LIB. L 



55 



Tempus humo tegere, et jamdudum incumbere ara- et quamprimum incumbere 

£• aratris: dum terra sicca id 



Dum sicca tellure licet, dum nubila pendent. 
Vere fabis satio: turn te quoque, Medica, putres 
Accipiunt sulci; et milio venit annua cura: 
Candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum 
Taurus, et averse- cedens canis occidit astro. 
At si triticeam in messem robustaque farra 
Exercebis humum, solisque instabis aristis: 
Ante tibi Eose Atlantides abscondantur, 
Gnossiaque ardentis decedat Stella coronae; 
Debita quam sulcis committas semina, quamque 
Invitae properes anni spem credere terrae. 
Multi ante occasum Maiae coepere: sed illos 
Expectata seges vanis elusit aristis. 
Si vero viciamque seres, vilemque faselum, 
Nee Pelusiacae curam aspernabere lends; 
Haud obscura cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes: 
Incipe, et ad medias sementem extende pruinas. 
Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbem 
Per duodena regit mundi Sol aureus astra. 



permittit, et nubes pluvU- 
suspense sunt. Vere sit se- 

215 mentis fabarura: tunc ctiam. 
sulci molles excipiunt te, 6 
Medica: et redit annuus 
cultus milii, quando taurus 
fulgens aureis cornibus in- 
ch oat annum; et canis occi- 

--_ dit, dans locum sideriretro- 

^^grado. Quod si praparas 
terram ad segetem tritici et 
far robustum, et soli fru- 
mento intentus es: Pleiades 
tibi oeeidant matutinse, et 
ardens Stella corona? Ari- 

225 a ^nes recedat prius; quam 
deponas in sulcis semina 
debita} et «q"am properes 
committere spem anni terra? 
repugnanti. Plurimi incepe- 
runt ante occasum Pleia- 
dum, sed messis sperata fe- 

230 fellit eos inanibus spicis. Si 
autem seminas viciam, et vi- 
lem faselum; neque dedig- 
naris cultum lentis iEgyp- 

et profer sationem usque ad me- 



tise; Bootes occidens dabit tibi signa non dubia: incipe tunc, 

diam hyemem. Ideo Sol aureus gubernat per duodecim mundi signa, orbem distributum in 

certaa partes. 



NOTES. 



floppy, whose seed was served up by the 
ancients with the dessert, Plin. XIX. 8. 
Servius assigns several reasons why the 
poppy is called the flower of Ceres: but all 
of them appear fabulous. It is sufficient for 
explaining- the author, to know that poppies 
were consecrated to Ceres, and that most 
of her statues are adorned with them, 

213. Aratris. There is little doubt but 
that the right word is rastris. Virgil mid 
already mentioned ploughing; he here in- 
troduces harrowing. 

215. Medica. Martyn acquaints us, that 
this plant had its name from Media, be- 
cause it was brought from that country into 
Greece, during the Persian war, under Da- 
rius. It is called by the English botanists 
Burgundy trefoil and medic fodder. 

218. Annua cura. Thy annual care: in op- 
position to the Medic plant, which lasts 
many years: Pliny says it lasts thirty. 

217. Taunts. Servius thinks this passage 
is not to be rendered, " the bull opens the 
year with his golden horns," but "the bull 
with golden horns opens the year." April 
comes! 

218. Averso astro. The backward star or 
constellation, viz. of the Bull, so called be- 
cause he rises backwards. 

. 221. Box Atlantides. The Pleiades are 
called AtlantideSj because thev were fabled 



to be the daughters of Atlas. Eos, in the 
morning, i. e. when they set or go below 
our western horizon about the sun-rising, 
whiclys called their cosnucal setting. 

222. Gnossia stella corona. Ariadne's crown, 
so called from Gnosus, a city of Crete, 
where Minos, the father of Ariadne, reign- 
ed. 

222. Decedat. Most commentators have 
rendered this word by emerge, viz. from the 
sun, i. e. rises heliacally; because the helia- 
cal rising of this constellation, and not the 
setting, happens at the time here mention- 
ed by Virgil; but we believe the word 
is hardly to be found any where else in this 
sense. 

225. Maice. Maia, one of the Pleiade^ 
here put for the whole. 

227. Vilem. Because they were very com- 
mon among them, and therefore of little es- 
timation. 

229. Cadens Bootes. About the beginning 
of November. 

229. Bootes. Bootes is a northern constel- 
lation near the Ursa major, called also Bu- 
bulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it 
to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was 
killed by shepherds for inebriating them. 

232. Mundi. Either orbem mundi, or ra- 
ther astra mundi; as JEn.lX. 93. 
Filius huic contra, torquet qui sidera 
mundi, 



56 P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 

Quinquc zona occupant coe- Quinque tenent caelum zonae: quarum una corsuco 
£&£££& ^^pei- Sole rubens, et torrida semper ab igni: 
perincalescitab«?/7/sardorc. Quam circum extreme dextra laevaq; trahuntur, 235 
Circa illam, ad d'extram et Ccerulea glacie concrete atque imbribus atris. 
££2X$Zfr£ t H» inter mediamque, du* mortalibus *gris 
rulea, et nigris pluviis. In- Munere concessae Divum, et via secta per ambas, 
ter illas et" mediam, dux Obliquus qua se signorum verteret ordo. 
beneficioDeoriim date sunt Mundus ut ad Scythiam Riphseasq; arduus arces 240 

miseris hominibus: ct orbi- ^ . • T •, i ^ • a 

ta scissaest inter has du as , Consurgit; premitur Libyse devexus in Austros. 

qua ordo duodecim signorum Hie vertex nobis semper sublimis; at ilium 

oblique se volveret Sicut Sub pedibus Styx atra videt, Manesque profundi. 

mundus sublimis attolhtur •»* f , x Q J , ,. * r . 

versus Scythiam et montes Maximus hie flexu smuoso elabitur anguis 

Riphxos; ita deprimitur in- Circum, perq; duas in morem fluminis Arctos: 245 

clinans in Austrum Africa. Arctos, Oceani metuentes sequore tin^i. 

£r£&m85£*5£ Illte > ut P erhibent - aut intempesta silet no* 
etumbrajinfernse videntsub Semper, et obtenta. densantur nocte tenebrae: 
pedibus. Ad polum superio- Aut redit a nobis Aurora, diemque reducit; 
SSSSH tZ^Z Nosq; ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, 250 

vii, circa polum, et inter duas Imc sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper, 
ursas: ursas, qme timent la- Hinc tempestates dubio praediscere cceIo 
variaquis Oceani. Ad polum p ossum i: m ■ j: temnimrv serendi- 

inferiorem, aut profunda nox £° ssumi js. nine messisq, mem^ tempusq, serenai. 
semper silet 4 ut aiunt, et te- kt quando lnndum remis impellcre marmor 
nebrse densantur offusA noc- Conveniat; quando armatas deducere classes, 25 

te: aut Aurora, a nobis re- Aut tempestivam sylvis evertere pinum. 
cedens, uluc revertitur, et r J r 

refert lucem; et cum primus oriens nos afflat equis anhelantibus, ill'ic rubens Hesperus accen- 
dit sidera serOtina. Ex his possumus pnenoscere tempestates, coelo Ucerto: ex his, ' et tempus 
messis, et tempus sationjs: et quandonam opportunum sit agitare remis infidum mare: etquan- 
donam opportunum sit deducere classes armatas, aut csedere in sylvis pinum tempestivam. •• 



• NOTES. 

233 Zona. It is unnecessary to describe and revives every day. In the following line 

the zones; they may be learned from al- he states the truth as it exists, 

most any geographical treatise. 248. Et obtentd, &c. Literally, And, night 

236. Concrete. Frozen up, concretum flu- being outstretched, darkness is tJnckened. 

men, or thick and foggy, as Cicero says, ^50. Equis. Four horses are, by the poets, 

Crassus hie et concretus aer. Dr. Trapp trans- assigned to the sun: Pyrbis, E'ous, JEthon, 

lates it stiff, which, however it may agree and Phlegon. 

to cxrulea glacie, is incongruous to atris im- 251. Accendit. G. Wakefield writes it ad~ 
bribus; and therefore he adopts another epi- cendit, and says, Olim dedi verissime hanc 
thet, black ivith lowering clouds. Imber, it is lectionem ex divinatione (meaning, as I sup- 
true, sometimes signifies clouds fraught with pose, from conjecture) nescius ita citasse 

in, as JEn. III. 193. Senecam, in Epist. 122 



^ 



um mihi cjeruleus supra caput astitit 252. Hinc tempestates. The practical use of 

imber. an acquaintance with the aspects of the 

But here we are inclined to think it means heaven, the poet now begins to state. 
sno-ws, as being joined with ice, and be- 252. Praediscere. Some say praedicere. 
cause of the epithet concrete. In this sense 255. Deducere. To draw them down from 

Virgil's description of the two frigid zones the docks. 

agrees with that of other poets, Ov. Met. 256. Tempestivam. " Hoc est^." says Ruseas, 

I. 56. JYix tegit alta duas. " tempore idoneo cxdendis arboribus." 

238. Via secta per ambas. A path is cut be- 256. Evertere pinum. Dryden has trans - 
tween both; i. e. the Ecliptic. lated these words, 

239. Obliquus. The zodiac traverses the " Or when to fell the furzes;" 

whole torrid zone, but neither of die tern- but Martyn observes, that he must certainly 

perate. It turns obliquely off, after touching have meant firs: for the furze, otherwise 

the one or other ofthe tropics. called gorse and -whin, is a prickly shruft 

242. Vertex. The north pole. Ilium. The which grows on heathy grounds, and bears 

south pole. no resemblance to the fir or pine. Wharton 

247. Ill'ic. In this line he refers to the renders the word pinum, pine: 

doctrine of Epicurus; that the sun perishes " And when in forests fell the timely pine """ 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



57 



Nee frustra signorum obitus speculamur et ortus, 
Temporibusque parem diversis quatuor annum. 
Frigidus agricolam si quando continet imber: 
Multa, forent qux mox ccelo properanda sereno, 
Maturare datur: durum procudit arator 
Vomeris obtusi dentem, cavat arbore lintres: 
Aut pecori signum, aut numeros impressit acervis 
Exacuunt alii vallos, furcasque bicornes, 
Atque Amerina parant lentae retinacula viti. 
Nunc facilis rubea. texatur fiscina virga: 
Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo. 
Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus 
Fas et jura sinunt: rivos deducere nulla 
Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere sepem, 
Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres, 
Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. 

Quin etiam fas et leges per- 
mittunt facere res aliquas festis diebua: nulla religio prohibet derivare aquas ex agrisy cingere 
segetem septo, struere dolos avibus, comburere spinas, et lavare in aquis gregem ovium, sani- 
tatis causa. 



Nee frustra consideramus 
ortus et occasus side- 
rum, et annum dimensum 
xqualiter in quatuor tem- 

260 pestates. Si aliquando plu- 
via frigida retinet domi a- 
gricolam; tunc licet multa 
praeparare, quae postea festi- 
nanter facienda essent sudo 
tempore. Arator exacuit du- 
ram aciem vomeris hebetati, 

265 cavat naviculas e ligno: vel 
imponit notas pecudibus, vel 
numeros cumulis fmgum. 
Alii acuminant palos, et fur- 
cas bicornes, et prseparant 
Amerina ligamina vineae 

2!jrQnexili. Modo conficite leves 
canistros e vimine rubeo: 
modd coquite igne frumen- 
ta, modo. ■ ea terite saxo. 



NOTES. 



261. Maturare often signifies, to do any 
thing hastily, as jEneid I. 41. Maturate fu- 
%am: but it is here opposed to proper are, as 
expressed by Dryden: 

" Let him forecast his work with timely 

care." 
According to Wharton, it is " to prepare 
with prudent foresight." 

262. Lintres. Scaphas (or skiffs), accord- 
ing to Minelius; but Martyn thinks that Vir- 
gil speaks of troughs which, scooped from 
the alders, seem more immediately to con- 
cern the farmer. So Wharton, 

" Scoop troughs from trees." 
Such were used for carrying grapes. Tib. 
book 1. El. 5. 

263. Impressit. How came the Romans 
not to find out the art of printing many ages 
ago? The Caesars impressed (or printed) 
their whole names on grants and letters, 
and this practice was so common a one that 
even shepherds impressed their names on 
their cattle. 

264. Vallos. Sudes. Stakes. So Dryden, " or 
sharpen stakes" 

265. Amerina retinacula. Amerine bands, 
so called from Ameria, a town in Umbria, 
which abounded with osiers. 

266. Rubea virgd. Bramble twigs; others 
render it Rubean wicker, from Rubi, a town 
in Italy, which Horace mentions in his jour- 
ney to Brundusium. But, as Pliny mentions 
the bramble among the twigs that are fit 
for such purposes, is is more probable that 
these are here meant. Mr. Benson is the 
only translator who has followed this last 
interpretation: 

" Now with the bramble weave the baskets 
round." 

267. Nunc torrete igni fruges. He speaks 



of parching the corn, in order to grind it, as 
in JEneid I. 



fruges receptas 



Et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo." 
Wharton has given the true sense of the 
word, but absurdly introduced the grinding 
before the parching: 
" Now grain be ground with stones, now 

parch'd upon the stove." 
Dryden, with an absurdity still greater, re- 
presents the grain as ground before its 
grinding took place: 

« Or grinded grain betwixt two marbles 
turn." 

269. Rivos deducere. Not to float the 
ground, as some will have it; for that, as 
we learn from Servius, was prohibited by 
the priests on holy-days: but to drain the 
pools, and make the rivulets run off the 
fields; which was allowed, as we read in 
Columella: Feriis autem ritus majonim etiam 
ilia permittit — Pisanas, lacus, focis veteres 
tergere, et purgare. To float the fields, in 
Virgil's style, is inducere rivos, as verse 106. 
in opposition to which deducere humoretn 
signifies to drain, verse 114. 

272. Balantumque gregem. It is observed, 
that sheep make a great bleating when they 
are washed. For the sake of his rhyme, 
Dryden calls this steeping them. He steeps 
them, too, not in a river (fluvio) but in a 
water-fall: 

— — — — " steep 
In wholesome water-falls the woolly sheep." 
Minelius says " ut curetur scabies." 

272. Fluvio salubri. Columella observes, 
upon this passage, that it was unlawful to 
wash the sheep on holy-days for the sake 
of the wool; but that it was allowed ta 
wash them for the cure of their diseases* 



58 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



275 



Ssepe ductor pigri asini dor- Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli 

sum illius oleo onerat, vel yilibus aut onerat pomis: lapidemque revertens 

fructibus villous: et rediens _ r *. . .7 

rfo//mmexurberefertmolamlncusutn,aut atrae massam picisurbe reportat. 

incisam, vel massam nigra Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna 

picis. Ipsa Luna prsebet dies Felices operum . Quintam fu^e: pallidus Orcus 

vanos van a sene prosperos ^ . , r ^" ~. rA, r j 

ad opera. Evita quintum di- Eumenidesque satae: turn partu I erra nelando 

em.- Mo die Pluto pallidus, etCoeumque, Iapetumq; creat, saevumque Typhoea, 

Furi» genitse sunt: prsetcrea £ t conjuratos coeium rescindere fratres. 280 

Terra scelerato partu pi^o- rp. J ^ ■ • r r\ 

duxit,etc; ffi umet Ja P etum, Ter sunt cona ti imponere Pelio Ossam 

et crudelem Typhoea, et Scilicet, atq; Qssae frondosum inyolvere Olympum: 

fratres conjuratos evertere Ter Pater extructos disiecit fulmine montes. 

ZSS£Z!gl*3£. Se P tima p° st de . cimam felix > et .p° ne, ' e vitem > 

et injicere Ossse frondosum Et prensos domitare boves, et hcia telae 
Olympum: ter Jupiter dis- Addere: nona fugae melior, contraria furtis. 
!E3£!?S!^SE M-l*.** gelida melius se nocte dedere: 
lix est, minus quamdecimus, Aut cum bole novo terras irrorat bous. 
et ad plantandam vineam, et Nocte leves stipulse melius, nocte arida prata 
ad subigendos boves Hgato3, Tondentur . noctes len tus non deficit humor. 
et ad lungenda licia telse. „ . . . . ...... 

Nonus felix est ad peregri- Et quidam seros hyberm ad lummis ignes 
nationem, et ad versus furtis. Pervigilat, ferroque faces inspicat acuto. 
Multa etiam melius succe- i ntere a ionium cantu solata laborem 
dunt noctu, aut cum Luci- A *? . , 

fer spargit rore terras ori- Arguto conjux percumt pectme telas: 

ente Sole. Noctu graciles aristse, noctu fcenum siccum melius secatur: humor tenax non deest 
noctibus. Et aliqui vigilant ad lucem nocturnam hyberni ignis, et acuto ferro incidunt faces: In- 
terim uxor leniens cantilenis longum laborem addensat telam stridulo pectine, 



285 



290 



NOTES. 



Hence. Virgil mentions the wholesome river, 
to show that he meant it by way of medicine. 

274. Vilibus. Vilis signifies common, mean 
or cheap. 

274<. Lapidem incusam. This Ser^ius in- 
terprets a stone cut with teeth, for a hand- 
mill to grind corn. So Dryden, 

" Hand-mills for the grain." 

277. Orcus. One of the names of the god 
of hell, the same as Pluto, though confound- 
ed by some with Charon. He had a temple 
at Rome. The word Orcus is generally 
used to signify the infernal regions. 

278. Eumenides. A name given to the 
Furies by the ancients. They were three in 
number; Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto. 
They received the name of Eumenides, 
which signifies benevolence or compassion, 
after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, 
who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, 
and built them a temple. Their worship, 

" For so the Devil ordain'd," 
was almost universal. They hold a burning 
torch in one hand, and a whip in the other. 

279. Cceum. A son of Coelus and Terra. 
279. Iapetum. The Greeks regarded him 

as the father of all mankind. He was the 
old-testament Japheth. For what reason 
the day that gave Iapetus birth should be 
regarded as unlucky I cannot conceive. 
Commentators are silent. Dryden leaves 
out the name. 

279. Typhoea. A famous giant, son of Tar- 
tarus and Terra. He had a hundred heads, 



resembling those of a serpent or dragon. 
His eyes were fire, and his yellings tremen- 
dous. He made war against heaven, and so 
frightened the gods, that they ran away in 
different shapes: Jupiter became a ram, 
Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, 
Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fish, 
&c. Hence the propriety of the epithet 
$cg<vum. 

280. .Rescindere, pro exscindere. 

281. Ter sunt conati Longinus produces 
this as an instance of the sublime. The slow 
numbers of the line Wharton has attempted 
to imitate: 

" Ossa on Pelion thrice t' uplift they strove." 
Heyne ascribes the origin of this table to a 
great earthquake. According to Strabo, Os- 
sa was really thought to have been torn 
from Olympus. 

284. Septima post decimam. The seventh 
next to the tenth; or the seventeenth. 

288. Eous. Some think the morning star: 
others one of the horses of the sun, mention- 
ed by Ovid: 

Interea volucres Pyroeis et Eous, et JEthon 
Solis equi, &c. 

289. Nocte arida prata tondentur. Pliny also 
observes that a dewy night is fittest for 
mowing; " noctibus roscidis secari melius." 

292. Faces inspicat. The torches of the an- 
cients were sticks cut to a point. Heyne on 
the word inspicare says, " novasse videtur 
poeta, ut sit in spicte formam, adeoque in 
acutam cuspidem, concidore ." 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



59 



Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorcm, 

Et foliis undam tepidi despumat aheni. 

At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur aestu, 

Et medio tostas aestu terit area fruges. 

Nudus ara, sere nudus: hyems ignava colono. 

Frigoribus parto agricolae plerumq; fruuntur, 

Mutuaque inter se Iseti convivia curant: 

Invitat genialis hyems, curasque resolvit. 

Ceu pressae cum jam portum tetigere carinas, 

Puppibus et lseti nautae imposuere coronas. 

Sed tamen et quernas glandes turn stringere tempus 



295 autcoquitigneliquorem dul- 
cis vini, et frondibua auterl 
spurn am ex unda cacabi Iml- 
lientis. At segetes flavae se- 
cantur media die, et media 
die frumenta exsiccata terun- 
turinarea. Ara nudus, semi- 



300 



na nudus: frigus pigrum red- 
dit agricolam. Per hyeniem 
vulgo agricolae utuntur rebus 
per cestatem comparatis: et 
hi lares agitant inter se mu- 
tuas epulas. Suadet hoc hy- 
ems voluptaria, et curas re- 

Et lauri baccas, oleamque, cruentaque myrta: 306 ^&^^vT^^ 3 

Tunc gruibus pedicas et retia ponere cervis, et nautae hiiares imposuere 

Auritosque sequi lepores; turn figere damas coronas puppibus. Attamen 

Stupe, torquentem Balearis verbera fund*; 'SZtgZStfSGZ 

Cum nix alta jacet, glaciem cum flumma trudunt. 310 lauri, et olhas, et m^rta san- 
guinea. Tunc tempus est objicere pedicas avibus, et retia cervis, et persequi lepores auritos; 
tunc tempus est occidere damas intorquendo lora stupea Balearis fundae: cum nix alta jacet, 
cum fluvii px-opellunt glaciem. 



NOTES. 



295. Dulcis musti. This boiled must was 
usually put into some sorts of wine, to make 
them keep. Columella recommends the 
sweetest wine for this purpose: so that dul- 
cis in this passage is no idle epithet to 
musti. 

295. Vulcano. La Cerda observes that 
Vulcan is never used by Virgil for a fire, but 
when he would express a large one. 

295. Humorem. This has been thought a 
syllable redundant at the end to express the 
ebullition and overflowing of the liquor. 

296. Undam trepidi aheni; because the un- 
dulation of the water in a boiling kettle re- 
sembles the tumult of the sea. So JEneid 
7. 463. undans ahenum. 

297. Rubicunda Ceres. Ceres is sometimes 
used for bread. Eel. 5. 79. here for the crop 
itself, which when ripe is (rubicunda) of a 
reddish or golden colour. 

298. Terit area fruges. The Romans did 
not thresh or winnow their corn: in the heat 
of the day, as soon as it was reaped, they 
laid it on the floor, and drove horses or 
mules round it till they trod all the grain 
out. This was the common practice all over 
the east, and that humane text of scripture 
" thou shalt not muzzle the ox thattreadeth 
out the corn," is a plain allusion to it. 

299. Nudus ara, &c. These works must 
be performed when the heat of the weather 
shall render garments unnecessary. A Ro- 
man would call himself naked, when divest- 
ed of his upper garment. Cincinnatus pro- 
bably in this last sense was found naked at 
his plough when called to be dictator. 

303. Pressa. Weather-beaten. Others ren- 
der it laden. But the former sense figures 
more aptly the toils of the farmer; and a- 
grees better to the words ceu pressae carinas 



cum jam, &c. The phrase cum jam denotes 
that the ships had been in distress. 

304. Puppibus. See iEneid IV. 418. 

305. Quernas glandes. Glans, says Mar- 
tyn, seems to have been used by the Ro- 
mans in the same sense that we use mast. 
Strictly speaking, it means only such fruits 
as contain but one seed, covered at the low- 
er part with a husk, and naked at the upper 
part. The fruit of an oak, which is common- 
ly called an acorn, is properly a glans. 

305. Stringere. To gather with the hand. 

306. Lauri. Translators, says Martyn, 
frequently confound the laurel and the bay, 
as if they were the same tree, and what the 
Romans called laurus. To the common lau- 
rel no fine smell is attached, nor does its 
leaf crackle in the fire; yet these charac- 
terize the laurus of the Romans, and these 
agree well with the bay tree, which 
seems most certainly to be the laurus of the 
ancients, and is frequent in the woods and 
hedges in Italy. Its first discoverers gave 
it the name of lauro-cerasus, because its leaf 
resembles the bay, and its fruit the cherry. 

306. Cruenta myrta. The myrtle -berries 
are called cruenta, or bloody, from their vi- 
nous juice. Ray observed no other species 
of this plant in Italy but the myrtus commu- 
nis Italica, or common myrtle. 

307. Pedicas. Springes for catching birds 
or beasts by the legs. 

309. Balearis. The Balearides are Ma- 
jorca and Minorca, whose inhabitants have 
ever been famous for slinging. Mothers, in 
these islands, were not used to give their 
children bread, but to hang it on a tree that 
they might strike it down with a stone be- 
fore they ate it. 



60 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Quid enumerem prooellas Quid tempestates autumni et sidera dicam? 
STWaSLi "Z. Atq«e ubj jam breviorque dies, et molljor *sta S , 
ticis, cum dies jam decres- Quae vigilanda virisr vel cum ruit imbriferum ver: 
cunt, etsestasest mitior: vel Spicea jam campis cum messis inhorruit, et cum 
cum ver piuvium desinit, F rumenta j n v iridi stipula. lactentia tu rgent? 315 

cum spicse segetum 1am in- s n • • i 

tremiscunt per agros, et ^aepe ego, cum tiavis messorem induceret arvis 
cum frumenta plena lacte Agricola, et fragili jam stringeret hordea culmo, 
tumescunt in culmo adhuc Omnia ventorum concurrere prselia vidi, 
herbescente. sisepe cum co- n .j litN \ j««i •• 

lonus introduceret messo- Q UJE . gravidam late segetem ab radicibus lmis 
rem in segetes maturas, et Sublime expulsam eruerent: ita turbine nigro 320 
jam ligarethordeapaleisfra- Ferret hyems culmumq; levem, stipulasq; volantes. 
SomSSm" qui" S3e P e etiam immensum ccelo venit agmen aquarum, 
dissiparent in auras plenam Et foedam glomerant tempestatem imbribus atris 
segetem extirpatam radici- Collects ex alto nubes: ruit arduus aether, 

tus: tarn denso nimbo jacta- 

bat procella calamos leves, et stipulas volantes. S»pe etiam ingens copia imbrium cadit e coslo, 

et nubesie mari advectse colligunt tempestatem nigrse pluvise: caelum altum minatur ruinam, 



311. S>uid tempest ates. Mr. Martyn thinks 
the summer storm not to be equalled. " We 
see the adverse winds engaging, the heavy 
corn torn up by the roots and whirled aloft, 
the clouds thickening, the rain pouring, the 
rivers overflowing and the sea swelling. 
Jupiter is introduced overturning the moun- 
tains with his flaming right hand; earth 
trembles; the beasts are fled and men are 
struck with horror; the south wind redou- 
bles, the shower increases, and the woods 
and shores rebellow." This description is 
far surpassed in the 18th Psalm. 

311. Autumni. Autumn began about the 
12th of August. 

314. Spicea. Not the ripe corn, for the 
next line speaks of it as milky and its stems 
green. 

315. Lactentia. This is a favourite word 
with the poets. Several MSS. read lactan- 
tia. Servius observes, that lactans signifies 
that which yields milk, lacttns that which 
receives milky nourishment. 

317. Stri?igeret. Was binding- up. Servius 
renders it secaret, and quotes verse 305. 

Et quernas glandes turn stringere tempus. 
But surely stringe re there signifies to gather 
or strip off with the hand. 

317. Culmo. The stem or straw of the 
growing barley. 

322. S<epe etiam — ccelo venit. The common 



NOTES. 

proaches. First the clouds or vapours come 
marching up together in bands, agmen a- 
quorum, till they have overcast the whole 
face of the sky. 
Saepe etiam immensum cccli venit agmen 

aquarum. 
Then they gather themselves in thicker 
wreaths, and brew the storm more deep 
and threatening. 

Et foedam glomerant tempestatem imbri- 
bus atris 

Collects ex alto nubes. 
After this solemn apparatus, the storm 
bursts, the clouds discharge such a deluge 
of rain as if the whole sky were dissolved 
and poured down at once, ruit arduus aether. 

Venit Ccelo therefore is here of the same 
import with venit in caelum or convenit in cce- 
lo, agreeably to Virgil's style in many other 
places. Thus JEn. 1. 293. Hunc tu accipies cce- 
lo for accipies in caelum. JEn. v. 451. It cla- 
mor ccelo, for ad coelum, or per caelum. See 
also JEn. VI. 191. VIII. 591. IX. 664. XII. 
283. 

324. Ex alto. Servius explains it ab aqui- 
lone, from the north,- because the north pole 
is elevated with respect to us: but this 
seems forced. Alto is often put elsewhere 
for the sea, and seems to be so here. 

324. Ruit arduus tether. Virgil is thought 
in this description to have had in his mind a 



way of explaining this line, in a great mea- 
sure, destroys the whole beauty of the pas- 
sage, takes away the solemnity of the de- 
scription, and renders it somewhat prepos- 
terous. It turns that lofty expression, ruit 
arduus cether, into a tautology, and breaks 
into the description before the reader is 
prepared for it. 

To see the passage in its just light, we 
are to consider that the poet is here de- 
scribing one of those storms that are fraught 
with thunder, hail, lightning, rain, and 
■which come gradually on by sensible ap- 



passage in the 16th Iliad. 

" From their deep beds he bids the rivers 

rise, 
And opens all the floodgates of the skies. 
Th* impetuous torrents from their hills 

obey; 
Whole fields are drown'd, and mountains 

swept away: 
Loud roars the deluge till it meets the 

main, 
And trembling man sees all his labours 

vain." Pope. 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



61 



Et pluvia ingenti sata laeta, boumque labores 
Diluit: implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescunt 
Cum sonitu, fervetque fretis spirantibus sequor. 
Ipse pater, media nimborum in nocte, corusca 
Fulmina molitur dextra: quo maxima motu 
Terra tremit: fugere ferae, et mortalia corda 
Per gentes humilis stravit pavor: ille flagranti 
Aut Atho, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo 
Dejicit: ingeminant Austri, ft densissimus imber: 
Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt. 
Hoc metuens, coeli menses et sidera serva: 
Frigida Saturni sese quo Stella receptet: 
Quos ignis coeli Cyllenius erret in orbes. 
Imprimis venerare Deos, atque annua magnse 
Sacra refer Cereri, laetis operatus in herbis, 
Extremae sub casum hyemis, jam vere sereno. 
Tunc agni pingues, et tunc mollissima vina: 
Tunc somni dulces, densaeq; in montibus umbrse. 
Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret: 
Cui tu lacte favos, et miti dilue Baccho, 

bis fertilibus, sub exitumul- 
timse hyemis, jam sudo vere. Tunc agni sunt pingues, tunc vina suavissima, tunc somni dulses, 
et umbrae opacas in montibus. Omnis rusticajuventus adoret tibi Cererem: cuitu misce mel clim. 
lacte et vino leni, 



325 evertitque largo imbre ope- 
ra bourn et campos fertiles: 
fossae implentur aquis, et 
fluvii profundi augentur cum 
strepitu, et mare\estuat fluc- 
tibus quasi ebullientibus. 

o« n Jupiter ipse mediis in tene- 

J^v b r i s nubium, vibrat rubente 
manu tonitrua: quo tumultu 
terra late concutitur, ferse 
fugiunt, et humilis timor ie- 
jicit undique mentes homiu 
num. Ille fcrit ardenti M- 

S35 mme » ve l Atho, vel Rhodo- 
pen, vel ardua Ceraunia: ii- 
valescunt Austri et plum 
copiosissima: jam sylvae, jam 
litora sonant magno vento, 
Hoc timens, observa menses 
et signa cceli: quam in pgr- 

340 tern abeat tardum astran 
Saturni, quos per circubs 
planeta Mercurii vagetur. 
Prsecipue cole Deos, et an- 
nua sacrificia persolve rmg- 
nse Cereri, sacrificans in her» 



NOTES. 



530- Fugere ferce. Dr. Trapp observes 
that fugere, in the preter -perfect tense, has 
a wonderful force. We see the beasts scud- 
ding away; they are out of sight in a mo- 
ment. 

332. Atho. Athos is a mountain in Ma- 
cedonia that overlooks the JEgean sea. Rho- 
dope is a mountain in Thrace, a part of 
mount Haemus, which extends itself as far 
as Scythia, taking different names, accord- 
ing to the different places through which 
it passes. 

332. Ceraunia. The Ceraunian mountains 
are in Epirus; they were formerly so called 
from xffauvo?, thunder, because their height 
exposed them much to thunder. They are 
now called Monti de la Chimera. 

334. Plangunt. Heyne explains it, " plan- 
gorem edunt, resonant;" Minelius, " rauco 
fragore resonant." 

335. Hoc metuens. Against the horrors of 
a tempest, he proposes two preservatives: 
making observations on the heavens, and 
worshipping the gods. 

335. Coeli menses. The twelve signs. 

336. Frigida. According to sir Richard 
Blackmore, this may well be called frigid. 
" When the keen north with all its fury 

blows, 
Congeals the blood, and forms the fleecy 

snows, 
J Tis heat intense to what can there be 

known; 
Our poles are warmer than its burning zone: 
Who there inhabits must have other pow'rs, 
juices ancl veins, and sense and life than 

ours: 



One moment's cold, like theirs, wdild 

pierce the bone, 
Freeze the heart's blood, and turn us all to 
stone." 

337. Cyllenius. A surname of Merciiry, 
from his being born on the mountain (tyU 
lene. It is here applied to the planet Mer- 
cury. On the top of the mountain Cylhjne 
was a temple and a wooden statue dedica- 
ted to the god. 

337. Erret, a happy epithet; the wj>rd 
planet being derived from yrxdvn, wandering. 

339. Cereri. We have here a beautiful de- 
scription of the ambarvalia. This was a joy~ 
ful procession round the ploughed fields in 
honour of Ceres, the goddess of corn. "Two 
festivals of this name were celebrated by 
the Romans; one about the month of April, 
the other in July. The swains went three 
times dancing round their fields, crowned 
with oak leaves, singing hymns to Ceres, 
and entreating her to preserve their corn, 
The word ambarvalia is derived from am~ 
biendis arvis, going round the fields. A sow, 
a sheep and a bull, called ambarvaliae hos- 
tiae, were afterwards immolated, and the sa- 
crifice called suovetaurilia, from sus, ovis 
and taurus. 

342. Tunc somni dulces. Both dulces somni 
and densce umbra are to be construed with 
in montibus; for the meaning is plainly, that 
slumbers are sweet on the hills under trees, 
which then begin to be covered with thick 
shade: not as if sleep were sweeter then 
than at other seasons, as one would ima- 
gine Dr. Trapp and other interpreters un» 
derstood it. 



62 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et victima propitia ter duca- Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges, 345 

sssssuz 2 m r quam ? horus et socii comitentur o™**-> 

mitentur; et ciamoribus in- Et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta: neque ant£ 
vocent Cererem in domum Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis, 
suam: nee ullus subjiciat fal- Qu £ Cereri torta redimitus tempora quercu, 
cem maturse segeti, pnus- ^ . . v *i«w»^u| 

quamedat motusinconditos, Det motus incompositos, et carmma dicat. 350 

et oanat carmina in honorem Atque haec ut certis possimus discere signis, 
Cereris. Et ut possimus hac ^ stuS que, pluviasque, et aeentes frigora ventos: 

cojnoscere certis indicns, T \ F . , * . I ° r ° ' 

c a foremetimbres,et ventos 1 P se P ater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret, 

adducentes frigora: Jupiter Quo signo caderent Austri, quid saepe videntes 

ipse definivit, quid menstrua Agricolae propius stabulis armenta tenerent. 355 

ISaZSSZJSffi*. C °^!™° «*»• surgentibus, aut fat. ponti 

dentes rustici ssepe contine- Incipiunt agitata tumescere, et aridus altis 
rent greges non longe a sta- Montibus audiri fragor: aut resonantia longe 
btaatt;i7rarircom: L « OT ^isceri, et nemorum increbrescere murmur. 
motum incipit inflari, etsic- Jam sibi turn curvis male temperat unda carinis: 360 
cus fragor audiri ex altis Cum medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi, 
S±S. ^JSXt Clamoremque ferunt ad litora, cumque marine 
mirmur sylvarum auges- In sicco ludunt tulicae: notasque paludes 
cere. Jam tunc ductus dim- Deserit, atque altam supra volat ardea nubem. 

cile se abstinent kmpi» Saepe etiam Stellas, vento impendente, videbia 365 

vibis voranais, cum mergi „ l . . . _ I . . r 7 

replant celeriter e medio Jrraecipites coelo labi: noctisque per umbram 

man, et emittunt vocem ad Flammarum longos a tergo albescere tractus, 

liter*: et cum marina tuli- Saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas: 

cae ludunt in arena: et cum A A l . A ,, , .^ 

ardea relinquit paludes sibi Aut summa nantes m aqua colludere plumas. 

hol=is, et volat supra altam At Boreae de parte trucis cum fulminat, et cum 370 

nutem. Ssepe etiam, vento 

imminente, videbis Stellas prsecipites cadere e coelo: et longos tractus lucis albescere a tergo, 
peiHenebras noctis: ssepe paleas leves, et folia caduca volitare, aut plumas natantes in superficie 
&qvse agitari. Sed quando fulmen cadit a regione Boreali, et quando regio 



NOTES. 

351. Discere signis. Not by any supposed that stars never fall. Virgil's expressions 

astrological meaning, but by common and are accommodated to the ideas of common 

popular observation. people. 

354. Caderent, should blow with less vio- 368. Scepe levem paleam, &c. What Virgil 

ler.ee. says of chaff, &c. Aratus has said of thistle- 

556. Contir.ub ventis. The poet gives ele- down. 

ves. prognostics of the approach of wind; 370. At Borex. Twelve prognostics of rain 

almost all of them are borrowed, and indeed arehere given. 1. Lightning from the north, 

beautified, from Aratus 1. The sea is agi- 2. Thunder from the east and west. 3. The 

tated. 2- A crashing noise is heard from the flight of cranes. 4. The heifer looking up 

mountains. 3. The shores begin to echo, to heaven and snuffing the air. 5. The swal- 

4. The groves murmur. 5. The cormorants low flying round the lakes. 6. The croaking 

fly towards the shores. 6. The sea-coots of frogs. 7. Ants bringing their eggs from 

play on the land. 7. The heron forsakes her their recesses. 8. The rainbow drinking up 

fens and seeks the clouds. 8. Stars shoot, the waters. 9. Rooks forsaking their food. 

9. Long tracts of light are seen in the hea- . 10. Sea-fowl wantonly tossing water over 

vens. 10. The chaff whirls in the air; and their backs and washing themselves 11. 

1.1. Feathers dance on the waters. x The cawing of the crow, as it walks soli- 

357. Aridus fragor. Such a sound as is tarily on the dry sand. 12. The observations 

made by dry trees when they break. of damsels working, by night, at their 

361. Ex aequore mergi. Birds so called, a wheels, 

mergendo. Herons are most probably in- " When sparkling lamps their sputtering 

tended. light advance, 

365. Scepe etiam Hellas. It is well known And in the sockets oily bubbles dance." 






GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



63 



Euriq; Zephyriq; tonat domus; omnia plenis Euri et Zephyri tonat; om. 

Rura natan, fossis; atque omnis navita ponto j« ««£ ■"*£*** 

Humida vela legit. Nunquam imprudentibus lmber ta per marc colligit ve 

Obfuit. Aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis 

Aeriae fugere grues: aut bucula coelum 

Suspiciens, patulis captavit naribus auras: 

Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo: 

Et veterem in limo ranae cecinere querelam. 

Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulitova 

Angustum formica terens iter: et bibit ingens 

Arcus: et e pastu decedens agmine magno 

Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis. 

Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quae Asia circum 

Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, 

Certatim largos humeris infundere rores, 

Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas, 

Et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi. 

Turn comix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, 

Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena. 

Nee nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puellae 

currere per undas, et frustra agitari desiderio lavandi se. 
bi'em alta voce, et sola privatim vagatur in arena arida. 
lanam 



la humida: nunquam plu 
275 via incautis nocuit. Vel il- 
lam venientem grues aeriae 
fugiunt ex imis vallibus: vel 
juvenca ccelum aspiciens 
hausit aerem naribus paten- 
tibus: aut hirundo canora 
volat circa lacus: et ranse in. 
380 limo canunt an tiquam que- 
relam. Ssepe formica fodiens 
parvam viam exportat ova 
ex intimis cavernulis: et 
haurit aquam magnus arcus 
ccelestis: et turba corvorum 
ojjt rediens e pastu magno nu- 
mero, strepit densis alis. 
Prscterea videre potes diver- 
sas aves maris, et quse cir- 
cumvestigant Asiana prata 
in mollibus paludibus Cays- 
tri, certatim aspergere hu- 
390 meros multa aqua: nunc ob- 
jicere caput fluviis, nunc 
Tunc cornix importuna advocat im- 
Ac ne puellse quidem noctu nentes 



NOTES. 



371. Eurique. Eurus is a wind blowing 
from the east; called also Vulturnus. 

371. Zephyrique. Zephyrus was the west 
wind. He is the same with Favonius. He 
was said to produce flowers and fruits by 
the sweetness of his breath. He had a tern- 
pie at Athens, where he was represented 
as a young man of a delicate form with 
wings on his shoulders and his head cover- 
ed with flowers. 

373. Imprudentibus. Mineliussays "Tam 
multa tam certa et manifesta sunt plu vise 
et temptsiatum prognostica, ut neminem 
non clare et abunde prsemonitum, ut nemi- 
nem nisi improvidum deprehendant." The 
signs are so many that none can complain 
of a shower's falling on him unawares. 

374. Aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis, 
iS'c. Some construe the words thus, grues 

fugere ex imis vallibus. Others take the 
meaning to be, that the shower rises out of 
the valleys. The author of the essay on the 
Georgics interprets it, that the cranes avoid 
the coming storm, by retreating to the low 
valleys. This interpretation is agreeable to 
Aristotle in his History of Animals, where, 
treating of the foresight of cranes, he says, 
They fly on high, that they may see far off, 
and, if they perceive clouds and storms, 
they descend, and rest on the ground: sav 
tSvffi wpr>, %ai xiifAiQia.) Y.ara.TfT«.(Toa rtav^^ovffii. 
In this sense Mr. Benson has translated it: 

" Cranes, as it rose, flew downwards to 
the vale.'* 

378. Veterem cecinere querelam. Either al- 
luding to the known fable of the frogs in JE- 
sop, or to that fabulous tradition of the 
transformation of the Lycians into frogs, 
for which see Ovid, Met, VI. 374. 



380. Bibit ingens arcus. According to a 
vulgar notion, that the rainbow drank up 
the vapours, to feed the clouds for rain. 

383. Asia. The Asia palus, or Asia campus 
is the name of a fenny country which re- 
ceives the overflowings of the Cayster. 
The first syllable of this adjective is always 
long; the first of Asia, a quarter of the 
world, is short. 

384. Caystri. The Cayster or Cdystrus, now 
called Kitcheck-JMeinder, rising in Lydia, 
and falling into the JEgean sea near Ephe- 
sus. Its margin abounded with water-fowl. 
Homer speaks of geese, cranes and swans. 

387- Incassum. Either, as Servius has it, 
because their feathers keep their bodies 
from being wet: ^uia plumarum compositio 
aquam minium ad corpus admittit; or, as 
others, their bustle is idle, and to no pur- 
pose, since without so much pains they 
will soon be effectually washed by the co- 
ming rain. 

388. Vocat. The ancients were of opinion 
that crows not only predicted rain, but 
called it down. Thus Lucretius: 

" Corvorumque greges, ubi aquam dicun- 
tur et imbres 

Poscere et interdum ventos aurasque vocare.' 1 

The " daws and om'nous crows, with vari- 
ous noise 

Affright the farmers; and fill all the plain; 

Now calling for rough 'minds, and now for 
rain." 

389. Et sola in sicca. Dryden renders this 
line, 

" And single stalks along the desert sands." 
Wharton translates it, 
" And solitary stalks across the scorching 
sands," 



64 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



ignorant pluviam futuram: Nescivere hyemem: testa cum ardente viderent 

SK&aS Scmtillare oleum, et putres concrescere fungos. 

et putridos fungos cumulari. Nee minus ex imbri soles, et aperta serena 

Pariter post imbrem, pote- Prospicere, et certis poteris cognoscere signis. 

ris pnevidere, et certis indi- Nam neque tum stelUs ac i cs obtUSa videtur, 395 

ens discere dies sudos et coe- X t r • »•• ' i • » 

lum apertum ac serenum. Nee fratns radns obnoxia surgere Luna: 

Tunc enim, nee lux Stella- Ten ui a nee lanae per coelum vellera ferri. 

rum apparet languida, nee ^ on te pidum ad solem pennas in litore pandunt 

JLuna videtur onn, debensT^., * ,.,, •«*■»* % \ . 

lucem mam luci Soils, nec Dllec *ae } hetidi Halcyones: non ore solutos 

levia vellera lana volare per Immundi meminere sues jactare maniplos. 400 

aerem. Halcyones charae At nebulae roaeis ima petunt, campoq; recumbunt: 

^tZre eX tS\l>olh etoccasuln servans de culmine summo 

non meminerunt dissipare Nequicquam seros exercet noctua cantus. 

rostro fasciculos palearum laceratos. Sed potius nubila deprimuntur in valles, et residunt in cam- 
pis. Et noctua, observans occasum Solis ex alto cacumine, non emittit serotinos cantus. 



NOTES. 



And adds, " The line admirably expresses 
the action of the crow, and is an echo to 
the sense. Those who are fond of allitera- 
tion, are delighted with this verse, where 
so many s's are found together." A similar 
alliteration is seen in "plena pluviam" and 
•* vocat voce." Perhaps it will not appear to 
every reader so clearly as it has done to Mr. 
Wharton, that the sound of s's andthe wan- 
dering of a crow resemble each other. 

392. Scintillare. The sputtering of the 
lamps occasioned by the humidity of the at- 
mosphere may well predict rain, 

393. Nee minics. Virgil now gives nine 
prognostics of fair weather. 1. The light of 
the stars does not appear dim. 2 The moon 
does not seem to rise obscurely. 3. No fleecy 
clouds appear in the sky. 4. The halcyons 
do not spread open their wings to the sun. 
5. Swine do not toss about the straw with 
their snouts. 6. The mists are low. 7. The 
owl hoots not at sun-set. 8. The ospray 
flies after the lark. 9. The ravens rejoice 
with a loud noise. 

393- Ex imbri. Pierius found it in many 
MSS. ex imbres. 
" Nor from less certain signs, the swain 

descries 
Unshovfry suns and bright expanded skies." 
" This reading," says professor Martyn, 
" seems more poetical than the common: 
and it is certain that Virgil's meaning 
could not be that these observations are to 
be made during the rain. At such a time it 
would be impossible to observe the bright- 
ness of the moon and stars; which are the 
first prognostics mentioned by our author." 
Minelius as the sense of Virgil has " post 
imbrem, post pluvias," after the shower, 
after the rains. 

396. Necfratris radiis obnoxia. She rises 
bright, as if she shone with a light unbor- 
rowed and independent of her brother's 
beams. Those, who are curious to see a cri- 
tical explication of the word obnoxius, may 
consult Aulus Geilius in his Noct. Att. L. 
VII. 17- 



397- Tenuia lance vellera, thin fleecy clouds, 
as Pliny explains it, Lib. XVIII. 35. Si nu- 
des ut vellera lance spargentur — aquam in tri- 
duwmprcesagient. 

399. Dilectce Thetidi Halcyones. Ceyx, the 
king of Trachinia, having perished by ship- 
wreck in the JEgean sea, his queen Haley- 
one, seeing his dead body floating near the 
shore, threw herself upon it in the trans- 
ports of her passion; and Thetis, in com- 
passion to the unhappy lovers, transformed 
them into the birds called halcyons or king- 
fishers. For them the sea is said to be 
smoothed seven or eleven days about the 
winter solstice, that they may the more 
conveniently hatch their young. Hence 
those are called halcyon -days. 

403. Nequicquam exercet. Among the va- 
rious glosses which interpreters have put 
on these words, the true and most ob- 
vious meaning seems to be this: that, 
whereas the hooting of the owl is common- 
ly a prognostic of bad weather, yet, when 
the signs of fair weather here mentioned 
occur, she hoots and sings in vain, her 
dreary prognostic is not to be minded, or,, 
if any regard it as a sign of bad weather, 
they will find themselves disappointed. 
Thus verse 459, after having said that the 
clearness of the sun's orb at rising and set- 
ting betokens fair weather, the poet adds, 
Jrustrd terrebere nimbis; mists and blacken- 
ing clouds, which at other times are fore- 
runners of rain, are then not to be regard- 
ed; it is then in vain to be alarmed by 
them. 

To those who dislike this interpretation, 
Servius proposes another, taking nequic- 
quam for non; but it is a question whether 
the word ever has that signification in Vir- 
gil or any other good author. 

403. Seros. The owl is the only bird that 
never sings but by night; for, as to the 
nightingale, it is well known that she sings 
also by day, only her music is not then so 
much regarded amidst the chorus of other 
birds 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



65 



Apparet liquido sublimis in aere Nisus, 
Et pro purpureo poenas dat Scylla capillo. 



Falco videtur sublimis puro 
4Qe in acre, et alauda solvit poe- 



nas pro crine purpureo a se 
secto: quacumque alauda fu- 
giens findit alis tenuem ae- 
rem; ecce falco hostis crude- 
lis magno murmure perse- 
quitur earn per aerem: qua- 

410 curaque falco fertur per ae- 
rem, alauda fugiens celeriter 
findit alis tenuem aerem. 
Prseterea corvi ter aut qua- 
ter iterant claras voces cora- 
presso gutture: et ssepe in 
. . „ nidis excelsis, nescio qua 

4 * ^ lsetitia pleni pri-eter morem, 
inter se frondes comrao- 
vent: placet redire ad par- 
vam prolem et gratos nidos, 
pluvia exacta. Sane non pu- 
Densat, erant quae rara modo; et, quae densa, relaxat: to quod sit illis datum k Diis 



Quacunque ilia levem fugiens secat aethera pennis, 
Ecce inimicus atrox magno stridore per auras 
Insequitur Nisus: qua se fert Nisus ad auras, 
Ilia levem fugiens raptini secat aethera pennis. 
Turn liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces 4 

Aut quateringeminant: et saepe cubilibus altis, 
Nescio qua praeter solitum dulcedine laeti, 
Inter se foliis strepitant: juvat imbribus actis 
Progeniem parvam, dulcesque revisere nidos. 
Haud equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis 
Ingenium, aut rerum fato prudentia major: 
Verum, ubi tempestas et coeli mobilis humor 
Mutavere vias: et Jupiter humidus Austris 



420 ingenium, et rerum pruden- 
tia, qu<e potentior est fato. 
Sed quando temperies et hu- 
mor mutabilis cceli mutavit 
qualitates aeris: et quando 
aer humectatus Austris con- 
densat ea quae prius erant 
425 rara; et rarefacit ea qu» 
prius erant densa: tune spe- 
cies animorum mutantur, et 
corda nunc suscipiunt aflfectus alios, et alios dum ventus turbabat nubes. Hinc oritur ille cantus 
volucrum in campis, et lsetse sunt pecudes, et corvi exultant gutture. Si autem consideres Solem 
rapidum, et ordinem Lunarum sequentium, nunquam dies crastinus te decipiet, nee decipieris 
fr&ude noctis serense. 



Vertuntur species animorum, et pectora motus 
Nunc alios, alios dum nubila ventus agebat, 
Concipiunt: hinc ille avium concentus in agris, 
Et laetae pecudes, et ovantes gutture corvi. 
Si vero Solem ad rapidum Lunasque sequentes 
Ordine respicies; nunquam te crastina fallet 
Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae. 



NOTES. 



404. Nisus. Nisus was king of Alcathoe 
or Megara. He had on his head a purple or 
yellow lock in which, according to the 
words of an oracle, the security of his king- 
dom lay. Scylla, his daughter, falling des- 
perately in love with Minos who besieged 
the city, stole the lock from her father's 
head as he lay asleep, and fled with it to 
him. The town was immediately taken, but 
Minos disregarding the services of Scylla, 
she threw herself into the sea. The gods 
changed her into a lark. Nisus assumed the 
nature of a hawk or an ospray, at the very 
moment in which he killed himself to avoid 
falling into the enemy's hands. These two 
birds have continually been at variance with 
each other. Scylla by her apprehensions at 
the sight of her father suffers the punish- 
ment which her perfidy deserved. See the 
8th book of Ovid's Metamorphoses. 

407. Inimicus. Heyne thinks the word is 
used adverbially; " atrox Nisus inimice in- 
sequitur." 

415. Haud equidem. Virgil speaks as an 
Epicurean. He does not allow any divine 
knowledge or foresight in birds; but justly 
considers these changes in their note and 
behaviour as effects produced by alterations 
in the air. 

416. Rerum fato prudentia major. A supe- 
rior knowledge of things by fate. Some 
construe the words thus: Prudentia rerum 



major fato, a knowledge of nature superior to 
fate, i. e. a greater knowledge than may be 
accounted for from destiny and the established 
laws of matter and motion. Others, major 
prudentia in fato rerum, a superior insight into 
fate. 

418. Jupiter. Jupiter, no doubt, often 
signifies the air; but the dignity of the poe- 
tical style lies in these and the like figura- 
tive expressions, and therefore ought not 
to be lost in a translation. 

418. Humidus. Heinsius and Martyn read 
it uvidus. 

424. Si vero. Having shown how the 
changes of weather are foretold by animals, 
the poet proceeds to explain the prognostics 
which are supplied by the sun and moon, 
Three are attributed to the moon: 1. If the 
new moon appear obscure, rain may be ex- 
pected. 2. If she look red, wind will follow. 

3. If on the 4th day, she shine clear, the rest 
of the month will pass without rain or wind. 
Eight portentous appearances are exhibited 
by the sun: 1. If it appear spotted, or 2. hid 
in a cloud, rain may be expected. 3. When 
the rays of the rising sun seem scattered, or 

4. when Aurora rises pale, wind and hail 
are coming. 5. If at evening the sun appear 
dark, expect rain; 6. if fiery, winds: 7. if 
spotted, rain and wind. 8. A fair rising or 
setting betokens serene weather, and a fine 
northerly breeze. 



66 *• VIRGILII MARONIS 

Cum primum Luna colligit Luna revertentes ciim primum colligit ignes, 
pSt-JTSTS^l-Si nigrum obscure comprenderit aera cornu; 
nigris cornibus, maxima Maximus agncohs pelagoque parabitur imber. 
pluvia imminet colonis et At, si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem, 430 

man. Sed si sparsent m Ventus erit: vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe, 
vultu $uo ruborem virgma- . . , * . . . N 

lem, ventus erit: Luna au- ^ ln ortu in quarto (namque is certissimus auctor) 
rea semper rubescitex ven- Pura, neque obtusis per coelum cornibus ibit; 
to. Si verb quarto die (nam Totus et ille dies, et qui nascentur ab illo 

hie est index certissimus)^ , . * , , . ._„ 

incedit per aerem clara, Exactum ad mensem, pluvia ventisque carebunt: 435 
et cornibus non hebetatis: Votaque servati solvent in litore nautae 
et ille dies totus, et qui se- Glauco, et Panopeae, et Inoo Melicertae. 

^SSJSlSSS^t So1 q««q; et ™™™> et c « m s *. <*■* * undas, 

runt absque imbre et ven- Signa dabit: Solem certissima signa sequuntur: 

to: et nautae servati a tem-^t quae mane refert, et quae surgentibus astris. 440 

et Melicert® filio Inus. Conditus in nubem, medioque refugent orbe; 
Sol quoque et oriens, etSuspecti tibi sint imbres: namque urget ab alto 
SSSSiT iS'^SS Arboribusque satisque Notus, pecorique sinister. 
indicia sequuntur Solem: et Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese 445 

qute dat mane, etqu» stellis Diversi erumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget 
apparentibus. Cum Sol l ab- Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile; 
ditus in cavo nubis, distinx- TT _ N K - . , 

erit primum ortum macuiis, ^eu male turn mites delendet pampmus uvas, 

et media mi parte latuerit: Tarn multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando. 
tunc pluvia sit tibi suspecta. 

Nam Notus funestus et arboribus, et segetibus, et pecudibus imminet e mari. Vel cum sub ini- 
tium diei radii separati emittent se ex opacis nubibus: vel cum Aurora, relinquens aureum lectum 
Tithoni, orietur pallida; heu! tunc frondes male tuebuntur maturos racemos; tam multa, et hor- 
rida grando saliet crepitans in tectis. 

NOTES. 

427. Luna revertentes. These signs, taken 437. Inoo. Ino was the daughter of Cad- 

from the moon, were proverbial: mus, and wife of Athamas, king of Thebes. 

Pallida luna pluit, rubicunda flat, alba se- Juno, jealous of her peace, sent zfury to the 

renat. house of Athamas to throw the whole into 

432. Quarto. The poet follows the opi- tumult. Athamas, inspired by the demon, 

nion of the Egyptians, according- to Pliny; conceiving Ino to be a lioness, and her chil- 

" Qnartam earn maxime observat iEgyp- dren whelps, pursued her, and dashed her 

1:us." son Learchus against a wall. Flying in ter- 

434. Nascentur. The Roman and Lorn- ror from her husband, she threw herself 

bard manuscripts, according to Pierius, from the top of a high rock, into the sea, 

read nascetur. with her remaining son Melicerta in her 

436. Solvent. It was a custom among the arms. The gods pitied her fate. Neptune 
ancient mariners to vow a sacrifice to the changed her into a sea-deity and she receiv- 
sea-gods, in case of a safe and prosperous ed the name of Leucothoe. Melicerta her 
voyage. son became a sea-god, and was called Palse- 

437- Glauco. Glaucus was a fisherman of, mon. Inous is a noun adjective, and sig- 

Anthedon in Bceotia. As he was angling one nifies the son of Ino. 

day, he observed that all the fishes he laid 442. Conditus in nubem. It is observable, 

on the ground, on touching a certain herb, that the signs Virgil refers to correspond 

immediately escaped from him, and leaped with the popular observations on the wea- 

intothe sea. His curiosity prompted him to ther, in Judea, in the days of Jesus Christ, 

taste it, when he was suddenly affected with " When it is evening, ye say, it will be fair 

a desire of living in the water. On this he weather, for the sky is red." See lines 445, 

leaped into the ocean, and was by Oceanus 446, 447, &c. " And in the morning, it will 

and Tethys changed into a sea-god. Some be foul weather to-day; for the sky is red 

authors explain the fable that Glaucus was and lowering." See lines 440, 441, 442, &c. 

an excellent diver and was devoured by 447. Tithoni. Tithonus was the king of 

fishes when smimmingin the sea. Troy, by S try mo, daughter of Scamander. 

437. Panopece. She was one of the Nereids He was so beautiful that Aurora became 
whom sailors generally invoked in storms, enamoured with him, and carried him away. 
Her name signifies giving every assistance t or At his request, the goddess granted him 
viewing every thing. immortality; but as he had forgotten to ask 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



67 



450 Prastcrca magis prodcrit 
ha:c aha annotare, cum Sol 
occidet ccelo decurso: nam 
same videmus divcrsos colo- 
res spargi in ejus vultu. Cco- 
ruleus significat imbrem, 
flammeus ventum. Si verb 

♦'55 maculae incipiant misceri 
cum micantiluinine, tuncvi- 
debis omnia seque turbari 
vento et pluvia. Nullus mc 
hortetur ire ilia nocte per 
mare, et solvere funem a 

460 terrii. Sed si globus Solis ni- 
tidus sit, et quando reducet 
diem, et quando reductum 
abscondet: frustra timebis 
pluviam, sed videbis sylvas 
agitari sudo Aquilone. Deni- 



Hoc etiam emenso cum jam decedet Olympo, 

Profuerit meminisse magis: nam saepe videmus 

Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores. 

Coeruleus pluviam denuntiat, igneus Euros: 

Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni; 

Omnia tunc pariter vento nimbisque videbis 

Fervere. Non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum 

Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem. 

At si, ciim referetque diem, condetque relatum, 

Lucidus orbis erit; frustra terrebere nimbis, 

Et claro sylvas cernes Aquilone moveri. 

Denique, quid Vesper serus vehat, unde serenas 

Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster, 

Sol tibi signa dabit: Solem quis dicere falsum 

Audeat? ille etiam caecos instare tumultus 

Saepe monet: fraudemq; et operta tumescere bella. 465 f er at Vesper serotinus: qua 

Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam; ex parte ventus pellat siccas 

Cum caput obscuri nitidum ferrugine texit, gZSF&SZZ 

Impiaque seternam timuerunt saecula noctem. lem appeiiaro faiiacem? Ille 

Tempore quanquam illo tellus quoque, et aequoraq«oquesapedeciaratsecre- 

Tmnti tos tmniutus immmere, in- 

pontl, ^ sidiasque et bella occulta pa- 

Obscoenique canes, importunaeque volucres 470 rar j. in e quoque misertus est 

Signa dabant. Quoties Cyclopum effervere in agros Romx, occiso Ca;sare, quan- 

Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus i£tna& do v ?^| lu e idum <*P ut <*- 

~, , . ^ ,. r . ^P; 3 scura ferrugine, et quando 

Flammarumque globos, liquetactaq; volvere saxar homines scelerati timuerunt 
Armorum sonitum toto Germania coelo perpetuam noctem. Quam- 

Audiit, insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. 475 V 1 *™ illo t tempore terra 

r quoque, et sequor mans, et 

foedi canes, et tunestse aves dabant signa. Quoties vidimus iEtnam, exundantem, caminis effrac^ 
tis erumpere in arva Cyclopum, et eructare globos flammarum ac lapides comminutos? Ger° 
mania audiit toto aere strepitum armorum, et Alpes tremuerunt insuetis motibus. 



NOTES. 



the continuance of his youth and beauty, 
he soon grew infirm and decrepid. Disgust- 
ed with his immortality, and as he could not 
die, the goddess changed him into a grass- 
hopper. 

456. Fervere. The penult of this verb is 
with Virgil always short; as also in fulgere, 
stridere, effulgere, and effervescere. 

458. Cum referetque, &c Literally, When 
he shall both bring back the day, and shut it up 
ivhen brought back. 

462. Cogitet. Some commentators would 
alter the passage to quid cogat, or quid con- 
citet: but it should be remembered, that ill 
Virgil's time the winds were not only per- 
sonified, but worshipped. Horace, speaking 
of the river Aufidus, says, 

Diluviem medit atur agris. Od. 14. 1. 4. 
He has also, quodque minabitur Eurus. 

465. Scepe monet. The best historians, as 
Wharton observes, unite in detailing these 
prodigies. Plutarch not only relates the 
paleness of the sun, but adds that the fruits 
rotted for want of heat. Appian speaks of 
the clashing of arms, shouts in the air, an 
ox speaking with a human voice, statues 
sweating blood, wolves howling in the fo- 
rum, and victims wanting entrails. The 
reader, says Martyn, cannot but observe 



how judiciously Virgil takes care to show 
he had not forgotten the subject of his poem 
in this long digression. At the close of it, he 
introduces a husbandman in future ages 
ploughing up the field of battle and aston- 
ished at the magnitude of the bones of those 
who had been buried. 

Watts, in his DaCian battle, has happily 
introduced this last idea: 

" the torn earth disclos'd 

Helmets and swords (bright furniture of 

war 
Sleeping in rust) and heaps of mighty bones" 

467- Ferrugine. This word signifies here a 
dark red, somewhat resembling that of blood. 
Ferrugineus is, applied to the flower of the 
hyacinth, which is also called purpureus, 
the colour of blood. 

468. Specula. The poet by the word means 
men. Lucretius, as professor Martyn shows, 
uses the word for kind, species, sex. 

470. Obsccenique canes, i. e. Dogs of bad 
omen, howling abomi?iably. Every thing vile, 
obscene, or impure, was by the ancients 
reckoned inauspicious; hence the word sig« 
nifies direful or unlucky. 

474. Ccelo audiit. Perhaps some remarka- 
ble Aurora borealis seen in Germany. Mar» 
tyn says, that he was informed by the learn- 



68 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Voces etiam magna audita Vox quoque per lucos vulgo exaudita silentes 

ris modis visa stmt circa ere- Visa sub obscurum noctis: pecudesque locutae, 
pusculum noctis: et pecora Infandum! sistunt amnes, terrseque dehiscunt: 

!£S£££".£2££t ™» * um illac T mat templis ebur, «raq; sudant 

runt. Free tristitia sto^e Proluit msano contorquens vortice sylvas 481 

ebumea lacrymata sunt in Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes 
tem P lis,etareasudaverunt. Cum stabulis armenta tulit: nee tempore eodem 

Padus rex numinum mun- ,r, . ., . -. F 

davit sylvas, eas provolvens Tristibus aut extis librae apparere mmaces, 

magnis vorticibus; et per Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit; et alte 485 

omnes agros rapuit armenta p er n0 ctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes. 

SS^Sf^r JSSNon .life ccelo.ceciderunt plura sereno 

cessaverunt apparere in tris- Fulgura, nee diri toties arsere cometae. 

tibus visceribus hostiarum, Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis 

^terS SefctXiRo^nas acies iterum videre Philippi: 490 

runt resonare alte per noctem ululatibus luporum. Aliis temporibus nunquam plura fulgura ceci- 

derunt coelo sereno, nee toties cometse funesti effulserunt. ltaque campi Philippici viderunt Ro- 

manos exercitus pugnare iterum inter se armis paribus: 



NOTES. 



ed Celsius, professor of astronomy atUpsal 
in Sweden, that in those northern parts, 
during the appearance of an Aurora borealis, 
he has heard a rushing sound in the air, 
something like the clapping of a bird's 
wings. The common people suppose the 
appearance to arise from armies fighting in 
the air. 

476. Vox quoque per lucos. La Cerda is of 
opinion, that the mighty voice heard in the 
groves was that of the gods leaving or 
threatening to leave their habitations. He 
strengthens this observation by a quotation 
from the 7th book of Josephus, where 
speaking of the prodigies which preceded 
the destruction of Jerusalem, he says, the 
priests heard a voice in the night time say- 
ing, " Let us go hence." 

477. Simulacra. Ovid says, " umbrasque 
silentum erravisse ferunt." 

482. Fluviorum rex Eridanus. The poet 
here, to express the rapidity of this river, 
begins the verse with two short syllables. 
The Eridanus, or Po, rises from the foot of 
mount Vesulus, and, passing through the 
Cisalpine Gaul, falls into the Adriatic sea. 
Virgil calls it the king of rivers, because it 
is the largest and most famous of all the 
rivers in Italy. 

488. Fulgura. Horace speaks of thunder 
and lightning, snow and hail affrighting the 
city: 

" Jam satis terris nivis atque dirse 
Grandinis," &c. 

490. Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi. 
It is generally agreed that Virgil here 
means those two battles which are so fa- 
mous in history; the one between Casar 
and Pompey; and the other between Bru- 
tus and Cassius on the one side, and Au- 
gustus and M. Antony on the other. But it 
is certain, from history, that the scenes of 
those two battles were widely distant from 
each other; for the former was fought on 



the plains of Pharsalus in Thessaly, the 
other at Philippi in Thrace, which two 
places are above two hundred miles apart. 
It can hardly be conceived what confusion 
there is among interpreters in their attempts 
to unravel this great difficulty. Servius, 
Stephanus in his Thesaurus, Petavius, Dr. 
Heylin, Torrentius, Desprez, M. Dacier, 
father Sanadon, but especially the two ce- 
lebrated writers of the Roman history, Ca- 
trou and Rouille; all these, and numbers of 
others, will have it that both these battles 
were fought on the same spot. But this opi- 
nion is quite inconsistent with the plainest 
testimony of the most authentic historians, 
tends to subvert the credibility of all history 
whatsoever, and lays a foundation for uni- 
versal scepticism. 

If the reader would see a satisfactory so- 
lution of this difficulty, he may consult a 
pamphlet published in the way of letters 
by Mr. Holdesworth, intitled Pharsalia and 
Philippi. The sum of that gentleman's opi- 
nion is this: " that Virgil means, by his two 
battles of Philippi, not two battles fought 
on the same individual spot, but at two dis- 
tinct places of the same name, the former 
at Philippi (alias Thebx Phthise) near Phar- 
salus in Thessaly, the latter at Philippi, 
near the confines of Thrace. And though 
the historians (all except Lucius Florus), 
for distinction's sake, call the latter battle 
only by the name of Philippi; yet, as there 
was a Philippi likewise near Pharsalia, in 
sight of which the former was fought, the 
poets, for certain reasons (which, says he, 
I shall consider hereafter) call both by the 
same name." 

As to the reasons that he says determin- 
ed Virgil to call both battles by the same 
name, the chief of them is this; that, in 
compliment to Augustus, he might impress 
the superstitious Romans with a belief, that 
the vengeance of the gods against the mur 



GEORGICA. LIB. I. 



69 



Nee visum est indecorum 
Diis, bis Macedoniam, et 
prcesertim vastos Hsemi ag- 
gros, foecundari nostro cru- 
ore. Nempe futurum est ut 

495 a ^<l uan ^ colonus, vertens in 
illis regionibus terram curvo 
aratro, reperiat tela corrosa 
rubigine aspera: vel pulset 
rastris gravibus cassides in- 
utiles, et apertis tumulis, ad- 
mire tur ossa ingentia. O 

500 Dii patrii, Semidei, et Ro- 
mule, et Vesta mater, quaa 
custodis Etruscum Tibrim 
et Romanas arces: ne impe- 
dite, qu6 minus hie adoles- 



Nec fuit indignum superis, bis sanguine nostro 

Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos. 

Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis 

Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro, 

Exesa inveniet scabra rubigine pila: 

Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes, 

Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. 

Dii patrii Indigetes, et Romule, Vestaque mater. 

Quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana palatia servas 

Hunc saltern everso juvenem succurrere saeclo 

Ne prohibete: satis jampridem sanguine nostro 

Laomedonteae luimus perjuria Trojae. 

Jampridem nobis cceli te regia, Caesar, 

Invidet, atque hominum queritur curare triumphos. c .ens subvemat mundo ruen 

_. ,-r * c ^ u n „i ti: Jamdudum satis expiavi- 

Quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas, tot bella per orbem, rausnostro cruore perfidiam 

Tarn multae scelerum facies: non ullus aratro 506Laomedontis Trojani. Jam- 

Diffnus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis, dudum, 6 Caesar, aula Deo- 

-r^ • • j r i a 4. :., ~~„~.~. rum dolet te esse apud nos, 

Et curvae ngidum falces conflantur mensem. et irulignatur te Jelectari 

Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum: mortalibus triumphis. Si qui- 

Vicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes 5 10 dem hie fas ac nefas confu- 

Arma ferunt: saevit toto Mars impius orbe. 
Ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae, 
Addunt se in spatia: et frustra retinacula tendens 
Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas. 

duntur in crudelem gladium. Hinc Euphrates, illinc Germania parat bellum: urbes finitimae vio- 
latis foederibus capiunt armainvicem: Mars scelestus furit toto orbe. Veluti cum quadriga; erupe- 
runt e septis, per spatium cirri, et auriga incassum adducens habenas abripitur ab equis, nec 
equi obtemperant habenis. 



sum est: tot bella sunt per 
orbem, tot criminum forma?: 
non habetur agriculture de= 
bitus honor: horrent arva 
agricultoribus abreptis ad 
militiam, et curvse falces cu- 



NOTES. 



derers of Csesar was denounced by numbers 
of prodigies and omens; and in so remarka- 
ble a manner, that there appeared in it a 
particular stroke of Providence, according* 
to the heathen superstition, that the second 
battle, which proved fatal to the Romans, 
should be fought in the same province with 
the first, and near a second Philippi. 

492. Emathiam — Haemi. The same inge- 
nious gentleman proves that the ancient 
Macedonia, or Emathia, according to the 
language of the poets, extended as far as 
the river Nessus in Thrace to the east, and 
to the south comprehended all Thessaly, 
and consequently took in the Pharsalian Phi- 
lippi; so that both battles, here referred to, 
were really fought in Emathia, as Virgil 
here says. Again he shows that both towns 
were near mount Haemus, which, though 
commonly reckoned only a mountain of 
Thrace, was really a chain of mountains like 
the Alps and Apennines; the head or high- 
est part thereof was in Thrace; but all the 
other mountains, viz. Rhodope, Pangseus, 
&c. quite round to Pindus and Oeta, branch 
out from the same head. Virgil himself 
seems to take the mount in this extensive 
view, when he cries out, Geor. II. 448. 

O qui me gelidis in vallibus Haemi 

Sistat, etingenti ramorum protegat umbra! 

As all the other places, mentioned in this 
passage, were in Thessaly or Achaia, it is 
reasonable to suppose, that by the valleys of 



Hsemus he means the same country too. 
But, let that be as it will, there are several 
passages in Lucan which evidently show 
that Hsemus reached to the Thessalian Phi- 
lippi. Thus, at the latter end of the first 
book, he prophesies that the battle of Phar- 
salia (which he too calls by the name of 
Philippi) was to be fought under the rock 
of Hsemus, verse 681. 

Latosque Hsemi sub rupe Phillippos. 
See also L. VII. 174. 449. 576. 
500. Juvenem. Augustus. 

505. Tot bella. Wharton remarks that a 
certain melancholy flow in the numbers, 
and an air of pity for his distressed fellow- 
creatures, render these lines more valuable 
than even the poetry they contain. 

506. Non ullus aratro. Here again the 
poet slides beautifully into his subject. 
When he is representing the world in arms, 
he expresses it by saying husbandmen are 
pressed into the service, the fields lie ne- 
glected, the plough is slighted, and the in- 
struments of agriculture are turned into 
swords. The latter idea resembles that of 
the prophet Joel: " Beat your plough -shares 
into swords, and your pruning hooks into 
spears." 

511. Impius here signifies cruel, unnatu- 
ral; that has no pietas, no tenderness, no 
natural affection. 

512. Quadrigae. Four horses were usually 
ioined to one chariot. 



70 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



GEQRGICORUM 



LIBER II. 



interfrftatio. HACTENUS arvorum cultus, et sidera coeli: 
fZrl^oruCde^sJ-Nunc te, Bacche, canam, necnon sylvestria tecum 
nis coilestibus; jam loquar V irgulta, et prolem tarde crescentis olivas. 
dete, 6 Bacche: et de syl-Huc, pater 6 Lenaee: tuis hie omnia plena 
deS^U^otL^e Muneribus, tibi pampineo gravidas autumno 5 

*rescentis. Hue adsis, 6 Bac- Floret ager, spumat plenis vindemia labris. 
che pater: hie omnia reple-Huc, pater 6 Lenaee, veni: nudataque musto 
ta sunt tuis donis: ager floret xin^e novo mecum direptis crura cothurnis. 
tibi, onustus pampnns au- T .°. ..... r . ,. 

tumnalibus: vindemia spu- rrincipio arbonbus vana est natura creandis. 

mat plenis vasis. Hue adsis, Namque aliae, nullis hominum cogentibus, ipsse 10 

6 pater Bacche: et mecum Sponte sua veniunt, camposque et flumina late 

tinge novo vino suras nudas 

detractis calceamentis. Primo natura diversa est in producendis arboribus. AHse enim, nullis 

hominibus per artem compellentibus, ipsce ultro nascuntur, et late occupant agros, 



NOTES. 



The subject of the following book is 
planting. In handling- this argument, the 
poet shows all the different methods of rais- 
ing trees, describes their variety, and gives 
rules for the management of each. He then 
points out the soil in which the several 
plants thrive best; and thence takes occasion 
to expatiate in praise of Italy; after which 
he gives some directions for discovering the 
nature of every soil, prescribes rules for 
dressing vines, olives, &c. and concludes 
the Georgic with a panegyric on a country 
life. 

2. Sylvestria virgulta. Forest-trees, chiefly 
those that were used in propping the vine, 
as the poplar, elm, osier, ash, &c. The stu- 
dy of botany has within the last few rears 
become increasingly popular in the United 
States. Among the sons of science who 
have succeeded in inspiring an ardour for 
this elegant branch of education, Dr. Ben- 
jamin S Barton stands as preeminent in 
America as was Themistocles, for wisdom 
and fortitude among the heroes of Greece. 
It will be remembered that Martyn, from 
whose excellent notes on Virgil many quo- 
tations have already been made, was pro- 
fessor of botany in the university of Cam- 



bridge. The reader must ascribe most of 
the important and elegant remarks on the 
science, which the subsequent notes exhi- 
bit, to the genius and researches of the 
learned professor. This general remark 
may render the task of formal citation un- 
necessary. 

3. Tarde crescentis olivce. In ancient Greece 
the inhabitants knew of no mode of propa- 
gating olives but by sowing them. It is said 
this method is in use hr Greece to the pre- 
sent day. Hence Virgil might make use of 
the epithet slo-vo-grovoing. 

4. Lencee. A name of Bacchus, of Greek 
derivation, from Kvvog torcuiar, a wine-press. 

8. Tinge alludes to the custom of tread- 
ing out the grapes with their feet. 

8. Direptis cothurnis. The cothurnus, or 
buskin, was a part of Bacchus's dress. Tac. 
L. II. In celebrando vindemice simulacra, Si- 
lius Bacchurn referens hedera vinctus erat, et 
cothurnos gerebat. 

9. Principio. The poet enters on the first 
part of his work by stating the several me- 
thods by which trees are produced. Of these 
he refers to three, without culture; spon- 
taneously, by seeds, and by suckers. 

11. Sponte. The spontaneous generation of 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 

Curva tenent: ut molle siler, lentaeque genistae, 

Populus, et glauca. canentia fronde salicta. 

Pars autem posito surgunt de seniine: ut altse 

Castaneae, nemorumque Jovi quae maxima frondet 

JEsculus, atque habitae Graiis oracula quercus. 

Pullulat abradice aiiis densissima sylva: 

Ut cerasis, ulmisque: etiam Parnassia laurus 

Parva sub intend matris se subjicit umbra. 

Hos natura modos primum dedit: his genus omne 

Sy I varum fruticumq; viret, nemorumq; sacrorum. 

Sunt alii, quos ipse via. sibi repperit usus. 

Hie plantas tenero abscindens de corpore matrum 

Deposuit sulcis: hie stirpes obruit arvo, 

Quadrifidasque sudes, et acuto robore vallos: 

Sylvarumque aliae pressos propaginis arcus 



71 

ct amnes flexuosos: ut si- 
ler tenerum, et genista; flex- 
ibilcs, et populus, et salices 
albentes t'oliis virentibus. A- 
15 lite veto oriuntur ex jacto 
seminc: ut castaneae subli- 
mes, et sesculus, qua maxi- 
ma in sylvis frondescit ad ho- 
norem Jovis, et quercus qur 
cxistimatje sunt a Grsecis o- 
racula. Alia; emittunt a ra- 
^^dice spississimam multitu- 
dinem ramorum: ut cerasi, 
et ulmi: laurus etiam Apol- 
linea parva attollit se sub 
grandi umbraculo matris suce 
Natura primo suppeditavit 
25 tres illos modos, quibus vi- 
reseit omne genus sylvarum 
et virgultorum, et lucorum 
sacrorum. Sunt alii modi, quos ipsa experientia sibi invenit certd ratione. Hie avellens ramulos 
e trimeo tenero matrum, committit eos fossulis: Iste sepelit terra radices, et perticas fissas in 
quatuor partes, et palos trunco acuminato: Alias arbores desiderant ad propagationem palmites 
arcuatos 



NOTES. 



plants is now sufficiently exploded; yet it 
was universally believed by the ancient phi- 
losophers; as Aristotle, Pliny, &c. 

12. Siler. An osier. It is a plant ever de- 
scribed in ancient Latin writers as growing 
in water. 

12- Genista. Spanish broom, which grows 
very plentifully in Italy. The Italians weave 
baskets with its slender branches. The 
flowers are sweet, yellow, of long continu- 
ance, and agreeable to bees. 

13. Populus. This no doubt is the poplar, 
of which, according to Pliny, there are 
three sorts; the white, the black, and the 
Libyan. 

13. Salicta. This is a beautiful description 
of the common willow; the leaves are of a 
bluish green, and the under side is cover- 
ed with a white down. Salictum, or salice- 
tum, is the place where willows grow, here 
used for salices, the trees themselves. 

15. Castane<z. The castanea no doubt is 
our chesnut. 

16. Msculus. A kind of oak which some 
take to be what we call the bay-oak. This 
tree was consecrated to Jupiter. 

18. Cerasis. Cherries were a new fruit 
among the Romans in the time of Virgil. 
Lucullus first introduced them after he had 
conquered Mithridates. 

18. Ulmis. Elms were in great request 
among the ancients, they being preferred 
before all other trees for props to their 
vines. 

18. Parnassia laurus. The bay, and not the 
laurel, is the laurus of the ancients. The 
laurel moreover is not so apt as the bay to 
propagate itself by suckers. The finest bay 
trees grew on mount Parnassus. 

19. Se subjicit, i. e. Sursum jacity shoots 
up. See Eel. X. 74. 



21. Fruticura. The difference between a 
tree and a shrub is, that the tree rises from 
the root with a single trunk, and the shrub 
divides itself into branches as soon as it rises 
from the root. 

22. Sunt alii. Having spoken of trees 
which spontaneously propagate their spe- 
cies, he, now proceeds to mention those me- 
thods which are used by human industry. 
These are by suckers, sets, layers, cuttings, 
pieces of cleft wood, and ingrafting. 

22. Via. Arte, as Cic.de CI. Or. XLVL 
Antea neminem solitum via nee arte, sed accu- 
rate nomen, et descripto plerosque dicere. 

23. Hie plantas, &c. This refers to the 
propagation of trees by suckers. 

23. Abscindens. In these words the poet 
plainly describes the propagation of plants 
by suckers. Pliny calls this way of planting 
avulsio, and uses avellere in the same sense 
that Virgil here uses abscindere. 

25. ^uadrifidasque sudes. This is the me- 
thod of propagation, by fixing the large 
branches like stakes in the earth. 

25. Acuto robore. Trunco exacuto et in mu~ 
cronemfastigiato, as Pliny has it. The quad- 
rifidas sudes is when the bottom is slit across 
both ways; the acuto robore is when it is 
cut into a point, which is called the colt's 

foot. Essay on the Georgics. 

26. Sylvarum. Trees very luxuriant, and 
abounding with shoots that look like a little 
wood. 

26. Propaginis. This is propagating by 
layers, which are called propagines. The En- 
glish word propagation is used for any me- 
thod of increasing the species: among the 
Roman writers on agriculture, propagatio is 
used only for layers. Pliny says, nature first 
taught this method by the bramble; the 
branches of which are so slender that they 
fall to the ground and make layers of their- 



72 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



deprimi, et plantas vivas in Expectant, et viva sua plantaria terra. 
K^eTradtf et ^ gil radicis egent di» suramumque putator 
putator non timet reddens Haud dubitat terrae referens mandare cacumen. 
terr^ committere summum Quin et caudicibus sectis, mirabile dictu, 30 

fastigium rami; prsterea ex Truditur £ sicco radix leagina ligno. 
s-icco stipite olece, ramis cir- ,-, . • \ • j 

cumcisis,emittitur radix oie-J^t saepe altenus ramos impune videmus 
aeea, quod mirum est dictu. Vertere in alterius, mutatamque insita mala 
Etsxpecernimus ramos um-p erre p vrum et prU nis lapidosa rubescere corna. 

usarbonssmedamnomutari ^ • „ * • »• -, „ .. 

in ramos alterius, et pyrum Quare agite o, propnos generatim discite cuitus, 35 
transformatam producere Agricolae, fructusque feros mollite colendo. 
mala sibi insita, et dura cor- >j eu se8: nes jaceant terrae: iuvat Ismara Baccho 

na rubescere in pruno ar- ^ 1 i a j rr> , 

bore. Agite igitur, 6 coloni: Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum. 
discite cuituram singulis ge- Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem. 
neribus congruam, et man- o decus, 6 famae merito pars maxima nostras, 40 

Zt*e£es Ca £™« vert Mxcenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti. 
ne terr» sint inutiies: pro- Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto: 

destlsmarum vitibus implere, et tegere oleis magnum Taburnum. Tu quoque fave mihi, 6 Msece- 
nas, vere ornamentum et pars maxima famse mese: et persequere mecum susceptum opus: et na- 
vigans pande vela mari aperto. Non ego cupio comprehendere omnia meis carminibus. 



NOTES. 



own accord. Laying" is accomplished by 
bending down a branch from the parent 
tree, and planting it in the ground till it take 
root firm enough to nourish itself. 

27. Expectant, i. e. by their luxuriance 
and bending down to the earth they seem 
to expect propagation, and to desire, as it 
were, that their shoots may be set in the 
ground. 

27. Viva, i. e. not separated from their 
mother-tree. 

29. Referens mandare. This is the method 
of propagation, which is called by cuttings. 
Referens signifies givi?ig them back to the 
earth, whence they came. 

30. Caudex is properly the body of the 
tree distinguished from the root, as truncus 
is the body separate from the head. 

31. Oleagina. Spence observes, that "it 
is common in Italy to see old olive-trees, 
that seem totally dead in the trunk, have 
very flourishing young heads." He adds, 
" the same is often as surprising in old 
willows, of which I have seen several (and 
particularly some in the garden-island in 
St. James's park) which send down a tap- 
root from their heads through the decayed 
trunk, and so form a young tree on an old 
stock which looks as flourishing as the other 
does rotten." 

32. Alterius ramos. In this passage Vir- 
gil speaks of grafting, insita mala. Of this 
he subjoins two instances. Propertius ele- 
gantly alludes to this mode of propagating 
fruit. See 1. 4. El. 2. 

Insitor hie solvit pomosa vota corona 
Cum pyrus invito stipite malatulit. 

33. Mala ferre pyrum. Virgil speaks of 
grafting apples upon a pear-stock, not of 
pears upon an apple-stock, as Dryden has 
translated it, who has added quinces also, 
though not in the original; 



" Thus pears and quinces from the crab-tree 
come." 

34. Eubescere corna. It is more probable 
that the author designs the ingrafting of 
cornels on plumb-stocks, than plumbs on 
cornel-stocks. Heyne evidently gives the 
sense, " pirus fert mala, prunus corna." 

37. Neu segnes jaceant terra. Dr. Trapp 
and the other interpreters render it, Let not 
your land lie idle. But the construction seems 
rather to be, neu segnes terr<e jaceant; nor let 
land, however naturally infertile, lie neglected; 
which both preserves the connexion with 
what goes before, and shows the propriety 
of adding juvat Ismara Baccho conserere, 
Cyc. Mountains by nature rugged, and whose 
soil is segnis, infertile, and backward to pro- 
duce, yet by culture will turn to good ac- 
count: thus Ismarus bears excellent vines, 
and Taburnus is famous for the production 
of olives. 

37. Ismara. Ismarus, a mountain in the 
maritime parts of Thrace. 

38. Taburnum. Taburnus, a mountain in 
Campania, between Capua and Nola, fer- 
tile in olives. Its modern name is Taburo. 

39. Tuque ades. Bacchus was first invo- 
ked; now the poet calls upon his patron 
Maecenas to assist him. 

39. Decurre. This is the same allusion 
with that in verse 41. Pelagoque volans da 
vela patenti; decurro being applied to pros- 
perous sailing, when the ship runs with a 
gliding motion along the waves; as JEn. V. 
212. 
Prona petit maria, et pelago decurrit aperto. 

41. Pelagoque volans, &c. And flying set 
sail into the open sea: i. e. accompany and 
conduct me through this immense work, 
which now opens itself to my view like an 
expanded ocean. 

42. Non ego cuncta meis. A similar expres- 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



/J 



Non, si haberem centum 
linguas, et centum ora, 
et vocem ferream: fave mu 
45 }ii y e t rade oram proximi li- 
toris. Terra est in propin- 
quo: non hinc morabor te 
poemate fabuloso, per cir- 
cuitus et exordia prolixa. 



Non, mini si linguae centum sint, oraque centum, 

Ferrea vox: ades, et primi lege litoris oram. 

In manibus terrae: non hie te carmine ficto, 

Atque per ambages etlonga exorsa tenebo. 

Sponte sua quae se tollunt in luminis auras, 

Infoecunda quidem, sed laeta et fortia surgunt. 

Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque si quisQua; arbores ultro erigunt 

tQ se in aerem, oriuntur qui- 
dem steriles, sed ampl« et 
robustae: quia vis nativa in- 
est terrse. Attamen si ali- 
quis etiam immittat his sur- 
culos aliarum, aut has trans- 
latas committat fossis prsepa- 

55ratis, deponent naturalem 
asperitatem, et per assi- 
duam culturam, quocumque 
artificiali modo tractaveris, 
parebunt celeriter. Parker 
ilia quae surgit sterilis e ra- 
dice, idem faciet; si dispo- 



Inserat, autscrobibus mandet mutata subactis; 
Exuerint sylvestrem animum: cultuque frequenti, 
In quascunque voces artes: haud tarda sequentur. 
Necnon et sterilis quae stirpibus exit ab imis, 
Hoc faciet, vacuos si sit digesta per agros: 
Nunc altae frondes et rami matris opacant, 
Crescentique adimunt foetus, uruntque ferentem. 
Jam, quae seminibus jactis se sustulit arbos, 
Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram: 
Pomaque degenerent succos oblita priores: 
Et turpes avibus praedam fert uva racemos. 
Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnes 
Cogendae in sulcum, ac multa mercede domandae. 



60 : 



natur per campos patentes: 
nunc alta folia et rami ma- 
tris inumbrant earn, et absu- 
munt fructus surgenti, et 
enecant ferentem, /ructas. Quae autem arbor extulit se e semine projecto, lente crescit, ser6 da- 
tura umbram posteris: et fructus ejus degenerant, amisso priore sapore: et vitis gerit viles ra- 
cemos, qui sunt prseda avium. Nempe cura est adhibenda erga omnes, et omnes redigendse 
oiml in ordinem, et subigendse magno sumptu. 



NOTES. 



sion occurs in the second Iliad. Homer, 
when he is drawing up the Grecian army, 
says of 

" the host at large, 

They were a multitude, in number more 
Than with ten tongues, and with ten 

mouths 
Made vocal with a trumpet's throat of brass, 
I might declare; unless the Olympian nine, 
Jove's daughters, would the chronicle 

themselves 
indite." Covjper. 

Ovid has a passage of a like import: 
Non mihi si centum Deus ora sonantia Un- 
guis 
Ingeniumque capax, totumque Helicona 

dedisset, 
Tristia persequerer miserarum vota so- 
rorum. Met. 1. 8. 

45. Carmine ficto. Pointing to the truth, 
the dignity and utility of his subject, ex- 
alting it above the poetic fiction and the 
Grecian tale. 

47. Sponte sua. The poet had before men- 
tioned the three ways by which wild trees 
are produced. He here follows the same 
method, and shows by what culture each 
kind may be meliorated. 

49. Solo natura. By nature's lying hid in 
the soil the poet seems to mean, that there 
is some hidden power in the earth which 
causes it to produce particular plants, which 
therefore grow fair and strong in that soil, 
which is adapted to their first production. 
49. Tamen h<zc. To tame the luxuriance 



of wild trees, ingraft a good fruit on them, 

or transplant them. 

50. Mutata, i. e. Mutata loco, transplanted, 
56. Uruntque ferentem. Pinch or starve it 

in bearing, by intercepting the sun and 

air. 

58. Nepotibus. Ursinus contends, that by 
nepotes is meant the late posterity of the 
tree, which he thinks more poetical and 
more worthy Virgil than the common in= 
terpretation. 

59. Pomaque. Poma here, and in many 
other places, signifies, all sorts of fruits. See 
verse 82, and Plin. L. XVII. 10. 

59. Pomaque degenerent. The ancients 
seem to have used pomum not only for an 
apple, but also for any esculent fruit. 

59. Oblita priores. " This," says Dr. Da,. 
vidson, late professor of humanity in the 
University of Pennsylvania, " relates to se- 
" minibus jactis. The apples produced from 
" kernels do not taste like apples that pro- 
" duced the kernels. So kernels of a bunch 
" of grapes produce turpes racemos." He 
remarks, that, " In Barbadoes, vines are 
" raised from the kernels of raisins." Heyne 
has an observation to the same effect. 
" In insulis American adhuc id fieri narra* 
" tur." 

60. Fert uva. Uva must be used here figu- 
ratively for the tree. Uva signifies the whole 
cluster of grapes, as well as racemus. It is 
used at the latter end of the fourth Geor- 
gic to express a swarm of bees hanging to 
a tree . 



74 



P. VIRGILII M^RONIS 



At olese melius ex cau-Sed truncis oleae melius, propagine vites 
ZSX'iSZdZ ^Respondent, solido Paphi* de robore myrtus; 

Veneris e crassis palis. On- Plantis edurae coryli nascuntur, et ingens 

untur stirpibus dur« coryli, Fraxinus, Herculeaeque arbos umbrosa coronae, 

S."S?S£,1^Shaoniique patris glandes: etiam ardua palma 

Herculis corona fuit; etNascitur, et casus abies visura mannos. 

quercus Jovis Dodonsei: ori- Inseiitur verd ex foetu nucis arbutus horrida, 

tur etiam sic alta palma et Et ster ii es piatani malos ^essere valentes: 

abies quce expertura est pe- „ r r » . .. 

picula maris. Arbutus au-Castaneae fagus, ornusque mcanuit albo 

tem horrida inseritur sur- Flore pyri: glandemque sues fregere sub ulmis. 

culo nucis, et platam mfce-^ ec mo dus inserere atq: oculos imponere simplex 

cundse tulerunt malos ro- XT N ,. ■ y * , , r r 

bustas: fagus fait alba fore Nam qua se medio trudunt de cortice gemmae 
castanese, et ornus candido Et tenues rumpunt tunicas, angustus in.ipso 
flore pyri: et porci comede-F} t ncK ] SU1US: huc a ii en & ex arbore mermen 

TAf etdeTrefSt iSr. Includunt, udoque decent inolescere libro. 
rere, et inocuiare. Nam qua Aut rursum enodes trunci resecantur, et alte 
parte oculi arborum emit- Finditur in solidum cuneis via: deinde feraces 
^pu^Ln^p^uU^P^ae immittuntur. Nee longum tempus, et ingens 
arctus sinus aperitur in ipso Exiit ad ccelum ramis felicibus arbos, 8 1 

oculo: inquoinciuduntocu-Miraturque novas frondes, et non sua poma. 

lum ex alia arbore decision, 

eumque docent concorporari cum cortice interiore humido. Aut prseterea trunci carentes nodo 
scinduntur, et profunde rima aperitur cuneis per medium lignum: postea fertiles surculi insi- 
nuantur: nee longo post tempore magna arbor surgit in aerem ramis fructiferis; miraturque 
nova folia, et fructus non sui generis. 



65 



re 



Tc 



NOTES. 



63. Truncis. Truncheons, called by Co- 
lumella and Cato, taleae: they are the thick 
branches sawn in pieces. The poet here 
exhibits the several ways of cultivating" 
trees by human industry, and gives a no 
less beautiful than just description of the 
manner of inoculating and ingrafting-. The 
French derive their word troncon from trun- 
ais, and hence comes our word truncheon. 

64. Paphiee. Myrtles are called Paphian, 
from Paphos, a city of the island of Cyprus, 
where Venus was worshipped. The god- 
dess of beauty was particularly venerated 
there. All male animals were offered on her 
altars, which, though a hundred in number, 
daily smoked with Arabian incense. It 
was the seat of effeminacy and Jascivious- 
ness. 

65. Plantis. By plantis, suckers are intend- 
ed. This method of propagating is still prac- 
tised; but that of layers is far preferable. 

66. Herculeaeque arbos. The tree of Her- 
cules was the poplar. With this tree the 
hero was crowned when he descended into 
hell. Hence in the Bucolics 

" Populus Alcidse gratis si ma.*' 
It is a tree which throws up vast numbers 
of suckers. 

67. Chaoniique patris glandes. Glandes, a- 
corns, are here put for the oaks that bear 
them. Chaonii patris is Jupiter, worshipped 
at Dodona in Chaonia or Epirus, to whom 
the oak was sacred. 

67. Ardua palraa. Called ardua, because 
the honour of the palm is attained with diffi- 
culty, or because of the height to which it 
rises. 



68. Abies visura marinos. The abies is the 
yew-leaved fir tree. Its wood was much 
used by the ancients in their snipping. 

69. Nucti, the walnut. It is a received 
opinion, that no graft will succeed, unless 
it be upon a stock which bears fruit of the 
same kind. It is by some considered poetic 
fiction to talk of grafting a walruit on an ar- 
bute, an apple tree on a plane, a beech on a 
chesnut, a pear on a wild ash, and an oak on 
an elm. But the best writers, ancient and 
modern, justify Virgil in his observations. 

69. Horrida. So called, from the fewness 
of its leaves, or the roughness of its bark. 
Mr. Benson supposes the arbutus tc* be the 
crab tree, and the nux the filbert. 

" But filberts graft on th* horrid crab tree's 
brows." 

70. Steriies pi atani. The platanus is with- 
out all question the oriental plane tree. Dio- 
nysius the geographer compares the form 
of the Morea, or ancient Peloponnesus, to 
the leaves of this tree, making the foot- 
stalk the Isthmus which joins it to Greece. 

71. Fagus. Virgil undoubtedly means the 
grafting" a beech on a chesnut. With us, who 
prefer the chesnut, the practice seems 
absurd. But the beech was held in great 
veneration by the Romans; vessels were 
made of it for sacrifices, and its mast was 
used for medicine. 

71. Ornus. What the Romans called or- 
nus seems to be the sorbus aucuparia, or 
quicken tree, commonly called the mountain 
ash. 

73. Inserere atque imponere oculos. The dif- 
ference is here shown between grafting and 



GEORGICA. LIB, II. 



75 



vplemis. 



Praeterea genus haud unum, nee fortibus ulmis, 

Nee salici, lotoque, nee Idaeis cyparissis: 

Nee pingues unam in faciem nascuntur olivae, 

Orchades, et radii, et amara. pausia bacca: 

Pomaque, et Alcinoi sylvae: nee surculus idem 

Crustumiis, Syriisque pyris, gravib 

Non eadem arboribus pendent vin 

Quam Methymnaeo carpit de pa 

Sunt Thasiae vites, sunt et M 

Pinguibus hae terris habiles, 1 

Et passo Psythia utilior, ten 

Tentatura pedes olim, vine 

Purpureae, preciaeque: et q 

Rhaetica? nee cellis ideo con 

Sunt etiam Ammineae vites, 

Tmolus et assurgit quibus, e 

Argitisque minor, cui non ce 

Aut tantum fluere, aut totidem durar5 

et quo versu vos laudabo, 6 Rhaeticae? ne taraen 

praeterea vites Ammineae, vina valde durabilia: quibus cedit et Tmolus, et Phanasus ipse, pnn- 
ceps montium vitiferorum, et parva Argitis, cum qua nulla alia possit contendere aut liquore 
tanto, aut duratione per tot annos. 




Praeterea non est unica spe- 
cies, nee ulmorum robusta- 
rum, nee salicum et lotorum, 

85 et cupressorum Idiearum. 
Nee olivce pingues oriuntur 
eadem figura, Orchades et 
radii, et pausia; quarum bac- 
cae acerbae sunt: nee poma et 
arbores Alcinoi; nee genus 

gg idem est pyris Crustumiis, 
Syriis, etvolemisponderosis. 
Non eadem uva pendit e nos- 
~Mxis ai'boiubus Italicis, at- 
que ilia, quam Lesbos decer- 
pit e viteMethymnea. Sunt 
yites Thasiae, sunt quoque 

95 Mareoticae albae; Thasiae ap- 
tae solo pingui, Alareoticfe 
solo tenui. Est quoque vitis 
Psythia, qu<£ aptior est ad 
vinum coctum,et lageos sub- 
tilis, quae aliquando pedes, 
jQQcaptat, et alligat linguam. 
Stmt purpureae, et precise: 
irco pugnate cum cellariis Falernis. Sunt 



NO 

inoculating. Inoculation or budding is per 
formed by making a slit in the bark of one 
tree, and inserting the bud of another into 
it. There are several ways of doing this: 
Virgil refers only to what is c&lled cleft- 
grafting, which is performed my cleaving 
the head of the stock and placing a sci&n 
from another tree in the cleft. ff 

83. Ulmis. Pliny mentions four kinds of 
elm. 

84. Salici. The willow, of which Pliny 
also mentions four kinds. 

84. Loto. The lotus was most probably 
what we call the zizyphus or the jujube 
tree. 

86. Radii. The radius is a long olive, so 
called from its similitude to a weaver's 
shuttle. 

86. Amara pausia bacca. The poet men- 
tions the bitter berry of this sort of olive, 
because it is to be gathered before it is 
quite ripe; for then it has a bitter or austere 
taste. 

88. Crustumiisy Syriisque pyris t gravibus- 
que volemis. The Crustumia, so called from 
Crustumium in Tuscany, were reckoned 
the best sort of pears. The Syrian pears, 
called also Tarentina, are thought by some 
to be the Bergamot. The volemi were "so 
called from their largeness; quia volam ma- 
ntis impleant, because they Jill the palm of the 
hand. Ruaeus takes them for the bon-chre- 
tien; others for the libralia or pounders. 

90. Methymnaeo palmite. So called from 
Methymna, a city of Lesbos, an island in 
the JEgean sea, famous for good wine. 

91. Thasiae vites. So called from Thasus, 
another island in the same sea. 



t 

c!3fir\Y 
anaria 



\ 



Mareotides alms. Probably anvEgyp= 
wine, from Mareotis, a lake near^Llex- 
lria, which opinion Horace seems to 
countenance; for he represents Cleopatra 
inebriated with it: 

" Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico 
Redegit in veros timores 
ICcesar." 
Others understand this of a Libyan wine, 
fro'm Mareotis, a part of Africa^ 

93. Passo Psythia, Cfc. Passum is a wine 
made from raisins, or dried grapes. The 
Psythia vitis is probably so called from some 
city in Greece; for Columella calls it Grce- 
culam, . ^ 

93. Lageos. So called from xxyx?, a Jiare^ 
on account of its colour. 

9A TeAatura. So Terence: 
NeqRe pes, neque mens satis suum officium 
faiit. \ V 

\ " Lagean juice 

Will stammering tongues and staggering 
feet produce." 

95. Precis. Quasi praecoquae, says Servius, 
because they are first ripe. 

96. Rhaetica. So called from Rhaetia, a 
country bordering upon Italy. This wine is 
praised by Cato, Strabo, and other authors. 

96. Falernis. Campanian wine, so called 
from Falernus, a mountain in Campania. . 

97. Ammineae. It is not certain what wine 
is here meant. 

98. Tmolus. A mountain in Lydia, very 
famousfor wine. 

98. Rex Phanaeys. From Phanae, the name 
of a mountain in Chios, whose wines are. 
abundantly celebrated 



76 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Non ego te prateribo, 6" vi- Non ego te, mensis et Diis accepta secundis, 
tis Rhodia, grata Diis secun- Transierim, Rhodia, et tumidis, bumaste, racemis. 
bumMtS e turgX uvis/Yt Sed neque quam multae species, necnomina quae sint, 
non est numerabile quot sint Est numerus: neque enim numero comprendere refert. 
species, et quse sintQ uem qu j sc j re ve ii t , Libyci velit aequoris idem 105 
SS"*T2£ST Discere, nn^multse Zephyro turbentur aren*; 

lentior mcidit Eurus, 



earum 

nominal neque verd interest 

eas redigere in numerum 

Quem numerum quicumque Aut, U 



vellet discere, idem vellet Nn s: 
discere quot arena; moven- „ ^m 
tur Zephyro; aut quot flue- £J eC * 
tus Ionii allabantur ad litus, Fill 
cum Eurus vehementior ir- 
ruit in naves. Nee vero ter 
rse omnes possunt producers 
omnia: Salices oriuntur cir 
oa fluvios, alni circa pigras As 
paludes, orni infeecundse in t? q 
lapidosis montibus: litorafe- 
racissima sunt myrtorum: U 
deniq; vitis amat colles expo 



Nj 



Ba( 




inibus sal 
untur, steriles 
myrtetts Iaetiss 



ad litora fluctus. 
nes omnia possunt. 
isque paludibus alni 
s montibus orni, 
denique apertos 
H^lonem et frigora taxi, 
■turn cultoribus orbem, 
R. pictosque Gelonos. 
BL Sola India nigrum 
BPRWmurea virga Sabseis. 

fri°us S °As ic<? e^anT'ultT ^ uid tibi o«Bo referam sudantia ligno 
mum orbem Ce excuiSm ab Balsamaqu^^t baccas semper frondentis acanthi? 
agricolis, etregionem orien-Quid nemora iEthiopum molli canentia lana? 
talem Arabum, et Gelonos Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres? 

pictos. Sua singulis arbon- A ^ ~ r . . T ,. , 

bus patriaassignataest. Sola Aut quos Oceano propior gevrt India lucos, 
India produeit nigrum ebe- Extremi sjMjm orbis? ubi aera vmceresummum 
num: soli Sabsei habent ra- Arboris hJBsIla: jactu potuere sagittae: 
Slorem^i ^aTalEt gens i^dem sumptis non tarda pharetns. 
dantia ex odorifera arbore, Media*fert ta?istes succos tardumque saporem 

et baccas acanthi semper virentis? Cur die am sylvas JEthiopum, albentes molli lana? et quem- 
admodum Seres deducante frondibus fila tenuia? aut qidd describam sylvas, quas gerit India vi. 
cina Oceano, et qua estfrecessus ultimi mundi? ubi nulla? sagijttse possunt jactu superare supre- 
mum cacumen arboris; et tamen ilia natio non est t>igra in us« pharetra?. Media produeit succos 
acerbos, et lentum saporem * 

• 



110 



115 



120 



125 



NOTES. 



101. Mensis et Diis accepta secundis, i. e. 
It was so excellent as to be fit for being 
used in libations, which were made at the 
second courses. 

102. Bumaste. From the Greek /Sa.uaroj, 
bumamma, because its clusters swelled out 
so as to resemble a cow's udder. 

109. Nee vero terra. The poet no-^ob- 
serves that different plants require <Sfer- 
ent soils. He mentions several considerable 
trees, by which the countries that pjoduce 
them may be distinguished, and concludes 
with a beautiful description of the citron- 
tree. 

110. Crassis paludibus. " The alder," Mr. 
Evelyn says, " is of all others the most 
faithful lover of water and boggy places, 
and those most despised weeping parts, or 
water-galls of forests; for in better and 
drier ground they attract the moisture from 
it, and injure it." 

115. Pictos Gelonos. The Geloni were a 
people of Scythia, who painted their faces. 

116. Sola India— -fert ebenum. Theophras- 
tus was of the same opinion, that ebony was 
peculiar to India; but other authors tell us 
that the best ebony is brought from Ethio- 
pia. 

119. Balsamaque. According to the best 



accounts of modern authors, the true coum 
try of the balsam-plant is Arabia Felix. The 
balsam flows out of the branches through 
incisions made, in the summer months. 

119. Baccas semper frondentis acanthi. 
There are two sorts of the acanthus; the one 
an Egyptian tree, of which the poet here 
speaks; and the other an herb, to which he 
elsewhere refers. It is observed that the 
flowers grow in little balls, which Virgil 
might poetically call berries. 

120. Nemora JEthiopum, molli canentia la- 
nd. The forests abounding with cotton- 
trees. 

121. Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia 6V - 
res? The Seres were a people of India who 
furnished the other parts of the world with 
silk. The ancients were generally ignorant 
of the manner in which it was spun by the 
silk-worms, and imagined it was a sort of 
down gathered from the leaves of trees. 
From the Seres, silk obtained the name of 
sericum, and thence a garment or dress of 
silk is called serica vestis. Heliogabalus, the 
Roman emperor, was the first who wore a 
silk dress, which at that time was sold for 
its weight in gold. Some suppose that the 
Seres are the same with the Chinese. 

126. Media fert tristes succos. The fruit 



GEORGIGA. LIB. II. 



77 



Felicis mali: quo non praesentius ullum 
(Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae, 
Miscueruntque herbas, et non innoxia verba) 
Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. 
Ipsa ingens arbos, faciemque simillima lauro: 
Et, si non alium late jactaret odorem, 
Lamms erat: folia haud ullis labentia ventis: 
Flos apprimatenax: animas et olentia Medi 
Ora fovent illo, et senibus medicantur anhelis. 
Sed neque Medorum sylvae, ditissima terra, 
Nee pulcher Ganges, atque au'rt> fcurbidus Hermus 
Laudibus Italiae certent: non Bactra, neque Indi, 
Totaque thuriferis Panchaia pinguis arenis. 
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 
Invertere, satis immanis dentibus hydri: 
Nee galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis: 
Sed gravidas fruges, et Bacchi Massicus humor 
Implevere: tenent oleaeque, armentaquejaeta. 
Hincbellator equus campo sese arduus infert: 
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus 

natis: nee seges riguit cassidibus et densis hastis miiitum 

quor vitis, replent Mam, et olese armentaque pinguia occupant. Ex una parte equus bellicosus 

immittit se campis alta eervice: ex alia parte greges ovium; et tauri, qu<e sunt maxim® 



mali fortunati: quo nullum 
remedium certius est,et cer: 
tins expellit e corpore nigra 
venena: quando novercae 

1 30 corruperunt potum, et mis- 
cuerunt cum eo herbas, et 
verba perniciosa. Arbor ip- 
sa magna est, et similis lau- 
ro secundum for mam; et 
laurus esset, nisi circum e- 

. - mitteret alium odorem-. 

^^frondes nullo vento deci- 
dunt: flos valde tenax est. 
Medi hoc malo corrigunt ha- 
litum suum, et graveolentia 
ora; et medentur senibus an- 
helantibus. Attamen nee 

140 sylvoe Medorum, regio opu- 
lentissima; nee pulcher Gan- 
ges, nee Herinus fluens au- 
reo limo, contendant cum 
laudibus Italise: nee Bactra, 
nee India, nee tota Panchaia 
dives solo thurifero. Tauri 

145 efflantes ignem naribus non 
aravere banc regionem, den- 
tibus magni draconis semi- 
Sed fcecundae fruges, et Massicus li- 



NOTES. 



here mentioned is certainly the citron; for 
Dioscorides says expressly that the fruit 
which the Greeks call medicwm, is in Latin 
called citreum. By its tardum saporem is pro- 
bably meant a taste which dwells long 1 upon 
the palate. The word tristes in this passage, 
which signifies bitter, must be understood 
of the outer rind, which is very bitter; or of 
the seeds, which are covered with a bitter 
skin. The juice of the pulp is acid. 

127. Felicis mali. The citron is probably 
called happy on account of its great virtues. 

130. Venena. Athenseus relates a remark- 
able story of the use of citrons against poi- 
son, which he had from a friend of his, who 
was governor of Egypt. This governor had 
condemned two malefactors to death by 
the bite of serpents. As they were led to 
execution, a person, taking compassion of 
them, gave them a citron to eat. The con- 
sequence of this was that though they were 
exposed to the bite of the most venomous 
serpents, they received no injury. The go- 
vernor, surprised at this extraordinary event, 
inquired of the soldier who guarded them 
what they Jiad eaten or drunk that day, and 
being informed, they had eaten only a ci- 
tron, he ordered that the next day one 
should eat citron and the other not. He who 
had not tasted the citron died soon after he 
was bitten; the other remained unhurt. 

136. Sed neque, &c. " We are now come," 
says Wharton, " to his most beautiful 
praises of Italy; nor is it easy to determine 
which is greatest, the poet's skill, or the 
patriot's love of his country. He glances at 



Greece with some ironical sarcasms. Mr 
Thomson has finely imitated these praises 
of Italy in his seasons, where he celebrates 
Great Britain. See his Summer." 

137. Pulcher Ganges. A river of India 
falling into the Indian Ocean. It rises in 
the mountains of Thibet and Independent 
Tartary, and runs upwards of 2,000 miles. 
Its banks are crowded with millions of wor- 
shippers. Pliny mentions it as a river afford- 
ing gold. 

137. Auro turbidus Hermus. Hermus is a 
river of Lydia; it receives the Pactolus,fa= 
mous for its golden sands. 

139. Thuriferis. It may mean that frank- 
incense is so abundant as to be collected not 
only from the trees, but also from the 
ground, or that the soil itself produces 
frankincense. Such is the sense of Ruaeus 
in the above interpretation, and such the 
views of Dr. Trapp. 

" Panchaia fat 
All o'er with frankincense-producing 
glebe." 

140. Hcec loca. Alluding to the story of Ja» 
son, who went to Colchis for the golden 
fleece; where he conquered the bulls which 
breathed fire from their nostrils s 8cc. 

143. Massicus humor. Massicus is a 
mountain of Campania, celebrated for wine . 

146- Albi, Clitumne, greges. The banks of 
the Clitumnus, a river of Italy, in Umbria, 
were famous for feeding white flocks, 
which Pliny makes to have been the effect 
of the water. But, whatever be in that, 
they were sought for sacrifice, the white 



78 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



victimae, sxpe loti sacris a- Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro, 

S!to£?SSS!J3[2?«™» ad tem P' a De * m du .*<^ triumphos. 

templadeorum. Hie <?«* per- Hie ver assiduum, atque alienis mensibus aestas. 

petuum ver, et aestas mensi- Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbos. 150 

K tft .Sy^JS ^ »Md« tigres absunt, et s*ya leonum 

fructus. Sed tigres furiosi Semina: nee miseros fallunt acomta legentes: 

hinc absunt, et crudeles pro- Nee rapit immensos orbes per humum, neq; tanto 

^"SSSSt^Squanieus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis. 

nec serpens squamosus mag- Adde tot egregias urbes, operumq; laborem: 1 5 5 

nis gyris repit humi, nec Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis: 

tanta longitudine se jonvol- Fluminaque antiquos fubter labentia muros. 

Tit in spiram. Adde tot ur- A * , *■ v , „ . . „ v , 

bes iiiustres, et difficultatem An mare, quod supra, memorem; quodq; alluit infra? 

operum: tot oppida manu Anne lacus tantos? te, Lari maxime; teque 

extructa in altis rupibus: et Fluctibus et fremitu assurgens, Benace, marino? 1 60 

Humina subeuntia veteres ,. T °. ;,.' , 

muros urbium. An laudabo An memorem portus, Lucrinoque addita claustra, 
mare, quod alluit Italiam, supra et infra? An vero lacus tam vastos? te, 6 magne Lari; et te, 6 
Benace, intumescensfluctuet sonitu marino? An laudabo portus, et moles objectasfoaaLucrino, 
et mare circa Mas 



NOTES. 



colour being thought more acceptable to the 
gods; for which reason the victims were 
whitened with chalk when the natural co- 
lour could not be found; as in Juvenal, Sat. 
X.66. 
Due in Capitolia magnum cretatumque bo- 
vem. 
147. Sacro. Not only because all rivers 
were reputed sacred, but because temples 
and places of worship were frequent on its 
borders. 

149. Alienis mensibus , i.e. in such months 
when other countries do not feel the 
warmth. Thus Lucretius uses alienis parti- 
bus anni in much the same sense. 

150. Bis gravida. He tells us the sheep 
are so fruitful in Italy that they breed twice 
a year. He seems to intimate the same in 
his second eclogue, where Corydon, speak- 
ing of his great riches in sheep and milk, 
says, 

" Lac mihi non aestate novum non frigore 

desit." 

New milk that all the winter never fails, 

And all the summer overflows the pails. 

Mr. Benson translates pecudes, kine. Ruaeus 

says, that to some Virgil's language seems 

a mere hyperbole. 

150. Bis pomis utilis arbos. Varro men- 
tions an apple tree which bears twice, Ma- 
ins bifera, ut in agro Consentino. 

152. Nec miseros fallunt, &c. Servius, who 
alleges that the aconite grew in Italy, takes 
the meaning to be, that it deceives nobody, 
because it is so well known. But this sense 
is so low, that one can hardly imagine Vir- 
gil capable of it; besides, why should the 
gatherers be called miseri, miserable, if they 
all knew it so well as never to mistake it? 
Therefore the meaning must either be, 
that this herb grows not at all, or but very 
rarely, in Italy. Fallunt has the force of in- 



terimunt, because poisonous herbs only de- 
stroy those who are ignorant of their noxi- 
ous qualities. So Eel. IV. 2<*. Fallax herba 
venenL 

152. Aconita. The aconite or ivolfs-bane. 
Several sorts of this plant are common in 
the gardens in England, one of which is 
well known, and called Monk's-hood. 

153. Immensos. He says, not that there 
are no serpents, but that they are not large 
or terrible. Or according to Minelius, " Di- 
cit, in Italia, non esse maguos serpentes, 
qui devorant animalia." 

156. Oppida. Virgil mentions, that Italy 
has towns built on craggy rocks and hills. 
There were many of this kind formerly, 
and are some still. In the road from Rome 
to Naples, four are seen in one view. 

157. Subter labentia muros- Some take this 
to mean that the walls of towns were so 
built as to admit rivers to flow under them: 
others think the poet speaks of the aque- 
ducts. It is more probable he means rivers 
flowing by the side of the walls. Heyne 
says "subter est pro prater." Minelius un- 
derstands the word subterlabentia, as im- 
porting the same with " cingentia vei allu- 
entia." 

159. Lari. The Larius is a great lake at 
the foot of the Alps, in the Milanese, now 
called Lago di Como. 

160. Benace. The Benacus is a lake in the 
Veronese, now called Lago di Garda; out 
of which flows the Mincius, on the banks 
whereof Virgil was born. 

161. Lucrinoque addita claustra, &c. Lu- 
crinus and A vermis are two lakes of Cam- 
pania; Augustus made a haven of them, to 
which he gave the name of the Julian ha- 
ven. As in Suetonius: Portum Julium apud 
Baias, immisso in Lucrinum et Avernum ?w 
cum mari, ejficit, 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



79 



Atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor: indignans magno mugitu: 

Julia qua poMolongisonatundarcfuso & ffiSS SS^ 

Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Ayernisf gud Tyrrhenum mare in. 

Haec eadem argenti rivos, aerisque metalla 165 nuit in, fauces Averni? Ea- 

Ostendit venis, atque auro plurima fluxit. ' ttftSSSTESgl 

Haec genus acre viriim, Marsos, pubemq; babellam, airis, e t auro multum abun- 
Assuetumque malo Ligurem, Volcosque verutos davit. Hxcprotiuxit bellico- 

Extulit: h*c Decios, Marios, magnosq; Camillos, ™J&2££g&£ 
bcipiadas duros bello; et te, maxime Caesar, 170 e t Ligures assuetos labori, et 

Qui nunc extremis Asiae jam victor in oris 
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum. 
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus, 
Magna virum: tibi res antiquae laudis et artis 

Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontes: 1 75 n u « c victor, in ultimis Asise 

° nnibus,repelhs molleslndos 

a Romanis urbibus. Salve, 6 terra Saturni, magna parens frugum, magna hominum; suscipio in 
tuara utilitatera res laudatas et excultas ab antiquis, ausus aperire prirnus sacros fontes: 



Volscos armatos verubus: 
haec produxit Decio3, Ma- 
rios, et magnos Camillos, 
Scipiones bello asperos, et 
te, 6 Csesar maxime, qui jam 



NOTES. 



164. Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur cestus 
Avernis? The lake Avernus, Strabo tells us, 
was situated near the Lucrine bay, but 
more within land. Hence it appears that a 
canal was made between the two lakes, 
which the poet here calls the straits of 
Avernus. 

165. JEris metalla. JEs is commonly trans- 
lated brass, but copper is the native metal; 
brass being- made of copper melted with 
lapis calaminaris- 

167. Marsos. The Marsi were a nation 
of Germany who afterwards came to settle 
near the lake Fucinus in Italy, (now called 
Lago Fucino, or Lago di Coelano) a coun- 
try checkered with forests, and abounding 
with wild boars and other ferocious ani- 
mals. They at first proved inimical to the 
Romans, but in process of time became 
their firmest supporters. 

167. Sabellam. The Sabelli were a people 
of Italy, descended from the Sabines. They 
were anciently called Ausones. The coun- 
try in which they resided was called Sam- 
mum. 

168. Assuetumque malo. Some explain it 
accustomed to deceit. But it is not likely that 
the poet would mention the vices of the 
people, where he is celebrating the praises 
of Italy. Therefore malum here must sig- 
nify hardship or labour; which agrees with 
the character given of the Ligurians by 
Dionysius, who says they lead a laborious 
life, and live by the chase. 

168. Assuetums/ue malo Ligurem. Ligu- 
ria was a country on the west of Italy. Ge- 
noa was anciently, and is now the capital of 
the country. It was subdued by the Ro- 
mans : its chief harbour now bears the name 
of Leghorn. 

168. Volcosque verutos. Of the Volsci men- 
tion is often made in the iEneid. They were 
a people of Latium, whose territories are 
hounded North by the Hernici and Marsi: 



South by the Tyrrhene sea: East by Cam- 
pania, and West by the Italians and Rutu- 
lians. They were formidable enemies, until 
conquered with the rest of the Latins. 
They are called Veruti from the similitude 
of their darts to (veru) a spit. 

169. Decios. The Decii were a famous 
Roman family, three of whom, the father, 
son, and grandfather, devoted themselves 
at different times, for the safety of their 
country. The first in the war with the La- 
tins, the second in the Tuscan war, the 
third in the war with Pyrrhus. 

169. Marios. Julius Caesar was related to 
this family by marriage: so that the poet 
makes a compliment to Augustus, by cele- 
brating the Marian family. 

169. Camillos. Marcus Furius Camillus 
drove the Gauls out of Rome, after they 
had taken the city, and laid siege to the ca- 
pitol. His son Lucius Furius Camillus beat 
them also. 

170. Scipiadas duros bello. The elder Sci= 
pio delivered his country from the invasion 
of Hannibal, by transferring the war into 
Africa, where he subdued the Carthagi- 
nians. Hence he had the surname of Afri- 
c^nus, and the honour of a triumph. The 
younger Scipio concluded the third Punic 
war by the total destruction of Carthage. 
They were called " duo fulmina belli," 
the two thunderbolts of war. 

172. Imbellem. This is not to be render- 
ed weaky effeminate, but disarmed. They 
came in a peaceable manner to Augustus, 
subdued by the glory of his name. So Reis- 
kius understands the word; " quod arma 
tua reveretur." Dryden has evidently mis« 
taken the author's sense in this line: 
" Avert unviarlihe Indians from his home.'* 
Wharton has preserved it: 
From Rome's high walls, on Asia's utmost 

plains 
Aw'd into peace, fierce India's rage restrains^ 



80 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



18© 



et canto per urbesRomanas Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen. 
S^S^r^Nunc locus arvorumingeniis: quae robora cuique, 

ra terrarum: qutesit cuiquc Quis color, et quae sit rebus natura ferendis. 
vis, quis color, et qua? indo- Difficiles primum terrae, collesque maligni, 
Itnrfn 1 Ce T s % iasd ™l res Tenuis ubi argilla, et dumosis calculus arvis, 

producendas. Pnmo terra ^, „ ,. A ,° A ' . A . . .. *' 

aspera et colles ingrati, ubi Palladia gaudent sylva vivacis ohvae. 

sterilis argilla et lapilli s?m*Indicio est, tractu surgens oleaster eodem 

in agris spinosis, amant syl- piurimus, et strati baccis sylvestribus a^ri. 

vam vivacis oleee sacram Mi- A <_ • . , , i . .. . ° , 

nerval. Oleaster plurimus At .<l uae pinguis humus, dulcique uhgine laeta, 

nascens in illis locis, et cam- Quiq; frequens herbis et fertilis ubere campus, 185 

pi operti olivis sylvestribus, Qualem saepe cava montis convalle solemus 

hoe indicant. At terra quae Trv„„„' u • v «i 

pinguis est, etabundans dul- Uespicere: hue summis hquuntur rupibus amnes, 
cihumore,et campus qui fe-Felicemque trahunt limum: quique editus Austro, 
rax est herbarum, et foecun- Et filicem curvis invisam pascit aratris: 
fi^S^ta?^ Hfct&i prsvalidas olim multoque fluentes 190 

montis, in quam fluvii de- oufficiet Baccho vites: hie fertilis uvae, 
fluunt ex altis rupibus, etde- Hie laticis; qualem pateris libamus et auro, 
££ 5'£&S^J" fl «j* c " m pinguis ebur Tyrrhenus ad aras, 
ridiem, et alit filicem incom- Lancibus et pandis lumantia reddimus exta. 
modam curvis aratris: hie Sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri, 195 

campus producet tibi ali- Aut fcetus ovium aut uren tes culta capellas: 

quando vites robustas, et un- c ., . ■. •• . ' . . . „, W' 

dantes multo vino: hie ferax kaltus et saturi petito longinqua Tarenti, 

est racemorum, et liquoris, qualem effundimus pateris aureis, quando pinguis Etruscus inflavit ti~ 
biam eburneam ante aras, et quando ofterimus Diis viscera victimarum in patinis curvis. Si ve- 
ro magis amas nutrire armenta, et vitulos, et sobolem ovium, et capellas qiue exhauriunt loca 
culta, qucere sylvas et remota arva Tarenti fertilis, 



NOTES. 



176. JLscraum carmen. By Ascrxan verse 
he means that he follows Hesiod, who was 
of Ascra in Boeotia. 

177. Nunc locus. The poet now speaks of 
the soils which are proper for olives, vines, 
pastures and corn. He mentions nine diver- 
sities. 1. A lean clayey soil adapted to the 
olive, v. 179. 2. A rich, moist soil suitable 
for the vine,v. 184. 3. A soil proper for cattle, 
v. 195. 4. A black soil fitted for raising corn, 
v. 203. 5. A soil like that of Capua and the 
country near Vesuvius, which is adapted to 
the vine, v. 217. 6. A salt soil, v. 238. 7. A 
fat soil, v. 251. 8. A humid one, v. 252. 9. 
A soil that is cold, v. 254. The poet also 
supplies a precept teaching by what means 
the stiff" and the loose soils may be known, 
v. 227, &c. 

179. Collesque maligni. That are envious, 
as it were, illiberal, and yield but scanty 
increase. 

180. Tenuis ubi argilla. Argilla is not our 
common clay, but potter's clay: tenuis 
means lean or hungry. 

181. Palladia. The discovery of the olive 
it attributed to Paris. 

182. Oleaster. This is a wild sort of olive, 
differing 1 from the cultivated kind as crabs 
from apples. It is thought to be the Cappa- 
docian jujubs. 

189. Filicem. There are several sorts of 
filix or fern. It is probable the poet intends 
the female fern or brake, which covers 
most of the uncultivated and hilly grounds 
in Italy. Masvicius has silicem, which read- 



ing is not without foundation; for Columel- 
la says, flints are beneficial to vines. And 
Mr. Miller, the author of the Gardener's 
Dictionary, observes, that the land which 
abounds with fern is always very poor and 
unfit for vines; but the flinty rocks which 
abound in Chianti are always preferred, and 
the vines there produced are esteemed the 
best in Italy. 

192. Pateris et auro. This the commenta- 
tors observe to be equivalent to pateris au- 
reis, which is true as to the sense. But we 
are to remember that auro is used for any 
vase of gold; as JSxv. I. 743, pleno se proluit 
auro. 

193. Pinguis Tyrrhenus. The ancient Tus- 
cans were famous for indulging their appe- 
tites, which made them generally fat; or 
perhaps the poet may allude to the bloated 
appearance of those who piped at the al- 
tars, such as is observed in trumpeters. 

196. Urentes culta capellas. Varro informs 
us that when the ancient Romans let a farm, 
they were accustomed to make an article 
that the tenant should not breed kids, be- 
cause they destroy the trees and bushes by 
browzing on them. 

197. Tarenti. Tarentum, now called Ta- 
rento, was a town of Calabria near the 
mouth of the river Galsesus. It once main- 
tained an authority over thirteen tributary 
cities, and could arm 100,000 folt and 
3,000 horse. The inhabitants at length be- 
came so dissipated and voluptuous, that the 
delights of Tarentum became proverbial. 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



81 



Et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campura, 

Pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos. 

Non liquid] gregibus fontes, non gramina desunt: 

Et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus, 

Exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte reponet. 

Nigra fore, et presso pinguis sub vomere terra, 

Et cui putre solum (namq; hoc imitamur arando) 

Optima frumentis, non ullo ex squore cernes 

Plura domum tardis decedere plaustra juvencis: 

Aut unde iratus sylvam devexit arator, 

Et nemora evertit multos ignava per annos, 

Antiquasque domos avium cum stirpibus imis 

Eruit: ills altum nidis petiere relictis; 

At rudis enituit impulso vomere campus. 

Nam jejuna quidem clivosi glarearuris 

Vix humiles apibus casias roremque ministrat: 

Et tophus scaber, et nigris exesa chelydris 

Creta: negant alios aeque serpentibus agros 

Dulcem ferre cibum, et curvas praebere latebras. 

Quae tenuem exhalat nebulam fumosq; volucres, 

Et bibit humorem, et cum vult ex se ipsa remittit, 

Quaeque suo viridi semper se gramine vestit, 

Nee scabie et salsa laedit rubigine ferrum; 

Ilia tibi laetis intexit vitibus ulmos: 

Ilia ferax oleae est: illam experiere colendo 

Et facilem pecori, et patientem vomeris unci. 

Talem dives arat Gapua, et vicina Vesevo 



et agros quales infelix Man- 
tua perdidit, qui nutriunt 

olores candidos in herboso 

^UU flavio. lllic puri fontes non 
desunt gregibus, nee Kerbs: 
et quantum herbarum ar- 
menta depaseent per longos 
dies, tantum ros humidus 
reddet per brevem noctem. 

205 Terra ferm6 nigra et pin- 
guis sub vomere alle immis- 
so, et cujus superficies mol- 
lis est (hoc enim perficimus 
aratione) optima est frumen- 
tis: nullo ex agro videbis plu- 
ra plaustra exire, bobus dif- 

2 10 ficile trahentibus. Item ilia 
terra, ex qua arator iratus 
abstulit sylvam, et diruit ne- 
mora infeecunda multis an- 
nis, et evulsit vetera latibula 
yoluerum cum radicibus 

2 i t- imis: illse fugerunt in aerem, 
nidis relictis; at campus, pri- 
us incultus, refulsit vomere 
impresso. Nam certe glarea 
sicca agri declivis vix profert 
apibus parvas casias et ros- 
marinum: quemadmodum 

220 tophus asper, et creta corro- 
sa a nigris chelydris. Nulli 
agri dicuntur producere tarn 
gratum pabulum serpenti- 
bus, et prsebere tarn cavas la- 

224 tebras. Quee expirat tenues 
vapores et leves fumos, 



, et 
bibit humorem, et ipsa sponte ejicit ilium ex se; et quse semper tegit se propriis herbis, neeinfi- 
cit vomerem scabritie et rubigine amara: ilia tibi implicabit ulmos foecundis vitibus: ilia fertilis 
est oleis: illam senties colendo, et aptam gregibus, et tractabilem vomere acuto. Talem arat Ca- 
pua dives, et regio propinqua monti Vesuvio, 



NOTES. 



198. Et qualem. Mr. Benson says, " the 
verse complains, and every word seems to 
sigh." 

201. Quantum longis, &c. What the poet 
here says of the prodigious growth of the 
grass in a night's time seems incredible; 
yet, as Varro informs us, Caesar Vopiscus 
affirmed that, at Rosea, a vine-pole, being 
fixed in the ground, would be lost in the 
grass the next day. 

203. Presso. This epithet seems to allude 
to the custom of laying a weight on the 
head of the plough to make the share enter 
the deeper. 

204. Putre solum. Minelius gives " reso- 
lubile et non compactum" as the sense of 
the author; crumbling, loose, rotten. 

207. Iratus. Impatient, angry, on seeing his 
land overgrown with wood, which might 
otherwise have been covered with corn. 

211. Enituit; shows its beauty. The poet, 
by the word expresses, that when a wood 
has been grubbed up, the rude uncultivated 
land where it stood appears after ploughing 
in full beautv. 



213. Casias. Virgil, says Mr. Martyn, 
mentions two sorts of cassia; the one is an 
aromatic bark, not much unlike cinnamon, 
and is probably what we call cassia lignea. 
Of this he speaks, verse 466th of this Geor- 
gia 

Nee casia liquidi corrumpiturusus olivi. 
The other seems to be the plant which bears 
the granum Gnidium, called spurge jlax, or 
mountain <widow-<waile, and grows in rough 
mountains in the warmer climates. 

213. Rorem. Not dew, but the rosemary, 
or ros marinus: so called, because used in 
sprinkling, as we read in the scriptures of 
the hyssop, and grew in places near the 
sea-coast. Prose authors generally write the 
name of this plant in one word, rosmarinus 
or rosmarinum, but the poets commonly di- 
vide it. 

214. Tophus scaber. This the same au- 
thor takes to be what we call rotten-stone. 
Pliny says it is of a crumbling nature. Nam 
tophus scaber naturafriabilis expetitur quoque 
ab auctoribus. 



M 



82 P- VIRGILII 3MAR0NIS 

etCJanmsnoncommodusA- Ora jugo, et vacuis Clanius non sequus Acerris. 
£!£?%£? un a t° Nunc, quo quamq; modo possis cognosces, dicam. 

quamque cognoscere. Si Kara sit> an supra morem sit densa, requiras: 
quscris «n rara sit, an plus (Altera frumentis quoniam favet, altero Baccho: 
ajquodensH (quia altera bo- j) ensa magis Cereri: rarissima quaeque, Lyaeo) 

na est frumcnto, altera viti; A t x , ° ,. llV . / ,. ; ' __ A 

densamagi?frumento,raris- Ante locum capies oculis: alteque jubebis • 230 

simaqu!»queviti).Primoeii- In solido puteum demitti, orcnemque repones 

ges locum ct-Mis, et jubebis R ursus humum, et pedibus summas aequabis arenas. 

puteum defodi prolunce in c . , x . ... x , 

solido loco: deinde repones Sl deerunt; rarum, peconque et vitibus almis 

omnem terram in enndem Aptius uber erit: sin in sua posse negabunt 

locum, et complanabis pedi- i re i oca? et SC robibus superabit terra repletis, 235 

SfflrS'!?*" Spissus ager; glebas cunctantes crassaque terga 

cum; ager eritrarus, et me- Expecta, et validis terram proscmde juvencis. 

lior ad pascua etvites almas: Salsa autem tellus, et quae perhibetur amara, 

si verb abnuantse posse re- p ~ infelix . ea nec ma nsuescit arando, 

dire in suum locum, et to- o . » 

veis repletis terra redundet; Nec Baccho genus, aut pomis sua nomma servat: 240 
ager erit densus; existima Tale dabit specimen: tu spisso vimine qualos, 
fire glebas paras et erassos Co laque prelorum fumosis deripe tectis. 

tnmore?, et ara terram bo- TT * r .„ , , , \ r •• 1 

bus robustis. Terra autem Wuc a g er l "e malus, dulcesque a fontibus undae 

salsa, et quse dicitur araara, Ad plenum calcentur: aqua eluctabitur omnis 

iuepta est frumentis: ilia ne- Scilicet, et s*randes ibunt per vimina smttae. 245 

que emendatur aratione, ne- K . • ?• • r ■ - •*• .. 

que servat vino suum genus, At sapor indicium faciet manifestos, et ora 
ac ne nomina quidem pro- Tristia tentantum sensu torquebit amaror. 
prU pomis: tele prsebebit in- pi n g U i s j tem q UJe s j t tellus, hoc denique pacto 
£™ £2££ft£ Dkcimus: haud unquam manibus jactata fatiscit, 
deuabe e tectis fumosis. In Sed picis in morem. ad digitos lentescit habendo. 250 
us terra ilk mala, et dulees Humida maiores herbas alit, ipsaque justo 
^S^TuSr^^ftior: ah nimium ne sit mini fertilis ilia, 
quippe omnis aqua exprime- Neu se praevahdarn primis ostendat aristisl 
tur, et longaj guttse defluent Quae gravis est, ipso tacitam se pondere prodit; 
^S^uT» n r„ife s -Q^<J ue l evis - Pn-nptum ■* oculis prsdiscere ni- 

turn, et amarities lsedet gus* gram, i 255 

tu ora asgra expiorantium. Et quisquis color. At sceleratum exquirere frigus 

Prfeterca, bee demum mo- 
do cognoscimus, qusenam terra sit pinguis: ilia manibus versata nunquam dissolvitur, sed dum 
tenetur, adhairet digitis instar pieis. Humida nutrit grandiores herbas, et ipsa foecunda est plus- 
quam oportet: ah ne ilia sit mihi nimis fertilis, et ne monstret se fortiorem primis in herbis! 
Qua; est gravis, et quae levis, maniiestet se ipso pondere, etsi de ilia taeeatur. Facile est cognos- 
ces visu nigram, et quisquis unicuique color est. Sed difficile est investigare frigus 

NOTES. 

225. Vacuis Clanius non aquus Acerris. of each. Thus Cato says, Ne vinum noinen 

Aceme is the name of a very ancient city perdat. 

of Campania, which was almost depopulated 244. Elv.ctabiiur; by force, as if it were 

by the frequent inundations of the river unwilling to escape. 
Clanius. 247. Amaror. Some MSS. read amaro, 

231. In solido. " Ubi terra solida maxime Servius contends for the word amaror, 

est, non cava" says Minelius; for if hollow, and considers it as taken from Lucretius, 

the experiment would not answer the pur- Cum timui miscere absinthiatangit amaror. 

pose. It is amaror in Wakefield's last edition of 

233. Minis. Vines are called ahne in the Virgil. Aulus Gellius says that Higinus af- 

same sense as Ceres, the earth, &c. from firmed it was amaror in the very book 

alo, because they invigorate and give nour- which belonged to the house and family of 

ishment. Virgil himself. It is declined amaror, oris; 

237. Validis terram prosclnde juvencis. He bitterness, 
mentions the strength of the bullocks, to 254. Tacitam. Without my telling you, 

signify that this soil must be deeply plough- In the same sense the word occurs, JEn. 

ed. VI. 841. 

240. Sua nomina. Nomen, when applied 255. Oculis pradiscere. To distinguish it 

to wines and fruits, signifies the quality at first sight, or to learn it by the eye pre * 



viously to all trial. 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



83 



Difficile est: piceae tantiim, taxique nocentes perniciosum: tantummodd 

Interdum, aut hederae pandunt vestigia nigrae. J"* KJ* l f * , no * ilc > vcl n }" 

Mis animadversis, terrain multo ante memento signasfl&w. His cognitisme- 

Excoquere, et magnos scrobibus concidere rnontes: mmerisputrefacere terrain. 
Ante supinatas Aquiloni ostendere glebas, 261 ^apeiirefov-eis altos monies 

-.v ,*\ -pi- •■ & • .. • mmto pnus, et exponere A- 

Quam laetam infodias vitis genus: optima putn qu ii om giebus invems mul- 

Arva solo: id venti curant, gelidaeque pruinae, to prius, quam plantes hiiare 

Et labefacta movens robustus iueera fossor. S e . nus vitis - °H timi mnt a " 

a* • u j 11 - • i * r •„ rt ^ ^ gn quorum solum est tcne- 

At si quos baud ulla viros vigilantia fugit; 265 rum: id au tem efficient ven- 

Ante locum similem exquirunt, ubi prima paretur t»> et pruinx frigidaj, et ro- 
Arboribus seges, et quo mox dio-esta feratur: bust " s fossor agitans terram 

hj ,. , ° , . iS °. procissam. bed si nulla vi- 

Mutatam ignorent subito ne semina matrem. ^ ilantia dee3t qui busdam vi- 

Quin etiam coeli regionem in cortice signant: ris, hi prius eliguntloca duo 

Ut, quo quaeque modo steterit, qua parte calores 270 similia: unum, in quo pri- 

Austrinos tulerit, qu* terga obverterit axi, SSSTS?5CSX 

Restituant. Adeo in teneris consuescere multum est. quem deinde transfemui: 

Collibus, an piano melius sit ponere vites, distinguendum per ordines: 

Qu«re prius. Si pinguis agros metabere campi; ZJm&2Z£& 

Prieterea notant eteli situm in cortice: ut reponant arborcm, quomodc unaquxque posita fuerat, 
qua parte passa erat calorem meridionalem, quae terga verterat septentrioni. Tantum potest 
consuetudo capta a tenera cetate. Perpende prius, an melius sit plantare vites in piano, an in col- 
libus. Si eligis agros pinguis campi, 



NOTES. 



257. Picex. The picea is our common fir; 
called also the pitch-tree or spruce fir. 

257- Taxique nocentes. The berries of the 
yew are said by Pliny and other authors to 
be poisonous. The leaves also are found to 
be destructive to horses. There is a sort of 
yew in the Pisa garden, more bushy than 
the common, and has leaves more like a 
fir, and sends forth a smell, so poisonous, 
that the gardeners cannot work at clipping 
it for more than half an hour at a time. 

258. Hederce nigra. The berries of our 
common ivy are black, when ripe . We may 
therefore suppose it the plant referred to. 
A White ivy is mentioned in the 7th Eclog. 
" Candidior cyenis, hederd formosior alba," 
but we are now not acquainted with any 
such plant. 

259. His animadversis. Having explained 
the several sorts of soil, he proceeds to give 
instructions respecting the planting of vines. 
He presents fifteen precepts: 1. Encompass 
the spacious hills with trenches, v. 260. 2. 
Choose a soil resembling that from which 
the cuttings are taken, v. 265. 3, Mark the 
aspect on the bark that every slip may 
stand the same as in the nursery, v. 269. 

4. If you lay out a rich plain, plant thick; if 
on sloping hills, allow room: but always 
plant in order and at equal distances, v. 273. 

5. Be careful about the depth of your fur- 
row, v. 288. 6. In sowing the vine, several 
^conveniences must be avoided, v. 298. 7. 
Particular attention must be paid to the 



time of planting, v. 315. 8. To manuring, v. 
346. 9. To the introducing of spongy stones 
or rough shells about the roots, v. 348. 10. 
To digging, v 354. 11. To propping, v. 358. 
12. To pruning, v. 362. 13. To making se- 
cure hedges, v. 371. 14. The rites of Bac- 
chus must be performed, v. 380. 15. Con- 
stant attention and diligence must be main- 
tained, v. 397. 

260. Concidere. Pierius assures us, that 
circumdare is the reading of the Roman ma- 
nuscript. 

266. Prima paretur arboribus seges. By pri« 
ma seges is meant the seminarium or nur- 
sery where the cuttings of the vines are 
first planted. 

268. Semina in this place may signify 
young plants, as also verse 301. 

Neu ferro Ixde retuso 

Semina. 
In the same sense it is often used by Pliny s 
Columella, &.c. 

268. Matrem. Matrem is used to express 
the earth in which the cuttings and young 
vines are planted. 

269. Ccsli regionem. It is easy to see the 
north and south side of a tree after it has 
been felled, for the annual rings are much 
closer on the north side than on the south. 
Mr. Evelyn says, he can confirm this advice 
of the poet by frequent losses of his own. 

271. Axi. He uses axis singly for the 
north, because that pole only, to us, is vi- 
sible 



84 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



276 



280 



sere vites spissius: vitis non Densa sere: in denso non segnior ubere Bacchus. 
est steriiippindenBoagro. Si si tumulis ac clive solum, collesque supinos, 
vero ehgis solum assurgens .... . n . . v ' 

in tumores, et colles incliaa- Indulge orumibus: nee seems omnis in unguem 
tos, fac ordines laxiores: ni- Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret. 
hilominus omnia intervalla Ut G intend bello cum lon^a cohortes 

congruant perrecte, arbo-_, ,. r . . ° . . ° 

ribus dispositis per sec-Explicuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto, 
tos tramites. Quemadmo- Directseque acies, ac late fluctuat omnis 
dum in magno bello, cum ^ re ren identi tellus, necdum horrida miscent 
longa legio extendit suas co- ,-, .. , , , • ,.. ,» 

hortes, %t omnis turba con- Praeh . a » sed dubius medns Mars errat in armis. 
stint in campo vacuo: et ex- Omnia sint paribus numeris dimensa viarum: 
ercitus ordinati sunt, et om- 
nis terra undique splendet fulgore armorum sereorum: nondum tamen committunt horridam 
pugnam, sed Mars incertus vagatur in medio armorum. Sic omnia intervalla arborum sint di- 
mensa sequalibus numeris tramitum: 

NOTES. 

275. Doiso. Denso here seems to be the 

same as dense consito. Mr. Martyn construes n 

ubere with segtiior, taking ubere for fertility , 
and makes denso the same as in denso, or- 
dine being understood. Others follow Ru- 
seus, who takes ubere for agro, as it seems 
to be, -SEn. III. 

— Quae vos a stirpe parentum 

Prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere lseto 

Accipiet reduces. And above, v. 234. 
277. Nee secius omnis , t3*c. The words 
may be thus arranged: Nee secius omnis via 
quadret secto limite arboribus positis in un- 
guem: " And no less let every path, or 
space, square with the cross path, the trees 
being planted exactly." Martyn. Where via 
signifies the spaces between the rows, and 
limes is the cross path, which in the square 
figure cuts the other at right angles. 

277. Omnis in unguem. This passage has 
occasioned much difficulty. Several of the 
commentators conceive he is speaking of 
the quincunx, of which number are Grimo- 
aldus and Ruxus. La Cerda thinks, with 
better reason, that he means planting the 
vines in a square, as in the following order: 





This figure often repeated produces the 
following: 



















































The quincunx has its name from the nu- 
meral V. Three trees planted in that form 
are called a single quincunx, as 















The double quincunx is the V doubled, 
which makes an X, being four trees plant- 
ed in a square with a fifth in the centre, 
thus; 



Now as Virgil compares the disposition of 
the trees to a battle in array, it is evident 
the former and not the latter figure, as has 
been mistakenly supposed, must be intend- 
ed. 

In unguem, is a metaphor taken from the 
workers in marble, who try the exactness 
of the joints with their nails. 

282. Renidenti. This is the only simile in 
the 2d Georgic; but never did any poet 
draw one with greater propriety. The rows 
of vines are compared to the ranks and files 
of a Roman army, when they are ranged in 
the most exact discipline and not yet disor- 
dered by fighting. The shining beauty of 
the clusters is represented by the splendor 
of the brazen arms, and not a word is used 
that does not serve to justify the compari- 
son. In both, the design of this order is the 
same, not only to please the eye, but because 
most proper for the intended use. 

Dr. Trapp's translation well displays the 
poet's ideas: 

— — " As in war 

The long extended legion forms in lines 
Its cohorts: when the marshall'd squadrons 

stand 
In the wide plain, and, the whole army 

rang'd, 
The ground all fluctuates with the brazen 

gleam, 
Nor yet in horrid shock the battle joins 
But Mars uncertain hovers o'er the field." 
284. Numeris, harmony, order, proportion 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



85 



Non animum modo uti pascat prospectus inanem; 285 non solum, ut aspcctus 
Sed quia non aliter vires clabit omnibus *q„as «■* ^Z^ t ^Z 

Terra, neq; in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami, praebebit omnibus sequalc 



Forsitan et scrobibus quae sint fastigia quaeras. 
Ausim vel tenui vitem committere sulco. 
Altius ac penitus terrae defigitur arbos: 
jEsculus imprimis, quae quantum vertice ad auras 
^Ethereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. 
Ergo non hyemes illam, non flabra, neque imbres 
Convellunt: immota manet, multosque per annos 
Multa virum volvens durando saecula vincit. 
Turn fortes late ramos et brachia tendens 
Hue illuc, media ipsa ingentem sustinet umbram. 
Neve tibi ad Solem vergant vineta cadentem: 
Neve inter vites corylum sere: neve flagella 



robur, nee rami poterunt se 
extendere in aerem. Forte 
__ petes quaenam clebeat esse 
•^^ altitudo fossarum: auderem 
ego deponere vitem in tenui 
fossa etiam; arbor verd pro- 
fundus ac penitus detbditur 
in terra. Prsecipue a:sculus, 
quae tantum progreditur ra- 
295 dicead inferos, quanturnpro- 
greditur cacumine ad pla- 
gas coelestes. Ergo non hye- 
mes, non venti, neque pluvias 
illam eruunt: manet incon- 
cussa, et per multos annos 
superat durando transigens 



Summa pete, aut summas defringe ex arbore plantas. mu itas states hominum: 

(Tantus amor terrae) neu ferro laede retuso 

Semina: neve oleae sylvestres insere truncos. 

Nam saepe incautis pastoribus excidit ignis, 

Qui furdm pingui primum sub cortice tectus 

Robora comprendit, frondesq: elapsus in altas 

Ingentem ccelo sonitum dedit: inde secutus 

Per ramos victor, perque alta cacumina regnat, 

Et totum involvit flammis nemus, et ruit atram 

Ad coelum picea crassus caligine nubem: 

Praesertim si tempestas a vertice sylvis 

Incubuit, Q:lomeratque ferens incendia ventus. 

° * ssepe pastoribus imprudenti- 

bus excidit ignis, qui primo occultus sub pingui cortice oleae clam corripuit truncos, et erum- 
pjsns in alta folia, edidit ingentem crepitum in aerem: inde gliscens regnat victor per ramos et 
per altum verticem, et implicat flammis totam sylvam, et densus piceo fumo emittitin cceluna 
nigram nubem. Praecipue si tempestas a septentrione incumbat arboribus, et si ventus augens 
volvat incendia. 



30 1 turn late porrigens ramos i-o- 
bustos, et brachia hue illuc, 
ipsa inter ramos suos media, 
alit magnam umbram. Ne 
autem vineae tibi inclinent 

305 ^ Solem occidentem: et ne 
plantes corylum inter vites: 
et ne carpas suprema cacu- 
mina, aut ne abscindas su- 
premos surculos ex arbore 
(adeo amant terram) et ne 
vulneres ferro obtuso sur- 

olOculos: et ne plantes simul 
truncos oleae sylvestris. Nam, 



NOTES. 



285. Inanem. i. e, without reaping any 
other advantage thence but the bare plea- 
sing of the eye. 

290. Altius, ac penitus terras dejigitur arbos. 
We take the construction to be,arbos defigitur 
altius ac penitus terra, not ac arbos dejigitur. 
Virgil here makes a distinction between vi- 
tis and arbos; for vines were not accounted 
trees, but shrubs, or something of a mid- 
dle nature between both. Thus Columella 
says, Nam ex surculo vel arbos procedit, ut 
olea; velfrutex, ut palma campestris: veltev- 
tium quiddam, quod nee arborem, nee fru- 
ticem proprie dixerim, ut est vitis. 

299. Neve inter vites. The hazel has a 
large spreading root, which would there- 
fore injure the vines. The goat, because in- 
jurious to vineyards, was sacrificed to Bac- 
chus, and its entrails were roasted on hazel 
spits. 

300. Flagella summa pete. Columella uses 
the same wordflagella for shoots. The sum- 
ma flagella Mr. Martyn takes to be, not the 
topmost shoots, as it is commonly under- 
stood, but the upper part of the shoot, 
which expert gardeners advise to cut off", 
because the upper parts of the shoot are 
never so well ripened as the lower parts, 



301. Tantus amor terrae. The poet insinu- 
ates that the shoots, which grow nearest 
the earth, contract such an attachment to 
it, that they take root the earliest and best, 

301. Neu ferro laede retuso. Hebeti, non 
acuto, Minelius says. A blunt knife increa- 
ses the labour of the vine-dresser, and also 
tears the vines. 

302. Neve oleae sylvestres. It seems, from 
this passage, to have been a custom to plant 
wild olives in the vineyards, as supports to 
the vines. This the poet disapproves; be- 
cause a spark accidentally falling on the 
unctuous part of the olive may set the 
whole vineyard on fire. May seems to un- 
derstand this precept of Virgil to ^Rate to 
the planting of wild olives, not amongst the 
vines, but amongst the cultivated olives; he 
thus translates the passage: 

— " Nor yet 

Wild olive trees 'mongst other olives,- set." 
310. A vertice. From on high, as the 
south -wind is mentioned to come abalto, as 
Geor. I. 443. 

Namque urget ab alto 

Arboribusque satisqne Notus, pecorique 
sinister. 



86 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Cum id accidit: turn yU Hoc ubi; non a stirpe valent, caesaeque revert* 

tes neque possunt e radice, o . • ,,••! • * . 

ncque 1 per amputationem Possunt, utque ima similes revirescere terra: 

repuUulare, et renasci simi- Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris. 314 

les abima terra: se^steriles Nee tibi Cam prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor 

S^JSK'lBaaSTenurem Borea rigidam spirame movere. 

lus tam prudens, tibi auctor Kura gelu turn claudit hyems, nee semme jacto 

sit hujus consilii, ut flante Concretam patitur radicem affigere terras. 

Borek zperwinscrobes ter- 0ptima v i net i s sat i est C um vere rubenti 

ram rigentcm: tunc hyems « r ,. , . . . / . . v ***"**"* 

constringit arva frigore, nee Candida venit avis longis in visa colubns: 32Q 

permittit ut } surculo defosso, Prima vel autumni sub frigora, cum rapidus Sol 

radix constricta mfigatur Nondum hyemem continsrit equis, iampraeterit aestas; 
terrse. Optima plantatio v»- XT ■ , s J ... & i 'J p*w.iu«9i«9, 

nearum est, vere purpurea, Ver adeo fr <>ndi nemorum, ver utile sylvis; 
cum redit avis alba, infensa Vere tument terras, et genitalia semina poscunt. 
longis serpentibus: vel circa Turn pater omnipotens fcecundis imbribus sether 325 

prima frigora autumni: cum r«^« ,*• • • i A ■, j.* 

Sol rapidus nondum attigit Gonjugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnes 
equis hyemem, sed jam ea- Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, foetus. 
lores abierunt. Ver pweci- Avia turn resonant avibus virgulta canoris, 

Sto*SrS3s2h£:» Venerem certis re P etunt ai ' menta **«»■ 

mescunt vere, et petunt semina fcecundantia. Turn aer, qui est pater omnipoteus, labitur per 
pluvias fertiles in sinura laetse uxoris terra: et magnus ipse, commixtus magno ejus corpoi*i, nu- 
trit omnes foetus. .Turn frutices extra vias positi resonant volucribus, et animalia redeunt a£ 
feoncubitum statis diebus. 



NOTES. 



312, Hoc vbi; ncn t &c. Others point it 
thus, hoc ubi non; when this is not the case, 
the wild olives, mentioned before, ai*e vi- 
gorous at the root, and are able to recover 
themselves, though cut, and will sprout 
up such as they were. 

319. Cum vere rubenti. The epithet rubenti 
is supposed to allude to the red flowers 
which appear in the spring: or it may mean 
bright or shining; so purpureus is used for 
any bright colour, and the spring often has 
that epithet. Miuelius understands the 
sense of the author to be '* florum purpura, 
omnibusque coloribus colorato;" beautified 
with purple and all the hues of vernal flow- 
ers.. 

Thomson finely conveys the same idea: 
No gradual bloom is wanting — -— — 
Infinite numbers, delicacies, smells, 
With hues on hues expression cannot paint, 
The breath of nature and her endless 
bloom. 

320. Candida avis. The stork, which is a 
bird of passage, and in such esteem, Pliny 
tells us, for destroying serpents, that in 
Thess^ it was a capital crime to kill 
it. W 

321. ^Prima vel autumni. The time meant 
by Virgil, in this place, must be the latter 
end of autumn, which the Romans reckon- 
ed to begin on the 12th of August. Colu- 
mella says the time of planting in the spring 
is from the 13th of February to the vernal 
equinox: in the autumn, from the 15th of 
October to the 1st of December. 

322. Nondum hyemem contingit equis. Ru- 
kus considers this to be the tropic of Capri- 
corn. But the sun passes into Capricorn at 



the winter solstice, about the 24th or 25th. 
of December. This season could not possi- 
bly have been called, by Virgil, autumn. 

322. JEstas, warm weather. . 

323. Ver adeo frondi. A description of 
spring, which season the poet applauds. 
Compare with this passage the lines of 
Ovid: ex Fast. I. 

Omnia tunc florent, tunc est nova temporis 

xtas, &c. 
And Horace, Od. 4.1. 1. 
Solvitur aeris hyems grata vice veris, 8cc. 
And with each compare some of the deli- 
cate effusions of Thomson. 
Forth fly the tepid airs; andunconfin'd 
Unbinding earth, the moving softness strays. 

-The juicy groves 

Put forth their buds, unfolding by degrees, 
Till the whole leafy forest stands display'd, 
In lull luxuriance to the sighing gales. 

—The gentle tenants of the shade 
Indulge their purer loves; the rougher 

world 
Of brutes below, rush furious into flame 
And fierce desire, &c. 

325. Turn pater omnipotens. The ether or 
sky, which in the heathen mythology is the 
same with Jupiter, or the Almighty Father- 
Thus Lucretius: 

Postremo pereunt imbres, ubi eos pater 

Mthet 
In gremium matris Terrai przecipitavit. 

326. Lcet<£. In a MS. of Dr. Meade, it 
reads late, which is an elegant reading ex- 
pressive of the wide extent of the vernal 
showers. 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



87 



Parturit almus ager: Zcphyrique tepentibus auris 330 Omnis campus parturit, et 
Laxant arva sinus: superat tener pmnibus humor: &&£$££ £fc 
Inque novos soles audent se gramma tuto dat in omnibus agria hu- 

Credere: nee metuit sur^entes pampinus Austros, nww: et herbas audent tu- 
Aut actum ccelo magnis Aquilonibus imbrem: tSSEZlSEU'S. 

Sed trudit gemraas, et frondes explicat omnes. 335 gentesj aut .piuviam emissara 
Non alios prima crescentis origine mundi 
Illuxisse dies, aliumve habuisse tenorem 
Crediderim: ver illud erat, ver magnus agebat 
Orbis, et hybernis parcebant flatibus Euri; 
Cum primum lucem pecudes hausere, virumq; 
Ferrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis, 
Immissaeque ferae sylvis, et sidera coelo. 
Nee res hunc tenerae possent perferre laborem: 
Si non tanta quies iret, frigusque caloremque 
Inter; et exciperet coeli indulgentia terras. 

Quod superest, qusecumque premes virgulta per agros, inimiss ^ sunt in ■?*«■> «* 
Sparge fimo pingui, et multa memor occule terra: ^dusSdhucten'er non^Z 
Aut lapidem bibulum, aut squalentes mfode conchas, tuisset tolerare hunc labo- 
Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisq; subibit rem: ™ si tanta 1 uies esset 

Halitus, atque animos tollent »ta; jamque reperti W^JSSAS& 
Qui saxo super atque mgentis pondere testae piectereturterras.Cxtemm, 

Urgerent: hoc effusos munimen ad imbres; quaseunque arbusculas de« 

Hoc ubi hiulca siti Sndit cams sestifer arva. SgT W*"HK£ 

tegere multa terra. Vel circci infode lapides bibulos, aut conchas asperas: nam aquse inter eas 
fluent, et tenuis vapor permeabit, et ea qua plantata sunt sument vires. Inventi sunt etiam, qui 
premerent ea desuper saxo, et pondere magnse testte: et boc muniraentum est adversus pluvias 
immodicas: hoc munimentum est, quando canis ardorem ferens aperit calore agros hiantes. 



ccelo magnis Aquilonibus: 
sed propellit germina, et el- 
fundit omnia folia. Non puto 
alios dies fulsisse in priroo 
ortu nascentis mundi, aut 

g^Qbabuisse alium ordinem, 
Tempus illud ver fuit: mag- 
nus orbis habebat ver, et 
Euri continebant hybernos 
flatus: statim ut pecudes ac- 
ceperunt lucem, et ferreum 
genus hominum extulit ca- 

345 put ex agris saxosis, et fera? 



NOTES. 



332. Audent, &c. i. e. when they are 
strong enough to sustain the first heats of 
the sun. 

336. Non alios. Not that there was a per- 
petual spring, at the beginning of the 
world, but that it was the spring season 
when cattle and men were created. Virgil 
intimates that the new created beings would 
not have been able to have sustained the 
extremities of heat and cold. But formed 
in spring they would have time to grow 
hardy before a severer season came on. 
" Such were the days, the season was the 

same, 
When first arose this world's all beauteous 

frame, 
The sky was cloudless, balmy was the air, 
And spring's mild influence made young 

nature fair." 
It is unfortunate for this idea of the poet, 
that if at the creation of the world it was 
spring in our hemisphere, it must have been 
autumn in the southern, 

341, Ferrea. Ruxus thinks the poet here 
alludes to the golden age and the restitution 
of the earth by Deucalion and Pyrrha. But 
that learned commentator seems to have 
forgotten that Virgil is here speaking of the 
very first age of the world. Heyne says 
<c Cum homines primi e terra, nati sunt. 
Quanta ornatus varietas hoc et sequente ver- 
su! Duri homines e dura terra nati." When 
the first men w§r« produced from toe 



ground. What a beautiful variety may be 
traced in this and the subsequent line! 
hardy men from a hardy earth. 

342. Immisstzque ferce syfois, et sidera ccelo. 
Literally, And the wild beasts were sent 
into the woods, and stars into the heavens. 

346. Premes. Virgulta prernere most pro- 
bably is to be understood of layers; 
" Now when you bend the layers to the 

ground, 
Cast fatt'ning dung and copious mould 
around." 

At the beginning of the book, the poet 
recommended layers as the best mode of 
pi-opagating the vines: to this method there- 
fore it is most probable that he should al- 
lude. Besides, premere seems more proper 
to express the laying down of a branch, than 
the planting of a young cutting or the re« 
moving of a young tree; because in this 
case a branch is laid down into a trench 
and covered over with earth, 

347. Sparge jimo pingui. The directions 
respecting burying stones and shells ia sup- 
posed to be taken from Mago the Cartha- 
ginian. Wharton in his translation has no 
where descended so near the feeble and 
doggrel, as when stating the uses of these 
" rough, shells and pebbles." According to 
him they leave apertures, 
** Through which may subtle vapours pe= 

netrate, 
And to large growth tbe tendrils instigate ." 



88 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Sm-culis plantatis restat s»- Seminibus positis, superest deducere terram 

pe accurautere terrain ad ra- Sa > pius ad capita et duros j ac tare bidentes; 355 

dices eorum: etimmittereh- 1 * ' J , \ 

goues ferreosm terram,- aut Aut presso exercere solum sub vomere, et ipsa 
movere terram sub vomere Flectere luctantes inter vineta juvencos: 

dcpresso, et deducere boves Tum j eves ca l amos et rasge hastilia vir^se, 
resistentes inter ipsasvmeas. r, . • r i_- 

Delude adjungere viti poli- Fraxineasque aptare sudes, furcasque bicornes: 
tas cannas et hastilia e vir- Viribus eniti quarum, et contemnere ventos 360 

gis decorticatis, et palos Assuescant, summasque sequi tabulata per ulmos. 
S£^*25t£SStAc, dum prima novis adolesck frondibus *tas, 
assurgere, et despicere ven- Parcendum teneris: et dum se laetus ad auras 
tos, et adhserere ramis ad Palmes agit, laxis per purum immissus habenis, 
£&££££££ IP» «" nondum falcis tentanda; sed uncis 365 

ris vitibus, dum prima atas Carpendae manibus frondes, mterque legendae. 
crescit novis frondibus, et inde ubi jam validis amplexae stirpibus ulmos 
dum palmes latus attollit se Exierint: tum str i n „ e comas, turn brachia tonde. 

in altum, emissus in aerem ... o 7 

veluti laxatis habenis. Ipsa Ante reformidant ferrum: tum demque dura 

acies ferri non est adhuc ad- Exerce imperia, et ramos compesce fluentes. 370 

hibenda: sed frondes praci- Texendge sepes et i am et pecus omne tenendum est: 
denda sunt ungmbus ma- ~ v . r P 7 * . , ., 

nuum, et passim auferenda. Pracipue dum frons tenera imprudensq; laborum: 
Postea, quando vites, firma Cui, super indignas hyemes, Solemque potentem, 
radice imphcata ulmis, ere- Sylvestres uri assidue capraeque sequaces 

verint; tunc amputa pampi- ' ,. , -j • o» r 

nos, tunc seca palmites: pri- Uludunt: pascuntur oves, avidaeque juyencae. 375 

us timent ferrum: tunc de- Frigora nee tantum cana concreta pruina, 
mum exerce dura imperia, Aut gravis incumbens scopulis arentibus sestas; 

et coerce ramos supernuos. /-\ ^ \ «iv j „«„.,-— 

Fraterek sepes jungenda Quantum illi nocuere greges, durique venenum 

sunt, et greges omnes conti- Dentis, et admorso signata in stirpe cicatrix. 

nendi: pracipue dum fron- N on a liam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris 380 

srxrx" c * ditur > « veteres ineunt p roscenia ludi: 

bus, prater magnas hyemes et Solem vehementem, sylvestres boves, et capra sequaces assidue 
uocent: oves et ayida juvenca carpunt eas. Nee hyems constricta albo gelu, aut gravis astas pe- 
netrans rupes aridas, tantum nocuit; quantum nocuerunt ilia pecudes, et venenum duri deutis, 
et cicatrix impressa in stirpe corroso. Noti aliud ob delictum caper immolatur Baccho in omni- 
bus altaribus, et antiqui ludi prodeunt in theatra: 

NOTES. 

Evelyn (on forest trees) says, that pot- Crescendi magnum imissis certamen ha- 

sherds, pebbles, &c. after a competent time benis. 

must be removed, otherwise vermin, snails Per purum in Virgil signifies the same as 

and insects will find access to the root and per auras in Lucretius. Horace uses it also 

injure it. for the air: 

355. Capita. Caput vitis, or arboris, si gni- Ver purum tonantes 

fles always the top; but, as the poet is here Egit equos. 

speaking of layers, caput consequently sig- 365. Sed uncis. By uncis manibus the poet 

nifies the root, since the shoots are planted means nipping the tender shoots with the 

with their heads downward. thumb and finger. This is practised in sum- 

355. Bidentes. The bidens was probably an mer before the shoots grow woody and hard, 

instrument like that used by farmers and 371. Texendie sepes. Here the poet speaks 

called a drag. It is used to break the sur- of making hedges to keep out cattle r and 

face of the ground, and for assisting the especially goats. It is thought he intends a 

roots of vines, where the plough coming fence made of stakes interwoven with dry 

too near might injure. Some have supposed sticks, 

a two-pronged large fork. 374. Sylvestres uri. The urus, as described 

361. Tabulata. The tabulata are the by Casar, is a wild bull of prodigious 

branches of elms extended at proper dis- strength and swiftness, being almost as big 

tances, to sustain the vine. Thus Columella: as an elephant: but this cannot be the urus 

Cum deinde adolescere incipient, falce for- mentioned by Virgil, being an animal ut- 

manda, et tabulata instituenda sunt: hoc terry unknown in Italy. It is more probably 

enim nomine usurpant agricola ramos trun- what is now called the buffalo, 

cosque prominentes, eosque vel propius 377- Aut gravis incumbens scopulis arentibus 

ferro compescunt, vel longius promittunt, astas. The meaning seems to be, that vine- 

utvites laxius diffundantur, &c. yards planted on a rocky soil, which there- 

364. Laxis per purum immissus habenis. fore suffer most in dry weather, are not so 

This is a metaphor taken from horses, in much injured by the most scorching heat, 

imitation of Lucretius: as by the biting of cattle. 

Arboribus datum 'st variis exinde per auras 381. Proscenia. In the Roman theatre 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



89 



Praemiaque ingentes pagos et compita circum, 
Theseidae posuere: atque inter pocula laeti 
Mollibus in pratis unctos saliere per litres. 
Necnon Ausonii, Troja gens missa, coloni 
Versibus incomptis ludunt, risuque soluto: 
Oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis. 
Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique 
Oscilla ex alta. suspendunt mollia pinu. 
Hinc omnis largo pubescit vinea foetu: 
Complentur vallesque cavae saltusque profundi, 
Et qudcumque Deus circum caput egit honestum 
Ergo rite suura Baccho dicemus honorem 



et magni Athenienses insfi- 
tuerunt pnemia circa pagos, 
et vias, ct lasti inter biben- 
dum saltaverein pratis amce- 
385 nis per unctas pelles hirco- 
rum. Romani quoque coloni, 
gens orta e Trojanis, jocan- 
tur versibus incompositis, et 
risu effuso; et induunt larvas 
horribiles e cavis corticibus; 
_ et te vocant, 6 Bacche, inter 
°^ hilaria carmina, et in hono- 
rem tuum alligant fictiles 
imagunculas ex alta pinu. 
Hinc vinea omnis pullulat 
multo fructu, et valles cur- 



V38, et saltus opaci implentur uvis: et quicumque locus, in quem imago Bacchi circumvertit vul- 
tumforraosum. Itaque rite cantabimus Baccho suas laudes 



NOTES. 



there was first the porticus or gallery for the 
populace, where the seats were formed 
like wedges, growing narrower as they 
came nearer the centre of the theatre, and 
therefore called cunei, or wedges. 2. The or- 
chestra, in the centre and lowest part of the 
theatre, where the senators and knights 
sat, and where the dancers and musicians 
performed. 3. The proscenium, or space be- 
fore the scenes, which was raised above 
the orchestra, and where the actors spoke. 

4. The scene, which was the part opposite 
to the audience, decorated with pictures 
and columns, and originally with trees to 
shade the actors when they performed in 
the open air; so called from er«.vv», a shade. 

5. The proscenium, or part behind the 
scenes. 

382. Pagos. Pagus seems to be derived 
from vnyv, a well, because where men found 
a well, they began to make habitations. 

383. Theseidae. The Athenians, so called 
from Theseus their king, who first civili- 
zed and taught them to live in cities. Tra- 
gedy had its beginning among the Athe- 
nians. Thespis, an Athenian poet, is said 
to have invented it, as we find in Horace: 

Ignotum tragic^ genus invenisse Camoenae 
Dicitur, et plaustris vexisse poemata Thes- 
pis; 
Quae canerent agerentque peruncti faecibus 
or'a. 

384. Unctos saliere per utres. The utres 
were bags made of the skins of goats. 
These skins were blown up like bladders, 
and smeared with oil. They were set in 
the fields, and it was the custom to dance 
upon them with one leg at the feasts of 
Bacchus: the skins being very slippery, the 



dancers often fell down, which occasioned 
great laughter. 

389. Oscilla. The commentators are much 
divided about the meaning of this word. 
The most probable opinion is, that they 
were little earthen images of Bacchus sus- 
pended to the branches of trees, where 
they swung-, and were blown about by the 
wind, and were thought to bestow fertility 
on the vines which way soever they turned 
their faces: whence he adds: 
Et quocumque Deus circum caput egit 

honestum. 
Some have recourse to the following fabler 
Bacchus had taught Icarius an Athenian 
shepherd, the use of wine, which he com- 
municated to his neighbours. The country 
people, exceedingly delighted with this 
noble liquor, drank of it to excess. Finding 1 
themselves disordered, they thought they 
had been poisoned by Icarius, and instantly 
killed him. His dog, returning home to 
Erigone, the daughter of Icarius, conduct- 
ed her to the dead body of his master, on 
the sight of which she hanged herself. Soon 
after, the Athenians were visited with a 
great pestilence, when their young women 
running mad hanged themselves. On con- 
sulting the oracle, they were told that they 
must appease the manes of Erigone. This 
they performed by tying ropes to the 
branches of trees and swinging on them as 
if they were hanged. Many afterwards 
falling down and hurting themselves, they 
hung up little images instead of them- 
selves. 

392. Circum caput egit. Some suppose that 
this alludes to the custom of carrying the 
statues of Bacchus round the fields an& 
vineyards in procession, 



V 



90 » P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

versibus patriis, et offere- Carminibus patriis, lancesque et liba feremus; 
^&£?h£SU&£ ft ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad aram: 395 

cornibus statuetur ante a- Pmguiaque in verubus torrebimus exta colunus. 
ram: et torrebimus pinguia Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter, 

P^^i^ilS^ 1 ^ 1 ^^ exhausti satis e * t: nam <l ue omnequo- 

in colendis vitibus labor ille, tanniS 

in quo nihil unquam satis per- Terq; quaterq; solum scindendum, glebaque versis 
fectum est: nempe oportet ^ tern um frangenda bidentibus, omne levandum 400 
omnera terrain vertere sin- -~ , & _ .. ••,.,, • , 

gulis annis ter et quater, et * ronde nemus. Redit agricolis labor actus m orbem, 

assidue comminuere glebas Atq; in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus. 

ligonibus inversis, et exone- Et j am olim seras posuit cum yinea f ron d eS , 

rare totum vinetum trondi- -^ . J .,. , . . \ ., , . . 

bus. Labor revolutus in cir- Frigidus. et sylvis Aquilo decussit honorem; 

culum redit agricolis, et an- Jam turn acer curas venientem extendit in annum 405 

mis in se replicator per eas- R us ticus, et curvo Saturni dente relictam 

elm Tnea ^mSt X™s Persequitur vitem attondens, fingitque putando. * 

frondes, et cum frigidus A- Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato 

quilo abstulit arboribus pul- Sarmenta, et vallos primus sub tecta referto: 

in annum futurum, et perse- Bis segetem densis obducunt sentibus herbse: 
quitur curva Saturni falce Durus uterque labor. Laudato ingentia rura, 
d^etTXTnitrput^Exiguum colito. Necnon etian, aspen rusci 
do. Primus move terram, Vimma per sylvam, et npis fluviahs arundo 
primus combure sarmen- Caeditur; incultique exercet cura salicti. 415 

ta clomum deportata, et pri- 
mus refer domum pedamenta; ultimus yindemiato. Bis frondes densiores inumbrant vitem, bis 
herbae suffocant vinetum spissis vepribus: magna difficultas in utrisque amputandis: Lauda rura 
magna, sed cole parvum rus. Prseterea secanda sunt in syivis aspera vimina e rusco, et fluviales 
cannaj in ripis; et habenda cura salicti sylvestris. 

NOTES. 

394. Liba. The libum was a holy cake 408. Primus devecta cremato, i.e. be the 
composed of flour, honey and oil. first in performing every piece of labour 

395. Ductus cornu. The victims were led that belongs to vines, such as trenching" 
with a slack rope to the altar. If they were the ground, pruning, &c. except the gather- 
reluctant, it was thought an ill omen. Dry- ing of the grapes, which are the better, the 
den, Benson and Trapp all by mistake trans- longer time they have to ripen. 

laCe the passage, dragged by the horns. 410. Jltetito. Messis and?nefo are used for 

396. Verubus colurnis. On hazel spits, be- the gathering- in of any produce as well as 
cause the hazels were destructive to the for harvest and reaping. In the 4th Georgic 
vines. Hence he says above, verse 299. it is applied to the taking of the honey; duo 

NeVe inter vites corylum sere. tempora messis. 

400. Qmne levandum fronde nemus. It is 412. Laudato ingentia rura, &c. The mean- 
usual to thin the leaves, to give the sun a ing seems to be that you may admire the 
greater power to ripen the fruit. splendor of a large vineyard, but that it 

405. Curas venientem extendit in annum, would be better to cultivate a small one; 
This autumnal pruning is really providing because the labour of cultivating vines is 
for the next year. so great, that the master cannot extend his 

406. Curvo Saturni dente. The sithe or care over a large spot of ground. Columella 
pruning-hook, which was Saturn's symbol, relates a story from Graxinus in confirma- 

406. Relictam. Servius explains it, ci se tion of this: A man had two daughters and 
paulo ante desert am. But we rather think it a large vineyard. He gave a third part of it 
represents the vine forsaken of its fruits with the eldest daughter in marriage, aiul 
and leaves in the situation of a forlorn mo- yet he gathered as much fruit as before. 
their bereft of her children; as JEn. IX. Afterwards he married the younger, with 
290. another third for her portion, and still found 

At tu, oro, solare inopem, et succure re- that his remaining third produced as much 

lictre. as the whole had done. It was a proverb 

407. Attondens. This is what the Roman with the Carthaginians that afield ought to 
writers on agriculture call ablaqueatio, i. e. be weaker than the husbandman. 

opening the ground, and cutting away the 413. Rusci. The ruscus in Pliny is the 

roots that grow near the surface, called the same with the oxymyrsine: " Castor Oxy- 

Jay -roots. So attondens is understood by viyrsinem myrtifoliis acutis, ex quafiunt ruri 

Gerda and others. scopa, ruscum vocavit," And Dioscorides 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



91 



Jam vmctae vites, jam falcem arbusta reponunt, 

Jam canit extremos cftcetus vinitor antes: 

Sollicitanda tamen tclJus, pulvisque movendus: 

Et jam maturis metuendus Jupiter uvis. 

Contra, non ulla est oleis cultura: ncque illae 

Procurvam expectant falcem, rastrosque tenaces; 

Ciim semel haeserunt arvis, aurasque tulerunt. 

Ipsa satis tellus, cum dente recluditur unco, 

Sufficit humorem, et gravidas cum vomere fruges. 

Hoc pinguem et placitam paci nutritor olivam. 425 mel radices egerunt in ter- 

Poma quoque ut primum truncos sensere valentes, ram, et assueverunt aeri. 

■n A • - L i. i*i 4.' lp sa terra suppeditat sue. 

Lt vires habuere suas; ad sidera raptim cum plantatis ^ teis quando 

Vi propria nituntur, opisque haud indiga nostrae. aperitur ligone adunco; et 

Nee minus interea foetu nemus omne gravescit, reddi f P le «as olivas, statim 

Sanguineisque inculta rubent aviaria baccis. 430 Xjf^em **££ 

paci. Poma quoque, quando sensere truncos robustos, et accepere vires sibi debitas, cito assur- 
gunt in aerem virtute propria, nee egent nostro auxilio. Interea sylvse omnes non minus one- 
rant se foetibus, et mculta; avium latebrse rubescunt baccis sanguineis. 



Postquam vites ligatte snnt: 
postquam vineta permittunt 
falcem reponi, postquam vi- 
nitor lassus cantat attigisse 
se extremos vinese ordines; 
^20 tamen vertenda est terra, et 
glebie comminueiube, et aer 
timendus racemis jam matu- 
ris. Contra, nulla est diflicnl- 
tas in colendis oleis, nee ill» 
petunt curvam falcem et 
rastros mordaces: cum se- 



NOTES. 



describes our butcher's broom under the 
name of ftvgcrm kygia. or voild myrtle. It was 
probably used to bind the vines in Virgil's 
time, since it is mentioned in this place. 

416. Reponunt. The vines are poetically 
said to lay aside the pruning-hook, when 
they have no more occasion for it. 

417. Canit extremos antes. Literally, Sings 
his last or utmost rows. 

420. Contra, non ulla est. Having showed 
the great labour attendant on the care of a 
vineyard, he now opposes the olive to it, 
which requires scarcely any culture. He 
observes the same of other fruit trees, and 
mentions the wild plants which are produ- 
ced in abundance. He infers that if nature 
affords us so many useful plants, we ought 
not to be backward in planting and employ- 
ing our own labour. 

423. Ipsa satis tellus. Servius thinks satis 
is used for planting, and fruges for corn. Ac- 
cording to him, the sense will be, " An 
olive yard, when it is newly ploughed, af- 
fords both moisture to the planted olives, 
and yields corn also by means of the share." 
May's translation is to the same purpose: 
" The earth itself when furrow'd by the 

plough, 
Doth food enough on her, and corne be- 
stow." 

423. Dente unco, any crooked instrument 
of one tine, for opening the ground about 
the roots of the vine. Mr. Martyn renders 
it a drag, but that is a bidens, an instrument 
with two tines; it seems rather to be that 
instrument which we call a slipping-iron. 

424. Cum vomere. Servius takes cum vo- 
mere to be the same as per vomerem; Ru- 
<eus, whom Dr. Trapp follows, renders it 
statim cum vomere, an hyperbole to denote 
the quickness of the produce. These are 



forced interpretations. The construction 
will be easy, if we only supply recluditur 
which goes before, thus: Tellus sufficit hu- 
morem cum recluditur dente unco, et gravidas 
fruges cum recluditur vomere; ploughing, as 
Mr. Martyn observes, being universally 
thought to increase the product of the 
olives. 

425. Hoc. Servius, and all the commenta- 
tors after him, explain this as if it were ob 
hoc. But the author of the essay on the 
Georgics, who appears to have thoroughly 
understood agriculture, and therefore has 
penetrated more fully into the sense of his 
author, justly observes that the sense is 
much better, as well as easier, by constru- 
ing hoc with vomere? 

426. Poma. Pomifene arbores, or fruit 
trees in general. Columella in his chapter 
de arboribus pomiferis, speaks of figs, pome- 
granates, apples, pears, mulberries, &c, 
These require no care but ingrafting. 

426. Truncos sensere valentes. Some un- 
derstand by this, So soon as they have taken 
to the strong trunks on which they are in- 
grafted. 

429. Nee minus. Here he speaks of trees 
which grow wild in the woods. 

429. Fostu here is not fruit, but produce of 
trees, as Georg. 1. 55. 

Arboreifcetus alibi virescunt. 

And verse 440 of this second book, 
Ipsse Caucaseo steriles in vertice sylvse, 
Cuias animosi Euri assidue franguntque 

feruntque, 
Dant alios alise fetus; dant utile lignum 
Navigiis pinos. 
We are to observe further, that inculta in 
the second line is also to be supplied to the 
first, thus: Omne nemus incultum gravescit ; 
for that is plainly the sense. 



92 



P. VIRGILII MAR0N1S 



Cytisi secantur: sylra al-Tondentur cytisi: tajdas sylva alta ministrat, 
£X£ffiZJZ? ^scunturque ignes nocturni, et lumina fundunt. 

prsebent lucem. Et homi-Et dubitant homines serere, atq; impendere curam? 
nes negligent eas plan- Quid majora sequar? salices, humilesque genistae, 
SS.MlSit.'S^ A« ai« pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram 435 
majores arbores? salices etkufficiunt; sepemque satis, et pabula melh. 
genistae humiles, illse ipsa Et juvat undantem buxo spectare Cytorum, 
?u?S\atTast P oXtN^ci^que Picis lucos: juvat arva videre, 
etsepemsegetibus,etcibum Non rastns hommum, non ulli obnoxia curae. 
apibus. Et pulchrum est vi- Ipsae Caucaseo steriles in vertice sylvae, 440 

dere Cytorum fluctuantem Q uas animosi Euri assidue franguntque feruntque, 
buxo, et sylvas NaiTciarum tC ^ .. .. - • , .. R. * * ' 

picearum: pulchrum est vi- Dan t alios aliae foetus; dant utile lignum 

dere campos non egentes Navigiis pinos, domibus cedrosque cupressosque: 

rastris, aut uiia cura homi-fjinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plaustris 

num. Sylvse ipsse steriles in A • , ■, ., r • . . ~ 

Caucaso monte, quas vaiidi Agncolae, et pandas ratibus posuere carinas. 445 

Euri semper perflant etViminibus salices foecundae, frondibus ulmi: 

rumpunt, exhibent alios alise At myrtus validis hastilibus, et bona bello 

fructus: prsebent pinos, lig- 

na utilia navibus; cedros et cupressos, utilia domibus: ex his agricolse tornaverunt radios rotis; 

et l-otas plaustris, et fabricaverunt curvas carinas navibus. Salices producunt vimina, ulmi fron- 

des: Myrtus ver6 commoda est ad valida hastilia, et cornus ad arma alia: 



NOTES. 



431. Cytisi The cytisus maranthce is gene- 
rally allowed to be the plant. Theophrastus 
describes it as having when old a hardness 
like ebony; and we know that it is employ- 
ed by the Turks to make handles for their 
sabres, and by the monks of Patmos for 
making beads. Dioscorides says it is a white 
shrub, like the rhamnus, with branches a 
cubit long or longer, clothed with leaves 
resembling those of bird's foot trefoil, only 
less, and having a larger rib: all which 
agree with the cytisus marantha;. This plant 
is the same with the medicago trifolia,fru- 
tescens, incana t of Tournefort. 

431. Txdas. Torches composed of com- 
bustible wood; such, for example, as pine- 
knots. Minelius says, " Latices et piceas, 
unde succus fluit in usum luminum et ipsse 
faces conficiuntur.'* 

434. Genista. Spanish broom. Mr. Benson 
translates it furze: 

The willow and the furze, an humble plant, 
To husbandmen afford no trivial aid, 
That to the sheep gives food, the shepherd 

shade: 
This covers with strong lines the wealthy 

fields, 
And early fodder to the bee -fold yields. 

It is certain that furze is frequently used 
as a fence, and the flowers are sought after 
by the bees, but it is no less certain, that the 
furze was never called genista by any Latin 
■writer. 

435. Umbram. In the ancient manu- 
scripts umbras. 



437. Et juvat. Ut juvat would seem to be 
more in Virgil's style, and more coherent. 

437. Cytorum. Cytorus is a mountain in 
Paphlagonia; now called Kudros: it abound- 
ed with box-wood. 

438. Narycix picis. Naryx, or Narycia, 
was a city of the Locrians in that part of 
Italy which is over against Greece. 

440. Caucaseo. Caucasus is a famous range 
of mountains running from the Black Sea 
to the Caspian. 

443. Cedros. It is much to be questioned 
whether the cedar here spoken of is that 
which is so frequently mentioned in the 
scriptures; for that has not been observed 
any where but on mount Lebanon, and 
seems to have been but little known by the 
Greek and Roman writers. It is rather a 
sort of juniper; probably the juniperos major 
bacca rubescente of Bauhin. 

444. Tympana. Servius explains it the co- 
verings of the wagons; but others, seem- 
ingly with more reason, understand it of the 
wheels of wagons that are solid, made 
without spokes, and somewhat shaped like 
drums. 

446. Viminibus salices. The twigs of the 
willows are used to bind the vines and to 
make all sorts of wicker-works. 

446. Frondibus ulmi. The cattle were fed 
with leaves of elms. In some parts of Here- 
fordshire (England) they gather them in 
sacks for their swine and other cattle. 

447. Myrtus validis. Spears and darts 
were anciently made of myrtle and cornel. 



GEORGICA. LIB. H. 



93 



Comus; Ityraeos taxi torquentur in arcus: 
Nee tiliae leves, aut torno rasile buxum, 
Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto: 
Necnon et torrentem undam levis innatat alnus 
Missa Pado; necnon et apes examina condunt 
Corticibusque cavis, vitiosaeque ilicis alveo. 
Quid memorandum aeque Baccheia dona tulerunt? 
Bacchus et ad culpam causas dedit: ille furentes 
Centauros leto domuit, Rhoetumque, Pholumque, 
Et magno Hylaeum Lapithis cratere minantem. 

O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, 
Agricolas! quibus ipsa, procul discordibus armis, 
Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus. 
Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis 
Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam; 
Nee varios inhiant pulchra testudine postes, 



taxi flectuntur in arcus Ityrsa- 
os. Necnon tiliai politse, et 
buxus torno rasilis, accipiunt. 

450figuram ct cavantur acuto 
fcrro. Alnus quoque levis, 
demissa per Padum, innatat 
aquse currenti: apcsquoqite 
abscondunt examina in cavis 
corticibus, et in sinu ilicis ca- 

Ae^riosaj. Quid produxerunt 
Bacchi munera, quod sit 
jequaliter laudandum? Bac- 
chus occasion es etiam prse- 
buit peccandi: ille inorte af- 
fecit furiosos Centiuros, et 
Rhretum, et Pholun, et Hy- 

460lseum minantem Lapithis 
magnopoculo. O felices agri- 
colas, si cognoscerent suam 
felicitatem: quibus terra ipsa 
sequi6sima produch" ex se 
victum parabilem, longe a 



Illusasque auro vestes, Ephyreiaque sera; 
Alba neque Assyrio fucatur lana veneno, 
Nee casia liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi; 

bus magnam multitudinem hominum mane salutantium; si illi non appetunt limina vamta pul- 
chra testudine, et vestes distinctas auro, et sera Corinthia; si apud illos lana non tingitur Assy 
rro colore, et usus olei sinceri non depravatnr casia: 



^/.-bellis discordibus. Si apud 
illos domus alta portis supers 
bis non emittit ex totis sedi- 



NOTES. 



448. Ityneos. The inhabitants of Iturea, 
a country of Palestine, famous in drawing 
the bow. 

449. Torno rasile buxum. Box is well 
known to be turned into a great variety of 
utensils. 

452. Missa Pado. The Po, known also by 
the name of Eridanus, forms the northern 
boundary of the Italian territory. Alders 
grew in abundance on its margin. 
\ 453. Ilicis. The holm-oak, or, as some 
think, the dwarf or scarlet-oak. 

455. Ille furentes. The order here is ille 
domuit Centaures furentes letho. He over- 
came the Centaurs raging with murder, or 
mad to kill. 

456. Centauros. The quarrel between the 
Centaurs and the Lapithse is described at 
large in the 12th book of the Metamor- 
phoses. 

457. Cratere minantem. Ovid tells us, 
that men first began to fight with drinking 
vessels: 

Prima pocula pugna 

Missa volant, fragilesque cadi, curvique 
lebetes. 

At first r an uncouth flight 
Of flagons, pots, and bowls began the fight. 

458. Nimiiim, here and in some other 
places, signifies, not too much, but exceeding- 
ly, or, as we say, beyond measure or expression; 

460. Facilem. Simple and natural, such 
as is easily procured, in opposition to what 
is farfetched, and not to be had without 
great difficulty; what Horace calls cibos 
longe petitos. 

460. justissima. Proprie, says Servius, 
nam si Justus est qui, quod acceperit, reddit; 
terra utique justissima est, que? majorefanore 



semina accepta restituit. Or the earth may 
be called most just, in satisfying all the na= 
tural demands of her children. 

462. Mane salutantum. It was a custom 
among the Romans for clients to attend the 
levees of their patrons. 

462. Vomit. Pierius thinks <vomat sounds 
more elegantly. It reads vomat in one MS. 

463. Inhiant. This verb does not always 
signify to pant after the enjoyment of a 
thing, but to hold it in high esteem and ad- 
miration. As Hor. 1. Sat. I. 70. 

— Congestis undique saccis indormis in- 
hians. 
So that the meaning is, What though they 
have not these things in their possession, nor 
place their happiness in them. 

463. Testudine. Alluding to that custom of 
the rich Romans of covering their bed-posts 
and other parts of their furniture with plates 
of tortoise-shell. 

464. Illusasque. In quibus artifex ludens au- 
ro aliqua depinxerat, says Servius. 

464. Ephyre'iaque cera. Corinthian brass, 
from Ephyre, the original name of Corinth . 
The Corinthian brass was famous among 
the ancients. 

465. Assyrio veneno. Meaning the Tyrian 
purple, which was obtained from a sort of 
shell-fish. Assyria seems used for Syria. 

465. Fucatur. In several MSS. it reads 
fuscatur. Fucatur means merely to colour? 
fuscatnr signifies, is obscured, imbroiuned, or 

sullied, which better expresses the poet's 
contempt of an artificial change of the 
wool. 

466. Nee casia- See the note on verse 
213. 



94 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Tamen apud ilhs nan de- At secura quies, et nescia fallere vita, 
ZFZS& luensM: Dive, opum variarum, at latis otia fundi,, 
riis opibus: tamen otia in Speluncae vivique lacus; at frigida Tempe, 
sraplis fandis, et antra, et Mugitusq; bourn, mollesq; sub arbore somni 
£X&S33& Non absunt. Illfc saltus, ac lustra ferarum, 
somni sub arbore, non de- kt patiens operum parvoque assueta juventus, 
sunt. Iibc sunt sylvse, et la- Sacra Deum, sanctique patres. Extrema per illos 



470 



tibuia ferarum, et juventus j ust itia excedens terris vestigia fecit. 

patiens in laboribus parvo- n/T v , , ° .'■»«■ 

que assueta, et ceremonise Me vero P"nium dulces ante omnia Musae, 



475 



Deorum, et venerandi pa- Quarum sacra fero ingenti perculsus amore, 

rentes. Justitia abiens e ter- Accipiant; coelique vias et sidera monstrent, 

i-a ultimo posuit pedem a- -rw r *. o i- • t ii_ 

pud illos. Me verb teneant delectus Soils vanos, Lunaeque labores: 

prse cseteris dulces Musse, Unde tremor terris: qua vi maria alta tumescant 

quarum fero res sacras, mag- Objicibus ruptis, rursusque in seipsa residant: 480 

no earun amore captus: et a„;j . *. s r\ *.• e i 

doceant me circuios coeii, et Q llld tantum Oceano properent se tmgere Soles 
sidera, et diversas eclipses Hyberni: vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 
Solis, et eclipses Lunse: un- Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partes, 
& ZZ &£?K ^igidus obstiterit circum precordia sanguis; 
gescat, superato alveo; ac Rura mini et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes, 485 
deinde in seipsum recurrat: Flumina amem sylvasque inglorius. O ubi campi, 
££&&%£%& Sperchiusque, et virginibus bacchata Lac*ms 

Oceani: vel_qu.se mora differat noctes sestivas. Si vero sanguis frigidus circumfusus cordi impe- 
diat, quo minus possim penetrare hsec secreta naturse; placerent mihi rura, et fluvii decurrentes 
in vallibus: amarem fluvios et sylvas, sine ulld alia gloria. O ubi sunt campi, et Sperchiusjfoj- 
vius et mans Taygetus frequentatus d puellis Laconicis! 



Nt>TES. 



467. Et nescia fallere vita. A life that 

knows not to* deceive; i. e. A life of solid 

and substantial bliss, in opposition to the 

pleasures of courts and palaces, which are 

showy, false, and deceitful. This sense 

agrees perfectly well with the context, and 

is far more elegant than what is given by 

others. This passage is finely imitated by 

Mr. Thomson in his Autumn, 1136. 

Oh knew he but his happiness, of men 

The happiest he! who far from public rage, 

Deep in the vale, with a choice few re- 

tir'd, 
Drinks the pure pleasures of the rural life. 
What though the dome be wanting, &c. 
What though depriv'd of those fantastic 

joys 

That still amuse the wanton, still deceive; 

A face of pleasure, but a heart of pain! 

Their hollow moments undelighted all! 

Sure peace is his; a solid life estrang'd 

To disappointment, and fallacious hope; 

Rich in content, in nature's bounty rich, 

In herbs and fruits, &c. 
469. Tempe. A pleasant valley in Thes- 
saly. 

471. llllc saltus, i. e. There are the plea- 
sures of the chase, which at the same time 
leads him to mention the hardiness and 
temperance of the youth. 

474. Vestigia fecit. Astraca, or Justice, was 
feigned by the poets to have descended 
from heaven in the golden age. Disgusted 
with the vices which the brazen age pre- 



sented, she retired first from cities, then 
from the country, and finally ascended to 
her native heaven. 

475. Dulces Musae. Though the poet praises 
so much the pleasures of agriculture, 
and a country life, yet he prefers* the more 
noble entertainments of the mind, the 
charms of poetry and philosophy: for it is 
plain that by Musae here we are to under- 
stand not only poetry, but also philosophic 
science. 

485. Rigui. Properly, that ooze or refresh 
the valleys with moisture. 

486. Campi. As the other places here 
mentioned are in Thessaly, it is probable- 
that by these campi we are to understand 
the pleasant plains of Thessaly called Tem- 
pe, as in his Culex: 

O pecudes, O Panes, et 6 gratissima 

Tempe 
Fontis Hamadryadum 

486. ubi — 6 qui one gelidis, &c. These 
are not questions, but exclamations, which 
are usually elliptic in all languages. The 
sentence, when full, would run thus: O si, 
or O utinam essem ubi sint campi — O utinayn 
esset qui, &c. 

487. Sper chius. A river of Thessaly, rising 
on mount Oeta, and falling into the sea in. 
the bay of Malia. The name, derived pro- 
bably from o-xt£x HV > t0 make haste, appears 
intended to express its rapidity: like the 
name Mad River in the Ohio state. 



GEORGICA. LIB. II. 



95 



Taygeta! 6 qui me gelidis in vallibus Haemi 
Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra.! 
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, 
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum 
Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari! 
Fortunatus et ille, Deos qui novit agrestes, 
Panaq; Sylvanumq; senem, Nymphasque sorores! 
Ilium non populi fasces, non purpura regum 
Flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres; 
Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Istro: 
Non res Romanae, perituraque regna: neque ille, 
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti. 
Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura 
Sponte tulere sua, carpsit: nee ferrea jura, 
Insanumque forum, aut populi tabularia.vidit. 
Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca, ruuntque 
In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum. 
Hie petit excidiis urbem miserosque Penates, tf 
Ut gemma bibat, et Sarrano indormiat ostro: 

Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro: 

r lana populi. Alii agitant i*e- 

mis mare profundum, et currunt ad militiam: pervaduntin aulas et domos regum. Hie intendit 
ruinam urbi et miseris domibus, ut bibat in poculo gemmeo, et dormiat in purpura Tyria: alius 
occultatdivitias, et incumbit auro delbsso: 



6, quia me tranferat in 
valles gelidas Haemi montis, 
et operiat me magna ura- 

490 bra ramorum! Felix ille est, 
qui potuit discere causas re- 
rum, et qui posuit sub pedi- 
bus omnem timorem, et tu- 
multum Acherontis avari. 
Sed felix quoque est ille qui 

495 colitDeos rusticos, etPana, 
et senem Sylvanum, et 
Nymphas sorores. Ille non 
movetur, nee fascibus popu- 
li, nee purpura regum, nee 
dissensione quae turbat infi- 
dos fratres, nee Daco, qui 

500 descendit a Danubio conju- 
rato: nee negotiis Romano- 
rum, nee regnis perituris: 
neque ille aut cum an gore 
miserescit pauperis, aut in- 

p videt diviti. Colligit fructus, 

-Q- quos rami, quos agriipsi vo- 

3 lentes ultr6 producunt: nee 

cognoscit leges duras, et tu- 

multuosum forum, aut tabu- 



NOTES. 



488. Taygeta, a mountain of Laconia, near 
Sparta. Here the women of the country ce- 
lebrated the orgies of Bacchus. 

488. In vallibus Haemi. Hsemus is a moun- 
tain in Thrace. It is said that from its top 
the Euxine and Adriatic seas may be dis- 
covered. 

492. Strepitumque. Strepitus here may sig- 
nify the fabulous noise and bustle that are 
made about the infernal regions. Or the 
meaning is, who, by conforming' his life to 
the precepts of truth and philosophy, con- 
quered the fears of death and future pu- 
nishment. 

494. Nymphasque sorores. There were se- 
veral sorts of Nymphs: the Naiads presid- 
ing over rivers, the Nereids over seas, the 
Oreads over mountains, the Dryads over 
woods, &c. 

495. Populi fasces. The fasces were bun- 
dles of birchen rods, in the midst of which 
was placed an ax, with the head appearing 
at the top. They were ensigns of authority, 
and carried before the Roman magistrates. 

497. Conjurato. . Istro. The Ister or Da- 
nube is the largest river of Europe. It is said 
the Dacians, who inhabited the parts now 
called Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wala- 
chia, had a custom of filling their mouths 
with the water of this river before they un- 
dertook any war, and swearing that they 
would not return into their own country 
till they had slain their enemies. Hence by 
the poet it is beautifully called the conspi- 
ring Ister. 

'499. Aut doluit. Some explain it of his be- 



ing in that happy situation where there are 
no miserable objects to disturb him, and ex- 
cite his sorrow. It cannot surely mean that 
he is insensible to the impressions of hu- 
manity and compassion, but that he is free 
from the lasting influence of grief, anxiety, 
envy, and the like passions, that prevail 
elsewhere; and enjoys a more unruffled 
state of tranquillity than is to be found 
among the rich and great. 

500. ^uos rami fructus. The poet is here 
commending the Epicurean philosophy. No 
man has been more traduced than Epicurus . 
His name has become a proverb, to express 
a person whose whole pleasure lay in eat- 
ing and drinking: and yet it is certain he 
rigidly practised and forcibly recommended 
the strictest temperance. Diogenes tells 
us, he was contented with bread and water, 
and, when disposed to gratify his appetite, 
added only a piece of cheese, 

" His life he to his doctrine brought, 
And in a garden's shade that sov'reign plea- 
sure sought. 
Whoever a true Epicure would be 
May there find cheap and virtuous luxurie." 

Cowley. 
_ 502. Tabular ia. Properly the place where 
the records and public registers were kept. 

503. Cceca. Ruzeus renders it profunda,- 
but it seems rather to mean unseen, i. e.full 
of unseen dangers. 

503. Ruuntque. Alii must be supplied to 
all the three verbs. 

506. Sarrano. Tyrian; from Sarra, the first 
name of Tvre. 



96 P. VIRGILII MARONiS 

alius obstupeseittuirabund lus Hie stupet attonitus rostris: hunc plausus hiahtem 

ad rostra: ahum pereelht In- r» / 'nil* 

antem plausus plebis ct so- Per cuneos (gemmatur enim) plebisq; patrumque 
natorum in theatre, nam ite- Corripuit: gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum, 5 10., 
ratur: alii gaudent tincti Exilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant, 
SStaS'SS SS^Atque alio patriam qu*runt sub Sole jacentem. 
abeunt in cxilium, et qu»- Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro: 
runt patriam suppositam alii Hinc anni labor, hinc patriam, parvosque nepotes 
S£^£5 So" We Satinet; hinc armenta bourn, meritosq; juvencos. 
est labor anni, hide alitpa-Nec requies; qum, aut pomis exuberet annus, ^ 51 G 
triam etparvos nepotes; indeAut foetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi: 
ctlit armenta boum, et ju-p roV entuque on6re t sulcos, atque horrea vincat. 
vencos, qui idlabore merue- _ r . . l . o.« • • 

runt. Nee cessat, donee an- Venit hyems; tentur Sicyonia bacca trapetis: 
nus abundet, vei pomis, vei Glande sues lseti redeunt: dant arbuta sylvae: 5?Q 

foetu pecudum, vei manipu- Et varios ponit foetus autumnus; e t alte 
lis spicarum Cereahum: et-»,. . . r . . . . , . 

oneret sulcos proventu, et Mltls m apncis coquitur vmdemia saxis. 
superet hon-ea. Postquam Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati: 
hyems venit, oliva Sicyonia Casta pudicitiam servat domus: ubera vaccse 
premitur torculanbus: re- T . j . -, . eCtr 

deunt porci saginati glandi- Lactea demittunt: pmguesq; in gramme laeto 525 
bus: sylva prsebent poma Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus hoedi. 
sylvestria: et autumnussup-ip se dies agitat festos: fususque per herbam, 
Srawi^Sc^^uStur 1 ^? ubi in medio, et socii cratera coronant, 
in apertis coiiibus. Interea fc libans, Lensee, vocat: pecorisque magistris 
dukes nati pendent circa Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, 530 

&££&? SSCorporaque agresti nudat pr*dura pal*stra. 
mammas plenas lacte: etHanc ohm veteres vitam coluere babini, 
pingues hcedi in herba fertili certant invicem oppositis cornibus. Ipse agricola celebrat dies fes- 
tos; et stratus in herba, ubi ignis est in medio, et ubi socii implent pocula, te invocat, 6 Bacche, 
vinum effundens tibi: Et proponit custodibus gregis certamina ceteris jaculi in ulmo, et nudat 
robusta eorum corpora ad luctam rusticam. Sic instituerunt vitam olim antiqui Sabini, 

NOTES. 

508. Sic sttipet attonitus. This seems not and strive which shall have the first kiss, 

to be spoken of the orators themselves, but It is not to be doubted, that Gray had these 

of their hearers, who are astonished at the passages in view, when he wrote the lines: 

force of their eloquence. No children run to lisp their sire's return, 

508. Hunc plausus. Virgil's expression And climb his knees the envied kiss to. 

seems to mean the same as if we now should share. 

say, others are fond of a general applause froin Minelius gives a sense of the word oscula 

pit, boxes and gallery. quite different from the preceding, i. e. 

514. Anni labor, not the husbandman's la- ubera, scilicet inatrum. 

bour, as Dr. Trapp explains it, but the la- 524. Casta pudicitiam servat domus. The 

boured productions of the year, as else- meaning is, that his whole family is regu- 

where, hominumque boumque labores. This lated with great order and economy: all 

is plain enough from what follows, Nee re- are bred to honest industry, which is the 

quies; quin, Ifc. which does not signify that best preservative of their virtue andchas- 

there is no intermission of his labour, but of tity. To the same purpose he says of the 

the productions of the year. frugal, thrifty housewife, that she is indus- 

519. Sicyonia bacca. Olives, so called from trious in order to preserve her husband's 

Sicyon, a city of Achaia, fertile in olive- bed chaste. JEn. VIII. 411. 

trees. Famulasque ad lumina longo 

523. Interea dulces pendent circum oscula Exercet penso, castum ut servare cubile 

nati. Literally, the sweet children hang about Conjugis, et possit parvos educere natos. 

his kisses. The image is very poetical, but 527. Agitat. Agere, some observe, is ap- 

will not bear a literal translation. Dry den plied even to a thing done by force and ne- 

reads, cessity; but agitare only to things of choice 

" His little children, climbing for a kiss, and pleasure. 

Welcome their father's late return." 528. Cratera coronant. Meaning either that 

Lucretius has an image still more tender the goblet is crowned with flowers or filled 

and natural: to the brim. 

" Nee dulces occurrunt oscula nati praeri- 532. Veteres Sabini. The Sabines were an 

pere." ancient people of Italy, near Rome. They 

The children run out to meet their father, were celebrated for religion and virtue, and, 



GEORGICA. OB. III. 



97 



Hanc Remus et frater: sic fords Etruria crevit, 
Scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma, 
Septemq; una sibi muro circumdedit arces. 
Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis, et ante 
Impia quam caesis gens est epulata juvencis; 
Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat. 
Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum 
Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses. 
Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus cequor, 
Et jam tempus equum fumantia solvere colla. 

dum gladios sonare imposi- 
tos duris incudibus. Sed nos decurrimus campum immensum longitudine; et jam tempus e$t 
liberarej'7/§-o fumantia colla equorum. 



sic Remus, et frater ejus 

Jiomulus: sic crevit genero- 

_ sa Tuscia: atque adeo Roma 

535 e vasit pulcherrima mundi, 
et una circumcinxit sibi mu- 
ris septem montes. Aureus 
quoque Saturnus ducebat 
hanc vitam in terris, ante 
imperium Jovis Cretensis, 

540 et antequam scelerati homi- 
nes vescerentur occisis bo- 
bus. Nondum etiam homines 
audiverant inflari tubas, non- 



NOTES. 



are thought to derive their name «*■# rou a-i- 
Qio-Srxt from worshipping. The Sabine wo- 
men were models of chastity. Thus Ho- 
race: 

Quod si pudica mulier, &c. 
But if a wife more chaste than fair, 
Such as the ancient Sabines were, 
Such as the brown Apulian dame, 
Of mod'rate face and honest fame. 
533. Hanc Remus et frater. Romulus and 
Remus were educated amongst the shep- 
herds, and were themselves employed in 
tending sheep, as we learn from Livy. 

536. I)ict£i regis- Dicte is the name of a 
mountain of Crete, where Jupiter was edu- 
cated, and a temple built to his honour. 
538. Aureus Saturnus. The golden age be- 



gan under Saturn, and terminated with his 
expulsion by Jupiter. 

540. Enses. Upon naming the sword, the 
poet seems to start, as if all the miseries of 
the civil wars were brought afresh to his 
view. He instantly concludes, with 

" We have pass'd a broad and boundless 
plain, 
'Tis time the smoking coursers to unrein." 

541 . Immensum spatiis — cequor. The spa* 
tia, as has been said elsewhere, were the 
stages or whole bounds marked out for a 
race, so that aquor immensum, spatiis may 
perhaps be a poetical phrase to signify a di~ 
gression,- a field or plain not measured by 
stages, or that did not lie within the bounds 
of my proposed race; immensum being ta- 
ken for non mensum-. 



Q 



98 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



P. VIRGILII MABONIK 

GEORGICORUM 
LIBER III. 



ixTERPREffATio. TE quoque, magna Pales, et te memorande canemus 
Te etiam cantabo, 6 mag- p astor ab Amphryso: vos sylvae amnesq; Lycaei. 
na Pales; et te, o pastor me- ^ . ^ • • . 

morabiUs ob Amphrysum; Caetera, quae vacuas tenuissent camiina mentes, 
et vos, 6 sylvse, et flumina Omnia jam vulgata. Qttis aut Eurysthea durum, 
Lycsei. Cetera omnia argu- j^ ut illaudati nescit Busiridis aras? 5 

r/^rofoUot^^Cuinon dictus Hylas puer, et Latonia Delos, 

tractata sunt. Quis nescit, aut Eurystheum severum, aut altaria infamis Busiridis? Cui non dic- 
tus est Hylas puei*, et Delos Latonia, 



NOTES. 



This book begins with the invocation of 
some rural deities, and a compliment to 
Augustus; after which Virgil directs him- 
self to Maecenas, and enters on his subject. 
He lays down rules for the breeding and 
management of horses, oxen, sheep, goats, 
and dogs, and interweaves several pleasing 
descriptions of a chariot-race, of the battle 
of the bulls, of the force of love, and of the 
Scythian winter. In the latter part of the 
book he relates the diseases incident to cat- 
tle, and ends with the description of a fatal 
murrain that formerly raged among the 
Alps. 

1. Pales. The goddess of shepherds and 
flocks. She was worshipped with great so- 
lemnity at Rome, and her festivals were ce- 
lebrated the very day that Romulus began 
to lay the foundations of the city. This was 
on the 20th April. 

2. Ab Amphryso. Amphrysus was a river 
in Thessaly, where Apollo, in his exile 
from heaven, for killing the Cyclops, fed 
the flocks of Admetus. 

2. Lyccei. Lycasus was a mountain of Ar- 
cadia sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was 
built in honour of the god by Lycaon, the 



son of Pelasgus. It was sacred to Pan. His 
festivals, called Lyaea, were there cele- 
brated. 

4. Eurysthea. Eurystheus king of Myce- 
nae, at Juno's instigation, imposed on Her- 
cules (subjected to him by command of 
the oracle) the most severe trials of forti- 
tude, commonly called the twelve labours of 
Hercules; hence he is designated by the epi- 
thet durus, rigid or severe. 

5. Illaudati Busiridis. Busiris, king of E- 
gypt, was such a monster of cruelty, that 
he butchered, as a sacrifice to his gods, the 
strangers who visited his dominions. Illau- 
dati, an epithet which some have censured 
as too weak for so infamous a character, 
implies a great deal more than merely not 
praised; for, according to the idiom of the 
language, these negatives imply not only 
the want of some good quality, but the pos- 
session of the contrary ; thus, inutilis humor, 
inutilis Jilix, in the Georgics, signify not 
only useless, but noxious; so here illaudatus 
is one who, far from meriting praise, is 
quite infamous. 

6. Hylas. See the note on Eel. VI, 44 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



99 



Hippodameque, humeroq; Pelops insignis ebumo, etHippodame,et Pelops no- 
Acer equis? Tentanda via est, qua me quoq; possim Sf *™ er0 eb , u ™ e £ ac 

2_ ,, *. . • * * •• pentusarf/sequestns? Ten- 

Tollere humo, victorque virum vohtare per ora. ^ tanda est mihi via, qua pos- 

Primus ego in patriam mecum (modo vita supersit) 10 sim attoiieremc etiame ter- 
ra, et victor volare per ora 
hominum. Ego primus redi- 
ens e Boeotiis montibus de- 
ducam mecum Musasin pa- 
triam: dummodd vita dure t 
mihi. Primus reportabo ti- 
*5 bi palmas Idumeas, 6 Man- 
tua: et sedificabo in campo 
viridi templum e marmore 
juxta aquam, ubi magnus 
Mincius errat lentis flexibus, 



Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas: 
Primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas: 
Et viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam 
Propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat 
Mincius, et tenera. praetexit arundine ripas. 
In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit. 
Uli victor ego, et Tyrio conspectus in ostro, 
Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad flumina currus. 

Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi, et tegit ynarginem riparum 
Cursibus et crudo decernet Graecia csestu. 20 tm&A arundine. In medio 

Ipse caput tons* foliis ornatus oliv* £££%$£& 2 

Dona feram. Jam nunc solemnes ducere pompas honorem ego victor, et spec- 

Ad delubra iuvat, caesosque videre juvencos: tabiIis purpura Tyria, im- 

J pellam juxta fluvium cen- 

tum currus actos quatuor equis. Omnis Grsecia relinquens Alpheum, et sylvas Molorchi, meo 
jussu certabit cursu, et duro csestu. Ego decoratus frondibus tonsse olese circa caput, proponam 
prsemia. Jam nunc juvat ducere ad templa solemnes pompas, et videre mactatas victimas: 



NOTES. 



7. Hippodame, or Hippodamia, was the 
daughter of Oenomaus, king of Elis, who 
having learned from an oracle that he was 
to be slain by his son-in-law; in order to 
elude his destiny, he obliged his daughter's 
suitors to try their skill with him in the 
chariot-race, presuming on the swiftness of 
his steeds. The law of the combat was, 
that whoever gained the victory should win 
his daughter, but that the vanquished 
should die. After thirteen of them had lost 
their lives in the trial, Pelops at length 
gained the beauteous prize, by bribing 
Myrtillus, Oenomaus' charioteer. 

7. Humeroque Pelops insignis ebumo. Tan- 
talus, the father of Pelops, had invited the 
the gods to a banquet, at which, having a 
mind to try their divinity, he dressed his 
son, and set his flesh before them. All the 
gods abstained fr»m this horrid food except 
Ceres, who ate the shoulder. Jupiter after- 
wards restored Pelops to life, and gave 
him an ivory shoulder, instead of that which 
had been eaten. 

10. Primus ego. Proposing to himself a 
subject not fabulous, as did the Greek poets: 
but founded on correct history. Pope used 
to say that this triumph over the Grecian 
poets is one of the vainest things ever writ- 
ten. 

11. Aonio vertice. Aonia was the name of 
the mountainous part of Bceotia, whence 
all Boeotia came to be called Aonia. In this 
country was the famous mountain Helicon, 
sacred to the muses. 

12. Iduma as palmas. Idum3ea,or the land 
of Edom, was famous for palms. In all the 
games, palms were employed for crowns. 



16. In medio mihi desar. The statue of 
the god to whom a temple was dedicated 
was placed in its center. In honour of Au» 
gustus the poet promises: 1. A temple. 2» 
Games. 3. Triumphs. 4. Sacrifices. 5. Pub= 
lie plays. 6. Trophies, images, and statues, 

17- Tyrio conspectus in ostro. Those who 
offered sacrifice amongst the Romans, on 
account of any victory, were clothed in the 
Tyrian colour. 

18. Ad fiwniina. At first the Circensian 
games were celebrated on the banks of a 
river, to which Virgil here alludes. 

19. Alpheum. A river of Elis, in the Pe- 
loponnesus, where the Olympian games 
were celebrated, which games are there- 
fore by this metaphor intended; as by lucus 
Molorchiy the groves of Molorchus, we 
are to understand the Nemaean games, Mo= 
lorchus being the name of that shepherd 
who had been Hercules's host, and in fa* 
vour of whom that hero slew the Nemxan 
lion. 

20. Cursibus. Running was one of the five 
Olympic games, called the pentathlum. The 
others were wrestling, leaping, throwing 
the discus, or coit, and fighting with the 
csestus. The caestus was a large glove made 
of raw hide and lined with lead. 

21. Olivae. This seems to mean the wild 
olive, with which the victors in the Olympic 
games were crowned. 

22. Ducere pompas. The pomps were ima- 
ges of the gods carried to the circus. Thus 
Ovid: 

Sed jam pompa venit: Unguis animisque 
faveti. 



100 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



vei videre, quomodo scenaVel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque 
mutetur conversa facie: et Purpurea intex ti tollant aulsea Britanni. 

quomod6BritauniintexUat-*; „^ ., ... . . 

tollant auixa purpurea. In In fonbus pugnam ex auro sohdoque elephanto 
portis templi sculpam in au-Gangaridum faciam, victorisque arma Quirini: 
ro et soiido ebore pug- At que hl > c un dantem bello, magnumque fluentem 
toris Romuli: ibidemque Nilum, ac navah surgentes aere columnas. 
sculpam NHum agitatum Addam urbes Asiae domitas, pulsumque Niphaten, 
cfa«ed»«,etlonge fluentem: pidentemque fWa Parthum versisque sagittis: 
et columnas extructas a r , , * ° ,. . . *. , _ 

sere nwmm captarum. Adji-kt duo rapta manu diverso ex hoste trophaea, 
ciam urbes Asi^expugnatas, Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. 
etArmeniosiugatos;etPar-stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia signa, 

thos conndentes fugse ac sa- . . , j : _ u t ~ ~<.:„ 

gittis retr6 jactis, St spolia Assaraci proles, demissseque ab Jove gentis 

bis rapta manu ex di versis Nomina: Trosque parens, et Trojae Cynthius auctor. 

hostibus, et populos bis vie- i nv idia infelix furias amnemq; severum 

SLSTSffirtiEK Cocyti metuet, tortosque Ixionis angues, 

Pario, simulaera prope ani-Immanemque rotam, et non exuperabile saxum. 

mata, soboles Assaraci, et Interea Dryadum sylvas saltusque sequamur 40 

s^E&ffiai*?*^ *»» Msecenas ' H d mo » ia j« ssa - 

ci, et Apollo munitor Tro- Te sine nil altum mens inchoat: en age segnes 

jse. Invidia infelix timebit 

furias, et severum fluvium Cocyti, et tortos serpentes Ixionis, et rotam immensam, et rupem 
Sisyphi insuperabilem. Interea subeamus sylvas Dryadum, et saltus aliis inaccessos; subeamus 
tua mandata, 6 Msecenas, non sane facilia. Animus meus nihil altum incipit sine te. Eja vero 
amputemus pigras 



25 



go 



35 



NOTES. 



25. Auluea Britanni. Some understand this 
to mean that real Britons held up the ta- 
pestry in which the figures of their coun- 
trymen were interwoven. So Wharton; 

I see the turning scene swift change 
its place, 
The pictured Britons in the curtains trace, 
Which seem to lift the tapestry they grace. 

27. Gangaridnm. The Gangarides were 
an Indian nation near the Ganges. 

27. Victorisque arma Quirini. As it was de- 
bated in the senate, whether Augustus or 
Quirinus should be the name of him who 
before was called Octavianus; this is 
thought to refer to that debate. If so, we 
must agree with Catrou, that this verse 
was inserted in the year of Rome, 734: for 
that debate happened in the year 727, three 
years after the publication of the Georgics; 
and it was not till the year 734, that Au- 
gustus conquered the Indians or Ganga- 
rides. 

28. Fluentem, Nilum. Alluding to the vic- 
tory obtained over the Egyptians and their 
allies commanded by Antony and Cleopa- 
tra, A. U. 724. 

30. Niphaten. The name of a mountain 
and river of Armenia. 

31. Parthum. The Parthians used to fly 
from their enemies, and at the same time 
shoot their arrows behind them. Their man- 
ner of fighting is excellently described by 
Milton : 

Now the Parthian king 

In Ctesiphon hath gather'dall his host. 
They issue forth, steel bows and shafts their 

arms, 
Of equal dread in^Atand in pursuit. 



***** 
He saw them in their forms of battle rang'd, 
How quick they wheel'd and flying behind 

them shot 
Sharp fleet of arrowy show'r. 

32. Duo troph<ea, Bisque triumphatas gentes. 
This passage probably refers to Augustus* 
two victories over Antony, one at Actium, 
on the European coast, and the other at 
Alexandria, on the African coast. 

34. Parii lapides. Paros was a celebrated 
island among the Cyclades. It was famous 
for its marble, which was always used by 
the best statuaries. Hence in the 3d iEneid, 
he calls this island the snow-white Paros 
" Niveamque Paron." 

36. Trojce Cynthius auctor. Apollo was born 
in Delos, where the mountain Cynthu-s 
stands. He is said to have built Troy in the 
reign of Laomedon. 

37. Invidia infelix. The source of unhap- 
piness to its sons . 

38. Cocyti. A river of Epirus. Its etymo- 
logy, from v.a%vuv, to weep, the un whole - 
someness of its waters, and its vicinity to 
Achaeron, have induced the poets to de- 
scribe it as one of the rivers of hell. Hence 
Cocytia Virgo is applied to Alecto, one of the 
furies. 

38. Ixionis. Ixion, for making an attempt 
on Juno, was cast into hell, and bound with 
twisted snakes to a wheel which was con- 
tinually turning. 

39. Non exuperabile saxum. Sisyphus in- 
fested Attica with robberies, for which he 
was slain by Theseus, and condemned in 
hell to roll to the top of a hill a stone which 
always turned back again. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



101 



Rumpe moras: vocat ingenti clamore Cithseron, 
Taygetiq; canes, domitrixq; Epidaurus equorum: 
Et vox assensu nemorum ingeminata remugit. 
Mox tamen ardentes accingar dicere pugnas 
Csesaris, et nomen fama tot ferre per annos, 
Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. 

Seu quis, Olympiacae miratus praemia palmae, 
Pascit equos, seu quis fortes ad aratra juvencos; 
Corpora praecipue matrum legat. Optima torvae 
Forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix, 
Et crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent. 
Turn longo nullus lateri modus: omnia magna: 
Pes etiam, et camuris hirtas sub cornibus aures. 
Nee mini displiceat maculis insignis et albo: 
Aut juga detrectans, interdumque aspera cornu, 
Et faciem tauro propior: quaeque ardua tota, 
Et gradiens ima verrit vestigia cauda. 
-/Etas Lucinam justosque pati Hymenseos 

hirsute sub cornibus inflexis. Nee displicebit mibi vacca notata maculis albis, aut quse fugit ju- 
gum, et aliquando cornibus petit, et facie similis est tauro; et quse tota alta est, et ambulans ver- 
rit vestigia parte extreraa caudal JEtas subeundi legitimum conjugium et labores partus, 



moras: Cithseron vocat 7ios 
magno clamore, et canes 

. s Taygeti, et Epidaurus domi- 

4a trix equorum: et vox reboat, 
multiplicata repercussu syl- 
varum. Paulo post tamen 
aggrediar celebrare animosa 
bella Octaviani; et fama pro- 
pagare nomen ejus per tot 

5Q annos, quot annis Octavia- 
nus distat a primo ortu Ti- 
thoni. Sive aliquis alit equos 
admirans prscmia victoriic 
Olympiacse; sive aliquis alit 
robustosboves ad arationem: 
eligat praesertim corpora 

55 matrum. Optima est figura 
terribilis vaccse, cui caput. 
est deforme, cui collum est 
magnum, et cui pelles pen- 
dent a mento usque ad cru- 
ra: cui prceterea latus lon- 

gQ gum est sine modo, et omnia 
magna; pes etiam, et aures 



NOTES. 



43. Vocat ingenti clamore. He expresses 
his earnestness to engage in the subject of 
this book by saying the lands famous for 
cattle are calling him to it. Of these Boeo- 
tia, where stood the mountain Cythxron, 
had some of the best. 

44. Taygetique canes. Taygetus was a 
mountain in Laconia, near Sparta, famous 
for hunting. 

44. Epidaurus. A city in Epirus, accord- 
ing to Servius; or in the Peloponnesus, ac- 
cording to others. 

46 J\fox tamen ardentes. Here he is gene- 
rally understood to mean, that as soon as 
his Georgics are completed, he means to de- 
scribe the wars of Augustus under the cha- 
racter of JEneas. Mineiius considers the 
poet as fulfilling his purpose when in the 
8th iEneid he describes the battle of Acti- 
um on the shield of JEneas. 

49. Seu quis, Olympiacae. In this firs.t part 
of the book, he treats of horses and cattle. 
He gives precepts; 1. For determining the 
best form»of a cow, v. 51. and of a horse, v. 
75. 2- Concerning' the choice of the best ani- 
mals for breeding, v. 129. 3. On the care 
requisite during the time the mares are 
with young, v. 140. 4. Relative to the pro- 
per treatment of foals and calves, v. 157. 
and v. 179. 

51. Optima torvce forma bovis. Drydenhas 
well copied the original picture: 

The mother cow must wear a lowering 
look, 
Sour-headed, strongly neck'd to bear the 

yoke. 
Her double dewlap from her chin descends, 
And at her thighs the pond'rous burden 
ends. 



Long are her sides and large; her limbs are 

great, 
Rough are her ears and broad her horny 

feet: 
Her colour shining black, but fleck'd with 

white ; 
She tosses from the yoke; provokes the 

fight: 
She rises in her gait, is free from fears, 
And in her face a bull's resemblance bears: 
Her ample forehead with a star is crown'd, 
And with her length of tail she sweeps the 

ground. 
52. Turpe caput. This is commonly meant 
of a head that is deformed, and of dispro- 
portionate magnitude. 

56. Maculis insignis et albo. Some take 
this to signify a white cow spotted with 
other colours; but the best commentators 
understand the words as expressing a cow 
of another colour spotted with white. Vir- 
gil's meaning seems to be, that though 
white is not esteemed the best colour, he 
does not disapprove a cow that has somr 
white spots in her. Ruseus considers the 
words " maculis insignis et albo" as mean- 
ing simply maculis albis in the same manner 
as in Geor. II. 192. " pateris libamus et au 
ro" is used pro pateris aureis. Mineiius says 
" albo colore immixtis." 

59. Vestigia cauda. Varro approves of a 
long tail, "caudam profusam usque adcaJ 
ces." 

60. JEtas Lucinam. Lucina, a goddess, 
and daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Her mo- 
ther brought her into the world without 
pain. Hence she became the deity whom 
women in labour invoked. She was said 
to preside over the birth of children. 



102 P. VIRGILII MAROMS 

fmit ante decern annos, et Desinit ante decern, post quatuor incipit annos* 

E?E?&!*12£?*»* nec fatur * habilis; nee fortis aratris. 

tioni, nee commoda agricul- Interea, superat gregibus dum lastajuventus, 
turce. Interek dum l»ta ju- Solve mares: mitte in Venerem pecuaria primus, 

immitte pecora ad coitum, Optima quaeque dies miseris mortahbus aevi 
etpropagaprogeniem aliam Prima fugit: subeunt morbi, tristisque senectus: 
ex alia per generationem. Et labor et durge rapi( . i nc l ement i a m0 rtis. 
Optima quseque dies vitse, r ^ . .. 

prima elabitur miseris mor- Semper erunt, quarum mutari corpora mails, 
talibus: morbi succedunt, et Semper enim refice: ac ne post amissa requiras, 70 
moBsta senectus; et labor, et Anteveni; et sobolem armento sortire quotannis. 
seventas durss mortis eos XT . , , , > 

rapit. Emnt semper aliqu* Necnon et pecon est idem del >ctus equino. 
pecudes, quarum voles mu- Tu modd, quos in spem statues submittere gentis, 
tare corpora, igitur semper Praecipuum jaminde a teneris impende laborem. 
;;Td?srd™:rr^S::Continu6 pecoris generosi pullus in arvis 75 

ris,pravenirfa?nnwm,etsub-Altius ingreditur, et molha crura reponit: 
stitue armento prolem no- Primus et ire viam, et fluvios tentare minaces 

Z^£££££**«i « T oto sese ~«? re p° mi: 

teems idem equorum. TuNec vanos horret strepitus. Ilh ardua cervix, 

modo adhibe prsseipuam cu- Argutumq; caput, brevis alvus, obesaq; terga; 80 

ram circa eos, quos statuis Luxur i atque toris animosum pectus: honesti 

seponere ad propagationem .. ^ _ . , . ? 

armenti, jam inde a tenera Spadices, glaucique; color detemmus albis, 

eorum setate. Statim pullus Et gilvo: turn, si qua sonum procul arma dedere, 

generosi pecoris alte ■ inoedit Stare Ioco nesc i t m j cat auribus, et tremit artus, 

per campos, et flexibih crure 

figit gradum. Primus audet in gredi viam, et explorare fluvios tumentes, et exponere sese pbn- 

t\ incognito: nee timet strepitus inanes. Collum habet elatum, caput acutum, ventrem sub- 

strictum, terga carnosa, pectus robustum eminet in toros Boni sunt badii et glauci: color est 

pessimus albis, et gilvis. Si autem arma aliqua longe sonuerunt, non potest consistere in loco: 

arrigit aures, et tremit membris, 

NOTES. 

61. Desinit ante decern, post quatuor incipit 82. Spadices. Spadix signifies a branch of 

annus. Varro says is is better for the cow a palm, whose fruit being of a shining red, 

not to admit the bull till she is four years the colour came to be called phceniceus. 

old; and that they are fruitful till ten, and The colours which come nearest to it, are 

sometimes longer. the bay, the chesnut, and the sorrel. 

75. Continud, here, and in many other 82. Glauci. A fine gray with a bluish cast, 

places in Virgil, signifies from the very be- 83. Gilvo. The colour of whitish honey, 

ginning, i. e. as soon almost as he is foaled, dun. 

' 76. Altiits. The poet probably means that 83. Turn, si qua sonum procul arma dedere, 

the colt ought to have long straight legs, Stare loco ?iescit, micat auribus, et tremit ar- 

whence as he walks he must necessarily tus, &c. It may be worth while to compare 

look tall. with this that noble description of a war-. 

77. Primus et ire viam. He is first among rior-horse in the book of Job; " he paweth 
other colts to lead the way. Varro says it in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: 
is a sign of a good colt if he contends with he goeth on to meet the armed men. He 
his "companions, and is the first amongst mocketh at fear; and is not affrighted, nei- 
them to pass a river. ther turneth he back from the sword. The 

" The first that dares to brave quiver rattleth against him, the glittering 

The unknown bridge or tempt the threat'- spear and the shield. He swalloweth the 

ning wave." ground with fierceness and rage; neither 

78. Ponti. In several MS S. ponto. believeth he that it is the sound of the 

79. Ardua cervix. By ardua is meant that trumpet. He saith among the trumpets, 
he carries his head well. Minelius has it Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar oft', 
excelsa, sublata, erecta. the thunder of the captains, and the shout- 

80. Argutumque caput. Short or small ing." 

headed. 84. Micat auribus. Pliny says, the ears 

81. Toris animosum pectus. The tori are discover the spirit of a horse as the tail does 
^rawny swellings of the muscles. that of a fion. 

* : ■ prominent with b*awn his fearless 

breast." 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



103 



85 ct volvit sub naribus col- 
lectum calorem, eum coer- 
cens. Crines densi sunt, et 
agitati recidunt in dextrum 
humerum. At spina dorsi 
duplex extenditur inter lum- 
bos: et ungula cavat solido 

90 cornu terram, sonatque gra- 
viter. Talis fuit Cyllarus do- 
raitus frseno Pollucis Amy- 
chei: et tales equi bijuges 
Martis,et e^/curulesmagni 
Acbillis, quos Grseci poelse 



Collectumq; premens volvit sub naribus ignena. 
Densa juba, et dextro jactata recumbit in armo. 
At duplex agitur per lumbos spina: cavatque 
Tellurem, et solido graviter sonat ungula cornu. 
Talis Amyclsei doraitus Pollucis habenis 
Cyllarus et, quorum Graii meminere poete, 
Martis equi bijuges, et magnicurrus Achillis. 
Talis et ipse jubam cervice effudit equina 
Conjugis adventu pernix Saturnus, et altum 
Pelion hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto. 

Hunc quoque, ubi aut morbo gravis, aut jam se^nior c ommemorant. Tabs ipse 

o~ quoqueSaturnusveloxemisit 
annls y ° crines e collo equino, super- 

Deficit, abde domo, nee turpi ignosce senectas. veniente uxore, et fugiens 

Frigidus in Venerem senior, frustraque laborem implevit altum Peliumhin- 

t„ *" <. »•. • j it . nitu acuto. Hunc etiam in- 

Ingratum trahit: et, si quando ad prseha ventum est, clude stabuliSj cum deficit# 

aut morbo tai'dus, aut senio 
1 00 p'ger: et sis indulgenfior se- 
nectuti non infami. Senex 
inutilis est ad eoitum, et in 
eo frustra extendit laborem 
sterilem: et si interdum de- 
scenditur ad pugnam,frustra 
furit, ut aliquando magnus 
105 ig n i s J n paleis^r^ sine viri- 
bus. Ergo spectabis praeser- 
. tim generositatem et aeta- 
tem, deinde alias dotes; quo- 
rum parentum sint soboles; 
quomodo unusquisque dole- 
1 1 o at, cum vincitur; aut appetat 
victoriam. Nonne vides? in 
celeri eertamine cum cur- 
rus corripuerunt campum, et ruunt emissi e repagulis: cum spes juvenum excitatur, et metus 
pulsans fatigat corda subsultantia; juvenes imminent flagelio intorto, et pendentes laxaat ha- 
benas: rotse volant, calida? ex impetu: et jam demissi, etjam alte sublati, videntur ire per aerem 
vacuum, et attolli in ventos. Nee moram faciunt, nee quiescunt. At nubes flavi pulveris assur- 
git: equi fiunt humidi spuma et halitu sequentiura, 



Ut quondam in stipulis magnus sine viribus ignis, 
Incassum furit. Ergo animos sevumq; notabis 
Prgecipue: hinc alias artes, prolemque parentum: 
Et quis cuique dolor victo, quse gloria palmae. 
Nonne vides? cum praecipiti eertamine campum 
Corripuere, ruuntque effusi carcere currus; 
Cum spes arrectse juvenum, exultantiaq; haurit 
Corda pavor pulsans: illi instant verbere torto, 
Et proni dant lora: volat vi fervidus axis: 
Jamque humiles, jamque elati sublime videntur 
Aera per vacuum ferri, atque assurgere in auras. 
Nee mora, nee requies. At fulvae nimbus arense 
Tollitur: humescunt spumis flatuque sequentum: 



NOTES. 



85. Naribus ignem. So in the book of Job : 
" the glory of his nostrils is terrible." 

87. Duplex spina. The spine does not 
stick up like a ridge, but forms a kind of 
furrow on his back. Hence Wharton: 
** Through his broad back shoots a divided 

spine,, 
And arms with double force his mighty 
chine." 

89. Amyclai. Amyclae was a city of Laco- 
nia, whei*e Castor and Pollux were brought 
up. 

92. Talis et ipse. Philyra, one of the Oce- 
anides, was met by Saturn in Thrace. The 
god, to escape from the vigilance of his 
wife Rhea, changed himself into ahorse to 
enjoy the company of Philyra, by whom he 
had a son half a man and half a horse, called 
Chiron. 

94. Pelion. A mountain of Thessaly, 
whence the celebrated spear of Achilles, 
called Pelias, was obtained. Here Chiron 
and the rest of the Centaurs resided. 



96. Nee turpi ignosce scnectce, i. e. Et ig- 
nosce senectae non turpi. Spare his old age 
that is not inglorious. This sense agrees 
best with what goes before, abde domo; and 
is most suitable to the temper of Virgil, 
who shows his humanity even in recom- 
mending tenderness and compassion toward 
brute creatures. 

98. Adpridia. Meaning the battles not of 
Mars but of Venus. 

101. Alias artes. Other qualities, or per- 
haps the purposes to which the animal 
shall be destined. 

103. Nonne vides? Wharton says no de- 
scription was ever more spirited than this 
of the chariot race. The poet has crowded 
into a few lines all the circumstances that 
are most striking in the famous description 
of Homer. One may say, as Longinus does 
on a similar occasion, that the soul of the 
reader mounts the chariot and is whirled 
along- in the race with it. 



104 V. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Adeo amant gloriam, adeoTantus amor laudum, tantae est victoria curae. 

l^lZTZi,an"tP™™ Erichthonius currus et quatuor ausus 

sus est componere currus Jungere equos, rapidisque rotis msistere victor. 

et quadrigas: et post victo- Fraena Pelethronii Lapithse, gyrosque dedere, 115 

mm msidere vapidis ro- l m p siti dorso: atque equitem docuere sub armis 

tis. Lapithse Pelethronii, T r , 11 

insidentes dorso equorum, Insultare solo, et gressus glomerare superbos. 

invenerunt artem fhenandi ^Equus uterque labor: aeque juvenemquemagistri 

et gjrandi; et docuerunt Exquirunt, calidumque animis, et cursibus acrem: 

equitem armatum insultare ^ * • r * -n ^ l , «o. 

terra, et glomerare super- Quamvis saepe fuga versos llle egerit hostes, 120 

bos passus. Difficultas utra- Et patriam Epirum referat, fortesque Mycenas; 

que par est; pariter magis- Neptunique ipsa deducat orierine sentem. 

tri artis ehgunt equum mve- TT . > j • 1 . 

nem, et felventem animis, His ammadversis, instant sub tempus; et omnes 

et vividum in cursu: non se- Impendunt curas denso distendere pingui, 

nem, etsi ssepeille converte- Q U em legere ducem et pecori dixere maritum: ' 125 

refeJtlTriS^umTaSPub^tesque secant herbas, fluviosque ministrant, 

fortes Mycenas, et ducat ge-Farraque; ne blando nequeat superesse labori, 

nus abipsa stirye equi Nep- Invalidique patrum referant jejunia nati. 

tunii. Hisnotatis magis so-j a . tenuant armenia volentes. 

hciti sunt circa tempus ad- f . . 

missura; et adhibent omne Atq; ubi concubitus primos jam nota yoluptas 13$ 

studium ut saginent densa Sollicitat; frondesque negant, et fontibus arcent: 

pinguedine earn, quem ele- g ti cursu quat i unt et Sole fatigant; 

srerunt ducem, et designa- „ v r . .* . r ., ° v 

verunt admissarium armen- Cum graviter tunsis gemit area frugibus, et cum 

ti: et secant hide herbas vi- Surgentem ad Zephyrum palese jactantur inanes. 

gentes, et prsebent aquam jj c faciunt, nimio ne luxu obtusior usus 135. 

n o?°poTsit^umcSe l 1ucun e . Sit genitali arvo, et sulcos oblimet inertes: 

do labori, et ne pulli imbe- Sed rapiat sitiens Venerem, interiusque recondat. 

cilii ferant notas maciei pa- R urS us, cura patrum cadere, et succedere matrum 

unT^sasmatVe^madienLtJnciP^ exactis gravid* cum mensibus errant. 

Et cum voluptas prius cognita suadet novum coitum, time auferunt eis cibum, et avertunt eas 
a potu: saepe etiam agitant eas cursu, et fatigant sestu; cum area sonat frugibus graviter 
tritis, et cum palese vacuse projiciuntur in ventos surgentes. Hoc faciunt ne trajectus partis 
genitalis sit strictior ob nimiam pinguedinem, et claudat meatus hebetes: Sed ut pars ilia avide 
attrahat semen, et interius includat. Postea incipit cura patrum recedere, et cura matrum 
succedere, quando vagantur gravidic expletis mensibus. 



NOTES. 

113. Erichthonius. Probably the son of 121. Epirum. Epirus was famous for 

Dardanus and father of Tros. Pliny says horses. 

that Bellerophon invented the backing- of 121. Mycenas. A city of Argolis, in Pelo- 

horses, Pelethronius, bridles and furniture, ponnesus, celebrated for its stallions. So 

the Centaurs of Thessaly, fighting- on horse- Horace: 

back, and Erichthonius, chariots. " Aptum dicit equis Arg-os, ditesque My- 

116. Equitem, for equum, or the rider cenas." 

making the horse thus prance. We say a 122. Neptunique ipsa. Neptune is said to 

troop of horse, when we mean the men as have struck the earth with his trident, on 

much as the animals on which they are which a fine horse sprung into existence, 
mounted. 123. His animadversis. The male is to be 

117. Gressus glomerare superbos. This is prepared for propagation by being made 
the same with what Varro calls tolutim in- plump and lusty; the female by being kept 
cedere, and Pliny, tolutim carpere gressus, lean, through spare diet and much exer- 
and Martial, ad numeros colligere ungues; to cise. 

move with a round ambling pace. 133. Cum graviter tunsis gemit area frugi- 

118. JEqiais uterque labor. The labour of bus. This refers to the custom of treading 
driving chariots and managing the single out the corn by oxen. 

horse are the same. 135. Hoc faciunt. In these lines the mo- 

120. Shiam<vis scepefugd, &c. That is, says desty of the poet is very remarkable. His 

Servius, SOuamvis sit scepe victor, quamvis expressions are glowing and poetical, and 

nobili genere procreatus, tamen d magistris at the same time not offensive to the chast 



est atas magnurtimitasque reqmrenxla. est ear. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



105 



Non Mas gravibus quisquam juga ducere plaustris, 140 Nullus patiatur eas trahere 

Non saltu superare viam sit passus, et acri iut^S^io^^'T' 

Carpere prata fuga, fluviosque innare rapaces. aut pw^a^rTprata^eleri 

Saltibus in vacuis pascant, et plena secundum cursu, aut innatare fluviis 

Flumina: muscus ubi, et viridissima gramine ripa, fapidis. Pascantur in spa- 

Speluncaeq; tegant, et saxea procubet umbra. 

Est lucos Silari circa, ilicibusque virentem 

Plurimus Alburnum volitans, cui nomen asilo 

Romanum est, oestron'Graii vertere vocantes: 

Asper, acerba sonans: quo tota exterrita sylvis 

Diffugiunt armenta, furit mugitibus aether 

Concussus, sylvzeque, et sicci ripa Tanagri. 

Hoc quondam monstro horribiles exercuit iras 

Inachiae Juno pestem meditata juvencae. 

Hunc quoque (nam mediis fervoribus acrior instat) 

Arcebis gravido pecori; armentaque pasces 

Sole recens orto, aut noctem ducentibus astris. 

Post partum, cura in vitulos traducitur omnis: 

Continudque notas et nomina gentis inurunt: 

Et quos, aut pecori malint submittere habendo 

Aut aris servare sacros, aut scindere terram, 

Et campum horrentem fractis invertere glebis. 

Caetera pascuntur virides armenta per herbas. 

recens surrexit, aut quando stellaj inducunt noctem. Post partum omnis cura transfertur in 

vitulos: statimque imprimunt Us signa et nomina gentis, et notant eos quos velint; sive sepo~ 

nere ad propagandum armentum, sive servare dicatos sacrificiis; sive quos velint arare ier- 

ram, et versare agrum asperum glebis solutis. Iteliqui vituli pascuntur inter virides herbas. 



14 -tiis apertis sylvarum, et 

14 * > juxta tumentia flumina: ubi 
sit muscus, et ripa virens 
herbis; et ubi antra tegant 
equas, et umbra rupium in- 
cumbat. Circa sylvas Silari, 
et circa Alburnum virentem 

I50ilicibus, est plurima volitans 
imisca, quae Romania norai- 
natur asilus, Grseci appel- 
lantes interpretati sunt oes- 
trum: aspera et acerbe mur- 
murans, qua armenta tota 
„ territa fugiunt e sylvis, aer 

155 SO nat percussus mugitibus, 
et sylvse et ripa Tanagri ari- 
di. Per hoc monstrum Juno 
exercuit olim iram horribi- 
lem, inferens perniciem ju- 
yencx Jiliae Inachi. Expelles 

1 60 q U0( l ue dlum asilum a gravi- 
das matribus, nam importu- 
nior ingruit media sestate: et 
pasces armenta quando sol 



NOTES. 



143. Plena secundum flumina. Full rivers 
that the cattle may not strain themselves 
with stooping" to drink. 

144. Viridissima gramine ripa. Literally, 
a bank most verdant with grass. 

146. Est lucos Silari. Silarus, now Selo, a 
river of Italy in Lucania, which divides 
that country from the Picene territory, or 
the marquisate of Ancona. 

146. Virentem. The holm-oak or ilex is 
an evergreen: this epithet is therefore very 
proper. 

147. Alburnum. Alburnus, a mountain of 
that country, now Alborno, out of which 
rises the river Tanagrus, the Negro, which 
is very small, and therefore mostly dry in 
summer. 

147". Asilo. The asilus, or tabanus, is a 
flying insect, in shape somewhat resem- 
bling a wild bee or wasp. The belly is ter- 
minated by three long" rings, from the last 
of which proceeds a formidable sting. This 
sting is composed of a tube, through which 
the egg is emitted, and of two augers, 
which make way for the tube to penetrate 
into the skin of the cattle. Those augers 
are armed with little knives, which prick 
with their points, and cut with their edges, 
causing intolerable pain to the animal that 
is wounded by them. The mention of these 
insects reminds one of the elegant rural 
comparison in Spencer: 
" As when a swarm of gnats at eventide, 



Out of the fennes of Allan do arise, 
Their murmuring small trumpets sounden 

wide, 
Whiles in the air their clustering army 

flies, 
That as a cloude doth seeme to dim the 

skies; 
No man nor beast may rest and take repast, 
For their sharp wounds, and noyous inju- 
ries." 
149. Acerba sonans. Relating to the horri- 
ble whizzing sound of the animal. An ad- 
jective is here used for an adverb. 

151. Sicci ripa Tanagri. A river of Lu- 
cania, now called Negro, rising from the 
mountain Alburnus. 

1.53. Inachicejwven&e. Io, the daughter of 
Inachus, whom Jove, to blind Juno, trans- 
formed into a heifer. The goddess, disco- 
vering the deceit, sent an astros to torment 
her; with which being stung, she fled into 
Egypt, where, being restored to her former 
shape, she was married to king Osiris, and 
after her death was worshipped as a god- 
dess under the name of Isis. Banier*s My- 
thology. 

157- Post partum. The care to be employ- 
ed towards the young animals is now shown; 
and first in relation to calves. 

158. Nomina gentis inurunt. Burning marks 
upon cattle is a very ancient custom, to 
which we find frequent allusions. 

162. Cote: a pascuntur, tsfc. The meaning 



106 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Tu exerce jam turn vitu- Tu quos ad studium atq; usum formabis agrestem? 

los, quos erudies ad labo- j v i tu i os hortare, viamque insiste domandi: 

rem etusum rusticanum: et _ _ ., ... * , .... . .„ 

institue nniouem eosdoman- Dum facile s animi juvenum, dum mobilis aetas. 1 65 
di: dum animi juvenum do- Ac primum laxos tenui de vimine circlos 
ciles.s«^,dumcfitasmutabi- Cei . v i c i su b ne cte: dehinc, ubi libera colla 

lis est. Ac pnmo circunda . . a • u • • \ «. -i 

colio laxos chculos e tenero Servitio assuerint; ipsis e torquibus aptos 

vimine: deinde postquam Junge pares, et coge gradum conferre juvencos. 

colla prius libera assueverint Atque illis jam saepe rotae ducantur inanes 17$ 

£SZ£EFS££%. P °* t erram - « summo vestigia pulvere signent. 

sis circulis, et coge eos simul Post vahdo nitens sub pondere faginus axis 
incedere. Et jam turn rot« Instrepat, et junctos temo trahat aereus orbes. 
^m%SZf^m I-terei pubi indomit* not, gramma tantum, 
imprimant orbitas in super- Nee vescas salicum frondes, ulvamq; palustrem; 175 
ficie pulveris. Posteaaxis e Sed frumenta manu carpes sata: nee tibifoetae, 
fago laborans sub magno M patrum , n i vea implebunt mulctralia vaccae; 
onere stndeat, et temo ex ^ . * ' 

are trahat rotas sibi con- ^>ed tc-ta in dulces consument ubera natos. 
junctas. Interim manu col- Sin ad bella magis studium, turmasque feroces, 

lige juvencis nondum do- A t Alphea rotis pnE l ab i flumina Pisse, 180 

mitis, non solum herbas, „ T . r . , r 

et frondes edules salicum, rA Jovis in luco cuitus agitare volantes; 

et ulvam palustrem; sed Primus equi labor est, animos atque arma videre 

etiam frumenta e tenerd Bellantum, lituosque pati, tractuque gementem 

seeete. Neque vacese partu ^ ^ * , r r 7 i- 

solute replebunt tibi lacte Ferre rotam, et stabulo fraenos audire sonantes: 

Candida mulctralia, ut erat Turn magis atque magis blandis gaudere magistri 

consuetudo veterum: sed ex- Laudibus, et plausae sonitum cervicis amare. 186 

haunent totas mammas ad 

alendos dulces foetus. Si verd studium magis est ad bella, et ad exercitus feroces; aut si magis 
studium est radere curru amnemPisse Alpheum, et impellere currus celeres in luco Jovis; pri- 
mus labor equi est, videre contention es et arma pugnantium; et ferre plangorem tubarum, et 
tolerare gemitum rotas tract®, et audire in stabulo crepitum fraenorum: prseterea magis ac 
magis lajtari blandis laudibus magistri, et amare sonitum palpati colli. 

NOTES, 

seems to be (as Mr. Martyn concludes), riages, or wheels without any carriage laid 

that the rest of the herd, that is, those upon them. 

which are designed for breeding or sacri- 171. Summo vestigia. Expressing the 

fice, may feed at large in the meadows; for lightness of the carriage which the untamed 

they need no other care than to furnish bullocks have first to draw. 

them with sufficient nourishment, till they 175. Ulvatn palustrem. The uha is the 

arrive at their due age. But those, which same with the typha, which we call cat's- 

are designed for agriculture, require more tail, or reed-mace. It loves moist places, 

care; they must be tamed whilst they are The common people in Italy make beds of 

but calves, and made tractable in their its down instead of using feathers. There 

tender years. is scarcely a standing water in Italy in 

163- Tu quos ad studium. Dryden ludi- which it does not abound, 
crously represents the poet as conveying 176. Nee tibi fceta. People in the early 
ideas quite nonsensical. Of the calf, he says: ages of the world lived much on milk, de- 
Send him betimes to school, and let him be frauding by this means the calves of part of 
Instructed there in rules of husbandry; their nourishment. Virgil advises those who 
"While yet his youth is flexible and green, breed calves to let them suck. 
Nor bad examples of the world has seen." 179. Sin ad bella. He now proceeds to 
He calls the calf a child; speaks of his school- give an account of the breeding of horses. 
fellow s, and of the gaining of moral precepts 180. Alphea Pisa. Pisa was the name of 
on his mind; but, a country in that part of Elis through which 
" Great wits may sometimes gloriously the river Alpheus flowed, and in which 
offend." stood the famous temple of Jupiter Olym- 
166. Circlos; a syncope for circidos; as see- pins, 
t'ttm and periclumiov saculuma.ndperictilum. 183. Lituos. Not properly trumpets, 
168. Aptos for aptatos, the same as ligatos. though we have not a better English word 
From aula, to bind. It was a custom among to express it. The tuba resembled our trum- 
the ancients to yoke the bullocks together pet, but the lituus was almost straight, only 
by the horns. turning a little at the end. The cornu an4 

170. Rota ducantur inanes. By rota inanes, the buccinimi were bent almost round. 
empty wheels 9 are either meant empty car- 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 107 

Atque hsec jam prirao depulsus ab ubere matris Audiat autem ista, ut pri- 

Audiat, inque viccm dct mollibus ora capistris m * m depulsua est a bote 

T ,. , * . ! matris: et vice fiwnorum 

Invahdus, etiamque tremens, etiam inscius aevi. prsebeat collum mollibua lo- 

At, tribus exactis, ubi quarta accesserit sestas; 190 ris, adftwc debilis,im&ettre- 

Carpere mox gyrum incipiat, gradibusque sonare m *™> p ec Jura confidena 

^ r . • • ,*f & . . ^ sctati. At cum quartus an- 

Compositis: sinuetque alterna volumina crurum, nus acC esserit, tribus jam 

Sitque laboranti similis: turn cursibus auras clapsis, statira incipiat de- 

Provocet: ac per aperta volans, ceu liber habenis, scribere gyros, et incedere 

yr, \ .' • ^ a , n t passibusnumerosis ac son an- 

iEquora, vix summa vestigia ponat arena. > 195{ ibus: et inflectat altern& 

Qualis hyperboreis Aquilo cum densus ab oris commissuras crurum, ita ut 

Incubuit, Scythiseque hvemes atque arida differt videatur coactus: deinde la- 

KuMla; turn segetes altW campique natantes VTg%£Z%££, 

Lenibus horrescunt flabns, summaeque sonorem quasi solutus fr»uo, vix at- 

Dant sylvae. longiq; urgent ad litora fluctus: 200bngat pedibus superficiem 

Ille volat, simul'arva fiiga, simul aequora verrens. a T euw : Q \ laIi f es . t At i uilo > 

**. , , T-i • • • cum miminet vehemens a 

Hie, vel ad blei metas et maxima campi septeptrionalibus partibus, 

Sudabit spatia, et spumas aget ore cruentas; et cum dissipat proceiias 

Belgica vel molli melius feret esseda colio. Scytfei* et nimbos adhuc 

rr , ° . „ r __„siccos: turn segetes altse, et 

Turn deraum crassa magnum farragme corpus 205 agri spicis fluctuates tre~ 
Crescere jam domitis sinito: namq; ante domandum miscunt modico flatu: et ca- 
Ingentes tollent animos; prensique negabunt cumpasylvarumeduntstre- 

- T °. , . ' r . 1 , *" . pitum: et longi fluctus ira- 

Verbera lenta pati, et duns parere lupatis. pellunt se ad litora. Aquilo 

Sed non ulla magis vires industria firmat, autem ruit, simul radeus 

Quam Venerem et cseci stimulos avertere amoris: 210 cul ' su £ am P 0S > et simul 

cv 1 . mare. 1 alls ec/uus vel su- 

Sive bourn, sive est cui gratior usus equorum. dabit} et emit y tet ore spu . 

Atque ided tauros procul atque in sola relegant mam sanguineam, ad metas 

Pascua, post montem oppositum, et trans fluminalata: et magna spatia campi Olym- 
Aut intus clauses sutura ad prwepia servant. rj&SZ£l&& 

Carpit enim vires paulatim, uritque videndo 215 Tunc denique permitte, ut 

Fcemina: nee nemorum patitur meminisse, nee herbae: magnum corpus eorum qui 
Dulcibus ilia quidem illecebris, et s?epe superbos '^Sf^SS V »TTf 

. * .... ' * r densa tarragme: nam si sa~ 

Cornibus inter se subigit decernere amantes. ginentur antequam domen- 

tur, efferent animum ferocem, et comprehensi recusabunt pati flagella flexibilia, etobtempe- 
rare duris frsenis. Sed nulla cura magis corroborat eoram vires, quam impedire coitum et aculeos 
insani amoris: sive bourn sive equorum cultus alicui placet. Et propterea removent tauros louge, 
et in deserta pascua, post montem interjectum, et trans latos fiuvios. Vel servant inclusos in- 
terims ad prsesepia pabulo abundantia. Nam fcemina, dum videtur, paulatim minuit vires, et ex- 
haurit marenv nee permittit ut meminerit sylvarum, et pabuli: ilia quidem facit hoc dulcibus 
blanditiis: et ssepe cogit superbos amantes certare inter se cornibus. 

NOTES. 

188. Invicem, i. e. Sometimes be tried under the north pole. The word signifies 
with them, and sometimes without them, persons living- beyond the wind Boreas. The 
Nonnunquann, says Celsus, sit sine capistris. word hyperborean is applied, in general, to 
Dr. Trapp understands it in this sense, now all who inhabit any cold climate. 

and then. 197. Arida differt nuhila. In the mostnor- 

189. Inscius <evi, i. e. Propter imbecillita- thern countries, the mists hang- about the 
tern <evi; it is a Greek construction. tops of the mountains until they are dis- 

193. Sitque laboranti similis. Either, Let pelled by the north wind. 

him practise to prance and curvet, however 202. Elei campi, i. e. The plains about 

painful and fatiguing it may be to him at Olympia, in the region of Elis; by which 

first: or, as Dr. Trapp and others suppose, name the whole country between Achaia, 

Let him not really labour by reason of his Messenia, and Arcadia, was called, 

tender age, but be exercised with seeming 204. Esseda. Not wagons, as Dryden 

labour. translates it, but martial chariots. For Bel- 

196. Hyperboreis. The Hyperborei were a gica in one MS. it reads bellica. They were 
people in the northern parts of Asia, who used for war. Cxsar describes them in his 
were said to live a thousand years, and in Commentaries, book IV. 
the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The 212. Tauros procul — relegant. In like man- 
sun was said to rise and set to them but ner Columella advises with respect td 
once a year. Hence the poet places them 



108 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Puichrajuvenca pascitur inPascitur in magna sylva. formosa juvenca: 

magna sylva: tauri verd illi jj^ alternantes'multa. vi praelia miscent 220 

vicissim multo ardore rois- T , ... . . , -. r ^ 

eentpugnamplagisfrequen- Vulnenbus crebns: lavit ater corpora sanguis, 

tibus: niger sanguis tingit Versaque in obnixos urgentur cornua vasto 

membra, et cornua »mpin-Cum eemitu, reboant sylvaeq; et magnus Olympus. 

ffSLJSKtatoSSN* mo S bellantes una stabulare: sed alter 

magno cum gemitu, et sylva; Victus abit, longeque ignotis exulat oris: 225 

et magnum coelum remugi-jyiuita p emens ignominiam, plagasque superbi 

unt. Nee solent adversarii y . . s tum quos amisit inultus amores: 

manere in eodem stabulo: ' «-"*" ^i« > ... 

sed alterutur abit victus, et Et stabula aspectans regnis excessit avitis. 

procul exulat in regione in- Ergo omni cura vires exercet, et inter 

cognita: multum dolens de D • t pernox i nstr ato saxa cubili: 230 

ignominia, et vulnenbus il- Zl J, ,K 

latis a feroci victore: et de Frondibus hirsutis et cance pasttfs acuta: 
arnica quam perdiditsine ul- Et tentat sese, atque irasci in cornua discit 
tione: et exit e regnis avo- Arboris obnixus trunco: ventosque lacessit 
rum, frequenter retorquens T .. A , * , j.. a 

oculos ad stabulum. Exercet Ictibus, et sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena. 

igitur suas vires omni cura, P6st ; ubi collectum robur viresque receptae; 235 

et jacet pernoctans in cubili sio-na movet, prsecepsq; oblitum fertur in hostem: 

ffi±^i5^«™*« ut in medio ccepit eum albescere ponto, 

juncos acutos: et experitur Longius ex altoque sinum trahit: utque volutus 

se: et discit furere in sua Ad terras, immane sonat per saxa, nee ipso 

3S£ eftpeSt 2S Mo «e minor procumbit: at ima ex^stuat unda 240 

ictibus: et proludit ad pug- Vorticibus, nigramque alte subjectat arenam. 

nam.arenis sparsis. Deinde postquam robur reparatum est et vires refectse, mutat locum, et cele- 
riter incurrit in bostem immemorem. Veluti fluctus, cum crepit albescere procul in. medio mari, 
et eminus sinuatur: ac veluti volvens se ad litus, resonat borrende inter rupes, et cadit non. 
minor ipsa rupe: at aqua infima ebullit in vortices, et superjicet in altum nigram arenam. 

NOTES. 

horses. Equos autem pretlosos reliquo tempore with the sense of this place. Servius, how- 

a?mi removere oportet ajceminis; ne aut, cuni ever, explains pernix by perseverans, without 

volenti ineanty aut, si id facer e prohibeantur, producing- any authority. 

cupidine solicitati noxam contrahant. 230. Instrato, not strewn with leaves. 

220. Multd vi prcelia miscent. Thus in the The word occurs elsewhere in Virgil, Lu- 

12th jEneid, cretius, and others, in a positive sense; but 

Illi inter sese multa vi vuinera miscent, here it seems to be taken negatively; though 

Cornuaque obnixi fingunt et sanguine lar- it may be construed with Rusus, cubili in- 

go strato inter, &c. 
CoLla armosque lavant, gemitu nemus om- 231. Carice acuta. This plant is little 

ne remugit. known. It is most probably the common 

The description of the bulls contending for hard rush which grows in pastures, on the 

the female is admirable: particularly the way side and in moist soils. The common 

fine circumstance of the vanquished bull soft rush seems to be what the Latins cal- 

looking back on his accustomed stall and led juncus. 
pastures, when forced to retreat. 237. Fluctus utin medio. This simile ista- 

" Oft with pensive looks as he retreats ken from tbe fourth Iliad: 

The parting exile views his ancient seats." £1? 8* It iv atytaxu ttoKvyj^u kv/u.oi Srccxaovyc, 

And still more so the circumstance of his &c. 

lying down, sullenly disconsolate on the As when the winds, ascending by degrees, 
stones, feeding- upon rushes and prickly First move the whitening surface of the 
leaves, and exercising- his horns against the seas, 

trunks of trees to enable himself to contend The billows float in order to the shore, 
against his hated rival. All these beautiful The wave behind rolls on the wave before, 
strokes are concluded by the noble simile of &c. Pope. 

a vast w: ve rolling towards a rocky shore. 238. Sinum trahit. Sinus usually signifies 

The pause at procumbit some sort of cavity; as the bosom of a per- 

Monte minor procumbit son, or a bay: it is also used to signify a 

is very expressive of the tiling intended. waving line like the motion of a snake. The 

230. Pernox. This seems to be the true poet seems to conceive a wave to be a hol- 

reading, notwithstanding Pierius found />er- low body, and therefore calls the upper 

nix in all the manuscripts he consulted; for part of it, its sinus or bosom. Minelius calls 

pernix can hardly be explained consistently it a curvature of water. Shakspe are conveys 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



109 



245 reSj rapiuntur m furorem et 
ignem: omnes habent eun- 
dem araorem. Nullo alio 
tempore letena negligens ca- 
tulos crudelior errat in cam- 
pis: neque ursi turpes edunt 
Kri plures csedes passim et stra- 
ges in sylvis: tunc aper est 
cruddis, tunc tigvis est pes- 
sima: heu! tunc periculose 
inceditur per desertos agros 
Africse. Nonne vides, uttre- 



250 



Omne aded genus in terris hominumque ferarumque, Certfc oiiaoe genus in ter- 
Et genus aequoreum, pecudes, picueque volucres, ^V^M^SLfS- 

In funas ignemque ruunt: amor omnibus idem. cudcs, et volucres versicolo- 

Tempore non alio catulorum oblita leaena 

Saevior erravit campis: nee funera vulgo 

Tarn multa informes ursi stragemque dedere 

Per sylvas: turn sasvus aper, turn pessima tigris: 

Heu! male turn Libyae solis erratur in agris. 

Nonne vides, ut tota tremor pertentet equorum 

Corpora, si tantum notas odor attulit auras! 

Ac neq; eos jam fraena virilm, neq; verbera saeva, 

Non scopuli, rupesque cavae, atq; objecta retardant 

Flumina, correptos unda torquentia montes. mor quatiat omnia membra 

Ipse ruit, dentesque Sabellicus exacuit sus, 255 equorum, si duutaxat aer 

t-T j ,. *. r . , . advexit aa nares notumodo- 

Et pede prosubigit terrain, fncat arbore costas, rem famine. Tunc sane nee 

Atque hinc atq; illinc humeros ad vulnera durat. frsena aurigarum, nee saeva 
Quid iuvenis, magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem flagella, nee scopuli et rupes 

Duru. amor? nempe abruptis turbata procellis «^gj £?£$£$ 

Nocte natat caeca serus freta: quern super ingens 260 aquarum, retardant eos. Ip- 

Porta tonat CCeli, et SCOpulis illisa reclamant se aper Sabellicus irruit, et 

JLquora: nee miseri possunt revocare parentes, ^*&£ffi3£! 

Nec montura super crudeh funere virgo. tas ar bore, et ex utraque 

Quid Lynces Bacchi variae, et genus acre luporum, parte indurat humeros ad 

Atque canum? quid, qu* imbelles dant praelia cervi? P l ^ as ; Q ui .<J /*«* jwenis, 
i ^ ' i r cujus in ossibus durus amor 

excitat ignem? scilicet v/gilans per obscuram noctem trajicit natatu fretum agitatum subita 
tempestate: super ejus caput magna porta cceli tonat, et mare impactum rupibus sonat: nee 
miseri parentes possunt eum impedire, nec ipsa insuper arnica peritura crudeli morte. Quid, 
lynces maculosse Bacchi, et genus acre luporum et canum? quid, fugaces cervi, quanta gerunt 
bella? 



NOTES. 



•with force the same idea, when he speaks 
of 

" The visitation of the winds 

Who take the ruffian billows by the top 
Curling their monstrous heads." 

242. Omne aded genus. In this whole pa- 
ragraph, the poet seems to have had in view 
the 18th chapter of Aristotle's sixth book of 
the History of Animals. 

247". Informes ursi. Vel mag?ii, says Ser- 
vius, vel qui tempore quo n as cuntur forma, ca- 
rent: dicitur enim caro quedam nasci, quam 
mater lambendo in membra componit. 

249. Heu! male turn Libye. The Romans 
called Africa by its present name, deriving 
it from Africus the southwest wind: Italy 
lying in a southwesterly direction from 
Rome. Libya being situated directly oppo- 
site to Greece, the Greeks gave the name 
to the whole country. Pliny says " Africam 
Grzeci Libyam appellavere." 

255. Sabellicus sus. He mentions the Sa- 
bellian boar, because the Sabine territory 
was covered with forests, the haunts of boars. 
Aristotle, speaking of the wild boars, says, 
that at this time they rage horribly, and 
fight one another, hardening their skins by 
rubbing them against trees, and by often 
rolling themselves in the mud, and letting 
it dry, make their backs almost impenetra- 



ble. They fight so furiously that one of 
them is often killed. 

259. Nempe abruptis. Alluding to the sto- 
ry of Hero and Leander. 

261. Porta tonat cceli. This is a poetical 
way of speaking common to most langua- 
ges. The clouds, when they burst, are con- 
sidered under the notion of the heavens, or 
gates of heaven, opening, and darting forth 
thunder and lightning. 

261. Reclamant. Either simply, roar back s 
or murmur, or seem by their roaring 
noise to forbid any one's venturing out 
to sea. 

263. Virgo. This word is not used by the 
poets in a strict sense for a virgin. In the 
6th Eclogue it is twice applied to Pasiphae. 

264. Lynces. The chariot of Bacchus was 
drawn by the ounce, the tiger, and the leo- 
pard. The tiger is as large as a lion, and 
marked with long streaks. The leopard is 
smaller than the tiger, and has round spots. 
The ounce or lynx is of a reddish colour, 
like a fox, and is an animal of exceeding- 
fierceness. 

265. Quid, que imbelles. Stags are very 
furious about rutting time, and assault men. 
and dogs: at other times they are very ti- 
morous, and fly at the barking of the small- 
est whelp. 



110 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Notabilis est tamen pr« cse- Scilicet ante omnes furor est insignis equarum: 266 

%£g£S3?m£22 me r m v ? nus ipsa de f - quo tem P° re Glauci 

furorem, quo tempore e- Potniades mails membra absumpsere quadngse. 
quae Potniades devoraverunt Mas ducit amor trans Gargara, transq; sonantem 
maxillis membra Glauci, A- Ascanium: superant montes, et flumina tranant: 270 
mor rapit dlas trans Garga- „ . v ' . ,. .. , •• n i ,,• 

ra, et trans rapidum Ascani- Continuoque avidis ubi subdita namma medullis, 

um: transcendunt montes, Vere magis (quia vere calor redit ossibus) illae 

et trajicmnt fluyios: statim-Qre omnes versae in Zephyrum, stant rupibus altis, 
que, postquam ignis exarsit *^ , r J K.. 7 

zMmedullis avidis, prsssertim Exceptantque leves auras: et saepe sine ulhs 
vere (quia vere calor redit in Conjugiis, vento gravid ae (mirabile dictu) 2T5 

ossa) illse omnes stant in al- s axa per et scopulos et depressas convalles 

tis rupibus obvertentes ora r^;rr- • ^ o i- j 

ad Zephyrum, excipiuntque Uiftugiunt: non, Eure, tuos, neq; Solis ad ortus, 
levem aerem: et ssepe sine In Boream, Caurumq; autunde nigerrimus Auster 
ullo concubitu, gravida ven- Nascitur, et pluvio contristat frigore ccelum. 279 

^rSn\ pCTsS^e? ropes', JJ inc demum * Hippomanes vero quod nomine dicunt 

et valles humiles: non ad or- Pastores, lentum distillat ab inguine virus. 

tumtwam, ,6 Eure; neque ad Hippomanes, quod saepe malae le^ere novercae, 

STt^Z'^^SMiscuerunt^ue herbas, et non innoxia verba. 

eam partem, unde oritur ^ed tugit mterea, fugit irreparabile tempus, 

Auster nigerrimus, et unde Singula dum capti circumvectamur amore. 285 

TesStf VttTufeT^ , H .° c satis a ™ e <^= *upe»t pars altera cune, 

conceptum distillat e parti- Lanigeros agitare gregss, hirtasque capellas: 

bus genitalibus viscosus li- Hie labor; hinc laudem fortes sperate coloni. 

quor, quem pastores apto Nee sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere maenum 

nomine vocaut hippomanes, ^ v . , , , , *> 

quod sape malse novercoe ^c uam slt > et angustis hunc addere rebus honorem. 

eollegerunt, addideruntque Sed me Parnassi deserta per ardua tkdcis 291 

hide herbas, et verba male- R a p tat am or: juvat ire jugis, qua nulla priorum 

tempus irTeparabde?' dum Castaliam molli divertitur orbita clivo. 

ferimur circa singula, cor- Nunc, veneranda Pales, magno nunc ore sonandum. 

repti amore. Hoc sufficit ar- Incipiens, stabulis edico in mollibus herbam 295 

pa"uhoi?: r /iSr^Carpere ores, dum moxfrondosa reducitur sestas: 

greges lanigeros, et capellas hirsutas: hoc difficile est; hinc sperate gloria m, 6 rustici laboriosi. 
Nee dubito animo, quam sit difficile superare sermonis dignitate ista argumenta, et addere hoc 
ornamentum rebus vilibus. Sed amor suavis rapit me per altissimas solitudines Parnassi: Pla- 
cet ire per ea culmina, per quse nulla orbita veterum deflectit facili inclinatione ad Castaliam 
vndam. Nunc, 6 veneranda Pales, nunc canendum est magna voce. Priucipio, jubeo ut oves 
eomedar.t herbam in mollibus stabulis, donee sestas frondosa paulatim redit: 

NOTES. 

268. Potniades. Boeotian, from Potnia, a vil- reas) the East, (Subsolanus, Apeliotes) the 
lageinBceotia, whereof Glaucus was a native. South-east, .(Vulturous and Euros) the 

269. Gargara. Gargarus was a part of South, (Auster) the South-west, (Africus 
mount Ida in Troas. and Libs) the West, (Favonius and Zephy- 

270. Ascanium. Ascanius is the name of rus) the North-west, (Corus and Argestes). 
a river of Bithynia in Asia, here put for ri- 279. Frigore caelum. The south was al- 
vers in general. ways accounted a rainy wind. Virgil, speak- 

275. Mirabile dictu. The impregnation ingof it about the beginning of March, calls 

of mares by the wind is spoken of by a vari- it cold at that season with great propriety, 

ety of authors. Homer represents the west 280 Hippomanes. See the note on JEn. 

wind as the parent of the horses of Achilles. IV. 516. 

Varro very gravely affirms, " In foetura res 291 Parnassi. Parnassus was a mountain 

incredibilis est,inHispania,SED est vera, of Phocis, sacred to Apollo and the Muses; 

quod in Lusitania, ad oceanum, in earegi- at the foot of which was the fountain of 

one ubi est oppidum Olysippo, monte Ta- Castalia, sacred also to the Muses, 

gro, quzedem e vento concipiunt certo tern- 293. Molli clivo. CHvus is used both for 

pore equse," &c. Columella and Pliny af- the ascent and descent of a hill. In the 9th 

lirm the same. Professor Martyn says, Eclogue it means a descent: 

" how the mares are really affected we " Mollique jugum demittere clivo." 

must leave to be decided by the philoso- Here an ascent, " facili ascensu," as Mine- 

phers of Spain and Portugal." lius has it. So Dr. Trapp: 

277. Eure. The Romans divided the com- " By soft ascent 

pass into eight parts. These, according to Inclining to the pure Castalian streams." 

Pliny, were the North, (or Septemtrio and 296. JEstas. The spring. See the note on 

Aparctias) the North-east, ( Aquilo and Bo- verse 322. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



Ill 



Et multa duram stipula filicumque maniplis 
Sterne re subter humum: glacies ne frigida laedat 



et lit colonics tegat du- 
ram terrain multa palea, et 
manipulis filicum, sub ipsis 

Molle pecus, scabiemq; terat, turpesque podagras. ovibus,- ne rigor frigidusW 
Post, hinc digressus, jubeo frondentia capris 300 r<e Itedat pecus tenerum, et 

Arbuta sufficere, et fluvios prsebere recentes; importet scabiem ac turpes 

^ , . > '-.I e i* podagras. Postea discedens 

Et stabula a ventis hyberno opponere boh ^ ab ovibus, jubeo ut prsebeat 

Ad medium conversa diem: cum frigidus olim capreis arbutos virides, et 

Jam cadit, extremoque irrorat Aquarius anno. 
Hae quoque non cuia. nobis leviore tuendae, 
Nee minor usus erit: quamvis Milesia magno 
Vellera mutentur, Tyrios incocta rubores. 
Densior hinc soboles, hinc largi copia lactis. 
Quam magis exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra; 



det aquam recens haustam; 
„„ _ et ut stabula tutu a ventis 
** ** objiciantur Soli hyemali: ver- 
sa ad meridiem: cum frigi- 
dus Aquarius jam demum 
occidit, et aquam emittit sub 
extremum annum. H» quo- 
que copra non colendai sunt 



Laeta magis pressis manabunt fiumina mammis. 
Nee minus interea barbas incanaque menta 
Cinyphii tondent hirci, setasque comantes; 
Usum in castrorum et miseris velamina nautis. 
Pascuntur verd sylvas, et summa Lycaei, 
Horrentesque rubos, et amantes ardua dumos. 
Atque ipsae memores redeunt in tecta suosque 
Ducunt, et gravida superant vix ubere limen. 
Ergo omni studio glaciem ventosque nivales, 
Quo minus est illis curae mortalis egestas, 
Avertes: victumque teres et virgea laetus 
Pabula: nee tota ciaudes fcenilia bruma. 
At vero Zephyris cum laeta vocantibus aestas; 

bores et cacumina Lyea^i, et rubos spinosos, et dumos qui amant loca edita: et ips« meminerunt 
redire in stabuia, et eo deducunt saos foetus;' et vix transiliunt limen, uberibus onustis lacte. Ita- 
que omni cura defendes ipsas a frigore et ventis nivalibus: quo minus ipsa? provident mortali 
indigentias: portabisque libens cibos et pabula e virgis, nee ciaudes ipsis fcenile per totani hye- 
mem. At ver6 cum grata aestas imminebit, ZephjTO invitante; 



3 10 a nobis minore studio, nee 
minor erit utilitas ex iis: et- 
si Milesia vellera avium, im- 
buta Tyria purpura, magno 
pretio vendantur. E eapris 
soboles frequentior est, et 

. largior abundantia lactis: 

° * 5 quanto magis mulctrale spu- 
maverit, uberibus exhaustis; 
tantb copiosius lac fluet ex 
uberibus pressis. Interea 
pastores etiam secant bar- 
bas, et pilos canos, et setas 

320 Ion gas hircorumLibycorum, 
ad usus bellorum, et ad ves- 
tes pauperum nautarum. 
Copra autem comedunt ar- 



NOTES. 



299. Turpesque podagras- Columella men- 
tions two kind of distempers that affect the 
feet of sheep, to which he gives the name 
of Clavi. One is when a filth and galling 
are observed in the parting of the hoof; the 
other, when there is a tubercle in the same 
place, with a hair in the middle, and a worm 
urtder it; for both which he prescribes the 
proper cure. 

300. Frondentia arbuta. Virgil uses arbutus 
elsewhere for the tree, see Eel. III. 82. VII. 
46. Georg. II. 69. and arbutum for the fruit, 
as Georg. I. 148. II. 520. But here arbuta 

frondentia must signify the tree, which is 
called frondens, because it is an evergreen, 
and therefore supplies the goats with 
browse in winter, of which season Virgil is 
now speaking. 

306. Milesia. Miletus was a city on the 
borders of Ionia and Caria, famous for the 
best wool, of which the Milesian garments 
were made, which for their softness were 
so generally esteemed by the ladies. 

306. Magno mutentur. The poet alludes 
to the ancient custom of changing 1 one com- 



modity for another, before the general use 
of money. 

312. Cinyphii tondent hircL Cinyphus was 
the same with what we now call Tripoli. It 
was famous for goats with very long hair. 
Thus Martial: 

Tonsor Cinyphio Cylix marito. 

313. Usum in castrorum et miseris velami- 
na nautis. So Varro observes that goats 
were shorn for the use of sailors and en- 
gines of war, namely, to cover the moving 
turrets, under which the assailants made 
their approaches in a siege: Ut fructum 
ovis e lana ad vestimentum, sic capra pilos 
ministrat ad usum nauticum, et ad bellica 
tormenta, et fabrilia vasa. 

322. Vocantibus. The west wind was 
thought by the ancients to introduce the 
spring. 

322. JEstas. Virgil, agreeably to the man- 
ner of many of the ancients, divides the 
year both here and elsewhere into two sea- 
sons only, the summer and winter. See v. 
296. The poet means by this word from the 
beginning of the spring to the autumnal 
equinox. 



112 V. VIRGILII MARONIS 

turn induces utrumquepecus i n saltus utrumq; greerem atque in pascua mittes: 

:rr;L C r a S;"i S ^«fe>-i prima cum s'idere, frigida rura 

ortum Luciferi fac ut pas- Carpamus: dum mane novum, dum gramma canent, 

cantur campos subtVigidos: Et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. est. 32S 

dum mane novum est; dum T d M ta sid U colle?e rit bora, 

herbse candidse sunt, et I'os _ ' ^ , , • , 

in teneris herbis jucundissi- Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae; 

mus est pecudibus. Deinde Ad puteos, aut alta grebes ad stagna jubeto 

cum quarta did hora indux- Currentem ilignis potare canalibus undam: 330 

ent sitim, etcieadsequerulai „ .. °... r , ,, 

fatigabunt stridore suo arbo- -Estibus at medns umbrosam exquirere vallem: 
res: jube ut greges circa pu- Sicubi magna Jovis antiquo robore quercus 
teos, aut circa profunda Wentes tendat ramos, aut sicubi nigrum 
stagna, bibant aquam cur- T1 . •, , • A , ? la 

rentem can alibus > faciis ex Ilicibus crebris sacra nemus accubet umbra, 
ilice. At sub medium diem, Turn tenues dare rursus aquas, et pascere rursus 335 
jubexxt _ quserant opacam val- Solis ad occasum: cum frigidus aera Vesper 
!T&?2iK£E Temper* et saltus reficit jam roscida Luna, _ 
porrigit ingentes ramos; aut Litoraq; halcyonen resonant, et acanthida dumi. 
si alicubi obscura multis ili- Quid tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua versu 
iXMgftfcS/E f^equar. et raris habitata mapalia tectis? 340 

muli iterum dent illis dui- Saepe diem noctemq; et to turn exordine mensem 
cem potum, et iterum du- Pascitur, itque pecus longa in deserta sine ullis 

Tm S*rSrv:^XH° s P itiis: . tant «?> cam P S jacet: Omnia secum 

gidus mitigat calorem aeris, Armentanus Afer agit, tectumque, laremque, 

et cum Luna humida repa- Armaque, Arnyclseumque canem, Cressamque pha- 

rat arbores, et cum litora retram. 345 

perstrepunt voce halcyonis, XT x " '' . .. ~ 

et spina cantu acanthidis. Non secus ac patrns acer Romanus in armis 
Cur dicam versu pastores In justo sub fasce viam cum carpit, et hosti 
Numidue, cur pascua, et Ante expectatum positis stat in agmine castris. 

pagos constantes paucis ca- r r ° 

sis? Ssepe grex pascitur noctu diuque, et per totum spatium mensis; inceditque per longas soli- 
tudines, sine ullis stabulis: tanta est vastitas camporum. Pastor Numida trahit secum omnia, et 
domum, et larem, et arma, et canem Amyclseum, et pharetram Cretensem. Non aliter ac fortis 
Romanus in patiio exercitu, cum ingreditur viam sub graviori onere, et obstat hosti castris or- 
dine dispositis, antequam expectetur. 

NOTES. 

328. Cicada. Not grasshoppers, as the 339. §htid tibi pastores. The nations 

word is often erroneously rendered. The which in ancient times dwelt east of Egypt 

Latin name for a grasshopper is locusta. appear to have been shepherds. Because of 

The cicada is a very different insect. It has their difference in customs and religion, as 

a rounder and shorter body, and makes a well as on account of their invasions, we 

noise five times louder than a grasshopper, find, in the history of Joseph, that shepherds 

They are very numerous in hot countries, were an abomination to the Egyptians. 

Several of the modern Italian poets men- 345. Amyclceumque canem, from Amyclse, 

tion its singing as loud and troublesome in a city of Laconia, which region was fa- 

the hot season. We have no English name mous for the best dogs, 

for this insect. 346. Non secus ac patriis. The poet here 

331. JEstibus at mediis umbrosam exqui- compares the African loaded with his arms 

rere vallem. So Varro. Circiter meridianos and baggage to a Roman soldier on an ex- 

sestus, dum ■ defervescant, sub umbriferas pedition. We learn from Cicero, that the 

rupes et arbores patulas subjiciunt, quoad, Romans carried not only their shields, 

refrigerato aere vespertine, rursus pascant swords, and helmets, but also provisions 

ad solis occasum. To this custom, which for above half a month, utensils, and stakes; 

was common in all the warmer climates, Nostri exercitus primum unde nomen ha- 

we find an allusion in the Canticles: " Tell beant vide: deinde qui labor, quantus ag- 

me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where minis: ferre plus dimidiati mensis cibaria: 

thou feedest, where thou makest thy flock ferre siquid ad usum velint: ferre vallum: 

to rest at noon." nam scutum, gladium, galeam, in onere 

338. Acanthida. Others read acalanthida. nostri milites non plus numerant, quam hu- 

This bird is thought by some to be the gold- meros, lacertos, manus. 

finch; by others, the linnet or the nightin- 347. Hosti. Vegetius in his first book of 

gale. the Art of War, quoting this passage, reads 

ITestem ante exspcctaium. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 113 

At non: qua Scythiae gentes, Maeoticaque unda, At non sic ft ubi sunt 

Turbidus et torquens flaventes Ister arenas: 350 Scythke gentes, ct Mseo- 

j^. x ,. x ,. t-»i j i t,ca palus, et Danubius 

Quaque redit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axem. turbidus volrena flavas are- 
Illic clausa tenent stabulis armenta: neque ullae nas; et ubi Rhodope reflec- 

Aut herbae campo apparent, aut arbore frondes: titu t r * e ? dens ^d medium 

, . !, rt V . . j. . - Ia septentnonem. IlHc conti- 

Sed jacet aggenbus niveis informis, et alto nent pecora clausa in stabu- 

Terra gelu late, septemque assurgit in ulnas. 355 lis: nee ulhe apparent, aut 

Semper hyems, semper spirantes friffora Cauri. herbae in agris, aut frondes 

it* o i 11 i. j ji *.■ i in arbonbus: sed terra iacet 

Turn Sol pallentes haud unquam discutit umbras: ^ lat6 deformata curauli J s ni . 
Nee cum invectus equis altum petit sethera; nee cum vium, et alts glaeie, et tu- 
Prsecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum. v mescit ad usque septem cu- 

Concrescunt subits current! in flumine crust*: 360 ^pev C a Zf ^oCtX IS 
Undaque jam tergo ferratos sustinet orbes, gus. Pneterea n unquam Sol 

Puppibus ilia prills patullS, nunc hospita plaUStl'is: dissipat umbras pallidas: nee 

JErcque dissiliunt vulgo, vestesque rigescmt SaT^T t£Z| 

Indutae, caeduntque secunbus humida vina, nec quando lavat rubris a- 

Et totae solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae, 365 quis Oceani currum caden- 

Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis. tem ; Cr . ustie subitse constrin- 

T \ r . v guntur in currentl fluvio: et 

Interea toto non seems aere nmgit: _ unda nunc portat dorso fer . 

Intereunt pecudes: stant circumfusa pruinis ratas rotas; ilia guidem an- 

Corpora macrna bourn: confertoque agmine cervi t6 excipiens latas naves; 

rr, r „ . • ° ., , nxmcexcipiensmsLUstrsi. Va- 

Torpent mole nova, et summis vix cornibus extant. sa area p aS sim franguntur, 
Hos non immissis canibus, non cassibus ullis, 371 et vestes indutae congelan- 

Puniceaeve agitant pavidos formidine pennae: tur; et homines mmpunt se- 

Sed frustra oppositum trudentes pectore montem ^ 1Z£Z£A. 
Cominus obtruncant ferro, graviterq; rudentes se in duram glaciem, et gut- 

Caedunt, et magno laeti clamore reportant. 275 *» horrida durescit in barbis 

impexis. Interim non seg- 
nius nix cadit per totum aerem: moriuntur pecora: magna boum corpora stant circumdata nivi- 
bus: et cervi presso agmine torpent sub novo onere, et vix eminent extremis cornibus. Income 
non persequuntur illos timidos immissis canibus, aut ullis laqueis, aut formidine pennarum ru- 
brarura; sed cominus feriunt ferro eos, dum propellunt pectore oppositum cumulum nivis, &. 
occidunt eos alte rudentes, et lseti referunt magno clamore. 

NOTES. 

349. At non: qua. The description of win- among- the poets to call the sea purple. Thus 

ter in the cold climes of Scythia has been in the fourth Georgic: 

justly admired as one of the finest pieces of Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta 

poetry extant. In mare purpureum violentior influit amnis. 

349. Scythice gentes. The ancients called This colour the waves exhibit at certain 

all the northern nations Scythians. times. Thus Cicero describes the waves of 

349. Mxotica unda. The lake Mseotis, or the sea as growing purple, when cut with 
sea of Azof, lies beyond the Black sea, and oars: "Quid? mare nonne caeruleum? at 
receives the waters of the Tanais, now ejus unda, cum est pulsa remis, j&wr/w-ajaV." 
called Don, a river of Muscovy. 361. Undaque jam. Ovid speaks of the 

350. Ister. Thrace and the adjoining coun- freezing of the Danube so hard that car- 
tries, riages were drawn where ships had sailed: 

351. Rhodope. A high mountain of Thrace, " Quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc iter, 
extending as far as the Euxine sea, all across &c." 

the country, nearly in an easterly direction. 364. dedmitque securibus humida vina. The 

The poets say it was the wife of Hsemus, epithet humida seems used to denote the 

king of Thrace, who was changed into a great intenseness of the cold; that even 

mountain hecause she preferred herself to wine, which above all other liquors pre- 

Juno, in point of beauty. serves its fluidity in the coldest weather in 

355. Ulnas. An idna was the measure from other countries, is so frozen in these nor- 

Lhe elbow to the end of the long finger. A thern regions, as to require to be cut with 

yard is the whole length of the arm; an ul- hatchets. 

na therefore is half a yard. 369. Agmine cervi. Deer do not live soli- 

359. Oceani rubro aequore. The sea is here tary, but in herds, 

called red, on account of the reflection of 372. Formidine pennce. It was the custom 

ihe setting sun. It is however frequent to hang up coloured feathers or lines, to 

scare the deer into the toils. 



114 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Sci/thceiysi, secure g? quiete l ps i \ n defossis specubus secura sub alta 

vivuntinexcavatis speluncis, rw: a . 

sub profunda terra! et infe- ° tla a S unt ter . ra: congestaque robora, totasque 

runt foeis, injiciuntque flam- Advolvere focis ulmos, ignique dedere. 

mis quercus accumulatas et Hie noctem ludo ducunt, et pocula laeti 

SSJSRLS; S"- Pimento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. 384 

tantur vini potum fermento Talis Hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni 

et baccis acidis. Sic genus Gens effraena virum Riphaeo tunditur Euro: 

hominum indocile supposU Et pe cudum fulvis velantur corpora setis. 

turn Boreali septentnoni, c ,. \. . , . . x r , 

perflatur Riphseo vento: et ^ x tibi lanicmm curae: pnmum aspera sylva, 

tegitur circa corpora fulvis Lappaeq; tribuliq; absint: fuge pabula laeta: 385 

rillis animalium. Si studes Continuoque greges villis lege mollibus albos. 

lance: pnmo sint procul svl- T1I » ° ° . °. ... 

vsespihosse, et lappa, et t'ri- Ilum autem, quamvis anes sit candidus ipse, 

buli: fuge pabula nimis pin- Nigra subest udo tantum cui lingua palato, 

guia: et statim elige greges R e jice, ne maculis infuscet vellera pullis 

teneris puis candidos. nejice XT , ... 

autem ilium arietem. etsi Nascentum; plenoq; alium circumspice campo. o9Q 

ipse sit candidus, cui lingua Munere sic niveo lanae, si credere dignum est, 

solum nigra est sub humido p an Deus Arcadiae captam te, Luna, fefellit, 

tS&ZZr&ZS 1 * nemora alta voeans: nee tu aspemata voeantem. 

elige alium in campo pleno At cui lactis amor, cytisum, lotosque frequentes 

ovium. Sic Pan Deus Area- Ipse manu, salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas. 395 

difcepif te? 6 eS Lu^ d c e a'p: « inC ,f l «»«* flu ™ S ma g\ S - et ma ^ ubera tendunt ' 
tam dono nivece lance: in- kt sa hs occultum referunt in lacte saporem. 
vitans te in altam syham: Multijam excretos prohibent a matribus hoedos, 
nee tu aspemata es inman- p rimaque ferratis pnefigunt ora capistris. 

tern. At qui studet lacu, die .- . ^ ,- , . • * »• • ,™ 

manu inferet in prasepia cv- Quod surgente die mulsere honsque diurnis, 400 

tisum, et copiosas lotos, "et Nocte premunt: quod jam tenebris et sole cadente, 

salsas herbas: inde magis ap- 

petunt potum, et magis implent mammas, etrelinquunt in lacte secretum saporem salis. Multi 
hoedos jam separatos areent a matribus, cingendo extremum os loris ferratis. Quod expresse- 
runt lactis sub ortum diei, et per horas diei; id coagulant per noctem: quod expressenml sub 
noctem, et Sole occidente; 



NOTES. 

376. In defossis specubus. This agrees with lambs will be white, black or red according 

history: thus Pomponius Mela, speaking of to the colour of the veins under the tongue 

the Sarmatee, says, they dig holes in the of the ram. 

earth for their habitations: Demersisinhu- 391. Munere sic niveo. We are informed 

mum sedibus, specus aut suffossa habitant, by Probus, that Pan, being in love with the 

totum braccati corpus, et, nisi qua vident, Moon, offered her the choice of any part of 

etiam ora vestiti. And Tacitus also says, his flock; and that she, choosing the 

the Germans used to make caves to defend whitest, was deceived, because they were 

them from the severity of winter: Solent et the worst sheep. But, if the whitest sheep 

subterraneos specus aperire, eosque insu- were the worst in the flock, it would not 

per multo fimo onerant, suffugium hyemi, have answered Virgil's purpose to allude 

et receptaculum frugibus. to the fable. It is therefore more probable 

380. Imitantur. Ruxus interprets this pas- that the fable, to which Virgil refers, was, 
sage as meaning beer and cider. as Philargyrius and others have related it, 

381. Septem subjecta trioni. The Triones, that Pan changed himself into a ram as 
or Septemtriones, are the two northern con- white as snow, by which the Moon was 
stellations, commonly known by the names deceived, as Euro pa was by Jupiter in the 
of the greater and smaller bear, in each of form of a white bull. 

which are seven stars placed nearly in the 394. Lotos. Water lilies. The great water 

same order, and which were fancied by the lily grows in rivers and deep ditches, 
ancients to represent a wagon, and were 399. Ferratis capistris. The muzzles, of 

therefore called u^a^xi and Plaustra. Aulus which the poet speaks, are not such as con- 

Gellius tells us, from Varro, that trio?ies is fine the mouth of the lamb or kid; for then 

as it were terrior.es, and was a name by it could not eat. They are iron spikes fas- 

which the old husbandmen called a team of tened about the snout, which prickthe dam, 

oxen. if she offers to let her young one suck. 
388. Cui lingua. Aristotle affirms that the 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



115 



Sub lucem exportans calathis adit oppida pastor, 
Aut parco sale contingunt, hyemique reponunt. 

Nee tibi cura canum fuerit postrema: sed una 
Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum 
Pasce sero pingui: nunquam custodibus illis 
Nocturnum stabulis furem, incursusque luporum, 
Aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Iberos. 
Saepe etiam cursu timidos agitabis onagros: 
Et canibus leporem, canibus venabere damas. 
Saepe volutabris pulsos sylvestribus apros 
Latratu turbabis agens: montesque per altos 
Ingentem clamore premes ad retia cervum. 

Disce et odoratam stabulis accendere cedrum, 
Galbaneoq; agitare graves nidore chelydros. 
Saepe sub immotis praesepibus, aut mala tactu 
Vipera delituit, coelumque exterrita fugit; 
Aut tecto assuetus coluber succedere et umbrae, 
Pestis acerba bourn, pecorique aspergere virus, 
Fovit humum: cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor 
Tollentemque minas et sibila colla tumentem 
Dejice: jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte, 
Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae 
Solvuntur, tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbes. 
Est etiam ille malus Calabris in saltibus anguis, 

miigere venerium pecan, m- 
cubuit teme: cape manu lapides, cape fustes, 6 pastor: et deturba tollentem minas ac tumen- 
tem sibilanti collo: jamque fugiens occuluit profunde timidum caput, cum compages media cor- 
poris, et motus extreme caudse abrumpitur, et extrema curvatura trahit lentas spiras. Est 
etiam malus ille serpens in sylvis Calabriae, 



id pastor ferens in canis- 
tris circa lucem vadit in ur- 
bem: autcondiopt moderato 
sale, et resenant in hye- 

405 mem. Nee tibi ultima sit cu- 
ra canum: sed simul ale sero 
pingui celeres canes Spartce, 
et fortes Molossos. Illis cus- 
todientibus, nunquam time- 
bis stabulis nocturnum latro- 
. nem, aut ineursiones lupo- 

4 * u rum, aut inquietos Hispanos 
a tergo ingruentes. .>sepe 
etiam persequeris cursu pa- 
vidos onagros; urgebisque 
canibus leporem, et canibus 
damas. Sspe insequens ex- 

4 1 5 turbabis latratu apros ejectos 

e cubilibus sylvestribus, et 
per montes altos impelles 
clamoribus magnum eervnm 
in retia. Disce etiam urere 
in stabulis cedrum odora- 
tam, et fugare galbaneo 
odore perniciosos chelydros, 

42 1 Ssepe, vel vipera tactu noxia 

latuit sub praesepibus male 
purgatis, et territa fugit lu- 
cem; vel colubei', pestis in- 
festa bobus, solitus subire 
425 tecta atque umbracula, et 
infiger 



NOTES. 



402- Calathis. Colanders or strainers, 
made probably in w i eke r- work. 

404. Cura canum. The poet now treats of 
the breeding of dogs. Of this he says but 
little. 

406. Spartae catulos. Probably hounds. 

405 Act em Molossum. Mastiffs. 

408. Impacatos a tergo Iberos. The Span- 
iards, or Iberians, were so famous for their 
robberies, that the poet makes use of their 
name, in this place, for robbers in general. 

408. Iberos. The Spaniards, so called from 
the river Iberus, now the Ebro. 

411. Volutabris. The word signifies the 
muddy places in which swine delight to 
roll 

414. Disce et, &c Virgil now treats of 
what may be injurious to the flock; and 
gives four precepts. 1. Drive away ser- 
pents, by odours, stones or clubs. 2. Guard 
against the scab. This may be occasioned 
by rain, cold, the want of washing, or spi- 
nal wounds. Its remedies are washing, 
anointing, and the opening of the ulcers. 3. 
If fever appear, cure it by bleeding. 4. De- 
precate the murrain and pestilence. 

415. Galbaneo nidore. Galbanum is the 
concreted juice of a plant called/crw/a. Pli- 



ny says, " Sincerum si uratur, fugat nidore 
serpentes." 

417. Vipera. Probably so called quod <si- 
vum pariat: for this animal differs from 
most other serpents in bringing forth its 
young alive. It is known in England by the 
name of the viper or adder. The bite is 
very venomous. The most immediate re- 
medy is olive oil applied instantly to the 
injured part. 

418. Coluber — pestis acerba bourn, Mr. Mar- 
tyn takes the serpent here meant to be that 
which Pliny calls Boa, becuuse it feeds on 
cow's milk, as we read in that author; who 
affirms that they grow sometimes to a pro- 
digious size, and that a child was found in 
the belly of one of them, in the reign of 
Claudius. 

420. Cape saxa. Wharton has imitated the 
rapidity of the poet: 
" Snatch, shepherd, stones, quick snatch 
the knotted oak." 

422. Timidum. Some manuscripts read 
tumidum. 

425. Est etiam ille malus. It is universally 
agreed that the poet here describes the 
Chersydrus, which is so called from ^c-cf, 
earth, and v£a§, water, because it lives in 
both those elements. 



116 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

contorquens dorsum squa- Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga, 
S5S £SST'«3 Atque notis longam maculosa grandibus alvum; 
longa alvo. Qui, quandiu ali- Qui, dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus, et dum 
qui fluvii erumpunt e fonti- Vere madent udo terrae ac pluvialibus Austris, 

Sfi t et A q T diu terr ^ humi : Sta S na colit > ri P is q5 habitans hie piscibus atram 430 
da est, propter ver udum, et T & , . , r . n . . •, 

Austros imbrtteros; amat Improbus ingluviem, ranisque loquacibus explet. 
stagna et degens in ripisillic Postquam exhausta palus, terraeq; ardore dehiscunt; 
ayidus implet fedam gulam Exilit in s i ccum et flammantia lumina torquens 

piscjbus et ranis clamosis: . . . n 

postquam aquas exsiccate Sasvlt a S ris > asperque siti, atque externtus aestu. 
sunt, et terra hiat calore, Ne mihi turn molles sub dio carpere somnos, 435 

emergit in siccam terram, N eu d orso nemoris libeat iacuisse per herbas: 

et vibrans oculos lenitos, et r* "> v: •• -^-j • ** 

siti exasperatus, atque impa- Cum . P osltls novus exUVllS, nitldusque JUVenta 

tiens ardoris furit per agros. Volvitur, aut catulos tectis aut ova relinquens, 

Ne mihi turn veniat in men- Arduus ad Solem, et Unguis micat ore trisulcis. .. 

£b rerel 8 ::: g£.t£ Morborum quoque te causas et signa docebo. 440 

herbas in clivo nemoris: Turpis oves tentat scabies, ubi frigidus imber 

quando Hie renovatus depo- Aldus ad vivum persedit, et horrida cano 

&££ : t ut j x u „ t :„s?„-B'-r a ge ! u: ve - 1 c " m tonsis illotus adh:esit 

latebris foetus vel ova, repit sudor, et hirsuti secuerunt corpora vepres. 

ei-ectus ad Solem, et vibrat Dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri 445 

linguam trifidam. Docebo te p er fundunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis 

etiam causas et indieia mor- _ , . * i i ^ • 

horum. Foeda scabies com- Mersatur, missusque secundo denuit amni: 

pit oves, cum frigida pluvia Aut tonsum tristi contingunt corpus amurca, 

profundi penetrant ad vi- Et spumas miscent argenti, vivaque sulphura, 

viiro ct n veins norrens cIIdr • • 

giacie; vel quando sudor ha> Idseasque pices, et pingues unguine ceras, 450 

sit, nee detersus est ovibus, Scillamq; helleborosq; graves, nigrumq; bitumen. 
post tonsuram; et quando ^on tamen ulla magis praesens fortuna laborum est, 

spin?? asperse lseserunt ea- ^ \ • • c / •. • j 

rum corpora. Propterea pas- Q uam . S1 quis ferro potuit resemdere summum 
tores lavant aquis dulcibus Ulceris os: alitur vitium, vivitque tegendo: 
totum gregem, et aries hu- D um me dicas adhibere manus ad vulnera pastor 455 
nt^feTmtrt^" Abnegat, et me.iora Decs sedet omina poscens. 

aqua profluente; aut ungunt acerba amurca corpus tonsum, et miscent spumam argenti, et 
sulphur vivum, et picem Idseam, et ceram pinguem unguento, et scillam, et graves helleboros, 
et nigrum bitumen. Nulla tamen est opportunitas magis commoda in his malis, quam si quis 
possit secare ferro extremam oram ulceris: nam malum crescit et durat, dum tegitur; quandiu 
pastor recusat admovere vulneribus manum medicam, et otiatur, petens a Diis successum me- 
liorem. 

NOTES. 

437. Cihn positis novus exuviis, &c. Pliny Mr. Martyn is of opinion, that Virgil means 

tells us, lib. VIII. 27. Anguis hiberno situ the white hellebore; which, says he, is ser- 

membrana corporis obducta, foeniculi succo viceable in diseases of the skin, if it be ex- 

impedimentum illud exuit, rutilusque ver- ternally applied; but it is too rough to be 

nat. Exuit autcm a capite primum, &c. taken inwardly, as the black sort is. Hence 

449. Spumas argenti. Some have supposed he thinks Virgil added the epithet graves to 
the poet to mean quicksilver. But quick- express the white hellebore. 

silver was never called spuma argenti, by 451. Bitumen. Bitumen, called by the 

which name the ancients seem to under- Greeks asphaltus, is a fat, tenacious, sul- 

stand what we call litharge. phureous, inflammable substance issuing 

450. Liceasque pices. Pitch is called Idxan, out of the earth, or floating on water. The 
because pitch-trees abounded on mount most esteemed is that which is found in Ju- 
Ida. dea, and is called Bitumen Judaicum, or 

450. Ceras. Wax seems to be added to Jew's Pitch. 

give to the medicine the consistence of oint- 452 Non tamen ulla. It is thought by some 

ment. that Virgil had studied physic. The re- 

451. Scillam. The squill, or sea-onion, is spect with which he mentions the physician 
a bulbous root, like an onion, but much lapis, the frequent reference to medicine 
larger. in his works, and the accuracy with which 

451. Helleborosque graves. There are two he describes and applies the ointment just 

kinds of hellebore, the black and the white, mentioned, favour the conjecture. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



117 



Quin etiam ima dolor balantum lapsus ad ossa 
Cum furit, atque aitus depascitur aricla febris; 
Profuit incensos aestus avertere, et inter 
Ima ferire pedis salientem sanguine venam: 
Bisaltae quo more solent, acerque Gelonus, 
Cum fugit in Rhodopen, atque in deserta Getarum, 
Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. 
Quam procul, aut molli succedere saepiiis umbrae 



Praelerea, quando dolor pe- 
netrans iu ossa inlima ovium 
furit, et febris calida absu- 
mit corpus: prodest expel- 
4601ere calorem inflammatum, 
et inter extremas umridas 
pedis aperire venam ex qua 
sanguis exilit: quomodo so- 
lent aperire Bisaltaj, et ssevus 
Gelonus cum fugit in Rho- 
. c „ dopen atque in desei^ta Ge- 

Videns, aut summas carpentem ignavius herbas, 465 tar l umj ^ dim bibit lac coa , 
Extremamq; sequi, aut medio procumbere campo gulatum cum sanguine equo- 
Pascentem, et serae solam decedere nocti; rum - Q«» m wem P rocul vi - 

Continuo ferro cuipam compesce, priusquam tuira^JrZT^^t 

Dira per incautum serpant contagia vulgus. 469 ,iere negligentius summas 

Non tarn creber, agens hyemem, ruit aequore turbo; herbas, aut ultimam incede- 
Qudm mult* pecudum pestes: nee singula morbi %££*$££% 
Corpora corripiunt; sed tota aestiva repente, solam abire nocte jam pro- 

Spemque, gregemque simul, cunctamq; ab origine vecta; hujus morbum coerce 
e*entem statim ferro, antequam saeva 

_ & ..'.», VT . . contagio gliscat in turbam, 

Turn sciat, aenas Alpes et Norica si quis ^ qU(e sibi non cavet< Turbo 

Castella in tumulis, et Iapidis arva Timavi, 

Nunc quoque post tanto videat desertaque regna 

Pastorum, et longe saltus lateque vacantes. 

Hie quondam morbo coeli miseranda coorta est 

Tempestas, totoque autumni incanduit aestu, 

Et genus orane neci pecudum dedit, omne ferarum, 

Corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula tabo. 



Nee via mortis erat simplex, sed ubi ignea venis 



475 tempestatem ferens non in- 
gruit tarn densus, quam fre- 
quentes sunt pecudum mor- 
bi, neque morbi invadunt 
singula corpora, sed tota 

479 sestiva statim, et fetus, et 
gregem, et totam gentem ab 
ipsa origine- Turn hoc per- 
suasum habebit, quisquis 



nunc etiam videbit, post tan- 
tum tempus, Alpes excelsas, 
et Norica castella in collibus, et agros Timavi ftimii Iapidia, et regna pastorum deserta, et syl- 
vas longe lateque vacuas. Hie olim dira pestilentia orta est corruptione aeris, et inflammata est 
toto ardore autumni, et interfecit omne genus pecudum, et omne^eraws ferarum, et vitiavit 
aquas, et fedavit pabula veneno. Nee modus mortis erat vulgaris: sed postquam sitis fervida 



NOTES. 



461. Bisaltce. The Bisaltae were a people 
of Macedon. 

461. Acerque Gelonus. The Geloni were a 
Scythian people. 

463. Cum sanguine potat equino. Dionysius 
Ascribes this custom of drinking 1 horses' 
blood and milk to the Massagetae, a people 
of Scythia. 

468. Ferro cuipam compesce. By culpamhe 
means the infected sheep, and by ferro com- 
pesce, that it should be killed to prevent the 
spread of contagion. Heyne very properly 
gives " statim occide" as the sense of " com- 
pesce" and explains " cuipam" by " causa 
morbi" 

470. Non tarn creber. He means that the 
diseases of different cattle were more nu- 
merous than storms before winter. Having 
mentioned the distempers of cattle, he 
takes occasion to describe a great plague 
which laid waste all the country about the 
Alps. 

472. JEstiva. JEstiva and hyberna signify 
places where the soldiers past the summer 
or the winter; the words were from thence 



applied to flocks. These in summer nights 
are not in their folds, but in the open air. 

473. Spemque gregemque. Agnos cum ma- 
tribus. Servius. 

474. Norica. Noricum was a region of 
Germany, bordering on the Alps; great part 
of it is what is now called Bavaria. 

475. Iapidis arva Timavi. The Timavus, 
now Timavo, is called Iapidian from Iapidia, 
which was in the Venetian territory, where 
the Timavus flows. This part of Italy is 
now called Friuli. 

478. Morbo cceli. It is generally thought 
that Virgil here speaks of the plague which 
broke out in Attica in the first year of the 
Peloponnesian war, which has "been so ac- 
curately described by Hippocrates, Thucy- 
dides, and Lucretius. 

482. Nee via mortis erat simplex. There is 
no occasion for departing here from the 
usual sense of the word simplex, as all the 
commentators have done, in complaisance 
to Servius. It is stronger to sa)', the kind of 
death was complicated with a variety of 
disastrous circumstances, than barely to 
say, it was not a common kind of death , 



118 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

penetrans in omnes venas Omnibus acta sitis miseros adduxerat artus; 
ZSE2STSS2Z2SS. Rursus abundabat fluidus liquor; omniaque in sc 
bat, et convertebat in se Ossa minutatim morbo collapsa trahebat. 485 

paulatim medullam omnium Saepe in honore Deum medio stans hostia ad aram, 

as? e^ssr^ssss j*«* dum nivea ci ™ mdat « r » &u y itta - 

Deorum victima stans ante Inter cunctantes cecidit moribunda ministros. 

aram, dum infula lanea alii- Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante sacerdos; 

gatur niveis tieniis, cecidit Inde neque i mpos itis ardent altaria fibris, 490 

moribunda inter mmistros -*t i i 

stupefactos. Aut si sacerdos Nee responsa potest consultus reddere vates: 

prius occiderat aliquam cul- Ac vix suppositi tinguntur sanguine cultri, 

tro; exea neque viscera an- Summaque jejuna, sanie infuscatur arena. 

positaansconcipmntignem; TT . , . J . ■».. , v . . . ,. 

neque aruspex interrogate *Jinc latis vituli vulgo monuntur m herbis, 
potest reddere responsa: et Et dulces animas plena ad praesepia reddunt. 495 

sa k line ffi ef su\rfiS n re r Hinc canibus blandis rabies venit, et quatit segros 
i?a^nigrescit S Tx^ur s \nit Tussis anhela sues, ac faucibus angit obesis. 
Prseterea vituli moriuntur Labitur infelix studiorum, atque immemor herbae 
in fertUibus pascuis,et exha- Victor equus, fontesque avertitur, et pede terram 
l^'pfetf Set St Crebra fate demi»« aures: incertus ibidem 500 
oritur blandis canibus: et Sudor, et ille quidem morituris frigidus: aret 
tussis anhela concutit porcos Pellis, et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit. 
ffig.^r«5-. t H * c ante exitium primis dant signa diebus: 

suetus victorije cadit, miser post tot nobilia exercitia, cibique negligens: et abhorret a potu, et 
crebrd pei'cutit terram ungulis: aures dejectae sunt: sudor dubius est ibidem, et ille quidem frigi- 
dus in Us qui mox morituri sunt: pellis rigescit, et dura ad tactum resistit tangenti. Primis die- 
bus ante mortem dant haec indicia. 



NOTES. 

4-S3. Sitis. A parching heat and thirst dogs run mad. The most terrible of the 

attend all malignant fevers. symptoms a human being discovers, on the 

Lucretius says: bite of a mad dog, is the hydrophobia, or 

" Intima pars hominum flagravit ad ossa." dread of water; the patient however thirsty 

486. Scepe. The poet introduces ten sorts not being able to drink any sort of liquor 

of animals which were infected with the without being thrown into the most horri- 

plague; 1. Victims, 1. 486. 2. Calves. 1. 494. ble convulsions. 

3. Dogs, I. 495. 4. Swine, 1. 496. 5. Horses, 497. Faucibus. The swine are subject to 

1.499. 6. Oxen, 1. 515. 7- Wild beasts, 1. diseases in the throat. Angit has some rela- 

537. 8. Fishes, 1. 541. 9. Serpents, 1. 544. tion to a?igi?ia, the Latin word forquinsey. 

10. Birds, 1. 546. 498. Labitur infelix studiorum. All the 

486. In honore DeAm. Victims dropped interpreters construe infelix with studiorum; 

down dead suddenly before the altar. Thu- but the construction will be more easy, if 

cydides says, that prayers to the gods and we make it immemor studiorum atque herbce. 

inquiries at the oracles were of no purpose, 499. Pede terram. The most violent dis- 

and were laid aside as useless. eases of horses are frequently attended with 

487- Infula. The infula was a sort of dia- an unusual stamping on the ground, 

dem or fillet with which the heads of the 500. Incertus sudor. Uncertain as to its 

victims were bound. The vitta:, according to cause y as to the times of its return, or consi- 

Ruaeus, were the ornaments which hung dered as a symptom, whether good or bad. 

down from the infula. 500. Ibidem, seems to denote that their 

491. Nee respo?isa. The entrails of the sweat was particularly about their neck and 
victims, unless sound, were thought not to ears, as Lucretius also has observed: 
discover the will of the gods. Sudorisquemadens per collum splendidus 

492. Suppositi. See the note on JEn. VI. humor. 

248. 501. Aret pellis. The dryness of the skin 

493. Jejuna sanie. In these morbid bodies, seems inconsistent with the sweating just 
the liquids were almost wasted, and, in- mentioned. We must therefore understand 
stead of blood, there came out only a cor- the poet, not to mean that all these symp- 
rupted matter. toms were found in every horse, but that 

496. Canibus blandis rabies. The gentle they were variously affected. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



119 



Sin in processu ccepit crudescere morbus, 
Turn verd ardentes oculi, atque attractus ab alto 
Spiritus interdum gemitu gravis: imaque longo 
Ilia singultu tendunt: it naribus ater 
Sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera lingua. 
Profuit inserto latices infundere cornu 
Lenaeos: ea visa salus morientibus una. 
Mox erat hoc ipsum exitio: furiisque refecti 
Ardebant: ipsique suosjam morte sub aegra. 
(Dii nieliora piis, erroremque hostibus ilium) 
Discissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus. 
Ecce autem duro fumans sub vomere taurus 
Concidit, et mixtum spumis vomit ore cruorem, 
Extremosque ciet gemitus: it tristis arator, 
Moerentem abjungens fraterna morte juvencum, 
Atque opere in medio defixa relinquit aratra. 
Non umbrae alto rum nemorum, non mollia possunt 
Prata movere animum, non qui per saxa volutus 
Purior electro campum petit amnis: at ima 
Solvuntur latera, atque oculos stupor urget inertes 
Ad terramque fluit devexo pondere cervix. 
Quid labor, aut benefacta juvant? quid vomere terras 
Invertisse graves? atqui non Massica Bacchi 
Munera, non illis epulae nocuere repostae: 
Frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae: 
Pocula sunt fontes liquidi, atque exercita cursu 
Flumina: nee somnos abrumpit cura salubres. 
Tempore non alio dicunt regionibus illis 

Quaesitas ad sacra boves Junonis, et uris 

les, et cervix vergit ad ter- 
rain deprimente pondere. Quid prosunt illis labor, aut opera collata homini? Quid prodest aras- 
se vomere terras difficiles? Tamen, non dona Bacchi e Massico monte, non epulse coacervatse 
nocuernnt illis. Aluntur frondibus et pabulo herbse communis: potus sunt rivi puri, et amnes 
agitati cursu: nee cursexcutiunt somnum salutarem. Aiunt nullo alio tempore desideratasyi«'s-- 
se boves in illis plagis, ad sacra Junonis: 



504 Si ver6 progressu temporis 
morbus incipit augeri: turn 
vero oculi inflammantur; et 
anhelitus educitur ab intimo 
pectore, interdum impeditus 
gemitu: et tendunt ima ilia 
longo suspirio, sanguis niger 
fluit e naribus, et lingua sic- 

5 10 ca hseret gutturi obstructo. 
Utile fuit primo immittere in 
os liquorem Bacchicum insi- 
nuate cornu: hoc solum vi- 
sum remedium morientibus. 
Deinde hoc ipsum pernicio- 
. sum erat: et vino corrobo- 

** * ** rati inflammabantur furore: 
et jam, non longe ab segra 
morte, lacerabant dentibus 
carne nudatis sua membra 
discerpta. Dii reservate me- 

519 liora piis, et illam rabiem 
hostibus! Ecce autem tau- 
rus anhelans cadit sub ferreo 
vomere, et ejicit ex ore san- 
guinem mistum spuma, tra- 



} hitque 
524 Arator 



ultimum spintum. 
tristis incedit, sol- 
vens taurum dolentem fra- 
tris morte, et relinquit ara- 
trum fixum in medio labore. 
Non umbrce profundarum. 
sylvarum, non jucundae pos- 
sunt herbse recreare animos 
taurorum, non amnis clarior 
5 20 electro, qui fluens inter saxa 
percurrit campum: at ima 
latera flaccescunt, et stupor 
tenet oculos eorum immobi- 



NOTES. 



506. Longo ilia. Referring to sobs or the 
alarming hiccough. 

509. Latices. Wine was frequently given 
by the ancients to horses. 

513. Dii mtliora piis. This form of ex- 
pressing abhorrence of any calamity was 
common. The ill was wished from jthem- 
selves to their enemies. 

514. Discissos nudis laniabant dentibus ar- 
tus. The word nudis, says Dr. Trapp, seems 
to imply, that, by tearing their flesh, they 
at the same time tore the gums from their 
teeth. Philargyrius says, lit faditatem ex- 
primeret, adjecit nudis; that is, to denote 
the filthy sight of their gums being ulcera- 
ted and rotted away from their teeth. 

517. Gemitus. How extremely beautiful 
is the pause in this verse at the word gemi- 
tus! It arator, by the melancholy flow of 
the wordsj places the action of the plough- 
man full in our sight. The next line pro- 
ceeds as slow as possible, being full of spon- 
dees- 



" Moerentem abjungens fraterna morte ju- 
vencum." 
On reading these lines, Scaliger declared 
he had rather have been the author of them 
than the first favourite of Croesus or Cyrus. 
It, according to Minelius, for abit. 

522. Electro. By electrum, amber is gene- 
rally understood; that is better expressed 
by succinum. It is a poor idea that a river 
runs more pure than amber. Pliny (33. 4. 
and 9. 41.) describes it as a mixture of gold 
and silver, of which the fifth part was sil- 
ver, whose brilliancy resembled the reflec- 
tion of the sunbeams from the surface of a 
river. Heyne on the passage says, " Elec- 
trum metallum, non succinum, intelligendum 
puto, quia illud spiendore nobilius et com- 
mune fere poetis est, ab argento aquarum 
perlucidum candorem notare." 

531. Tempore non alio. Servius and after 
him many others imagine that the poet here 
alludes to the famous story of Cleobis and 
Biton, but the scene of that narration is at 
Argos, whereas Virgil speaks of the Alps. 



120 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et currus tmctos fuisse ad I mpa ribus ductos alta ad donaria currus. 

alta templa ab uris insequa- \? \ • „ • . . 

Hbus. Itaque agricote dif- br -?° *% l \ ™stris terrain nmantur, et ipsis 

ficile proscindunt terram Unguibus infodiunt fruges, montesq; per altos 535 

rastris, et ipsis unguibus de-Contenta. cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra. 

iodiunt senium, et obnixo \t „ i • -j* i •»• • 

collo trahunt per altos mon- N ° n lu P u ? msidias explorat ovilia circum, 

tes plaustra stridentia. Lu- Nee gregibus nocturnus obambulat: acrior ilium 

pus non meditatur insidias Cura domat: timidi damae cervique fugaces 

SS ^l^S™ ^""0 interq; canes et eireum teeta vagantur. 540 

subigit ilium: timidi damieet Jam maris immensi prolem et genus omne natantum 

fugaces cervi jam vagantur, Litore in extremo, ceu naufraga corpora, fluctus 

SS'K^AJSSS P™ 1 ^ in » Ut * f«giunt in fiumina phoc*. 

fluctus lavat progeniem vas- Intent et curvis trustra defensa latebns 

ti maris, et omne genus pis- Vipera, et attoniti squamis astantibus hydri. 545 

S?££fflt3S3S&5* «* ag ?. vibus »°" r^f et ,?"* 

solitum fugiunt in fluvios. "raecipites alta vitam sub nube rehnquunt. 

Moritur quoque vipera, frus-Praeterea, nee jam mutari pabula refert, 

tra tecta cavis latibulis, et Q uae sitaeque nocent artes: cessere maestri, 

hydn conternti squamis ar-xV,.,, . ,^ r ,,. A . . J^ , „, -ik 

rectis. Aer est perniciosus A nil v ndes ^hi r °n, Amythaoniusque Melampus. 550 

ipsis avibus, et ilia cadentes Saevit et in lucem Stygiis emissa tenebris 

amittunt vitam inter altas pallida Tisiphone: morbos a^it ante metumque, 

nubes. rrseterea nee iam T „ j« * :j . ljL . x ^ i 

prodest mutare pabula: et In( l ue dles avi dum surgens caput altius effert. 

medicinse adhibit* noxiae sunt. Recessere medicines principes, Chiron jilius Philyrse, et Melam- 
pus films Amythaonis. Et pallida Tisiphone furit, emissa in lucem e nocte inferna: prge se ducit 
morbos et metum, et assurgens indies, extollit altius caput insatiabile. 



NOTES. 



533. Donaria. Properly the places where 
the gifts to the gods are laid up. Hence the 
•word is transferred to temples. So pulvi na- 
na is used for temples, though it signifies 
properly the cushions or couches which 
used to be spread in them. Apuleius, 1. 9. 
says, " Ibi donarium deje perquam opulen- 
tum." 

536. Contentd . Not contented but strained . 
According to Minelius, " Contracts propter 
pressuram." 

Professor Martyn gives an abstract of a 
disease which raged among the kine in Eng- 
land in the year 1714, drawn up by the sur- 
geon to his majesty's household. The num- 
ber of bulls and cows lost by this disease in 
the counties of Middlesex, Essex and Sur- 
ry were 5,418, besides 439 calves. 

538. Acrior ilium. The ceasing of the 
wolves to prowl and the approach of the 
deer to the hounds and human habitations, 
are most finely conceived. Heyne exclaims 
" Quam ornata hxc omnia." 

541. Jam maris immensi 'prokm. The poet 
here contradicts Aristotle, who says, that a 
pestilential disease does not seem ever to 
attack fishes. Heyne, however, says that 
the fact is sufficiently confirmed by natural 
historians. 

549. §>ucesitceque nocent artes. Thucydides 
says the physicians could be of no use to 
the sick, but died themselves above all 
others because of their greater communica- 
tion with them. Lucretius has the words, 
Corpora, mussabat tacito medicina timore. 



550. Phillyrides Chiron, Amythaoniusque 
Melampus. Chiron was the son of Saturn 
and Phillyra; he instructed JEsculapius in 
physic, Hercules in astronomy, and Achil- 
les in music. Melampus was the son of 
Amythaon and Dorippe; a famous physician 
and soothsayer. They lived before the Ar- 
gonautic expedition. Hence Mr. Martyn in- 
fers, that the plague here described happen- 
ed not less than five hundred years before 
the famous plague of Athens, viz. in the 
age of Chiron and Melampus. But we are in- 
clined to think with others, that the names 
of these two famed physicians are here put 
for the famous masters of physic in general, 
and those who were skilled in divination; 
and mean no more, than that all the me- 
thods of cure, all religion, and applications 
to the gods by sacred rites, proved ineffec- 
tual. 

552. Pallida Tisiphone. The figure of Ti- 
siphone driving before her a train of disea- 
ses and fear is nobly conceived. The pro- 
phet Habbakuk speaking of Jehovah in his 
wrath, says, " Before him went the pesti- 
lence." The circumstance of the fury Tisi- 
phone growing every day larger and larger 
is admirable, as it alludes so strikingly to 
the daily increase of the pestilence. 

" Still day by day more huge the fiend ap- 
pears, 

Till high to heav'n her horrid head she 
rears." Wharton* 

She was one of the furies. 



GEORGICA. LIB. III. 



121 



Balatu pecorum, et crebris mugitibus amnes Fluvii, et siccse ripae, et col- 

Arentesque sonant rips, collesque supini. 555 ^T^3b£S£ 

Jamque catervatim dat stragem, atque aggerat ipsis tibus> j amque Tisiphojw 
In stabulis turpi dilapsacadavera tabo: edit strages turmatim, etac- 

Donee humo tegere, ac foveis abscondere discant. c , umula ^£ ips l* s J ab " H * f* 

« T ° .. . davera dimuentia fada tabe: 

Nam neque erat corns usus: nee viscera quisquam donee in mentem venit po- 

Aut undis abolere potest, aut vincere flamma. 560 pulis sepelire ea terra, et 

Nee tondere quidem morbo illuvieque peresa occultarein foveis Nam ne- 

it ,. *. ^> ■ * que ulla erat utuitas mco- 

Vellera, nee telas possunt attingere putres. Sis: nee quisquam potest ab- 

Verum etiam invisos si quis tentarat amictus; luere undis, autpurgare ig- 

Ardentes papulae, atque immundus olentia sudor ne . viscera: ac ne tondere 

Membra sequebatur, nee longo deinde moranti 565 Sfe^^SHa^ 

Tempore, contactos artus sacer ignis edebat. telas putridas. Sed etiam si 

quis attrectaverat vestes ejusmodi odiosas, ardentes pustula, et foedus sudor adharebat membris 
graveolentibus: et sacer ignis absumebat deinde membra attactu fcedata, ejus qui vel brevi tem- 
pore vestes tardabat eas dirmttere. 



NOTES. 



559. Viscera. The flesh in general. See 
the note on JEn. V. 103. 

562. Telas. There is no occasion for ex- 
plaining this, with Dr. Trapp, of the wool; 
for it appears from what follows, that some 
of that infected wool was actually made in- 
to garments, which consequently must first 
have been wrought in the loom; so that the 
meaning of the whole passage is, that they 
were forced at length to abstain even from 
shearing the fleeces, or touching the wool, 
because those who had done so, and more 
particularly those who had worn any of that 
cloth, had been such miserable sufferers. 

564. Ardentes papula, as Mr. Martyn ob- 
serves, may mean carbuncles, which are enu- 
merated among the symptoms of a pesti- 
lence, and are described to be a small pim- 



ple, which on the wasting of its liquor be- 
comes a crusty tubercle, encompassed with 
a circle as red as fire, rising at first with an 
itching, and afterwards being accompanied 
with a vehement pain and intense heat. 

566. Sacer ignis seems to mean an erysi- 
pelas or St. Antony's fire. Thus also Lucre- 
tius. 
Et simul, ulceribus quasi inustis, omne ru= 

bere 
Corpus, ut est per membra sacer cum de° 
ditur ignis. 
Wharton thinks that sacer means accursed* 
or direful, auri sacra fames, sacer esto, &c. 
Minelius translates it execrabtlis. 

In the description of this plague some 
critics present the palm t© VirgUs others to 
Lucretius. 



R 



122 !*• VIRGILII MARONIS 

P. VIRGILII MARONIS 
GEORGICORUM 

LIBERIV. 



interpretatio. PROTINUS aerii mellis coelestia dona 

Continue desenbam c*- Exequar: hanc etiam, Maecenas, aspice partem. 

iestia munera aerii mellis. A . \ ....,.' , r r 

O Maecenas! fave huic e- Admiranda tibi levium spectacula rerum, 

tiam parti Georgicorum: Magnanimosque duces: totiusque ordine gentis 

Dicam spectacula parvamm ]yj ores et studia, et populos, et praelia dicam. 5 

rerum admiranda tibi, et re- T \ . , r . * . f 

ges apum generosos, et mo- In tenui labor, at tenuis non gloria: si quern 

res, atque artes totius gene- Numina laeva sinunt, auditque vocatus Apollo. 

ris per ordmem, et species, p r i nc ipio sedes apibus statioque petenda, 

et puernas. Labor ille est in ~ s K .; ■ i«, / l i 

parVa re, sed gloria non est Q u ° neque sit ventis aditus (nam pabula venti 

parva; si dii adversi permit- Ferre domum prohibent) neq; oves hoediq; petulci 10 

tunt aliquem id exequi, et Floribus insultent, aut errans bucula campo 

M^Srr^SJ; D«,ftttiat rorem, et surgentes atterat herbas. 

sedes et habitatio, in loco ad Absint et picti squalentia terga lacerti 

quem venti non possintper- Pinguibus a stabulis, meropesque, aliaeque volucres, 

venire; (nam venti impedi- 

unt, quominus apes ferant pabula in alveare) et in quo oves, et hcedi petulantes non saltent su- 
per floribus, et juvenca vaga per agros non excutiat rorem ex herbis, nee premat herbas nas- 
centes. Absint quoque a pingui alveari lacerti maculosi splendenti tergo, et meropes, et cae- 
tevre aves, 

NOTES. 

Virgil has taken care to raise the subject ancients, to come from the dews engender- 

of the Georgics. In the first part he has on- ed in the air. 

ly dead matter on whicii to work. In the se- 7. Lceva. Adverse, or, as others render it, 

condhe just steps on the world of life, and auspicious, for the word is used in either 

describes that degree of it, which is to be sense. 

found in vegetables. In the third he ad- 8. Statio. In this word the poet alludes to 

vances to animals. And in the last he sin- military discipline, which figure he almost 

gles out the bee, which may be reckoned constantly preserves. Pliny pursues the 

the most sagacious of them, for his subject, metaphor: " Interdiu statio ad portas, more 

In this Georgic he shows us what station castrorum, noctu quies in matutinum donee 

is most proper for the bees, and when they una excitet gemino aut triplici bombo, ut 

begin to gather honey; how to call them buccino aliquo," 8cc. 

home when they swarm; and how to part In this first part, which respects the ha- 
them when they are engaged in battle, bitation of the bees, the poet presents two 
Hence he takes occasion to discover their precepts: 1. Concerning a place suitable for 
different kinds; and, after an excursion, re- their hives and the things which should be 
lates their prudent and politic administra- near or remote from them, v. 8. 2. Con- 
tion of affairs, and the several diseases that cerning the form of the hives, 
often rage in their hives, with the symp- 13. Terga lacerti. Lizards are scaly, small, 
toms and remedies. In the last place he lays four-footed animals, with long tails. The 
down a method of repairing their kind, sup- largest of the kind is the alligator or croco- 
posing their whole breed lost; and gives at dile. The green lizard, which is here refer- 
large the history of its invention. red to, is common in Italy, and in the south- 

1. Aerii mellis. Honey is called airy, be- ern states of America, 
ing supposed, by Aristotle and others of the 14. Meropesque. The merops, apiaster, or 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



123 



Et manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis. 
Omnia nam late vastant, ipsasque volantes 
Ore ferunt, dulcem nidis immitibus escam. 
At liquidi fontes, et stagna virentia musco 
Adsint, et tenuis fugiens per gramina rivus: 
Palmaq; vestibulum, aut ingens oleaster inumbret. 
Ut, ciim prima novi ducent examina reges 
Vere sue, ludetque favis emissa juventus; 
Vicina invitet decedere ripa calori, 
Obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos. 
In medium, seu stabit iners, seu profluet humor, 
Transversas salices et grandia conjice saxa: 
Pontibus ut crebris possint consistere, et alas 
Pandere ad aestivum Solem; si forte morantes 
Sparserit, aut praeceps Neptuno immerserit Eurus. 
Haec circum casiae virides, et olentia late 
Serpylla, et graviter spirantis copia thymbrae 
Floreat: irriguumque bibant violaria fontem. 
Ipsa autem, seu corticibus tibi suta cavatis, 
Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta, 
An gustos habeant aditus; nam frigore mella 
Cogit hyems, eademque calor liquefacta remittits 

aquas. Circa ilia omnia, casia virides, «t serpylla longe redolentia, et copia thymbrse graviter ha- 
lantis floreat, et violae illic irrigentur liquido rivo. Ipsa autem alvearia, sive a te compacta sint 
ex corticibus cavatis, sive texta vimine flexili, habeant introitum arctum. Nam hyems constringit 
mella frigore, et ealor resolvit eadem liquefacta: 



1 5 ct imprimis Procne, quae no- 
tavit sibi pectus manibus 
sanguinolentis. Nam circum 
populantur omnia, et rostro 
ferunt ipsas apes, ut sint gra- 
turn pabulum pullis crudeli- 
bus. Sed adsint fontes puri, 

20 et stagna cooperta viridi la- 
nugine, parvus rivus currens 
inter herbas, palmaque, vel 
magnus oleaster tegat vesti- 
bulum. Ut quando novi re- 
ges ducent prima examina 

25 vere sibi commodo; et quan- 
do juniores apes ludent e- 
gressse ex alvearibus: tunc 
ripa propinqua invitet eas, 
ut se subtrahant calori; et 
arbor occurrens excipiat eas 
hospitio foliorum. In me- 

30 diam aquam, sive stabit im- 
mota, sive fluet, projice sa= 
lices obliquas, et magnos la- 
pides: ut possint stare in Us 
quasi in frequentibus pon« 
tibus, et explicare alas ad 

« e Solem sestivum: si forte Eu- 
rus vehemens dissipaverit 
redeuntes aut disjecerit in 



NOTES. 



bee-eater, is shaped like a kingfisher. It is 
about the size of a blackbird. The top of 
the head is reddish, the neck and shoulders 
green, with a mixture of red. It is yellow 
under the chin; its breast and belly are 
blue. It feeds on bees and other insects. It 
is found in Italy, but is most frequent in an- 
cient Crete. 

15. Manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis. 
Procne and Philomela, according to mytho- 
logy, were the daughters of Pandion, king 
of Athens. Procne was married to Tereus, 
king of Thrace, by whom she had a son 
named Itys. Tereus afterwards violated 
Philomela, and cut out her tongue, to pre- 
vent her from telling her sister. She found 
means, however, to disclose his wicked- 
ness; to revenge which, the two sisters 
murdered Itys, and gave his flesh to his fa- 
ther to eat. When the banquet was over, 
they produced the head of the child, to show 
Tereus in what manner they had entertain- 
ed him. He, being highly enraged, pursued 
them with his drawn sword, and was trans- 
formed into a lapwing, Philomela into a 
nightingale, Procne into a swallow, (which 
has the feathers of its breast stained with 
red), and Itys into a pheasant. 

18. Liquidi fontes. Varro often inculcates 
this precept, that bees should have clear 
water near them: " Habenda cura, ut aqua 



sit pura, quod ad mellificium bonum vehe- 
menter prodest." 

21. Examina. Swarms. 

26. Conjice saxa. That on these the bees 
may rest, and if perchance they fall into 
the water, creep up and dry themselves. 

30. Casta. See the note on book II. 213. 
Some take the casia to be the same with 
rosemary: but Columella, speaking of the 
plants which ought to grow about an apiary, 
mentions casia and rosemary as two differ- 
ent plants. Nam sunt etiam, remedio lan- 
guentibus cytisi, turn deinde casta, atque 
pini, et rosmarinus. Some think the spurge- 
jftax, or mountain widow •■wail is intended. 

30. Olentia late serpylla. The ancients 
mention two kinds of this plant: one of the 
gardens,the other wild. It very much resem- 
bles thyme both in appearance and smell, 
and is proper to be planted near bees. It is 
usually rendered wild thyme. 

31. Copia thymbrae. The thymbra is gene- 
rally thought to be some species of satureia 
or savory. 

32. Violaria. Minelius says; " Loca in 
quibus magna violarum copia est." Pla- 
ces set with a great number of violets. 

33. Corticibus. The bark of the cork was 
called cortex, by way of eminence. 

34. Lento vimine. Basket-work. 



124 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

utriusque violentia pariter Utraque vis apibus pariter metuenda: neque illae 

$7*5* nL^mgen^Nequicquam in tectis certatinv tenuia cera 

cera obiinunt parvas rimas Spiramenta linunt, fucoque et flonbus oras 

domorum, et complentmar- Explent: collectumq; haec ipsa ad munera gluten 40 

CTJSStnrSS » visco . et Phrygi* servant pice lentius Ids. 

usus gluten coiiectum, tena- Saepe etiam effossis (si vera est fama) latebris 

cius visco et pice mentis Ida? Sub terra fodere larem; penitusque repertae 

in Phrygia. Ssepe etiam, si p um i c ibusque cavis, exesaeque arboris antro. 

vera est fama, aperuerunt _ * . . . ' *.,. .. 

sibi domum sub terra, efFos- Tu tamen et levi rimosa cubiha limp 45 

sis latibulis, et invents sunt Unge fovens circum, et raras superinjice frondes. 

profunda in Japidibus cavis, Neu prop i us tect i s taxum sine, neve rubentes 

et in alvo arboris canosse. Tr k i i • "« *l 

Tu tamen, et unge alvearia Ure toco cancros: altse neu crede paludi: 

hiantia, circum linens moiii Aut ubi odor coeni gravis, aut ubi concava pulsu 

luto: et superjice into folia g axa sonant vocisque offensa resultat imago. 50 

tenuia: neve permitte ut ^ , , ? , r e i 

taxus sit vicinior alveari: ne- Quod superest, ubi pulsam hyemem Sol aureus egit 
ve coque m foco cancros ru- Sub terras, coelumque aestiva. luce reclusit: 
bentes: n^ve colioca alveare \\\^ CO ntinu6 saltus sylvasque peragrant, 
1 S^^w'SI^b eS; Purpureosque metunt flores, et flumina libant 
aut ubi saxa intus cava reso- Summa leves. Hinc nescio qua dulcedine laetae 55 

nant pulsu vocis, et soni Prop-eniem nidosque fovent: hinc arte recentes 
3* a "7X;"Vl7o Excudunt ceras, et mella tenacia fingunt. . 
Sol rutiius expulit hyemem Hinc ubi jam emissum caveis ad sidera coeh 
sub terras, et aperuit ccelum Nare per aestatem liquidam suspexeris agmen, 
Sm,&S$£2 Obscuramque trahi vento mirabere nubem; 60 

carpunt flores purpureos, et Contemplator: aquas dulces et trondea semper 
voiando degustant superfici- Tecta petunt: hue tu jussos asperge sapores, 
emfluviorum.Exhis/? ? n^ f T it me ii sphylla e t cerinthse ignobile gramen: 

et aquis recreate nescio qua v j •> o o 

delectatione, nutriuntfretus, et conficiunt eorum nidos: ex his elaborant artificiose ceras novas, 
et fabricant mella glutinosa. Deinde quando videbis examen, emissum ex alvearibus per aesta- 
tem serenam, volare in altum aerem, et nigram nubem apum diffiindi vento; Considera: quae- 
runt semper aquas dulces, et ramos frondentes, ubi considant; sparge circa hunc locum odores 
prtescriptos, mehphylla confricata, et vilem herbam cennthai: 

NOTES. 

39. Fuco. The fucus is properly a sort of speak of the food, the swarming and the 

s.ea-weed, which was anciently used in dye- battles of the bees. He teaches, 1. How 

ing, and in colouring the faces of women, they may be allured into the hives, v. 58. 

Hence all kind of daubing obtained the 2. How to appease the fury of their conflicts, 

name of fucus. By Jioribus the poet does not v. 86. 

mean strictly y that the bees plaster their 54. Purpureos. Purple is frequently used 

hives with flowers, but with a glutinous by the poets to express any gay colour, 
substance gathered from them; probably 57. Excudunt ceras. The word excudunt is 

from their bases. a metaphor taken from the smith, who 

43. Fodere. In several manuscripts, /o- strikes out (excudit) instruments of iron. In 
were. like manner he compares the bees busied 

44. Pumicibusque. The pumex is what in in their several works, to the Cyclops labour- 
English we call pumice-stone. ingat the anvil, v. 170. 

47- Taxum. The yew has always been ac- 63. Meiisphylla. JMelisphyllon seems to be 

counted poisonous. a contraction of melissophyllon, the bee-herb t 

47. Rubentes. It is well known that crabs, and is thought to be the same with what is 
lobsters, &c. pass from a black to a red co- called by a Latin name apiastrum. The de- 
lour by the operation of roasting or boiling, scription given of it by Dioscorides agrees 
Butler, in his Hudibras, derives from this very well with the melissa or balm so com- 
circumstance a humorous comparison: mon in English gardens. 

" Now, like a lobster boil'd,"the morn 63. Cerinthce. The name of this plant is de- 

From black to red began to turn." rived from xvpiov, a honeycomb; because the 

48. Neu crede paludi. Fenny places supply- flower abounds with a sweet juice like ho- 
ing no stones on which the bees may rest. ney, and is therefore called honey-wort in 

50. Imago. Echo. English. This herb grows* common in Ita- 

51. £>uod superest. The poet begins now to ly, whence the poet calls it ignobile gramen. 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 125 

Tinnitusque cie, et Matris quate cymbala circum. et excita'tinnitum, et quate 

Ips* eonsident medieatis sedibus: ips* 65 g£ £** £**» 

Intima more suo sese in cunabula condent. sistent in sedibus sic yvx- 

Sin autem ad pugnam exierint (nam saepe duobus paratis: apes sese imminent 

Re S ibus incessit magno diseordia motu) T^X^SSS^ 

Continudque animos vulgi, et trepidantia bello certamen (nam s«pe dis- 

Corda licet longe prsesciscere: namque morantes 70 cordia magnoimpetu inflam- 

Martius ille seris rauci-canor increpat, et vox ™ at utmmque regem) sta- 

i!iaiuu3iin/«,iw <• ^ r lim | lcet j on g^ praesentire 

Auditur fractos sonitus lmitata tubarum. et u , as p i e bis, et corda belli 

Turn trepidae inter se coeunt, pennisque coruscant, avida: nam Martius etiam 

Spiculaque exacuunt rostris, aptantque lacertos, strepitus rauei van* excitat 

^jy^uL i lu _ 7 r 1 i tardas, et auditur bombus 

Et circa regem atque ipsa ad prsetona densae 75 veferens tractos sonitus buc . 

Miscentur, magnisque vocant clamoribus hostem. cinarum. Tunc festinae in- 

Ereo, ubi ver nactae sudum,camposque patentes, ter se congregantur, et 

t-. *.• •«. ' « • ~*v. ' Z~ :Jl „u~ micant ahs, et acuunt acu- 

Erumpunt portis: concurntur: aethere m alto leum rost ' ris> et parant 

Fit sonitus: magnum mixtae glome rantur in orbem, a d pugnam brachiola, et 
Praecipitesq: cadunt: non densior acre grando, 80stipantur densse circa re- 

Nee de eoneussa.antum pluitiliee glandis. SfhSS&S: 

Ipsi per medias acies, msigmbus ahs, tu. ltaque quando invene- 

Inffentes animos angusto in pectore versant: runt tempus serenum, et 

Usque ade6 obnixi non eedere, dum gravis, aut hos, ^^Si 
Aut hos, versa fuga victor dare terga subegit. 85 nt strepitus in alto aere, con- 

Hi motus animorum, atque haec certamina tanta fusse densantur in magnum 

Pulveris exigui jaetu eompressa quiescent. t£SZ$£$&SS£ 

Verum ubi ductores acie revocavens ambos: ex aere, nee tantum gian- 

Deterior qui visus; eum, ne prodigus obsit, dium ex ilice quassata. Ipsi 

Dede neci: melior vacua sine regnet in aula. 90 re £ es in ™ ediis exercitibus, 

A , . ,. , X VJ , alis notabues, asritant mag- 

Alter ent maculis auro squalentibus ardens: num a)limum in = parv0 co *_ 

(Nam duo sunt genera j hie melior, insignis et ore, pore, obstinati non recedere, 
Et rutilis clarus squamis: ille horridus alter f° US( l ue > q«6 victor terribi- 

Desidia, latamque trahens inglorius alvum. %SS&^S^ 

Ut binae regum facies, ita corpora gentis: 95 sa. Ha? commotiones animo~ 

rum, et hse tantse pugnse sedabuntur, repressse jactu exigui pulveris. Sed postquam revocaveris 
a pugna geminos reges: da neci eum, qui visus fuerit pejor, ne noceat consumendo cibos: et 
permitte ut melior regnet in domo vacua ab hoste. Alter erit lucidus notis auro asperis (sunt 
enim duo apum genera) hie melior est, forma pulcber, et clarus squamis rutilantibus: alter ille 
horridus est ignavia, et trahens magnam alvum sine honore. Ut gemime sunt formse regum, 
ita species gentis: 

NOTES. 

64. Tinnitusque cie. This custom is still of the kings poetically pratoria, by a m eta = 
used. Some ascribe the effect to fear, others phor taken from the Roman camp, where 
to pleasure, while some confidently assert the pavilion of the person who had the corn- 
it has no effect at all. mand of the war (an office that belonged at. 

64. Matris quate cymbala. The priests of first to the praetor, and afterwards was 

Cybele used to beat brazen drums or cym- vested in the consuls) had the name of pr<r~ 

bals, in their sacrifices. - torium. 

67. Sin autem, \$c. Nothing can be more 91. Alter erit. Here the poet enters on a 

lively and animated than this description, third part of his work, in which he de- 

We, find represented the ardour of the war- scribes the vai-ious kinds of bees. There are 

riors, the sound of the trumpets, the glit- more particularly two, the red, which are 

tering of armour, the shouts of the soldiers, the smaller ones, and the black, or various, 

the bravery of the leaders, the madness of which are larger. The first species is the 

the battle. most valuable. 

69. Trepidantia. Trepidare signifies not 91. Squalentibus. Servius renders it gplen- 

only to tremble, but to hasten, to fly. Heyne dentibus, and derives the word from squama. 

quotes a passage from Servius in which he Nam si d squalore est , says he, sordidum sig~ 

explains trepidare as meaning " alacritate niflcat. It seems to signify speckled or streak - 

pugnandi, non timore." So v. 73. below. ed with golden marks like scales. 
, 75, Fratoria. Virgil here calls the cells 



126 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Namque alia apes horrent Namque aliae turpes horrent, ceu pulvere ab alto 

fcedae, quemadmodurn via-r^~» •<. •*. • 

tor, qui venit ex loco valde Cu . m vemt > et terram sicco spuit ore viator 
puiverulento, et sitibundus Aridus: elucent aliae, et fulgore coruscant, 
excreat pulverem ore sicco: Ardentes auro, et paribus lita corpora guttis. 
^Zfelr:^&, H*c potior "bole.: hinc cceli tempore certo 100 

quae aspersa sunt auro et Dulcia mella premes: nee tantum duicia, quantum 
similibus notis. Hoc genus Et liquida, et durum Bacchi domitura saporem. 
5R2£££!ftS At cum incerta volant coeloque examina ludunt, 
ce: nee tam dulce, quam et Contemn untq; favos, et fngida tecta relinquunt, 
purum, et mitigaturum as- Instabiles animos ludo prohibebis inani. 105 

SbaToJt' inci'ut^Nec magnus prohibere labor: tu regibus alas 
ludunt peraerem, etfastidi- Griper non lllis quisquam cunctantibus altum 
unt favos, etdeserunt alvea- Ire iter, aut castris audebit vellere signa. 
ria ^ ania \ re - vo( ;-r is .- ani T s Invitent croceis halantes floribus horti: 

mobues ab inutih hcentia. -v?. c • o , ,- A 

Nee magna erit difficultas ** ciistos iurum atque avium, cum falce sahgna, 1 10 

revocare: tu evelle regibus Hellespontiaci servet tutela Priapi. 

pennas: nullus audebit Mis i pse thymum pinosque ferens de montibus altis, 

morantibus vagan per ae- rA ■ ,m F\ • • . i« 

rem, et eruere signa e v cas- l ecta serat late Circum, CUl talia Clirae: 

tris. Horti spirantes croceis Ipse labore manum duro terat, ipse feraces 

floribus eas^ alliciant; et tute- pig at humo piantas, et amicos irriget imbres. 1 1 5 

baefe^latronum^et vdla" Atque equidem, extremo ni jam sub fine laborum 

crura, cum falce e salice, eas Vela traham, et terris festinem advertere proram; 

servet. Me ipse, qui curat Forsitan et pingues hortos quae cura colendi 

talia, transferens ex altis 

montibus thymum et pinos, plantet eas undique circa alvearia: ipse atterat manus duro planta- 

tionis labore: ipse infodiat terrse piantas fertiles, et invergat plantis aquam opportunam. Ego cer- 

te, nisi jam sub ultimum finem laborum colligerem vela, et properarem torquere proram ad 

terram: fortasse cantarem quoque, quae ratio culturse ornaret hortos fertiles, 



NOTES. 



103. At cum incerta volant. Means are pre- 
scribed for preventing the bees from leaving 
their situation. 

104. Frigida tecta relinquunt. Servius ex- 
\Aa.msJrigida by empty or inactive; Non opere, 
ut prius,Jerventia: me lie vacua alvearia, ino- 
perosa: in opposition to what is said after- 
wards when their activity is described, 

fervel opus. 

108. Vellere signa. This phrase was used 
by the Romans to express the moving of 
their camp. For, when they pitched their 
camp, they struck their ensigns into the 
ground before the general's tent, and pluck- 
ed them up when they decamped. Thus 
JEn. XI. 19. 

Ubi primum vellere signa 
Annuerint Superi, pubemque educere 
castris. 

109. Croceis. Saffron flowers appear to be 
put here for odorous flowers in general. 

111. Hellespontiaci servet tutela Priapi. 
The statue of Priapus was commonly set 
up in gardens to protect them from thieves, 
and to scare away the birds: so that the 
meaning is, that they should be invited by 
such gardens as deserve to be under the 
protection of that deity. 

111. Hellespontiaci. Priapus was chiefly 
worshipped at Lampsacum, a city near the 
Hellespont. 

1 12. Thymum. This is not our common 



thyme, but the thymus capitatus, which still 
grows in great plenty upon the mountains 
of Greece. The Attic honey was accounted 
best, because of the excellence of this sort 
of thyme, which is found about Athens. It 
is known among us under the name of the 
true thyme of the ancients. 

116. Atque equidem, extremo. These ex- 
quisite lines make us wish the poet had en- 
larged upon the subject of gardening. We 
have no poem on it but an insipid one by F . 
Rapin, written indeed in pure Latin, but 
with no poetic spirit. 

117. Vela traham. A metaphor taken 
from sailing. 

118. Pingues hortos. Some of the gardens 
of the ancients were much celebrated, es- 
pecially those of the Hesperides, of Ado- 
nis, Alcinous, Semiramis and Cyrus. Ho- 
mer, describing that of Alcinous, uses the 
word G££<x7o£-, from which the English word 
orchard, or, as Milton writes it, orchaf, is 
derived. Johnson deduces the word orchard 
from the Saxon. It probably is merely a 
combination of the words hort and yard. 
The hortyard, or orchard, or garden yard 
rather than the garden itself. The oq^olIoq 
described by Homer consisting of pears, 
apples, pomegranates, figs, olives, vines, 
&c. seems rather to have been an orchard 
than a garden. 



GEOROICA. LIB. IV. 



127 



Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria Paesti: et cantarem. rosaria Ptesti 

Qu6c,ue modo potis gaudcrent intyba rim, »»$£'J*3EES5& 

Et virides apio ripae, tortusque per herbam ap io, iietarcntur aquis irri- 

Cresceret in ventrem cucumis: nee sera comantem gantibus, et quomodd cucu- 

Narcissum, aut flexi tacuissem vimen acanthi, 

Pallentesque hederas, et amantes litora myrtos. 

Namq; sub Oebalise memini me turribus altis, 

Qua niger humectat flaventia culta Galesus, 

Corycium vidisse senem: cui pauca relicti 

Jugera ruris erant; nee fertilis ilia juvencis, 

Nee pecori opportuna seges, nee commoda Baccho. Tarenti, qua profundus Ga- 



mis curvatus per herbam, 
tumesceret in modum ven- 
tris: nee prsetermisissem 
125 narcissum tarde florentem, 
et caulem acanthi flexilis, 
et hederas albentes, et 
myrtos quse amant litora. 
Namque sub altis moenibus 



I «q lesus irrigat agros flaven- 
tes segetibus, memini me 
vidisse senem Corycium: qui 
\ ""habebat pauca jugera agri 
deserti: terra ilia, nee apta 
erat arationi bourn, nee op- 
portuna pastioni pecorum, 

135 nee commoda vitibus. Ta- 
men in illo loco, prius du- 
moso, plan tans rara olera, et 
in circuitu Candida lilia, ac 
verbenas, ac edule papaver, 
sequabat animo divitias re- 

, . ~ gum, et nocte jam provecta 
Primus abundare, et spumantia cogere pre ssis 140* ediens domimi) onerabat 

Mella favis: illi tiliae, atque uberrima pinus: mensam cibis non emptis. 

Primus colligebat vere rosam, et autumno poma: et cum tristis hyems frangeret adhuc lapides 
vi frigoris, et cohiberet glacie fluxum aquarum; ille jam turn tondebat frondes flexilis acanthi, 
incusans testatem pigram et Zephyros tardos. ltaque primus abundabat apibus fcecundis, et multis 
examinibus; et colligebat mel spumosum e favis compressis: habebat tilias, et pinos copiosas: 



Hie rarum tamen in dumis olus, albaq; circum 
Lilia, verbenasq; premens, vescumq; papaver, 
Regum aequabat opes animis: seraque revertens 
Nocte domum, dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis. 
Primus vere rosam, atq; autumno carpere poma: 
Et cum tristis hyems etiam nunc frigore saxa 
Rumperet, et glacie cursus fraenaret aquarum; 
Ille comam mollis jam turn tondebat acanthi, 
J£statem increpitans seram, Zephyrosq; morantes. 
Ergo apibus foetis idem atque examine multo 



NOTES. 



119. Biferique rosaria Pcesti. Paestum, says 
Servius, is a town in Calabria, where the 
roses blow twice a year. 

120. Intyba. Endive. 

121. Apio. Smallage, or celery rather than 
parsley. Apium is thought to have been so 
called from apes, because bees are fond of 
that plant. 

122. Cucumis. The cucumber is, in a few 
words, beautifully described; " The creep- 
ing cucumber swells." 

122. Sera, for sero. Minelius says it is a 
Hellenism, as torva tuentem, acerbajremens, 
multa gemens, he. 

123. Narcissum. The narcissus of the 
ancients was the same with what we now 
call narcissus or daffodil. 

123. Acanthi. The acanthus sativus, or, 
brank-ursine. Vitruvius tells us that a bas- 
ket covered with a tile having been placed 
accidentally on the ground, over a root of 
acanthus, the stalks and leaves burst forth 
in the spring, and spreading themselves on 
the outside of the basket were bent again 
by the tile. Callimachus, a famous archi- 
tect, happening to pass by, was delighted 
with the novelty and beauty of the appear- 
ance, and being about to make some pil- 
lars at Corinth, imitated the form of this 
basket, surrounded with acanthus, in the 
capitals. Hence the origin of the Corinthian 
order i-n architecture. 



124. Amantes litora. Myrtles delight in 
growing near the sea-shore. 

125. Oebalice. Tarentum, a city in the 
south of Italy; rebuilt by Phalanthus, who 
came from Oebalia or Laconia. 

127. Corycium. Corycius here is either 
the name of the old man here spoken of, 
or rather the name of his country: for Co- 
rycus is the name of a mountain and city of 
Cilicia. Pompey had made war on the Ci- 
licians, of which people some being re- 
ceived into friendship, were brought by 
him, and planted in Calabria, about Taren- 
tum. Virgil's old man may therefore rea- 
sonably be supposed to be one of Pompey's 
Cilicians. 

130. Albaque circum lilia. The white lilies 
were most celebrated and best known 
among the ancients. 

131. Verbenas. The vervain, a sacred herb 
among the Romans. 

131. Vescumque papaver. The white poppy, 
called vescum or esculent, because its seeds 
were roasted by the ancients, and eaten 
witli honey. 

139. Ergo apibus fcetis. The poet always 
takes care, in his digressions, not to forget 
the principal subject. He therefore men- 
tions in this place the benefits which ac- 
crued to the old Corycian from this extra- 
ordinary care of his garden with respect 
to bees. 

141, Tillt. Limes are hurtful to bees 



128 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

etquot pomk atbor ferax se Quotque in flore novo pomis se fcrtilis arbos 

ESSZESZSSgl J ndue, : at > totiden ? auwmno matura teneb «- 

ma retinebat autumni tem- Hie etiam seras in versum distulit ulmos, 

pore, lite etiam digessetat in Eduramq; pyrum, et spinos jam pruna ferentes, 145 

ZAtS*S?£t& A l> ministrantem platanum pptantibus umbras. 

nos jam ferentes pruna, et verum haec ipse equidem, spatns exclusus miquis, 

platanum jam priebentem Praetereo, atq; aliis post commemoranda relinquo. 

umbracula bibentibus. Sed Nunc a naturas ap ih us quas Jupiter ipse 

ego quidem arctatus spatns i jr jv i» * f , ~ 

angustioribus,ista omitto, et Addidit, expediam: pro qua mercede; canoros 150 

relinquo aliis deinde com- Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutse, 

memoranda. Nunc age, de- Dictaeo coeli re^em pavere sub antro. 

scribam proprietates, quas c , f 

ipse Jupiter addidit apibus: bola r communes natos, consortia tecta 

propter quod donum obti- Urbis habent, magnisq; agitant sub legibus aevum; 

nendum, apes, secutse cano- Et patriam solae, et certos novere penates. 155 

Z!££&£S£2£ Ventu»que hyemis memores, estate laborem 

regem ccelisub cavemaDic Expenuntur, et in medium quaesita reponunt. 

tsea. Solx animalium habent Namque aliae victu invigilant, et foedere pacto 

SSTSa mSZ Exercentur agris: pars intra septa domorum 

ducunt sub legibusimmobi- -Narcissi lachrymam, et lentum de cortice gluten, 160 

bilibus: et solse cognoscunt Prima favis ponuntfundamina; deinde tenaces 

patriam, et statu domos: et Suspendunt ceras: aliae, spem gentis, adultos 

praevidentes hyemem futu- ^ , r r .. . r . & ,, 

ram, exercent se labore per kducunt foetus: aliae punssima mella 

»statem, et congregant in Stipant, et liquido distendunt nectare cellas. 

commune bona parta. Alia s un t, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti: 165 

enim provident cibis, et lege T • r . ,., ,. 

constitute laborant per cam- In <l ue vlc em speculantur aquas et nubila coeli, 

pos: pars intra claustra alvearium componunt ima fundamenta favorum, ex succo narcissi et 

viscoso glutine corticis: postea tenaces concamerant ceras: aliae alunt incubando fcetus crescen- 

tes, qui sunt spes generis: aliae addensant mella expurgata, et implent favos puro nectare. 

Sunt aliquae quibus statio ad portas sorte obtigif: et quas per vices prsevident pluviam et nubes 

aeris; 



NOTES. 

144. Seras ulmos. Ruzeus renders serasby i. e. by the daughters of king Melissus, or 

tarde crescentes, which are late in arriving- at the Melissa, a Greek word signifying bees. 

their full growth. It is more probable, how- For this service the goat was placed by Ju- 

ever, that the poet means far grown, i. e. piter amongst the stars, and its horn given 

when they had stood so long in the ground to the nymphs, with this quality added to 

as to be fit for transplanting; agreeably to it, that whatever they wished for should 

what is said of the other trees here men- flow to them copiously from that horn. The 

tioned; the sloe-trees, when they were so bees again, that before were no wiser than 

big as to bear fruit, and the planes, when other insects, were henceforth indued with 

so large as to yield shade, and form a an extraordinary degree of wisdom and sa- 

bower. gacity. 

149. Nunc age. Our author next treats of 158. Victu for victui; the dative contract- 
the republic, and, if we may so term it, the ed. So Eel. 5. 29. 

civil government and judicious prudence of 160. Narcissi lachrymam. The flowers of 

the bees, in disposing their honey; in ob- the narcissus or daffodil form a cup in the 

serving the commands of their sovereign, middle. These cups are supposed to contain 

&c. the tears of the youth Narcissus who pined 

150. Canoros Curetum sonitus. According to death. To this Milton beautifully alludes 
to the fable, Saturn intended to have de- in his Lycidas: 

voured the infant Jupiter; to avoid which Bid Amaranthus all his beauties shed: 

he was concealed among the Curetes in And daffodillies fill their cups with tears^ 

Crete, the clangor of whose brazen armour To strew the laureat herse where I-ycid 

and cymbals, as they danced, would drown lies. 

his cries. Melissus is said at that time to 162. Adultos educunt fcetus. Educendo adulr 

have been king of Crete, whose daughters tos faciunt, They foster them till they be full- 

nursed Jupiter with goat's milk and honey; grown. So Servius explains it: but the words 

hence arose the fable that Jupiter wasnur- may also signify, they fead forth their full- 

sed by a goat named Amalthea* and by bees, grown young. 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



129 



Aut onera accipiunt venientiim, aut agmine facto 
Ignavum fucos pccus a praesepibus arcent. 
Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. 
Ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis 
Cum properant: alii taurinis follibus auras 
Accipiunt, redduntque: alii stridentia tingunt 
iEra lacu: gemit impositis incudibus iEtna: 
Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt 
In numerum; versantq; tenaci forcipe ferrum. 
Non aliter (si parva licet componere magnis) 
Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi, 
Munere quamque suo. Grandaevis oppida curae, 
Et munire favos, et Daedala fingere tecta. 
At fessse multa. referunt se nocte minores, 
Crura thymo plenae: pascuntur et arbuta passim, 
Et glaucas salices, casiamq; crocumq; rubentem, 
Et pinguem tiliam, et ferrugineos hyacinthos. 
Omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus. 
Mane ruunt portis, nusquam mora: rursus easdem 
Vesper ubi e pastu tandem decedere campis 
Admonuit, turn tecta petunt, turn corpora curant. 
Fit sonitus, mussantque oras et limina circum. 
Post ubi jam thalamis se composuere, siletur 
In noctem, fessosq; sopor suus occupat artus. 
Nee vero a stabulis pluvia impendente recedunt 
Longius, aut credunt ccelo, adventantibus Euris: 
Sed circum tutae sub mosnibus urbis aquantur, 
Excursusque breves tentant: et saepe lapillos, 
Ut cymbae instabiles fiuctu jactante saburram, 
Tollunt: his sese per inania nubila librant. 
Ilium aded placuisse apibus mirabere morem, 



aut accipiunt onera venieti- 
tiuni; aut eonflatoagmine ex- 
pellunt ex alveari fucos, quod 
est genus pigrum. Fervet la- 

170bor, et mella thy mum ha- 
lantia bene olent. Ac veluti 
quando Cj'clopesfabrieantur 
fulmina e massis emollitis: 
alii accipiunt, et remittunt 
aerem follibus e tauri corio 

1 7 rfoctis; alii mergunt in aquas 
' 5 cera stridentia: JEtna plangit 
sub incudibus sibi impositis. 
Illi inter se attollunt braohia 
magno robore per ordinem, 
vertuntque ferrum mordaci 
forcipe. Non aliter (si licet 

} 80 comparare parva magnis) 
ingenita cupiditas congre- 
gandi mella urget apes At- 
ticas, unamquamque jiix- 
ta suum officium. Senio- 
res curant alvearia, et tu- 
entur favos, et construunt 

*o5domos artificiosas. At ju- 
niores redeunt lassse pfovec- 
ta nocte, refertaj thymo cir- 
ca crura: et hinc inde car- 
punt arbuta, et salices vi- 
rides, et casiam, et crocum 

l9Qrufum, et tiliam viscosam, 
et hyacinthos nigrescentes. 
Simul omnes quiescunt a la- 
bore, simul omnes laborant. 
Mane exeunt portis, nullo 
in loco ignavia est, Postea 
cum Hesperus eis significa- 

195 vit recedendum esse ex a- 
gris et pastione: tunc adeunt 
alvearia, tunc reficiunt cor- 



pora. Murmur excitatur, et 
strepunt circa vestibulum et portas. Deinde cum jam considerunt in cellis, silent per noctem, et 
conveniens sopor tenet membra lassa. Non autem abeunt longius ab alvearibus, quando imber 
instat, nee confidunt aeri, quando imminent venti; sed, secune prope parietes alvearis, circum 
hauriunt aquas, et faciunt breves excursiones; et ssepe, et quemadmodum naves fiuitantes ha- 
bent arenam contra agitationera fluctuum, ita, apprehendunt lapillos, et his sustinent se per nubes 
vagas. Miraberis autem banc consuetudinem placuisse apibus: 



NOTES. 



168. Fucos. The drones are a sort of bees 
without stings, which do not assist the 
others in their labours. Ruseits errs in call- 
ing- them guespes or wasps. 

175. In numerum. That is, in a certain 
order, making a sort of harmony with the 
regular strokes of their hammers of differ- 
ent weights. We learn from Iambiichus, 
that the sound of the smiths' hammers taught 
Pythagoras to invent the monochord, an in- 
strument for measuring the quantities and 
proportions of sounds geometrically. See 
Iambiichus de vita Pythag. C. XXVI. • 

176. Non aliter. This comparison has been 
thought very improper, as being ridiculous 
rather than great. 

177. Cecropias apes. Attic, or Athenian 
bees, from Cecrops, the first king of Athens. 
The Attic honey was much celebrated, es- 
pecially that from Hymettus. 

,181. Crura thymo p/ence. The hairiness of 
the legs of the bee is favourable to the re- 



tention of the juices which they collect 
from flowers. 

183. Ferrugineos hyacinthos. Ferrughieos 
may here signify a dusky red, as in the first 
Georgic, 465. speaking of the sun, 
Cum caput obscuranitidum ferrugine texit 
Mr. Martyn takes the hyacinth of the poets 
to be the lilium fioribus rejiexis, or marta- 
gon. The flowers, he says, of mos^ sorts of 
7nartagons have many spots of a deeper co- 
lour; and sometimes these spots are seen to 
run together in such a manner, as to form 
the letters AI in several places, as the hya- 
cinth of the poets is represented. 

186 Vesper. Venus, Eel. 6. 86. 

194 Scepe lapillos. So Aristotle: Olav fs 
avisos fi {jLtyccg, y>tgv<7i KtBov ip itxvTUic, tgft-a, 7t^oq 
to 7rvtv[/.a.. 

195. Saburram. Saburra means ponderous 
sand or gravel. It may be rendered ballast. 

197. Ilium adeo placuisse. This account of 
the generation of bees is justly exploded 



S 



130 P« VIRGILII MARONIS 

qu6d nee vacant coitui, nee Quod nee concubitu indulgent, nee corpora segnes 

S£S2SC£: In ™ erem «»•*. aut fctus nix . ibus edunt - ' 

tu. Sed ipsie rostro oolligunt Verum ipsae e foliis natos et suavibus herbis 200 

fetus e foliis et herbis dulci- Ore legunt: ipsae regem, parvosque Quirites 
^SSi^SlSi reg f et Sufficient: aulasque'et cerea regna refingunt. 

parvoscives, etreparant pa- ,, . , /*• . . °.. . & 

latia ac regna cerea. Ssepe Saepe etiam duns errando in cotibus alas 

quoquevagandocontuderunt Attrivere, ultroque animam sub fasce dedere: 

alas in duris saxis, et sponte Xantus amor florum, et generandoli gria mellis. 205 

amisere vitam sub onere: t- • • 

tantus est ipsia amor florum, Ergo ipsas quamvis angusti terminus aevi 

tanta gloria faeiendi mellis. Excipiat (neq; enim plus septima ducitur aestas) 

Itaque licet brevis vitse finis j± t genus immortale manet, multosque per annos 

eas ursreat (non enim vivunt o t rV t j a . 

plus ^mseptem annos)ta- Stat fortuna domus et avi numerantur avorum. 
men genus earum manet im- Praeterea regem non sic jEgyptus, et ingens 210 

mortale, et fortuna familise Lydia, nee populi Parthorum, aut Medus Hydaspes, 
«£!XEf2Z£21 Observant. Rege incolumi mens omnibus una est; 
Praeterea -Egyptus, et mag- Amisso, rupere fidem: constructaque mella 
na Lydia, et gens Partho- Diripuere ipsae, et crates solvere favorum. 

S?tf.5SX SSSHH" °P erum c « st °?> illum admirantur, et omnes 215 
Rege vivo, unanimaestcon- Circumstant frernitu denso, stipantque frequentes, 
cordia omnium; rege mor- Et saepe attollunt humeris, et corpora bello 
&*ta»32££££ Objectant, pulchramque petum per vulnera mortem. 
lata, et evertunt compagem His quidam signis, atque haec exempla secuti, 
favorum. Ille rex pra?sidet Esse apibus partem divinae mentis, et haustus 220 
operibus, admirantnr ilium, ^ thereos dixere: deum namque ire per omnes 

et omnes circa ilium conglo- ™ . n , r c . 

banturmultoc M mmurmure,Terrasque,tractusq; mans, coelumq; profundum. 
et ambiunt ilium magno nu- Hinc pecudes, armenta, viros, genus omne ferarum, 
mero, et s«epe efferunt hu- Q U emque sibi tenues nascentem arcessere vitas. 

mens, et in bello objiciunt ^ 

corpora pro eo, et quajrunt per vulnera gloriosam necem. Quidam ob hsec indicia, et conside- 
rantes hsec specimina prudentice, dixerunt, partem divinae mentis et ccelestes spiritus inesse 
apibus. Quippe dixerunt Deum fusum esse per omnes, et terras, et tractus maris, et caelum 
profundum: ex illo pecudes, armenta, homines, omne genus ferarum, denique quemlibet nas- 
cendo sibi attrahere animam. 

NOTES, 
by modern philosophers, who assert, with tians were remarkable adorers of their mo- 
reason, that no animal is produced without narchs; many of the heathen gods being the 
a concurrence of the two sexes. However, deified kings of that people, 
the doctrine of equivocal generation was so 211. Populi Parthorum. The Partisans are 
generally admitted by the ancients, that it reported to have been so submissive to the 
is no wonder the poet should mention it. king of their country, as to kiss his foot, 
The same opinion is related both by Aris- and to touch the ground with their mouths, 
totle and Pliny. But the moderns have been when they approached him. 
more happy in discovering the nature of 211. Medus Hydaspes. The river here de- 
these wonderful insects. The labouring signed seems to be what is commonly 
bees do not appear to be of either sex: the called the Choaspes, which, rising in Me- 
drones are found to have the male organs dia, flows through Susiana, nearSusa, one 
of generation; and the monarch is found to of the capitals of the Persian empire, 
be of the female sex. This queen is wholly 214. Crates. The structure or fabric. 
employed in the increase of the family, 220. Partem divinx mentis. Horace uses 
laying several thousand eggs every sum- a like expression for a human soul: 
mer, from each of which is hatched a small " Divinae particulam aurae." 
white worm, which in due time changes 221. Deum namque ire per omnes. Plu- 
cither to a drone or a bee. tarch, in his second book of the opinions of 

198. Concubitu, for concubitui, as in simi- philosophers, informs us, that all of them, 

lar instances already referred to. except Democritus, Epicurus, and the rest 

200. Foliis. By foliis perhaps the poet who asserted the doctrine of a vacuum 

means the petals or leaves of flowers. and atoms, held the universe to be ani- 

207. Septima aestas. Aristotle says, that mated, and governed by Providence: ol ptv 

bees live six years; some seven years, but ctwoi ita-Ats s^v^o* tov y.oa-/xov %ai rgovoix Sioi- 

ii* a swarm subsists nine or ten years, it is kh^jvov, A*>/u,ox.giTog Sz y.xt Ethc^o?- *.ai oo-ot rd 

thought very happy. octo/ulo. tisnydvTO.1 £ to xevov, omti z/jc^v^ov oute 7f go- 

210. liegem non sic JEgyptas. The Egyp- vo<« JV;iXf»o-8«», <pvcru St rivt ahoyo. 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



131 



Scilicet hue reddi deinde, ac resoluta referri 225 Qnippe dixerunt omnia post 

Omnia: nee morti esse locum; sed viva volare S'^ m reverti f c re " 

.,.,.. , , . tern ad eum: nee ease locura 

Sideris in numerum, atque alto succedere ccelo. exinanitioni: sed omnia vo- 

Si quando sedem angustam, servataque mella lire viva, sui gucegue side- 

Thesauris relines; prius haustu sparsus aquarum, T ls '" onhnem, atque ire 

_ r c l , r l ' „_in altum ccelum. Si ah- 

Ora fove, tumosq; manu praetende sequaces. 230 quando rec iudis arctum al- 

Bis gravidos cogunt foetus, duo tempora messis. veare, et mella servata in 

Taygete simul os tcrrisostendit honestum 

Pleias, et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnes: 

Aut eadem sidus fugiens ubi piscis aquosi, 

Tristior hybernas coelo descendit in undas. 

Ulis ira modum supra est, laesaeque venenum 

Morsibus inspirant, et spicula caeca relinquunt 

Affixae venis, animasque in vulnere ponunt. 

Sin duram metues hyemem, parcesque futuro, 

Contusosq; animos et res miserabere fractas; 

At suffire thymo, cerasque recidere inanes 

Quis dubitet? nam saepe favos ignotus adedit 

Stellio, lucifugis congesta cubilia blattis: 

Immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucus, 



favis; niius os tiatm imple, 
imbutus haustu aquarum; 
etpnetende manu fumos gui 
insequantur apes. JLpiarii 

235 bis colligunt favos plenofc, 
duo sunt tempora mellatio- 
nis. Simul ac Taygete Plei- 
as monstravit terris formo- 
sum vultum, et repulit pede 
aquas Oceani a se contemp- 
tas: aut cum eadem, fugien- 

240 do astrum piscis imbriferi, 
descendit mcesta e coelo in 
aquas hybernas. Illte apes 
iracundse sunt supra modum, 
et offensse immittunt vene- 



num punctione, et affixse ve- 
nis relinquunt aculeos occul- 
tos, et amittunt vitam in vulnere. Si vero timeas hyemem sterilem, et provideasin futurum, et 
miserescas gentis afflictse opumque direptarum: tamen quis omittat t'umigare eas thymo, et 
auferre ceras superfluas? Nam saepe occultus lacertus corrosit favos, cubilia plena sunt blattis 
fugientibus lucem, et fucus iners otiatur prope alienum cibum, 



NOTES. 



228. Si guando. He here speaks of the 
two seasons for taking honey, and of the 
passionate temper of the bees. 

229. Relines. Unseal or disclose, a word 
applied to vessels and other things, that 
are usually close-stopped and sealed up: 
thus relinere epistolam is to take off the 
wax, and open a letter. 

230. Fumosgne. It is a custom to drive 
bees with smoke. 

231. Cogunt. They, viz.. the bee-masters, 
gather or squeeze the honey, as in verse 
140. And by the foetus gravidos are under- 
stood the cells or combs full of honey, which 
are the foetus or productions of the bees. 

232. Taygete. Taygete was one of the 
Pleiades, here put for the whole. She was 
daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and mother 
of Lacedemon, by Jupiter. It is probable 
that on the ancient globes this was a dis- 
tinct constellation from Taurus, in whose 
neck it is now placed. 

234. Sidus fugiens ubi piscis aquosi. The 
setting of the Pleiades means the latter end 
of October, or beginning of November. 
And the sidus piscis aquosi seems to be the 
Dolphin, as it rises sooner after the setting 
of the Pleiades than any other fish delinea- 
ted on the sphere. Pisces cannot be the con- 
stellation here meant; for the sun does not 
enter that sign till the middle of February. 



239. Parcesque futuro. This is an instruc- 
tion by itself, and not a motive to inforce 
the following instruction, as all the inter- 
preters seem to have considered it, and thus 
strangely embarrass the sense. The mean- 
ing is, if you are afraid of a rigid win- 
ter, and that the bees will not be able to 
sustain the cold, unless they be strong and 
well fed, you ought to spare their honey, 
their future nourishment; where the poet 
shows his tenderness and humanity, as 
upon all other occasions: for whereas others 
only advise to reserve to them a third, or 
two thirds at most of the honey, he, in com- 
passion to those industrious insects, would 
have his swarm-master to spare it all, lest 
they should be unable to stand through the 
hard winter. But adds, At suffire thymo— 
quis dubitet? i. e. However you think proper 
to comply with this instruction, yet there 
is one rule strictly to be observed, and about 
which no doubt is to be made, and that is, 
to fumigate the hives, &c. 

243. Stellio. The stellio is a small spotted 
lizard, called also an eft and a swift. The 
poet call it ignotus, from its creeping into 
holes and corners. 

243. Blattis. The blatta is an insect some- 
thing like a beetle. Some take it to be the 
cockroach. They are called lucifuga, be- 
cause they do not appear by daylight. 



132 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

aut asper crabro se miscet Aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis; 245 

JfeSSSSSKArtdnttm tine£e genus -' aUtinvisa MinervJe 
tinearam, aut aranea odiosa In foribus laxos suspendit aranea casses. 

Minerva; suspendit in portis Quo magis exhaustae fuerint; hoc acrius omnes 

^nt ^ZZ^rW fu " Incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas, . 
erint evacuatse, eo dihgen- _ , i ° r n -i i ^. ,» 

tius omnes con teudent repa- Complebuntque toros, et noribus norrea texent. 250 
rare jacturam gentis vexa- Si vero (quoniam casus apibus quoque nostros 
t» , et replebunt cellas et V i ta tulit) tristi lariguebunt corpora morbo, 

conricient tavos e noribus. ^ , . y i , •• • • • 

Si autem (quoniam vita; con- Q"°d J am non dubns potens cognoscere signis; 

ditto intulit quoque apibus Continuo est segris alius color: horrida vultum 

nostras miserias) corpora ea- Deformat macies: turn corpora luce carentum 255 

rum langueant tristi aegntu- -^ . ^ . ,. 5 , 

dine, poteris deinceps cog- Exportant tectis, et tnstia funera ducunt: 

noscere id signis non incer- Aut illae pedibus connexae ad limina pendent, 

tis. Statim agr» habent ali- Aut intus clausis cunctantur in aedibus omnes: 

um colorem, horrida macies T c r • 

deturpatspeciem: tunc effe- Ignavaeque fame, et contracto fngore pigrae. 

runt ex alvearibus cadavera Turn sonus auditur gravior, tractimq; susurrant: 26G 

carentiumlumine, et ducunt Frigidus ut quondam sylvis immurmurat Auster, 

dependeTad^ortlmSd Ut mare sollicitum stridet refluentibus undis, 

implicate pedibus: aut om- iEstuat ut clausis rapidus fornacibus ignis. 

nes intus clausse morantur in Hie jam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores, 

SSS?2SS^5S Mellaque arundineis infer™ canalibus, ultr6 265 

hente membra. Tum mur- Hortantem, et fessas ad pabula nota vocantem. 

mur obscurius auditur, et Proderit et tunsum gallse admiscere saporem, 

q^mSnoduSustS 1 ^1 Arentesque rosas, aut igni pinguia multo 

gidusaliquandosibilatinsyl- Defruta, vel psythia passos de vite racemos, 

vis: quemadmodum mare Cecropiumq; thymum, et graveolentia centaurea. 270 

turbatum stridet fluctibus 

reciprocantibus; quemadmodum ignis fervens sestuat in fornacibus clausis. Tunc consulo, ut gal- 

banei odores urantur illic, et mella infundantur per cannas arundineas; ultro excitando et invi- 

tando apes languidas ad.cibum familiarem. Juvabit etiam addere huic inelli succum galla contri- 

tse, et rosas siccas, vel mustum multo igne spissatum, vel passes uvas e psythia vite, et thymum 

Atticum, et centaurea gravia odore. 

NOTES. 

245. Crabro. The hornet is an insect like cibos ministrant, cum defunctas progerunt, 

a wasp, but twice as big. funerantiumque more comitantur exequias. 

245. Imparibus armis. This insect is too 257. Pedibus connexte. A few bees dead or 
large and strong for the bees to encounter. faint hang about the entrance. 

246. Durum tinea genus. Some copies read 260. Tractimqve, in a drawling manner. 
dirum. The moth is a small winged insect 264. Galbaneos odores. The galbanum is 
that eats clothes, hangings, and other the concreted juice of a plant calledjferw/a. 
things. 265. Mella. Columella says, the honey 

246. Invisa Minerva aranea. Arachne, a should be boiled. 

Lydian maid, is said, according to the fa- 267. Galla. The gall, says Mr. Martyn, 

ble, to have disputed with Minerva the pre- is an exci'escence or nest of an insect, 

ference in weaving tapestry. Arachne per- formed on the oaks in Italy, in the same 

formed her work to admiration. But, as she manner that oak apples are in England. All 

had represented in it the crimes of several parts of the oak are astringent, especially 

of the gods, Minerva in a rage destroyed the galls; they are therefore very proper to 

it; at which Arachne hanged herself for check the looseness to which the bees are 

grief. The goddess in compassion changed subject in the spring, occasioned, according 

her into a spider. See Ovid, Met. lib. V. to Columella, by their feeding greedily on 

248. <2>uo magis. If the bees have too spurge after their winter penury, 

much honey left them, they will be idle. 269. Defruta. Defrutum was a mixture 

251. Si vero. The diseases of bees and the made of new wine, whereof the one half 

remedies next engage the poet's attention, (or a third) was boiled away, into which. 

256. Tristia funera ducunt. Thus Pliny says several sweet herbs and spices were put. 

the bees accompany the bodies of their 269. Psythia passos, 0"C. i. e. raisin-wine, 

dead, after the manner of a funeral proces- for which the Psythtan grape was mo9t pro- 

sion: Quin et morbos suapte natura sen- per. 

t'mnt. Index eorum tristitia terpens, et cum, 270. Graveolentia centaurea. This herb 

ante fores in teporem solis promotis, alise was "so called from the "centaur Chiyon who 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



133 



Est etiam flos in pratis, cui nomen amello 
Fecere agricolae, facilis quaerentibus herba. 
Namque uno ingentem tollit de cespite sylvam, 
Aureus ipse: sed in foliis, quae plurima circum 
Funduntur, violae sublucet purpura nigrae. 
Saepe Deilm nexis ornatac torquibus arae. 
Asper in ore sapor: tonsis in vallibus ilium 
Pastores, et curva legunt prope flumina Mellae. 
Hujus odorato radices incoque Baccho, 
Pabulaque in foribus plenis appone canistris. 
Sed si quern proles subito defecerit omnis, 
Nee genus unde novae stirpis revocetur, habebit; 
Tempus, et Arcadii memoranda inventa magistri 
Pandere, quoque modo caesis jam saepe ju-vencis 
Insincerus apes tulerit cruor. Aldus omnem 
Expediam, prima, repetens ab origine, famam. 
Nam qua Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi 
Accolit effuso stagnantem flumine Nilum, 
Et circum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis; 
Quaque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget, 
Et viridem JEgyptum nigra fcecundat arena, 
Et diversa ruens septem discurritin ora 
Usque coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis; 
Omnis in hac certam regio jack arte salutem. 

<lentem agris inundante flumine, et circumnavigat suos agros 

parte regiones vicinse Persis pharetratis attingunt ^/Egyptian; et qua parte fluvius defluens ab 
usque nigris iEthiopibus foecundat JE gyp turn nigro lirao, et pra^cipitans exonerat se in ostia 
septem distincta; tota regio collocat in hoe invento spem certam. 



Est etiam in pratis flos, cui 
agricol* dedere nomen a- 
melli: planta est facilis re- 
pertu. Quippe uno 6 cespite 
erigit magnam Copiam cau- 

9>rrlium: aureus ipse est; sed 
purpura violce nigricantis 
sublucet in foliis, qua? multa 
in orbem ambiunt floscu- 
lum. Sajpe altaria Deorum 
ornantur torquibus amella 
implexis. Sapor illius asper 

280 est palato: pastores colligunt 
eum in pratis demessis, et 
ad flexuosa fluenta Mellse. 
Coque radices illius in vino 
Optimo, et plenis calathis of- 
fer apibus in cibum ad fora- 

2gc m »na alvearis. Sed si ali- 
quis amiserit subito totam. 
gentem, nee habeat, unde 
reparetur genus nova? fami- 
liar: tunc tempus est aperire 
inventummemorabile Arca- 
dii apiarii, et quomodd occi- 

290 sis bobus, jam ssepe sanguis 
putridus produxerit apes. 
Narrabo famam omnem hu- 
jus facti, repetens earn alti- 
I us a prima origine. Nam, 
qua parte felix natio Pellaei 
Canopi accolit Nilum insi- 
in naviculis versicoloribus: et qua 



NOTES. 



was, by it, cured of a wound inflicted by an 
arrow of Hercules. There are two sorts of 
centaury, the greater and the less, which 
have no other similitude than the bitterness 
of their taste. 

271. Est etiam flos in pratis. We may ven- 
ture to affirm, says Mr. Martyn, that the 
plant here described is the Aster Atticus, or 
purple Italian star-wort. 

271. Cui nomen amello. The dative case is 
here used after the manner of the Greeks: 
n cui nomen lulo," and " Romulo cogno- 
men erat." 

273. Ce:pite. Mr. Martyn understands 
this of a root with bushy fibres. 

277- Tons'm in vallibus. The poet may here 
mean in valleys where cattle have grazed. 
Tondeo is used for grazing: " tondent du- 
meta juvenci." 

278. Mellae. Mella, or Mela, was the 
name of a river in Cisalpine Gaul. 

281. Sed si c/uem proles. Should the race of 
bees be lost, the poet tells us how they may 
be renewed. 

287. Gens fortunata. Egypt, called a happy 
nation, because of its fertile soil. 

287. Pellcci Canopi. That is, of Can opus, a 
eity of Egypt, in the neighbourhood of 
Alexandria, which was founded by Alex- 
ander, born in Pella of Macedonia. 

290. ^tiaque pha>rtrat<e vicinia Persidis 



urget. We are not to understand here Per- 
sia, strictly so called, for that is very far dis- 
tant from Egypt; but the empire of the Per- 
sians as it was extended by Cyrus. Xeno- 
phon tells us, that great monarch left behind 
him an empire bounded on the East by the 
Mare Erythrseum, on the North by the 
Black Sea, on the West by Cyprus and 
Egypt, and on the South by Ethiopia. Here 
we see plainly how the Nile may press the 
borders of Persia, since the Persians ex- 
tended their dominions as far as Egypt. 

290. Pharetratae Persidis. The Persians 
were celebrated for their skill in archery. 

290. Vicinia. The sense naturally leads 
one to take vicinia here in the plural from 
vicinium. Ruaeus seems not to have under- 
stood it so. 

291. Viridem JEgyptum. Viridis here is a 
proper epithet to express the rich verdure 
and great fertility which Egypt enjoys, in 
consequence of its being overflowed by the 
Nile. 

293. Amnis devexus ab Indis. The river 
Nile ri ses out of the Mountains of the Moon 
in Ethiopia, all which country was ancient- 
ly called by the common name of India. See 
the note of Ruseus on Georg. II. 172. 

294. Omnis regio. From these words, it 
is evident that the poet is speaking only of 
one country. 



134 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

<Primum quseritur locus an- Exiguus primum, atq; ipsos contractus ad usus 295 
g£ '»"!? " g X E'igitur locus: hunc angustique imbrice tecti 
parvi tecti et contractis mu- Panetibusque premunt arctis: et quatuor addunt 
ris coarctant: adjunguntque Quatuor a ventis obliqua, luce fenestras, 
quatuor fenestras, obliquo Tum v i tulus b j m £ curvans jam cornua fronte, 

lumine, a quatuor ventis. _ ' . . J . . . ' 

Tum quseritur juvencus jam Quaentur: huic gemmae nares, et spintus oris 300 
flectens cornua in fronte bi- Multa reluctanti obstruitur; plagisque perempto 
enni: huic multum repug- T unsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem. 
nanti clauduntur ambse na- c . V . °, ,. . l 

res, ethalitus oris; et huic Sl c positum in clauso hnquunt: et ramea costis 
interfectoverberibus,contu-Subjiciunt fragmenta, thymum, casiasque recentes. 
sa viscera putrefiunt intra Hoc geritur, Zephyris primum impellentibus undas. 
SnTuurtVp a Sm"n loci Ante novis rubeant quam prata coloribus, ante 306 
clauso, et lateribus subster- Garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo. 
mint fragmina ramorum, Interea teneris tepefactus in ossibus humor 
ZEZ?& "rimir Ze 8 : ^^uat: et visenda modis animalia miris, 
phyri agitant aquas, ante-Trunca pedum primo, mox et stridentia pennis 310 
quam campi pingantur novis Miscentur, tenuemq; magis, magis aera carpunt: 

£jS"hl&dSSrt ^° nec > ut * stivis efusus nubibus imber, 

dum in tignis domorum. In- brupere: aut ut nervo pulsante sagittae, 

terea humor^ calefactus in Prima leves ineunt si quando praelia Parthi. 

ossibus teneris effervescit:etQ u i s Deus han Musse, quis nobis extudit artem? 1315 

congregantur mirabili modo JY . . . ^ . . . , 

animalia digna visu, primo Unde nova mgressus hommum expenentia cepit? 
carentia pedibus, deinde alis Pastor Aristaeus, fugiens Pene ia Tempe, 
etiam strepentia, et magis, Amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque, 
magisque tentant auras te- r * * 

nues: donee evolent, tarn dense, quam imber cadens per sestatem e nubibus: aut quam sagittse 
ex arcu emittente, si quando fugaces Parthi faciunt prseludia pugnandi. O Musse! quis I)eus 
invenit banc artem in nostra commoda? Unde nova hsec hominum experientia cepit exordium? 
Pastor Aristaeus relinquens Tempe, quae Peneo alluuntitr, apibus amissis per morbum et 
famem, 

NOTES. 

295. Exiguus primum. &c. It was the ge- noe, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he 

neral opinion of antiquity that bees were had Acteeon. After the death of his son, be- 

produced from the putrid bodies of cattle; ing informed by the oracle of Apollo, that 

a supposition which seems to be confirmed he should receive divine honours in the 

by the story of Samson in the fourteenth island Cea, he removed thither, where, of- 

chapter of Judges. The truth is, such car- fering sacrifice to Jupiter, he obtained the 

easses are a proper receptacle for their ceasing of a plague, and was therefore ho- 

young; and therefore the female parent noured by them as a god after his death, 

chooses there to lay her eggs, that the He is said also to have visited Arcadia, 

warmth of the fermenting juices may help Sardinia, Sicily, and Thrace, in all which 

to hatch them. countries he was adored, for having taught 

303. Sic positum. This phrase properly mankind the uses of oil and honey, and the 

signifies a dead body laid out in order to bu- manner of curdling milk, 
rial, or in a dying posture. See Hor. 1 Sat. 317- Pene'ia Tempe. The river Peneus 

II. 106. iEn. II. 644 XI. 30. rises in Pindus, a great mountain of Thes- 

305. Zephyris primum. This wind begins saly, and flows through the delightful plain 
to blow about the 8th of February, accord- of Tempe, as it is described by Ovid: 

ing to Pliny. Est nemus Haemoniae, praerupta quod undi- 

306. Ante quam, nidum suspendat hirundo. que claudit 

The time of the swallow's coming is said Sylva; vocant Tempe; per quae Peneus, 
by Columella to be about the twentieth or ab imo 

twenty -third of February. But in our cli- Effusus Pindo, spumosis voivitur undis; 
mate it is a full month later. Dejectaque gravi tenues agitantia fumos 

317. Pastor Aristceus. Aristaeus was the Nubila conducit, summasque aspergine 
son of Apollo, by Cyrene, the daughter of sylvas 

the river-god Peneus. He married Auto- Impluit; et sonitu plus quam, vicina fatigat 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



135 



Tristis ad extremi sacrum caput astitit amnis, «t narratur: stetit moestus 

Mult, querens; atque hue affatus voce parentem: 32Q t^S&iS^SiSi « 

Mater Cyrene, mater, quae gurgitis hujus altocutus est matrem his 

Ima tenes: quid me pracclara. stirpe Deorum verbis. Mater Cyrene, ma- 
(Si mott, quern perhibes, pater est Thymbneus A^*gJ2*J tatoft, 

polio) duxisti odiosum fatis ex ilkis- 

Invisum fatis genuisti? aut quo tibi nostri tri Deorum genere, si mod6 

Pulsus amor? quid me ccelum sperare jubebas? 325 Th y mbr * u * A P olI ° V'^r 

_ *. . i« i meus est, ut memoras: aut 

En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortahs honorem, qu6nam depulsus est a te 
Quern mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia solers amor tuus erga me? Cur ju- 

Omnia tentanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo. bebas m ? sperare honored 

Quin age, et ipsa manu felices erue sylvas: 329 



immortalium? Ecce amitto, 
cum sis mea mater, hunc 

Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, atque interfice messes: ipsum honorem vita; morta- 
ls, quern diligens cura fru- 
gum et pecorum vix pepere- 
rat mihi exploranti omnia. 
Age ergo, ipsa etiam eveile 
manu fuecundas arbores, im- 

onf mitte infestum ardorem in 
pecora, et eneca segctes, in- 
cende agros et impelle vali- 
dam securim in vites: si tan- 
ta negligentia mece glorias 
cepit te. At mater percepit 
sonum vocis e cubili pro fun - 

340 di fluvii: circa earn Nymphae 
nebantMilesiam lanam,tinc- 
tam multo colore vitri: et 
Dry mo, et Xantho, et Li- 
gea, et Phyllodoce, quorum 
coma sublucens diffusa eras 

c . „ per colla Candida: Nessee, et 
t5 Thalia, et Spio, et Cymo- 



Ure sata, et validam in vites molire bipennem: 
Tanta meae si te ceperunt taedia laudis. 
At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti 
Sensit: earn circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 
Carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore: 
Drymoque, Xanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodoceque, 
Caesariem effusae nitidam per Candida colla; 
Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque, 
Cydippeque, et flava Lycorias; altera virgo, 
Altera turn primos Lucinae experta labores; 
Clioque, et Beroe soror, Oceanitides ambae, 
Ambae auro, pictis incinctse pellibus ambae; 
Atque Ephyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopeia; 
Et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis. 
Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem 

doce, et Cydippe, et flava Lycorias; altera adhuc virgo, altera jam passa primam difficultatem 
partus; et Clio, et soror ejus Beroe, ambse Oceani filise, ambae vestitai atu'O, et versicoloribus pel- 
libus; et Ephyre, et Opis, et Asia Deiopeia, et velox Arethusa, sagittis denique depositis. Inter 
quas Clymene narrabat vanam 



NOTES. 



319. Caput. Some understand this of the 
mouth of the river; but that was near Tem- 
pe, where Aristxus was supposed to dwell. 
He forsook the plains, and retired to the 
springs of the river and the mountain Pin- 
dus. 

321. Mater Cyrene. Cyrene was described 
as the daughter of Peneus, of whom Apollo 
became enamoured. He carried her into 
that part of Africa, which is called Cyre- 
naica, where she was delivered of Aristzcus. 
The child was brought up by the seasons 
and fed on ambrosia. From the nymphs he 
learned the cultivation of olives and the ma- 
nagement of bees. 

323. Thytnbrceus Apollo. Apollo had this 
name from Thymbra, a town of Troas, 
where he had a famous temple. 

335. Hyali colore. That is, a sea-green or 
glass colour, from vockoe, which signifies glass. 

336. Drymoque. The poets are fond of in- 
troducing nymphs. Ruxus gives the follow- 
ing etymology of their names: Dryrno from 
Jpvpot;, a wood of oaks; Xantho from £<*v6>j, 
yellow or golden; Ligea from klyua, cano- 
rous; Phyllodoce from puxxov, a leaf, and 



XiXPft-ou, I pluck; Nesaee from vSc-o?, an isl- 
and; Spio from ars7ov, a den; Thalia from 
$-ct\\u, I flourish; Cymodoce from kv^x, a 
wave, and fixp/zoti, I take; Cydippe from 
kucTo?, glory, and IWo?, a horse; Lycorias 
from Avxof, a wolf; Clio from x.\uq, I praise; 
Ephyre from <pv§u, I water; Opis from ty, 
Zro;, a countenance; Deiopea from Shoe;, ar- 
dent, and ovj,, a voice. 

343. Asia Deiopeia- This nymph is pro- 
bably called Asian, because she belonged 
to the Asian Fen. 

344. Positis Arethusa sagittis. She had 
been first a huntress, and one of Diana's re- 
tinue; and was transformed by her into a 
river-nymph. 

345. Curam. Clymene narrabat inanem Vul- 
cani. Venus, the wife of Vulcan, was caught 
by her husband in adultery with Mars: in 
this unseemly posture Vulcan threw a net 
over them, and exposed them to the laugh- 
ter of all the gods. See the eighth book of 
the Odyssey. The poet calls Vulcan's care 
vain, inanem curam, either because it had 
no effect to reclaim his wife, or because it 
served only to propagate his own infamy, 



136 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

solicitudinem Vulcani, de Vulcani, Martisque dolos, et dulcia furta, 

aS£SuS^*S3*^. Ch " densos Divum numerabat amores. 

tis; et numerabat trequentes Carmine quo captx, clum lusis mollia pensa 

amores Deorum ab usque Devc-lvunt, iterum maternas impulit aures 

Chao. Qmbus cantilenis in- Luctus Aristsei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes 359 

tentas, dum versant fusis , X1 , ?. A , 

molles lanas, rursus querela Obstupuere: sed ante alias Arethusa sorores 

Aristtei perculit aures ma- Prospiciens, summa flavum caput extulit unda. \S' 

tris,et omues e vitreis sedi- £ t pr0 cul: O $?emitu non frustra exterrita tanto, 

bus obstupuerunt: sed ante r > " ... . . • 

alias sorores Aretbusa pros- Gyrene soror; ipse tibi, tua maxima cura, 

pectans extulit flavum caput Tristis Aristaeus, Penei genitoris ad undam 355 

e superficie aquas. Et procu! Stat lachrymans, et te crudelem nomine dicit. 

Si°S^" Huic perculsa nova mentem formidine mater, 

luctu; ipse mcestus Aristasus, Due age, due ad nos; fas llh limina Divum 

tua maxima cura, adstat tibi Tangere, ait. Simul alta jubet discedere late 

kcbrymans ad fontem Penei Flumin $ j UV enis gressus inferret: at ilium 360 

patns sui: et te appellat no- ; • *■ J . . o 

mine crudelem: Huic re- Curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda, 

spondit mater, percita men- Accepitque sinu vasto, misitque sub amnem. 

tem novo timore: Age, due j am domum mirans genitricis et humida reena, 

ilium ad nos, licet ilh ingre- , . , i i 

di in domum Deorum. Sta- ^peluncisque lacus clausos, lucosque sonantes, 
timque jussit ut aquas late Ibat; et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum, 365 

dividerentur,quajuvenisdi- o mn ia sub magna labentia flumina terra 

rigeret passus: at aquaaccu- c , ^ . ,. • ° / . . • ._., . _ 

mulata in specieni montis spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque, 
cinxit ipsum, et excepit Et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus, 
magno gremio et admisit Unde pater Tyberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, 
X^alTd^ut'Sri^tSaxosumque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque OHoA/ftO 
regna liquida, et aquas clau- Et gemina auratus taurino cornua vultu 
sas in receptaculis, et sylvas resonantes: et stupefactus magno motu aquarum, considerabat om- 
nes fluvios labentes sub magna terra, distinctos locis, et Phasim, etLycum, et fontem, ex quo 
Enipeus emittit se prim6, et ex quo pater Tibris, et ex quo fluvius Anio, et Hypanis strepens 
inter saxa, et Caicus Mysise, et Eridanus deauratus circa duo cornua taurini vultus, 

NOTES. 

347. Aaue Chao. Chaos was regarded as large birds in abundance, which some of 

one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked the Argonauts brought from Greece. They 

as an infernal deity. received the name of phasiani or pheasants. 

347. Densos. The same with crebros, fre- 367- Lycumque. A river of Armenia fall- 

qucnt. ing into the sea near Phasis. 

364. Spelunctsque lacus clausos. Homer 368. Se erumpit. So Lucretius, 4. 1108. 

makes the ocean to be the source of all ri- " Se erupit venis collecta cupido." 

vers: 368. Enipeus. The Enipeus was a river of 

— BaSvgpureco /u-iyxo-Stvog SlKtxyoto, Thessaly flowing through Pharsalus and 

E4 evTrig TTxvrig 7roToc/u.ot, &C - - falling into Peneus. 

Th' eternal Ocean from whose fountains 371. Taurino. The form of a bull is often 

flow poetically ascribed to rivers. So Horace, 

The seas, the rivers, and the springs be- Od. 4. 13. 

low. Pope. " Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus." 

And this is also the opinion of Aristotle. Rivers, says Minelius, were called tauri- 

But Pluto, whom Virgil here follows, sup- form, from their roaring and rapid course, 

poses the receptacle of all the rivers to be They were also called cornuti, or horned, 

in a great cavern, which passes through the from the double banks or channels into 

whole earth, and is called by the poets Ba» which they divided themselves. When Her- 

rathrum and Tartarus. cules is feigned to have broken off one of 

367. Phasimque. Phasis was a river of the horns of Achelous, it means merely 

Colchis, rising in the mountains of Arme- that he reduced the river to one channel, 

nia, now called Faoz, and falling into the The dried spot or broken horn becoming 

east of the Euxine. It is famous for the ex- cultivated with fruits and flowers, gave rise 

pedition of the Argonauts, who entered it to the fable of the Cornucopia. This the 

after a long and perilous voyage. Hence nymphs are represented as presenting to 

dangerous voyages have been, proverbially, the goddess of plenty. 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



137 



Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta 
In mare purpureum violentior influit amnis. 
Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta 
Perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanes 
Cyrene: manibus liquidos dant ordine fontes 
Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis: 
Pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt 
Pocula; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae. 
Et mater: Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi: 
Oceano libemus, ait. Simul ipsa precatur 
Oceanumque patrem rerum, Nymphasque sorores, 
Centum quae sylvas, centum quae flumina servant. 
Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam: 
Ter flamma ad summum tecti subjecta reluxit. 
Omine quo firmans animum, sic incipit ipsa: 
Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates, 
Coeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor, 
Et juncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. 
Hie nunc Emathiae portus, patriamque revisit 
Pallenen; hunc et nymphae veneramur, et ipse 
Grandaevus Nereus: novit namque omnia vates, 
Quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur 
Quippe ita Neptuno visum est: immania cuius 

mare invectus piscibus, et 
curru equorum habentium dubs pedes. Hie nunc revisit portus Emathiae, Pallenenque patriam; 
hunc nos nymphae veneramur, nunc et ipse Nereus senior colit: cum enim sit vates, cognoscit 
omnia, et quae sunt prccsentia, et quae praeterita, et quae post immineant futura. Nam sic pla« 
cuit Neptuno: cujus 



quo nullus alius amnis rapi- 
dior currit per agros fer- 
tiles in mare splendidum. 
Postquam pervenit in tec- 

375 ta cubiculi structa e pu- 
mice impendente, et Cy- 
rene cognovit immodera- 
ta lamenta filii: sorores per 
ordinem invergunt aquas 
manibus et offerunt mappas 

- Q corrasis pilis: pars onerat 

^°^ mensas cibis, et ponit pocula 
plena vino; altaria incendun- 
tur ignibus thureis. Et mater 
ait: Accipe duo pocula vini 
Lydii, hoc effundamus in ho- 
norem Oceani. Simul ipsa 

385 orat e ^ Oceanum parentem 
reram, et Nymphas sorores 
suas, quae tuentur innume- 
ras sylvas, et innumeros 
fluvios. Ter respersit ar- 
dentem flammam puro vino; 
ter flamma supposita emicu- 

<->9Q it ad usque summum tecti. 
Quo omine corroborans ani- 
mum illius, sic ipsa incipit: 
In Carpathio sinu maris va- 
tes est, Proteus cceruleus, 
qui perambulat magnum 
piscibus, 



NOTES. 



373. In mare purpureum. See the note on 
G. III. 359. 

375. Inanes. These lamentations, says 
Servius, were vain, because they were mo- 
ved by a calamity easy to be repaired. 

377. Tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis. Man- 
tile, or, as others spell it, mantele, signifies 
a towel; and it seems to have been made of 
some wooly or nappy sort of cloth, which 
the nicer sort of people had shorn or clip- 
ped, for the greater smoothness and deli- 
cacy. Our napkins were probably of the 
same sort formerly, the word seeming to 
have been derived from nap. 

379. Panchaeis ignibus, with Panchaean in- 
cense, so called from Panchaea, a region of 
Arabia, that abounded with frankincense. 

380. Carchesia. The carchesium was an 
oblong cup a little flatted about the middle, 
and having- the handles reaching from the 
top to the bottom. 

386. Subjecta. Ruaeus interprets it suppo- 
sita; which hardly makes sense; for the 
wine was poured on the fire, and conse- 
quently made it mount up into a blaze. It 
must therefore signify thrown up, or mount- 
ing up, as subjicio does, Eel. X. 74. and Mn. 
XII. 288. 

387. Carpathio gurgite. Carpathus, now 
called Scarpanto, is an island of the Medi- 
terranean, over against Egypt, from which 
the neighbouring sea was called Carpa- 
thian. 

388. Proteus. The poets represent Proteus 



as a sea-god; Homer makes him an Egyp- 
tian, and Herodotus, a king of Egypt. Sir 
Isaac Newton finding him contemporary 
with Amenophis, or Memnon, takes him 
to have been only a viceroy to that 
prince, and to have governed some part of 
the Lower Egypt in his absence. 

389. Bipedum equorum. These fictitious 
sea-horses are supposed to resemble horses 
in their foreparts, with two legs, and to end 
with tails like fishes. 

391. Pallenen. Pallene is a peninsula of 
Macedon, whereof Virgil makes Proteus a 
native. 

393. 5^W mox ventura trahantur. There is 
a great propriety in the word trahantur, 
which denotes the concatenation of causes 
and effects, whereby one event is drawn on 
after another in a fixed series like the links 
of a chain. Magna judicio poet a trahendi ver° 
burn usurpat, says the compiler of the edi- 
tion cum notis variorum: est enim fatum, 
praecedentium causarum subsequentiumque? 
perplexio quaedam, et catenae more cohae- 
rens. Trahi ergo dicuntur futuri rerum 
eventus, quia, in ilia serie nexuque causa- 
rum ex aeternitate pendentium, ita se con- 
sequuntur ut alius alium trahat. 

394. Ita Neptuno visum est. Homer makes 
Proteus a servant of Neptune: 

'A8ava.l(§r Unlive, &C. &C. 
Proteus, a name tremendous o'er the main s 
The delegate of Neptune's wat'ry reign. 

Pope, 



T 



138 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ducit sub mari magnos gre- Armenta, et turpes pascit sub gurgite bhocas. 395 

ges et phocas intames. Ott- .-i • -\ • i» • 1 

nate, ille primo tibl strin- lc ubl ' nate > P"us vinchs capiendus, ut omnem 
gendus estcatenis, ut expli- Expediat morbi causam, eventusque secundet. 
cet tibi omnem originem Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque ilium 

tibi+ consilia nisi coactus; iende: doh circum haec demum frangentur inanes. 
neque vinces ilium precan- Ipsa ego te, medios cum Sol accenderit aestus, 
ftiShto 7^*Z2:™™ sitium h ^> et Pecori jam gratior umbra est, 
lomm: contra hcec vincula * n secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis 
fraiidese/Ms in utiles cadent. Se recipit; facile ut somno aggrediare jacentem. 
Ego ipsa, cum Sol calefece- Verum ubi correptum manibus, vinclisque tenebis; 

nt medium diem, cum her- ~, -,i i . • r a~^ 

bx sicck sunt,et umbra jam 1 . um variae illudent species, atque ora ierarum. 406 
jucundior est gregibus, du- Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris, 
earn te in latebras senis, in Squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice leina: 
quas se recipit e man fatiara- A . A •* j »•,. • i« 

tus: ut facile invadas elm Autacrem flammae somtum dabit, atque ita vinchs 

stratum somno. Sed cum te- Excidet, aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit. 410 

nebis ilium comprehensum Sed quanto ille ma^is formas se vertet in omnes; 

manibus etvinculis: tunc va- t^„^*n . . • j . • • i 

ri* figure et vultus bellua- Tanto > nat . e ' m . a S ls contende tenacia vincla: 
rum te decipient. Nam re- Donee talis erit, mutato corpore, qualem 
pente apparebit sus horribi- Videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somno. 

ftfiErasasr 11 * 6 ait > et *^ a ™ ambrosis diffudit ° d ° rem - 4is 

pite; aut emittet stridorem Quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at illi 

acutum flammte, et sic ex-Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura, 

&^ t3&£j&: Atque habilis membris venit rigor. Est specus ingens 

Sed quo magis ille mutabit Exesi latere m montis; quo plurima vento 

se in omnes figuras; eo ma- Cogitur, inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos; 420 

gis 6 nate, constringe vin- Deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis. 

cula retinentia; usque dum T r . „ .... 

evadat talis transformato cor- IntUS se vastl ProteilS teglt objice saxi. 

pore, qualem aspexeris, cum Hie juvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha 
somnus inceptus dauderet Collocat, ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit. 

oculos. Hsec dixit, et sparsit T ., r ~ . * .. o* • t j *c\* 

liquidum odorem ambrosia, Jam rapidus torrens sitientes Sinus Indos 425 

quo perunxit totum filii cor- Ardebat coelo, et medium Sol igneus orbem 
pus; at illi suavis odor exi- Hauserat: arebant herbse, et cava flumina siccis 
;e»Lr 3 n'Lv n i „ t dit„m C ™;Fa»cibus adlimum radii tepefacta coquebaut: 
<membris. Est ingens an- Cum Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra 
trum in latere montis exca- ibat: eum vasti circum gens humida ponti 430 

vati, quo plurimifluctuspel- 

luntur vi ventorum, et finduntur in sinus replieatos; quod est aliquando receptaculum tutissi- 
rnum nautis periclitantibus. Proteus occultat se intus objectu ingentis saxi. Hie Nympha consti- 
tuit juvenem in insidiis remotum a luce, ipsa remanet procul latens in nube. Jam rapidus Sirius, 
comburens sitientes Indos, ardebat in coelo, et Sol flammeus siccaverat medium orbem; herbse 
arescebant, et radii urebant usque ad limum profunda flumina calefacta siccatis alveis: cum Pro- 
teus exibat e mari petens solitam speluncam: circa eum genus humidum magni maris 

NOTES. 

399 -Flectes. The Medicean and other ma- 415. Ambrosia. Ambrosia is the food of 

nuscripts read vinces. the gods, and nectar their drink. But the 

402. Gratior — quatnherba understood; the two are often confounded, as here liquidits 

heat of the day, which induces the cattle odor is said of ambrosia. 

to choose the shade rather than food, is 416. Perduxit. Pie rius found perfudit in the 

mentioned by Homer: Roman manuscript. 

"H/Lcos? neMoe, &c. 421. Deprensis. See the note on JEn. v. 52 

" When through the lone of heav'n the 421. Olim. Miquando, sometimes. Geor. 

mounted sun 3. 303. 
Hath journeyed half, and half remains to 425. Sirius. Sirius, a star of the first mag- 
run." Pope. nitude, in the mouth of the Bog, rises about 
406. Illudent. Heinsius and many old edi- the time of the sun's entering into Leo, 
Uons read eludent. Pierius found ludent in the toward the latter end of July, making what 
Roman manuscript, eludent in the Lombard, we call the dog-day*. All the words rapidus, 
Medicean, and most of the ancient ones. torrens, sitientes, Indos, ardebat, igneus, are 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV 



139 



exiliena spargit late aqunm 
salsam Vituli mdrini abji- 

eiuut se prx somno sepa ra- 
ti in litorc. Ipse Proteus 
(quemadmodum aliquando 

4,35 custos armenti in montibus, 
cum Hesperus revocat vitu- 
los e pastione ad stabulum, 
et cum agni auditi a liipia 
excitant eosbatatibus) sedet 
in rape in medio armento- 
rum t et recognoscit eorum 

440 numerum.Siquidemoffertur 
Aristseo copia hujus capien- 
do; vix passus sen em dispo- 
uere ad sbtnnwn corpus fati- 
gatum, irruit in eum magno 
clamore, et invadit vinculis 
dormientem. Contra Prote- 
us, non oblitus suce indus- 



Exultans, rorem late dispergit amarum. 

Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocxi. 

Ipse (velut stabuli custos in montibus olim, 

Vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit, 

Auditique lupos acuunt balatibus agni) 

Considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset 

Cujus Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas; 

Vix defessa senem passus componere membra, 

Cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque jacentem 

Occupat. Hie suae contra non immemor artis, 

Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, 

Ignemq; horribilemq; feram, fluviumque liquentem. 

Verum ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus 

In sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus: 

Nam quis te, juvenum confidentissime, nostras 445 

Jussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis? inquit. At ille, SejVertit sein omr a pro. 

Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere cuiquam. digia rerum, et in ignem, et 

Sed tu desine velte: Deum prsecepta secuti in be,lua fl m ^orribiiem, et in 

,, . . , . . r r , , amnem fluentem. Sed post- 

Venimus hue, lapsis quaesitum oracula rebus. quam nul i a fraus i nvemt 

Tantum effatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa 450 modum fugiendi, victus re- 

Ardentes oculos intorsit lumine glauco; vertitur ad propriam for- 

.- r . c ^ G 1 •-. mam, ac demum locutus est 

Et graviter frendens, sic fatis ora resolvit: ore humano: At quis tibi, 

Non te nullius exercent numinis irae; audacissime juvenum, impe- 
Maerna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus ravit ut venires in meam do- 

tt j 1 r ' r *. • *. <.\ mum? aut quid a me nostu- 

Haud quaquam ob meritum pcenas (m fata resistant) las? ^ melutem respondil 

Suscitat, et rapta graviter pro conjuge saevit. 456 Scis; 6 Proteus, scis ipse; 

Ilia quidem, dum te fugeret per fiumina praeceps, neque ullus potest te deci- 

pere. Tu verd cessa velle 
fallere me; obsecuti jussis Deorum venimus hue, ad petendum oraculum, quod medeatur dam- 
nis rerum nostranim. Hsec solum locutu* est. Postea vates magno denique impetu defixit oculos 
ccerulea luce cornscantes; et minaciter collidens dentes, sic aperuit os ad fata evulqanda. Ali- 
cujus Dei ultio te persequitur: solvis pcenam magni sceleris: Orpheus, nequaquam propter me- 
ritum miser, imprecatur tibi has pcenas (nisi fata obstent) et atrociter furit ob conjugem sibi 
ereptam. Ilia quidem virgo moritura, dum te fugeret currens juxta fluvios, 



NOTES. 



expressive of great heat. For rapidus Wake- 
field reads rabidos, and endeavours to con- 
firm it by similar passages from other poets; 
as Manlius, 5. 208 
" Exoritur canis, latratque canicula flam- 
mans et ' rabit,' igne suo." 

Lucan. 10. 21. 

• • > " Rabidos qua Sirius ignes 

Exserit." 
Cicero speaks of the dog-star as 
"Spirans rabido de corpore flam mam." 
431. Amarum. The sea water is really- 
bitter as well as salt. 

435. Auditique. The Roman, Medicean, 
and Cambridge manuscripts read auditisque. 
439. Manicisque. Several manuscripts read 
•vinclisque. 

447. Neque est te fallere cuiquam. This is a 
Grecism for neque licet cuiquam: thus in the 
second Eclogue, nee sit mihi credere. So also 
Horace, quod ' versu dicere non est. 

450. Tantum effatus. The poet now pro- 
ceeds to the answer of Proteus, in which he 
tells Aristseus that the cause of his disaster 
was the injury offered by him to Eurydice, 



the wife of Orpheus. This whole story is 
told in so beautiful a manner that it does not 
seem unworthy the mouth of a deity. 

Blackwell gives an ingenious moral to 
this elegant tale. Orpheus's mistress was 
music. The powers of it are enchanting. It 
lulls the reason and raises the fancy, so that 
we forget ourselves while it lasts. The 
mind becomes dissolute and gay. A silly 
song appears sound morality, and "the empty 
words of the opera pass for solid sense: but 
no sooner does the music cease than the 
charm is vanished. The first sober look 
breaks the spell, and we are hurried back 
to the common dull road of life. Wharton 
observes that the moral of the fiction may 
be learned at an ordinary music meeting or 
an unmeaning opera. 

454. Orpheus. He was the son of Oeagrus, 
king of Thrace, by the Muse Calliope; 
highly celebrated for his extraordinary skill 
in music and poetry; and was one of the 
Argonauts. The hymns that go under his 
name are with good reason believed' to be 
spurious. 



140 P. VIRGIL1I MARON1S 

nonanimadvertit ante pedes immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella 

^t^'dteSr^Servantem ripas alt* non vidit in herba. 

At turba Dryadum ejusdem At chorus aequahs Dryadum clamore supremos 460 

setatis impleveruntclamori-Implerunt montes: fierunt Rhodope'i'ae arces, 

™JZ r^RhX^Altaqae Pangaea,et Rhesi Mavortia tellus, 

et Pang^us aitus, et Mania Atque Gets, atque Hebrus, atque Actias Onthyia. 

terra Rhesi, etGetie,et He- Ipse cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, 

brus, et Attica Orithyia Or- Te dulcis con ; ux te so i i n litore secum, 465 

pheus leniens cava cithara rr> • j- / i i i * 

dolorem amoris, solus cane- Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. 

bat te, 6 dulcis uxor, te de- Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis, 

serta in ripa, te die oriente, £ t cahVantem ntera formidine lucum 

te die occidente, solus cane- T n/i v-.. j 

bat. Ingressus etiam T^na- Ingressus, Manesque adiit, regemque tremendum, 
rias cavernas, qua sunt por- Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. 47G 
t» profunda inferorum, et At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis 
SST^tMTe^ ef Piu°- Umbrae ibant tenues, simulacraq; luce carentum: 
tonem timendum, et animos Quam multa in sylvis avium se millia condunt, 
insuetos leniri precibus ho- Vesper ubi, aut hybernus agit de montibus imber: 
ZSfc&SSgSS. Mattes, atque viri, defunetaque corpora vita . 475 
timis locis inferorum, et fi- Magnanimum heroum, pueri, mnuptaeque pueliae, 
gurse carentium lumine, in- Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum. 

tfSKSS^it^W- . c ~ limus *«»« et deform^ arundo 

sylvis, quando Hesperus, aut Cocyti, tardaque palus mamabilis unda 
frigida pluvia pellit eas e Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet. 480 

inontibus: uxores, et mariti, Q uin ipsse stU puere domus, atque intima led 
et corpora fortmm heroum rf; , r , • . \ . ., 

spoliata vita, pueri, et puel- Tartara, cseruleosque lmplexae cruubus angues 
Ise innuptse, et juvenes elati Eumenides; tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora; 
in busta ante oculos paren- Atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. 
S arunVn^rCocfti; et Jam q> pedem referens, casus evaserat omnes; 485 
palus odiosa pigris aquis cir- Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras, 
cumciudit, et Styx novies p on £ sequens; namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem: 
SS^Z?E£ d^ita subita incautum dementia cepit amantem, 
mus, et profundissima Tar- Ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes, 
tara moi'tis, et Furise implicate cseruleis serpentibus crinium loco, et Cerberus hians continuit 
tria guttura, et orbis rotss Ixionii quievit, jlante vento contrario. Jamque regrediens vitaverat 
omnia pericula; et Eurydice ipsi restituta redibat in altam lucem, propius sequens; nam Pro- 
serpina posuerat hanc conditionem; cum repentina insania occupavit improvidum amantem, con- 
donanda ilia quidem, si Dii inferi scirent coudonare quicquam, 

NOTES. 

462. Rhesi. Rhesus was son of Mars and 469. Manes. This is a name generally ap= 
king of Thrace. plied by the ancients to souls when separated 

463. Getce. fGetes, sing.) The Getae were from the body. They were reckoned among 
a people of European Scythia near the Da- infernal deities, and generally supposed to 
ci. Ovid, who was banished into their coun- preside over burying places. Hence the epi- 
try, describes them as savage and warlike. taphs of the Romans were always super- 

464. Cava testudine. The lyre is called tes- scribed with D. M. Diis Manibus, to remind 
iudo, because the ancient lyres were made the sacrilegious and profane not to molest 
of the shells of tortoises. It was a received the monuments of the dead. 

story, that Mercury, finding accidentally a 471. Erebi. Erebus, here and in other 

dead tortoise on the banks of the Nile, places, signifies, the profoundest mansion 

made a lyre of it, whence Horace calls him of hell. 

curves lyrce par entem. 475. Defunetaque corpora vita magnani- 

466. Te veniente, &c. Dr. Johnson, who miim heroum. Lifeless bodies of gallant he- 
was immoderately fond of tea, used to pa- roes. The poet has likewise used corpora 
rody this beautiful line, and say, for the airy vehicle of departed spirits, JEn. 

Tea veniente die, tea decedente require VI. 303. 306. 

467. Tanareas fauces. Txnarus is a pro- 484. Vento. Pierius found cantu in several 
montory of the Peloponnesus, fabled to be manuscripts. 

the entrance to the infernal regions. 489. Ignoscenda quidem. Ovid says, Eury- 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



141 



Restitit, Eurydicenq; suam jam luce sub ipsa, 490 Stetit, et jam in ipso aditu 
Immemor, heu! victusq: animi, respexit: ibi omnis tacte,immemoretimpatiens 

^~ , l n . . * ammo, respexit Eurydicen 

Effusus labor, atque immitis rupta ty ranni _ suam . imc p omnis one J a per . 

Fcedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis. dita est, et pactum crudelis 

Ilia, Quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Or- re s» s Kff*™* *' et f ' a g° r 

j^ ? ' -i ' » r ter aU{ ^itus per stagna Aver- 

Quis tantus furor? en iterum crudelia retro 
Fata vocant, conditq; natantia lumina somnus. 
Jamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte, 
Invalidasque tibi tendens, heu! non tua, palmas 
Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras 
Commixtus tenues, fugit diversa: neque ilium 



na. Ilia sic locuta est: Quis 
495 et me miseram, et te perdi- 
dit, 6 Orpheu? Quis tantus 
furor? Ecce rursus dura fata 
retro appellant me, et som- 
nus claudit oculos fluitantes. 
Jam ergo vale: trahor cir- 
„qq cumfusa magnis tenebris, et 
porrigens * : 



tibi manus imbc- 



Prensantem nequicquam umbras, et multa volentem cilles, heu! non ampUus tw* 

Dicere, praeterea vidit; nee portitor Orci 

Amplius objectam passus transire paludem. 

Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis conjuge ferret? 

Quo fletu Manes, qua numina voce moveret? 

Ilia quidem Stygia nabat jam frigida cymba. 

Septem ilium totos perhibent ex ordine menses 

Rupe sub aeria, deserti ad Strymonis undam 

Flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 

Mulcentem tigres, et agentem carmine quercus. 

Qualis populea moerens Philomela sub umbra 

Amissos queritur foetus, quos durus arator 

Observans nido implumes, detraxit; at ilia 

Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen 

Integrat, et moestis late loca questibus implet. 

Nulla Venus, nulliq; animum flexere hymensei. 

Solus Hyperboreas glacies, Tanaimque nivalem, 

sus suos, movendo tigres, et trahendo cantu quercus. Qualis luscinia tristis sub umbra populi la- 

mentatur pullos amissos, quos crudelis agricola deprehendens in nido abstulit adhuc implumes; 

Ula vero plorat per noctem, et stans in ramo renovat lugubrem cantum, et implet loca omnia 

tristibus querelis. Nulius amor, nulla eonjugia lenierunt animum, Soius percurrebat glacies Bo- 

reales, etTana'x'm nivosum, 



Sic locuta est, et ex oculis 
statim evanuit in aliam_p«?'- 
tem, veluti fumus commix- 
tus in aeremtenuem: neque 

505 postea vidit Orpbeum, frus- 
tra captantem umbras, et 
conantem multa loqui: ne- 
que portitor inferorum pas- 
sus est deinde eum trajicere 
fl avium, interjectum. Quid 
. faceret? quo se conferret, 

** ^ conjuge bis erepta?quibusla- 
chrymis Manes, quibus ver- 
bis Deos flecteret? Eurydice 
quidem jam frigida vehe- 
batur navicula Stygia. Aittnt 
ilium septem integros men- 

5 ] 5 ses continuo ploravisse, sub 
rupe alta, juxta aquas de- 
serti Strymonis, et revolvisse 
frigidis in cavernis hos ca~ 



NOTES. 



dice herself did not blame him, because his 
error proceeded from love of her. 
" Jamque iterum moriens non est de con- 
juge quicquam 
Questa suo: quid enim sese queretur 
amatam,? 
Nor did she, dying twice, her spouse re- 
prove, 
For what could she complain of but his love? 
493. Fragor. Servius understands fragor 
to mean an exultation of the shades at the 
return of Eurydice, and quotes a passage of 
Lucan in confirmation of his opinion: 
Gaudent st luce relictam 
Eurydicen, iterum sperantes Orphea 
Manes. 
But it is observed that fragor is never used 
by Virgil for a sound of joy, but for some 
great crash or horrid noise. Therefore it 
seems rather to mean here some dismal 
'?ound. 



508. Strymonis. Strymon is a river of Ma. 
cedon, on the borders of Thrace. 

511. Qualis popukd- This simile is no less 

justly than generally admired as one of the 

most beautiful ever conceived. Wharton's 

translation is exceeded by none: 

" As Philomel in poplar shades alone 

For her lost offspring pours a mother's 

moan, 
Which some rough ploughman marking 

for his prey, 
From the warm nest, unfledg'd, hath 

dragg'd away; 
Percht on a bough, she, all night long, 

complains, 
And fills the grove with sad repeated 
strains." 
It is observed that the poplar is judici- 
ously chosen by the poet on this occasion, 
because the leaves of this tree, trembling 
with the least breath of air, make a sort of 
melancholy rustling. 



142 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et agros nunquam carentes Arvaque Riphseis nunquam viduata pruinis 
^X g tam;' U efv:,!lTotLustrabat; raptam Eurydicen, atque irrita Ditis 
Plutonis: quo nuptlali mu- Dona querens: spreto Ciconum quo munere matres, 
nere contempto mulieres Inter sacra Deum, nocturniq; orgia Bacchi, 521 

SlZ™;er^tu™ m o S:o isc «P tum latos i«™ em s P arser ? P" «*»•• 

Bacchi disjecerunt per vas-Tum quoq; marmorea caput a cervice revulsum, 

tos campos membra laniati Gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus 

juvenis Tunc etiam cum Volveret,. Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua, 525 
Hebrus Oeagrius terens me- . . . w _< ,. r . ^ r P ° • 

dio in fluento voiveret caput Ah miseram Eurydicen, anima fugiente, vocabat: 

ejus resectum a candido col- Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripse. 

lo, ipsa vox et lingua frigida pjaec Proteus: et se jactu dedit aequor in altum; 

Eurydicen, ah infehcem Lu- ~ v , ... ■» , ^ , *?■*.•* 

rydicen, appellabat anima Q" a q; dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 
erumpente; ripse totius flu- At non Cyrene: namque ultrd affata timentem: 530 
minis repetebant Eurydicen. Nate, licet tristes animo deponere curas. 

Hsec dixit rroteus, et se tt- • , . . i . ... XT , 

saltuimmisit in profundum Ha£c om . n *s morbl causa: hmc miserable Nymphse, 
mare; et qua seimmisit, su- Cum quibus ilia choros lucis agitabat in altis, 
pra caput suum convolvit Exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex 
&ZE72S&& Tende petens pacem, et faciles venerare Kaphas. 535 
prior allocuta est trepidan- Namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent. 
tem: Fili, potes abjicere ex Sed modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam. 
S° H™ tS" Q"*™ eximios pnestmti corpore tauros, 
morbi: ideo Nymphse, cum Qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, 
quibus Eurydice miscebat Delige, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas. 54G 

choreas in profundis sylvis, Q uatuor his aras alta ad delubra Dearum 
mtulerunt funestam perm- J* . ..... 

ciem apibus. Tu supplex of- Constitue, et sacrum juguhs demitte cruorem, 
fer dona, obsecrans veniam, Corporaque ipsa bourn frondoso desere luco. 
et cole Napseas placabiles. p ost? UD i nona suos aurora ostenderit OrtUS, 
!Nam concedent vemam pre- T p •' r\ '"*-'* i'\\ • 

cibus, et deponent furorem. Inferias Orphei lethaea papavera mittes, 545 

Sed antea docebo per ordinem, quae sit ratio precandi. Elige quatuor tauros insignes robusto 
corpore, qui nunc tondent tibi cacumina viridis Lycaei, et totidem juvencas, collo nondum sub- 
acto. Erige his victimis quatuor attaria in altis templis Nympharum, et effunde e gutturibus sa- 
crum sanguinem, et relinque ipsa corpora victimarum in frondente luco. Deinde, quando nona 
aurora patefecerit ortum suum, dabis inferias Orpheo e papaveribus Lethseis, et coles 

NOTES. 

520. Spreto Ciconum quo munere matres. But such a guilt seems quite inconsistent 

Many manuscripts and printed editions of with his extraordinary passion for Eury- 

good authority read spretce; but the sense dice. 

seems to determine for spreto: for the mean- 521. Orgia Bacchi. The orgies were a 

ing is, quo munere, i. e. quo nuptiali munere mad solemnity sacred to Bacchus, which 

spreto, for the contempt of which nuptial was celebrated with drunken fury. The 

rite, mentioned verse 516. word is derived from ogyv, fury. 

520. Ciconum matres. The Cicones were 524. Oeagrius Hebrus. The Hebrus is 

a people of Thrace, living" near mount Is- called Oeagrian, from Oeagrus, the Thra- 

marus, and the mouth of the river Hebrus: cian king, mentioned before to have been 

where the Bacchanals used to perform their the father of Orpheus, 

revels. Ovid has assigned a cause of this 525. Eurydicen. Mr. Pope, in his fine imi- 

matron-fury not so honorable for Orpheus: tation of this story of Orpheus, has noticed 

Omnem refuge rat Orpheus this repetition: 

Femineam Venerem; seu quod male ces- Eurydice the woods 

serat illi, Eurydice the floods, 

Sive fidem dederat. Multas tamen ardor Eurydice the rocks and hollow mountains 

habebat rung. 

Jungere se vati: multae doluere repulsae. 535. Napxas. The Napaeae were the 

Hie etiam Thracum populis fuit auctor nymphs of the groves, from v«jr», a grove. 

amorem ' 545. Inferias. The inferia were sacrifices 

In teneros transferre mares, citraque ju- offered to the Manes; for which see the 

ventam, note, JEn. III. 66. 

JEtatis breve ver, et primos carpere flores. 545. Lethcea papavera. The poppy is called 



GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 



143 



Placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa, 
Et nigrum mactabis ovem, lucumque revises. 
Haud mora, continud matris praecepta facessit: 
Ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras, 
Quatuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros ' 
D ucit, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas. 
Post, ubi nona suos aurora induxerat ortus, 
Inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit. 
Hie vero subitum, ac dictu mirabile monstrum 
Aspiciunt; liquefacta bourn per viscera toto 
Stridere apes utero, et ruptis effervere costis, 
Immensasq; trahinubes; jamque arbore surama 
Confluere, et lentis uvam demittere ramis. 

Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumq; canebam, 
Et super arboribus: Caesar dum magnus ad altum 560 ££ ^T^eal 
Fulminat Euphratem bello, victorq; volentes 
Per populos dat jura, viamque affectat Olympo 
Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat 
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti: 
Carmina qui lusi pastorum: audaxque juventa, 
Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. 



mitigatam Eurydicen occistl 
vitula, ct immolabis ovem 
njgram, et repetes lucum. 
Sine morft, statim exequitur 
mandata matx'is; venit ad 
55QtempIa, erigit altaria prce- 
scripta, ducit quutuor tauros 
insignes robusto corpore, et 
totidem juvencas, collo ?w?i- 
dum subacto: deinde, post- 
quam nona aurora patefece- 
rat suum ortum, dat inferias 
555 0rpheo, et repetit lucum. 
HDc ver6 vident prodigium 
improvisum et mirabile dic- 
tu; apes stridere toto utero 
inter putrefacta viscera 
bourn, et erumpere fractis 
diffundi 

jam 
congregari in cacumine ar- 
boris, et e ramis flexibilibus 
dependere in modum uvk. 
Haec cantabam de cultura 
agrorum et pecorum, et de 
arboribus; dum magnus Cse- 
sar tonat circa profundura 
Euphratem, et victor distri- 
buit leges populis non invitis, et prseparat sibi viam ad coelum. Ilia tempestate Neapolis amcena 
me Virgilium nutriebat, vacantem studiis otii privati: qui lusi versibus pastoralibus; et confidens 
juventuti, te cecini, 6 Tityre, sub umbraculo opacse fagi. 



NOTES. 



Lethxan, because it causes sleep or forget- 
fulness, from *»3-jj, oblivion. Poppies were 
therefore offered to the dead, especially to 
those whose manes they designed to ap- 
pease; either because sleep, which they 
procure, is a lively emblem of death, con- 
sanguineus leti sopor; or because they pro- 
duce oblivion of past injuries. 

560. Cxsar dum magnus, &c. From this 
an argument is drawn, that Virgil conti- 
nued the care of his Georgics as long as he 
lived; for the time here mentioned is the 
year before his death. It was then that Au- 
gustus was at the head of the Roman le- 
gions in person, on the banks of the Eu- 
phrates, and -compelled Phraates to restore 
the eagles which the Parthians had taken 
from Crassus, and drew the neighbouring 
nations, and even the Indians, to make a 
voluntary submission to him. 

562. Illo Virgilium.. Wharton says, " I 



cannot forbear being of opinion that the four 
concluding lines of the Georgics, illo Vir- 
gilium, &c. &c. are of the same stamp and 
character with the four justly exploded 
ones which are prefixed to the JEneid." 
Audaxque juventa, he thinks an expression 
entirely unworthy Virgil. It is certain, no- 
thing can be a more complete and sublime 
conclusion than the compliment to Au- 
gustus: 

Viamque affectat Olympo. 

Holds worth well observes that each book 
of the Georgics has a style and colouring 
different from the rest. The first is plain, 
the second various, the third grand, and the 
fourth pleasing. 

564. Parthenope. The original name of the 
city of Naples. 

465. Audaxque juventa. According to Ser= 
vius, Virgil was twenty-eight years old 
when he wrote the eclogues. 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIS. 



1 HE hero of the magnificent poem, on which we are enter- 
ing, was a Trojan. He was reputed the descendent of Venus by 
Anchises. For his reverential and solicitous attention to his aged 
father, he obtained the character of Pius* and for his heroism 
and adventures in his way to the founding of the Roman empire, 
is called by the poet Dux Trojanus; the leader and conqueror. 
In addition to the professed aims of every lyric writer, the ele- 
vation of the mind and the correction of public morals, our au- 
thor attempts the gratification of his countrymen, by tracing 
their origin to a divine power; and stating the conflicts of iEneas 
and his victorious associates to be a laborious but natural com- 
mencement of an empire destined to rise the mistress of the 
world. The names of several of the most distinguished families 
of Rome are ingeniously traced to the heroes who accompanied 
iEneas in his memorable expedition. All the charms of measure, 
all the magnificence of imagery, all the elegant invention of a 
mind delicate, correct and grateful, are employed to give dig- 
nity and immortality to the imperial throne. If the importuni- 
ties of Maecenas and the equity of Octavius restored lands to 
Virgil, the poet has amply remunerated them by the nobler do- 
nations of his epic muse. Dry den is of opinion that " Augustus 
is shadowed in iEneas." 

Dr. Blair observes, that the distinguishing excellence of Vir- 
gil is tenderness. Endowed by nature with exquisite sensibility. 



145 

he felt every circumstance which he describes, and knows how 
by a single stroke to reach the heart. The iEneid is an unfinish- 
ed work. The will of the poet contained an injunction that the 
whole should be burned. This Augustus forbade. In its books, 
the reader will perceive different grades of merit, and perhaps 
feel himself constrained to acknowledge the marked superiority 
of the first, second and third, the sixth, seventh and eighth 
books, and the final one. Many of the beauties of this transcen- 
dent poem will be exhibited in the notes. 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

^NEIDOS 

LIBER I. 



INTERPEETATIO, 



Ego iiie sum, qui oiim ce- ILLE ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avetia 



cini cantilenas tenui catamo 



NOTES. 



The first book of the JEneid is reckoned 
by commentators among the most finished, 
and particularly admired for the harmony 
and structure of its verse, the disposition of 
its subject, the beautiful and sublime pros- 
pect with which the scene opens, and, 
above all, the poet's art in throwing so much 
matter together in so few words; the propo- 
sition, the invocation, the reasons that kin- 
dled Juno's resentment against the Tro- 
jans, the discontent of that goddess at see- 
ing the fleet of JEneas sailing towards Italy, 
her address to Mollis, the description of the 
storm, the angqr of Neptune, his chiding 
the winds, their flight, and the calm that 
immediately succeeded, being all contained 
in about 150 lines. As instances of particu- 
lar beauties, they mention that admirable 
description of the storm, which, they say, 
is capable of transporting the dullest, and 
warming the coldest imagination; the 
image of Discord bound up in chains by 
Peace; and that fine episode of the pictures 
which iEneas surveys in the temple of Car- 
thage, where the poet himself appears 
pleased, as well as in the song of Iopas. 
But it is to be observed, though these pas- 
sages have a particular sublimity, this is not 
to be understood as if the rest were not of a 
piece. Virgil is not like some poets, who 
soar very high for a while, and afterwards 
sink as low: he flies always far above the 
earth; sometimes his flight is more rapid 
and daring, and sometimes, having mount- 
ed to heaven, he reposes himself in the sub- 
limity of his flight; but his genius never 
flags, nor is at any time unequal to his sub- 
ject. 

Ilk ego, &c. It is generally admitted 
the first four lines are not Virgil's. Dryden 
says, they are inferior to any four others in 
the whole poem. He thinks the interval be- 
tween vicina and its substantive arva too 
great for our author to admit. Ut quamvis 



avido he considers too ambitious an orna- 
ment to be Virgil's, gratum opus are words 
unnecessary, and horrentia more suited to 
the flatness of the verses of Tully than the 
style of Virgil, Arma, virumque are by an- 
cient writers, particularly by Ovid, Martial 
and Persius, cited as the first lines of the 
JEneid. 

1. Arma, virumque cano, &c. Fulvius Ur- 
sinus is of opinion, that Virgil, in these first 
lines of his poem, had an eye to the begin- 
ning of the Odyssey; of which the reader 
may judge by comparison. 
AvSgx fi.01 svvE'crc, Mvtrx, vroXvTgo&ov, o( pulcc 

TXOXhOC. 

Iihay%Br>, caret Tgoinc itgov ■aloXttBgov catpcrt. 
The man, for wisdom's various arts re- 
no wn'd, 
Long e Kercis'd in woes, oh Muse! resound 

Pope's Odyssey. 
The third line in particular, 

multum ille etterris jactatus et alto, 

comes very near to Homer's, 
TloWcc St y iv tvovla tra&tv aKyta. 
On stormy seas unnumber'd toils he bore. 
But Virgil always shows his judgment in 
knowing what to take, and what to leave. 
Our author, Dryden says, seems to sound a 
charge and begin like the clangor of a trum- 
pet. 
" Arma virumque cano, Trojae qui primus 
ab oris," 
Scarce a word without an r, and the vow- 
els sonorous. Certainly the translator has 
but feebly imitated the original: 
" Arms and the man I sing, who forced by 
fate." 
1. Primus venit, Zsfc. The first who came, 
&c Antenor arrived in Italy before iEneas, 
v. 246. But JEneas was the first who came 
from Troy to Lavinium. 

1. Fato profugus. Fato may very well have 
a reference to the whole sentence: for as 
iEneas left his country in obedience to the 



-fiNElDOS LIB. I. 



14? 



Carmen; et egressu9 sylvis, vicina coegi et egressus e sylvis coegi 

Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono: pwyinquos agros, ut obedl 

~ n • ,. * ' »/r rcnt agncola; quantumbbet 

Gratum opus agncolis: at nunc horrentia Martis cupido; quod opus jacun- 

dum fuit rusticis. Sed jam horrida Martis 



ARMA, virumque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris 
Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinaque venit 
Litora: multiim ille et terris jactatus et alto, 
Vi superum, sxvae memorem Junonis ob iram. 
Multa quoq; et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, 
Inferretq; Deos Latio: genus unde Latinum, 
Albanique patres, atque altae mcenia Romae. 

Musa, mihi causas memora: quo numine laeso, 
Quidve dolens regina Deum, tot volvere casus 

Latinus, et cives Albani, et muri altse Romse orti sunt.^ O Musa, 

rerum: quo Deorum violato, Yel quo scelere offensa regina Deorum coegerit hominem pietate 

illustrem 



Cano bella et bominem, 
qui pulsus fatis, primus venit 
c regioneTrojana in Italiam, 
et ad litus Lavinum. Ille 
multum agitatus fuit terra 
5 et mariner potentiam Deo- 
rum, et propter iram memo- 
rem crudelis Junonis. Multa 
quoque toleravit prteterek in 
bello, donee fundaret urbem, 
et induceret Deos in La- 
tium; ex quo facto populus 
suggere mihi causas earun\ 



NOTES. 



will of the gods, so it was by the particular 
appointment of heaven that he came to Ita- 
ly, and settled in Lavinium. A circumstance 
which redounds to the honour both of iEne- 
as, and of the Romans, whom the poet 
makes to be descended from him: and there- 
fore he is careful to mention it in the be- 
ginning of his poem, as well as in several 
other places. See v. 205. of this book. 

Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quie- 
tas 

Ostendunt: 
And 381. 

Phrygium conscendi sequor, data fata 

secutus: 
And B. IV. v. 340. 

Me si fata meis, &c. 

2. Lavinaque litora. Lavinium stood about 
eight miles from the shore, according to 
Servius; but the neighbouring coast might 
be distinguished by the name of that city. 

3. Terris jactatus et alto. The first six books 
describe the dangers of iEneas on his voy- 
age to Italy. 

4. Vi super &m. By the power of the gods; 
or we may take the expression to signify no 
more than simply Superis, by the powers 
above; for so vis is used, iEn. VII. 432. 

Ccelestum vis magnajubet. 

The awful majesty of heaven commands. 
It is the same idiom with the Greeks; thus 
Homer says, /?<» 'HguK\mt), vi Herculed, for 
Hercules, II. II. 658. And in the third 
book of the Iliad, v. 105. A^7e $t Tlgiayoto /3/»v, 
adducite vim Priami, i. e. bring Priam; or, 
as we would say in English, bring the ting's 
majesty. In like manner Virgil, iEn. XI. 
376, uses violentia Turni t for Turnus him- 
self. 

5. Bello. The last six books state his ac- 
tions and conflicts on" shore. 

' 6. Genus unde Latinum. iEneas found the 
Latins in Italy: how then could they be de- 
rived from him? Some solve the difficulty 



by referring unde to Latio; from whfch coun* 
try sprang the Latin race; but, because unde 
seems better referred to the action of iEne- 
as, Servius offers another solution; that 
JEneas, who, instead of using a conqueror's 
right to change or abolish the Latin name, 
incorporated them and his Trojans into one 
body, under the common name of Latins, 
may justly be called the founder of a race 
he thus saved from ruin and extinction. 

7. Albanique patres. Ascanius, the son of 
iEneas, after the death of his father, quitted 
Lavinium, and having built Alba, made that 
the seat of his kingdom It was here that 
Romulus, the founder of the Roman empire, 
was born. Thus the Albans were the fa- 
thers or ancestors of the Romans. 

8. Musa, mihi causas memora. Virgil dif- 
fers a little from Homer in putting the 
invocation after the proposition of his sub- 
ject, which shows it to be indifferent which 
of them should be first. Homer, again, in- 
vokes the muse for the subject of his poem 
in general, Virgil only mentions a particu- 
lar part — Causas memora. As the causes of 
his pious hero's sufferings were the secrets 
of heaven, to be known only by inspiration, 
he therefore prays the muse to inform him 
as to these; but that this is not to be under- 
stood exclusive of her general assistance 
through the whole poem, appears from his 
using the word cano at the beginning, which 
was properly applied to prophets, oracles, 
and those that spoke by inspiration. 

Gallos in limine adesse canebat. 

JEn. VIII. 656. 
Atque hsec deinde canit divino ^ex ore sa« 

cerdos. Mn. Ill 373. 

Extemplo tentanda fuga canit sequora Qai. 

chas. iEn. II. 176. 

8. £>uo numine. Some read quo nomine laesa^ 
in what particular Juno had been offended. 

9. Tot volvere casus. The commentators 
would have volvere casus to be for volvi ca~ 



148 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



agitari tot calamitatibus, et Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 10 

SC£^J:;iT lerit - ? ant ? ne T m A s coelestibus , ir * ? 

divinis? Fuit urbs vetus, Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni, 
quam colonia Tyriorum in- Carthago, Italiam contra, Tiberinaque longe 

procul exldveTo I^ilaf et ° stia; ^ ives °P um > studiis q ue asperrima belli: 
cJtiorum Tibe e ris ; °abundans Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam 
opibus, et acei-rima belli ar- Posthabita coluisse Samo. Hie illius arma, 
tibus. Juno dicitur hanc Hie currus fuit: hoc resmum Dea gentibus esse, 

unam habitasse prse ceteris c ,. n r t ^ . ? i*. r 

regiouibus,^a7n Samo post- Sl q ua f ata sin ant, jam turn tenditque fovetque. 
posita. mic Junonis arma, Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci 
illic currus fuit: jam tunc Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces. 
JSS&S^EE*** populum 1«A regem belloq; superbum, 

hanc spent, si fatum id quo modo permittat. Enimver6 audierat prolem deduci e stirpe Troja> 
norum, quae aliquando dirueret mania Tyriorum. Inde per cladem Afric*, gentem Mam futu 
ram ubique dominam, et bello gloriosam: 



15 



20 



NOTES. 



sibus, and volvi again for involvi, which they 
own to be exceedingly harsh, and think to 
justify Virgil by the authority of Statius, 
who uses a parallel expression. But is it not 
more natural, as well as more poetical, to 
take it in the active sense? Volvere casus 
veluti molem quandam, says H. Stephanus; 
to struggle with a load of misfortunes. For 
volvere is a word that imports labour and 
difficulty, like that of a person straining to 
roil forward a ponderous stone, as, 

Saxa quoque infesto volvebant pondere. 
.En. IX. 512. 
Or, a river bearing down opposing bodies, 
Georg. IV. 525. And at the same time it 
implies duration and continuance in strug- 
gling: hence it is applied to a beech, that 
stands through a revolution of ages, in spite 
of storms and injuries of weather; 
— — immota manet, multosque per annos 
Multa virum volvens durando saecula vincit. 
Georg. II. 295. 
Volvere casus then differs from volvi casibus, 
as to push, and to be pushed or driven along; 
the last would show JEneas quite vanquish- 
ed and subdued by his misfortunes, the 
other shows him in great labour, but still 
superior to his sufferings, and in prospect 
of victory. 

10. Tot adire labores. Labores is a much 
stronger word than casus, and therefore this 
other expression shows the rise and gra- 
dation of JEneas' sufferings. Besides, vol- 
vere casus may possibly refer to the long se- 
ries of dangers which JEneas underwent in 
his seven years' voyage. Adire labores again 
may denote the toils and hardships of war 
which he came to in Italy. But whatever 
be in that, the word adire has a gi*eat pro- 
priety, and implies the fortitude and reso- 
lution with which JEneas bore his trials; 
for it signifies properly to brave danger, to 
look an enemy in the face, or advance bold- 
ly to the encounter. Thus Virgil, speaking 
of Dares, the redoubted champion in the 
boxing match, says, 

nee quisquam ex agmine tan to 

Audet adire virum. iEn. V. 379. 



And to the same purpose in the eleventh 
book, v. 636. 
Orsilochus Remuli, quando ipsum horre- 

bat adire, 
Hastam intorsit equo. 
11. Tantame animis. Milton has imitated 
this line: 
*' In heavenly minds can such perverseness 
dwell?" 
14 . Dives opum answers to ec<p moc /3<o7«o in 
Homer, II. V. 544. 

14. Studiisque asperrima belli. Though 
Carthage was a wealthy city, yet her riches 
had not debauched the minds of her citi- 
zens, and rendered them effeminate; they 
were rough and warlike as well as rich; un- 
less we choose to understand by opum not 
riches, but power, as the word may signify. 
Studium in Latin signifies not only the love 
or desire of a thing, but a diligent applica- 
tion to it. 

15. Magis omnibus. Juno had many cities 
of which she was fond, such as Argos, 
Sparta, Mycenas, and especially Samos. 

16. Posthabitd coluisse Samo. Samos, an 
island in the Icarian sea, where Juno had 
her education, or according to some her 
birth, and where she was married to Jupi- 
ter; and for that reason she had a magnifi- 
cent temple at Samos, with a statue repre- 
senting her in the habit of a bride; and there 
nuptial ceremonies were solemnized in her 
honour. Yet so great was her regard to 
Carthage, that she preferred it to Samos. 

17. Hie currus fuit. Juno had two kinds of 
chariots; one wherein she was wafted 
through the air by peacocks; another for 
battle, drawn by horses of celestial breed, 
which Homer describes, Iliad V. It is the 
chariot of the last kind that is here meant. 

18. Si qua fata sinant. For Juno, Jupiter 
and all the gods were under the control of 
fate, or an immutable and eternal cause of 
all things. 

21. Late regem. So Horace, late tyr annus; 
both of them from Homer's evfux^wv, II. 1. 
102. 



^NEIDOS LIB. I. 



149 



Venturum cxcidio Libyae, sic volvere Parcas. 
Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia belli, 
Prima quod ad Trojam pro charis gesserat Argis. 
Necdum etiam causae irarum, saevique dolores 



ita statuisae Parcas. Audie- 
rat hoc .lu no, hoc ipsum ti- 
mens, etreminiscens prxte- 
riti belli quod prima susci- 
25 taverat contra Trojanos pro 
Argis sibi dilectis. Praite- 
rea causx iracundiac et sseva indignatio non abierant adlmc ex animo: 



NOTES. 



22. Venturum excidio. Modicius takes ex- 
cidio to be in the ablative case; excidio pro 
per excidium, with this sense that the Ro- 
man people were about to become the pos- 
sessors of extensive authority and dominion, 
by the overthrow of Africa. Itis commonly 
understood to be in the dative, excidio pro 
ad excidium, as, it clamor coelo, for ad cae- 
lum. Either interpretation is good; the first 
the more subtle, the second the more com- 
mon. 

22. Sic volvere Parcas. The wordfortunas, 
or vices, is understood, as -En. III. 375. 

sic fata Deum rex 

Sortitur, volvitque vices. 
In this place there is an allusion to the of- 
fice of the Destinies, who were the minis- 
ters of Jove to spin or measure out the fates 
of men, which they rolled or wound up in 
clues, to image the dependence that all 
events have upon the first cause, and with 
what close connexion things were linked 
together. The Parcae were three in number; 
Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho, the 
youngest, presides over our birth; Lachesis 
spins out the events of our lives; and Atro- 
pos, the eldest of the three, cuts the thread 
of human life with a pair of scissars. 

The ancient verse should by boys be com- 
mitted to memory. 
Clotho columretinet, Lachesis netet Atro- 
pos occat. 

23. Id metuens. Dr. Trapp explains this 
as if it were idmetuens erat, which, besides 
that he brings no authority to support such 
an odd way of speaking, would make this a 
detached, disjointed sentence; whereas it 
stands in close connexion both with what 
goes before and after; it being assigned as 
one of the causes, and indeed the principal 
one, of Juno's persecuting JEneas, and 
therefore seems necessarily to refer to ar- 
cebat longe Latio; as if the poet had said, 
Juno's concern for Carthage, and the fear of 
another long war with the Trojans, like 
that which she had waged with them be- 
fore for Argos, were the principal causes of 
her barring the Trojans out of Italy. And 
the four lines from Necdum etiam causce 
irarum, to His accensa super, containing the 
causes of her personal resentment, are 
thrown in by way of parenthesis, and but 
cursorily mentioned, to show how much the 
poet hastens to the action of his poem, ac- 
cording to the rule given by Horace: 



Semper ad eventum festinat, et in mcdias 
res 

auditorem rapit. 

23. Veterisque belli, may either signify the 
late or former war; as Dido calls her for- 
mer love, 

veteris vestigia flamms: 

JEn. IV. 23. 
or rather the war which had lasted so long, 
and which cost Juno so much trouble to 
finish. 

23. Veterisque memor belli. This, it is plain, 
cannot be understood as one of the causes 
of Juno's anger against the Trojans, but it 
is a very just ground of her fear and jea- 
lousy for Carthage, and a good reason for 
barring the access of the Trojans from Ita- 
ly: for she remembered that long war 
which had cost her so many anxieties, so 
many quarrels with Jupiter and the gods of 
the opposite faction, such hard struggles? 
and therefore was afraid that she might be 
involved in such another war with the Tro- 
jans, or their race, in defence of Carthage. 
This seems to be the plain sense of the pas- 
sage; for Virgil mentions first Juno's fears 
for Carthage, Id metuens, veterisque, &c, 
and then he mentions, as distinct from these, 
the causes of her anger and personal re- 
sentment against the Trojans, Necdum 
etiam causes irarum; and then both her fears 
and personal resentments, as the concur- 
ring causes of her afflicting iEneas, and en- 
deavouring to exclude him from Italy; His 
accensa super— Tro as arcebat longe Latio. 

24. Prima — gesserat. Prima may be taken 
adverbially, — which she had before carried 
on, — or rather, prima for princeps, — whereof 
she was the principal manager. For Homer 
represents Jupiter neuter in the war, or ra- 
ther favourably inclined to the Trojans, 
and acting against them only by Juno's 
instigation. See his speech to Juno, Iliad 
IV. 30. So that the war was chiefly con- 
ducted by Juno and Pallas, Juno still ha- 
ving the leading and direction. 

24. Charis — Argis. Argos was one of the 
cities where Juno had her particular resi- 
dence; whence she had the name of H^V 
A§yut), II. IV. 8. and Juno Argiva, iEn. III. 
547. and in the same book of the Iliad, v. 
52. she names Argos among her favourite 
cities. 

25. Necdum. This line and the three fol- 
lowing are generally understood as inch; 
ded in a parenthesis. 



150 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



residet infixum profunda in Exciderant animo. Manet alta mente repostum 
ZZnStZ^ttf- Judicium Paridis, spretsque injuria form*, 
chritudinis sua, et familia Et genus mvisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores. 
sibi odiosa, et munus Ga- His accensa super, jactatos aequore toto 

S P t s iJjS^%Si T roa *' "f^f ? ana{in ? atque immitis Achillei > 30 

bat procul a Latio Trojanos, Arcebat longe Latio: multosque per annos 

reiiquias Grsecomm et cru- Errabant acti fatis maria omnia circum 

delis Achiilis , aritatos per Tantae molis erat Romanam condere eentem. 

totum mare: et illi a multis \ T - s « 1 n • • • 

annis vagabantur impuisifa- Y lx e conspectu Siculae telluns in altum 

tis circa maria omnia. Tan- Vela dabant laeti, et spumas saiib sere ruebant; 35 

ti erat momentifundareRo- Cum Juno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus, 

manum populum. Vix vela u^„ „ •. •»», • .... , • ' r . ■■ 

faciebant foti e conspectu Hsec secum: Mene incepto desistere victam, 
Siculje terra; in altum mare, Nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem? 
et rostris seratis secabant spumas maris; cum Juno servans sub pectore plagam immortalem, 
hsec mente volvebat: Egone ut victa cessem a coepto, nee possim arcere ab Italia regera Tro- 

janorum? 



NOTES. 



26. Hepusiwn, for repositum, a syncope 
frequent among- the poets. 

27. Judicium Paridis. This refers to the 
known story of the dispute for the prize of 
beauty, between the three goddesses, Juno, 
Minerva, and Venus; the decision whereof 
was left to Paris, who gave it in favour of 
Venus. 

28. Et genus invisum. Juno hated the 
whole Trojan race from the beginning, up- 
on account of their original; for Dardanus, 
the founder of the race, was the son of Ju- 
piter by Electra. And it is well known what 
irreconcilable enmity Juno bore to all the 
offspring of her husband's stolen embraces. 

28. Rapti Ganymedis. The office of cup- 
bearer to the gods was transferred from 
Hebe, Juno's daughter, to Ganymede, the 
son of Tros, a beautiful boy, who was car- 
ried up to heaven by an eagle. 

30. Danaum. Many of the Greeks are 
supposed to have been the descendents of 
Danaus, who was himself the son of Belus 
and Anchinoe. Leaving Egypt, where he 
reigned conjointly with his brother, he 
came to Greece. His ship was the first that 
had ever appeared there. He is said to have 
been the inventor of pumps. For his talents 
and services, he was held in high venera- 
tion through all the Grecian states. 

30. Achillea the genitive for Achiilis. 
Achilles was the son of Peleus and Thetis, 
and the bravest of the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. Thetis, during his infancy, plunged 
him into the Styx, and made every part of 
his body invulnerable, excepting the heel 
by which she held him. He was taught the 
art of war by Chiron the centaur, and elo- 
quence by Phoenix. When young, his mo- 
ther asked him whether he would prefer a 
long life in obscurity, or a short one famed 
for military glory. He chose the latter. He 
slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy; and was 



slain himself by an arrow from Paris, which 
pierced his vulnerable heel. 

34. Vix e conspectu, &c. We shall here 
transcribe a note that relates to this place, 
from Mr. Addison's criticism on Milton, 
Spect. Vol. IV. No. 267. After he has shown 
how Homer, to preserve the unity of his 
action, hastens into the midst of things, and 
opens his poem with the dissension of his 
princes, artfully interweaving, in the seve- 
ral succeeding parts of it, an account of eve- 
ry thing material which relates to them, 
and had passed before the fatal dissension, 
he adds: " After the same manner iEneas 
makes his first appearance in the Tyrrhene 
seas, and within sight of Italy, because the 
action proposed to be celebrated was that 
of his settling himself in Latium. But be- 
cause it was necessary for the reader to 
know what had happened to him in the ta- 
king of Troy, and in the preceding parts 
of his voyage, Virgil makes his hero relate 
it by way of episode in the second and third 
books of the iEneid; the contents of both 
which books come before those of the first 
book in the thread of the story, though, for 
preserving of this unity of action, they fol- 
low them in the disposition of the poem." 

34. SicuU telluris. Sicily is the largest 
island in the Mediterranean. It is situated 
at the foot of Italy. It was anciently called 
Sicania, Trinacria, and Triguetra. The 
poets feign that the Cyclops were the ori» 
ginal inhabitants. The inhabitants were so 
fond of luxury, that Sicula menses became 
proverbial. 

35. Mre, i. e. aeratis proris y with their bra- 
zen prows, as JEn. IX. 122. 

Quot prius aeratse steterant ad litora prorae. 
38. Teucrorum. The Teucri was a name 
given to the Trojans from Teucer, their 
king. 






jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



151 



Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem 

Argivum, atque ipsos Dotuit submergere ponto, 

Unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oilei? 

Ipsa, Jovis rapidum jaculata e nubibus ignem, 

Disjecitque rates, evertitque aequora ventis: 

Ilium expirantem transfixo pectore flammas 

Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto. 

Ast ego, quae DivCim incedo regina, Jovisque 

Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos 

Bella gero: et quisquam numen Junonis adoret 

Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponat honorem? 

Talia flammato secum Dea corcle volutans, 

Nimborum in patriam, loca foeta furentibus Austris, annis adversus unicum po 

jEoliam venit. Hie vasto rex uEolus antro P"*™" * ^iiquis postea co- 

_ let divimtatem Junonis, aut 

Luctantes ventos, tempestatesque sonoras supplex imponet victimam 

altaribus? Talia volvens Dea privatim animo ardente, venit in iEoliam, regionem tempestatum, 
et loca plena furiosis ventis. IlDc rex Mollis spatiosa in cavcrna continet auctoritate sua ventos 
pugnantes et tempestates sonantes, 



scilicet impedior fatis! An 
^Q Pallas potuit incendere na- 
ves Grajcoruni, et ipsos sub- 
mergere man, propter cul- 
pam et furorem solius Aja- 
cis Oilei? Ipsa vibrans e nu- 
bibus rapidum ful in en Jovis, 
et dissipavit naves, ct tur- 
45 bavit mare ventis, ipsum- 
que Ajacem evomentem 
flammas e transfosso pec- 
tore, involvit turbine, et 
impegit rupi acuta. Ego 
ver6 quas gradior regina 
n Deorum, Jovisque et soror 

3'-' *»t iiTnr ripllnm far-irk <\ trtt 



et uxor, bellum facio a tot 



NOTES. 



40. Argivum. The Argivi were properly 
the inhabitants of the city Argos and the 
surrounding country; but the word is ap- 
plied, by the poets, indiscriminately to the 
whole of the inhabitants of Greece. 

41. Ajacis O'iki. There were two Ajaxes; 
the son of Telamon, and the son of Oileus. 
He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war. 
The night that Troy was taken he offered 
violence to Cassandra, who fled into Miner- 
va's temple. Pallas avenged the crime in 
the maimer the poet states. His body was 
afterwards found by the Greeks, and black 
sheep were offered on his tomb. 

46. Incedo. Move majestic. Servius ob- 
serves that the word incedo is properly ap- 
plied to persons of rank and distinguished 
characters, and that it signifies to walk with 
dignity and in state, cum dignitate aliqua 
ambulare. Hence it is again used in descri- 
bing queen Dido advancing to the temple 
in graceful majesty; Regina ad templum 
forma pulcherrima Didoincessit. Juno was 
believed to have a very remarkable majestic 
gait; hence we read in Athenseus, Ugatov 
BuSt^u, i. e. She walks with Juno's gait. 
And in like manner Propertius, Lib. II. 
El. 2. 

Et inceditvel Jove digna soror. 

She walks with all the dignity of the sister 
of Jove. 

42. Jovis. Other divinities could thunder, 
as Juno, Vulcan and Pallas; but none so 
terribly as Jupiter. 

48. Gero. lhave been waging. 

48. Et quisquam. Rollin, in his Belles 
Lettres, vol. I. chap. 2. has given a fine cri- 
tique on this animated speech of Juno. The 
pupil will do well to read it. We shall 
merely make a few remarks on it. The poet 
calls her resentment vulnus, a wound, 
which the goddess was servans, cherishing. 
Mene incepto suits admirably with a person 



full of rage and haughtiness. Shall she be 
prostrated, incepto desistere, vanquished, vie- • 
tarn; impotent, nee posse; and this when 
the opposer is merely a poor unfortunate 
king, Teucrorum regem. Shall it be said the 
fates forbid, quippe vetor fatis. Pallas despi- 
sed fate — she burned and burned up, exu- 
rere; not a ship but a fleet, classem; and this 
for a simple fault, noxam; committed in the 
heat of passion, furias; and only by an indi- 
vidual, unius. Pallas gratified her revenge 
by hurling the thunder herself, ipsa; and 
this e nubibus, from the very regions of Ju- 
no, and fixed or transfixed Ajax to a rock, 
The whole address is full ot spite and in» 
dignation, selfreproach and fire. 

49. Honorem. This word is used by Virgil 
to denote the sacrifices and other ceremo- 
nies of religion that were performed in ho~ 
nour of the gods. See v. 632. 

Divum templis indicit honorem. 

And 736. 

in mensa laticum libavit honorem.* 

51. Fata. Big, teeming, pregnant, more 
than abounding. 

51. Austris. Properly, south winds; but 
here used promiscuously for all. 

52. JEoliam. The JEolian islands, situa- 
ted between Italy and Sicily, which were 
seven in number. Here ^£olus, the son of 
Hippotas, reigned, reputed king of the 
winds, because, from a course of observa- 
tions, he had acquired some knowledge of 
the weathei', and was capable of foretelling 
at times what wind would blow for some 
days together, as we learn from Diodorus 
and Pliny. 

52. Hie vasto rex .rEolus antro 

Luctantes ventos, tempestatesque sono- 
ras. 
The sound of these verses is remarkably 
adapted to the sense. They labour, move 
slowly, and are incumbered with spondees,. 



152 P. VIRGILII M ARONIS 

eos<pie boercet C ateni 3 et I m p er io premit, ac vinclis et carcere frsenat. 

carcere. 11U impatientestu- TH-. •• r . 

multuantur circa obices, I1 } 1 mdignantes magno cum murmure montis 55 

magno cum fragore mon- Circum claustra fremunt. Celsa sedet jEolus arce, 
tis; JEolus sedet in sum- Sceptra tenens; mollitq; aniraos, et temperat iras. 

TSSHSSi'SSSi.™ .**« ™ ri * «>«■■ c<El ™<l« e Profundum 

ratur furorem. Nisi id face- Quippe ferant rapidi secum, verrantque per auras, 
ret, scilicet venti rapidi se- Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, 60 

SW5ST EtZX?* metue,ls: moIem ?»? et »!««? insuper altos 

que per aerem traherent. Imposuit: regemque dedit, qui foedere certo 
Sed Deus omnipotens id ti- Et premere, et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas. 

mens clausit eos in antris Ad quem 4 tum J uno SU p p l eX his VOcibus USa est: 

obscuns, et super imposuit _, . L , .. . „. } v . . 

moles altamm rupium, P r»- ^ole (namq; tibi Divum pater atq; hommum rex 65 

fecitque regem, qui constan- Et mulcere dedit fluctus, et tollere vento.) 

ti lege sciret et eos coercere, Q ens m i m i ca rnihi Tyrrhenum navierat aequor, 

et us permittere laxiora trse- , , . . - ... J ." . J? ^ 7 

«a, guoties jabevetar. Apud illum in Itaham portans, victosque Penates. 

quem Juno tunc suppticans Incute vim ventis, submersasque obrue puppes: 

usa est his verbis: JEole Aut age diversas, et disjice corpora ponto. 7© 

(nam parens Deorum et rex o . •• • ■ • F 1T . 

mortaiium tibi dedit, et mi- Sunt mihl bls septem praestanti corpore Nymphae: 
tigare, et concitare vento Quarum, quae forma pulcherrima, Deiopeiam 
fluctus) Natio mihi infensa Connubio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo: 
nXm^TfLe^TroIOmnes ut tecum mentis pro talibus annos 
jam et Penates domitos. Ad- Exigat, et pulchra. faciat te prole parentem. 75 

de impetmm ventis, et obrue ifolus haec contra: Tuus, 6 regina, quid optes, 
^^vr^Sr^;^ Explore labor: mihi jussacapessere fas est. 
disperge corpora mari. Ego i u mihi quodcunq; hoc regni, tu sceptra, Jovemq; 
habeo quatuordecim Nymphas formoso corpore: e quibus Deiopeiam, quse specie elegantissima 
est, sociabo tibiUvmo conjugio, et propriam addicam: ut pro tali officio transigat tecum omnes 
annos, et efficiat te patrem formosa sobole. JEolus hac vicissim respondit: Tua cura est, 6 re- 
gina, considerare quid veils; cequum. est me exequi tua mandata, Tu mihi deraereris Jovem, 

NOTES, 

to show the restraint which JEolus lays on might at any time have seen the physiology 

his imprisoned winds, and their impatience of the matter explained by a bottle of small 

under it. On the other hand, when their beer, which shows the great difference be- 

prison is opened to give them vent, their tween air which has not vent given to it 

eruption and impetuous career are repre- and air that has." 

sented in the structure of the verse, that 61. Molemque et montes. Instead of mo- 
runs away in a flood of dactyls: lemmontium, a figure which Virgil often 
Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt, creberque uses. 

procellis, v. 85. 71. Sunt mihi bis septem. This passage is 

Virgil abounds with instances of this kind, in imitation of Homer, who makes the same 

for which the curious reader may consult goddess entice the god of sleep to grant her 

Dr. Clarke's note on the Iliad, L. III. v. 363. a favour, by promising him the marriage of 

56. Arce. Minelius says, in solio suo, on one of the Graces: 

his throne. Rocks however are sometimes Axk' *6' tya fc « rot xagirav /ouav ottKoti^xuv 

called arces. G. 4. 461. Flerunt Rhodope'ia Autrco otzvn/javxi xa.t <r*iv mx-kyio-Scci cckoitiv 

arces. Uxo~iBtvv, rig txtiv n\$iai v/accra. 7fa,vTX. 

59.Verrant. Dr. 'Trapp observes, that Hear, and obey the mistress of the skies, 

" some critics who love to be sharp upon Nor for the deed expect a vulgar prize: 

Virgil, say, If the winds had force enough For know, thy lov'd one shall be ever 

to carry the world before them, how could thine, 

rocks and caves confine them? They might The youngest Grace, Pasith<e the divine, 

as well have asked, ' how did JEolus get II. XIV. 301. 

his boisterous subjects back again into the 77. Fas est. It is lawful, or rather, it is 

prison after he had once let them out?' fit and just. 

They take no notice of at pater omnipotens 78. Tu mihi. This Servius understands in 

speluncis abdidit, &x. Regem dedit. It is not an allegorical sense, and thinks no more is 

the rock only, but the omnipotence of their meant by JEolus' receiving his kingdom and 

creator that confines them. Besides they sceptre From Juno, than that the wintts are 



^NEIDOS LIB. I. 



153 



Concilias: tu das epulis accumbere Divum, 

Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem. 

Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem 

Impulit in latus: ac venti, velut agmine facto, 

Qua data porta, ruunt, et terras turbine perflant. 

Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis 

Una Eurusq; Notusque ruunt, creberque procellis 85pide: ac venti quasi turma 

Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. 

Insequitur clamorque virum, stridorq; rudentum. 

Eripiunt subito nubes coelumque, diemque, 

Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra. 

Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether: 

Praesentemq; viris intentant omnia mortem. 

Extemplo iEneae solvuntur frigore membra. 

Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas, 

Talia voce refert: O terque quaterque beati, 

nox obscura insidet max-i: poli tonuere, et aer splendet frequentibus fulguribus: et omnia inge 
runt hominibus prsesentem necem. Continuo membra iEnete frigore dissolvuntur: Ingemit, et 
attollens ad astra ambas manus, talia ore pronunciat: O ter et quater felices, 



et impenum, et earn qua- 
gQlemcumqueauctoritatem: tu 
facis at accumbam mensift 
Deorum, et reddis me domi- 
num nubium ac tempesta- 
tum. Postqukm haic dicta 
sunt, concussit cavernosum 
montem ad latus intorta cus- 



tim erumpunt, qua via aper- 
ta est, et agitant flatu terras 
Insederunt mari, ac simul 
Eurusque, Notusque, et fre- 
quens tempestatibus Afri- 
Q _ cus, evertunt totum mare ab 
-^ipso fundo: et propellunt ad 
litora magnos fluctus. Sequi- 
tur et clamor hominum, et 
stridor funium. Statim nu- 
bes auferunt coelum et lu- 
eem ex oculis Trojanorum: 



NOTES. 



formed by the motion of the air or Juno. 
But such allegorizing would quite destroy 
the poetical beauty. 

79. Epulis accumbere Div&m. The word 
accumbere, to lie, or recline, refers to the 
ancient manner of lying or reclining on 
couches at table. And to be admitted to 
the table of the gods, imports deification. 
Hence an expression of the same import is 
used by Horace to denote Hercules' divi- 
nity, Lib. IV. Ode VIII. 29. 

sic Jovis interest 

Optatis epulis impiger Hercules. 

80. Potentem. The same with dominuvi; 
re gem. 

81. Htxc ubi dicta. Those who are curious 
may consult Scaliger's Poetics, Lib. V. 
where this description of the storm is par- 
ticularly examined, and compared with 
that of Homer in the fifth of the Odyssey. 

82. Impulit. Minelius says, /regit et ape- 
ruii, he broke and opened. Trapp renders it: 

" He pustid the hollow mountain's side;" 
and understands the poet as intimating 
that by the effort the mountain was eleva- 
ted, and the winds found a passage at its 
foot. 

85. Una Eurusque, Notusque, &c. " Hey- 
day," say some critics, " did the wind blow 
from all quarters at once? I answer, first, 
there are such things as hurricanes; se- 
condly, in storms, the wind sometimes 
shifts so frequently, in so short a time, that 
a poet might be allowed to say they blow 
at once. In the great storm, in England, 
in 1703, trees and houses were blown down 
to all points of the compass." 

In the book of Job we are informed, that 
" as his sons and daughters were eating and 
drinking in their brother's house, there 
came a great wind from the wilderness and 



smote the four corners of the house." The 
tornadoes of the West Indies, and the ty- 
foons in China, are distinguished from all 
other winds by their instantly shifting round 
to every point of the compass. It is this 
tremendous, sudden and conflicting violence 
that dismasts or sinks the strongest ships 
in an instant, and entirely prostrates the 
tallest edifices. 

92. Extemplo JEne<e solvuntur. To those 
who here arraign JEneas of cowardice and 
pusillanimity, it is sufficient to observe, that 
his fear arises not from a view of death, 
but only from the apprehension of dying in 
an inglorious manner. He laments that he 
had not died like a brave man in the bed of 
honour, 

( — pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis,) 
fighting for his friends and country, rather 
than to be reserved for so ignoble, not to 
say an accursed death; for so drowning was 
reckoned by the ancients, not only as it de- 
prived their bodies of the rights of sepul- 
ture, but also because, as it is in Servius, 
this kind of death was thought as contrary to 
the principle of the human soul, as water 
is to fire; as JEn. VI. 730. 
Igneus est ollis vigor, &c. 
" Achilles, merely for a personal affront, 
and the loss of a mistress, runs away crying 
and tells his mother, and she comes with 
her rticvov, ti -/.Kauc, and yet the same critics 
never object against the courage of that 
hero." 

94. O terque quaterque beati. It may be 
rendered thrice happy ye, by way of apos- 
trophe, which is surely more animated and 
poetical. 

94. O terque quaterque beati. Macrobius, 
in his dissertation upon the number seven, 
alleges that Virgil makes iEneas call them 

X 



154 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



quibus accidit mori in oculis Queis ante ora patrum, Trojae sub moenibus altis, 95 
%?f£&i ^"^S^Contigitflppetert! 6 Danafim for.issime gentis 
nationis Danaopum, fili l v-Tydide, mene Iliads occumbere cam pis 
dei, egone non potui moriinNon potuisse? tuaq; animam hanc effundere dextra? 

sr^ssss-^s^ir^- ubi Macid v eio jacet Hector i ubi ?- ngens 

dums Hector periit armis Sarpedon: ubi tot Simois % correpta sub undis 100 

Achillis, et magnus Sarpe- Scuta virum, galeasque, et fortia corpora volvit. 
don: ubi Simoi-s volvit inter T u : actanti str idens Aquiione procella 

aquas tot correptos clvneos T , , J , - . „ n ,-, i,»^ 

hominum,etgalejis,etgene- velum adversa tent, rluctusque ad sidera tollit. 
rosa corpora. Talia <lieenti,Franguntur remi: turn prora avertit, et undis 



tempestas stridens ab Aqui-D^ ] aUls: i nse q U itur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 
parte velur , et propellit^ 1 summo in fluctu pendent, his unda dehiscens 106 



lone percutit ex opposit; 



fluctus ad astra. Rumpuntur Terram inter Ductus aperit: furit aestus arenis. 
remi, deinde prora detor-Xres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet; 
?2^^oi , s S >^ S £?itoi Sax& vocant Itali > mediis quae in fluctibus Aras, 

dine praeruptus. Alii pendent e sumrao fluctu; mare hians pandit aliis terram inter fluctus: mare 
ebulliens turbatur arenis. Notus aflligit tres naves abreptas ad scopulos occultos; scopulos inquam 
itlos, quos ltali in medio mari appellant Aras, 



NOTES. 



terque quaterque bead, or seven times happy, 
to express the most full and consummate 
felicity, plene et per omnia be atos exprimere 
volens; seven, according to the doctrine of 
the Pythagoreans, being a perfect number, 
numerus rerum omnium Jere nodus, as Cicero 
calls it; which mystery those who would 
see more fully explained, may consult Ma- 
crob. in Somn. Scrip. Lib. I. Cap. 6. 

99. Scevus- In a good sense, brave, terri- 
ble in arms. 

99. JEacidae. Achilles 
JEacus. 

99. Hector; the son of Hecuba and Pri- 
am; general of the Trojan forces. Thirty- 
one of the most valiant Greeks perished by 
his hand. He was at last killed by Achilles. 
Old Priam, his father, begged his body. 
The Thebans, in the age of the geographer 
Pausanias, boasted that they had his ashes 
preserved in an urn, by order of the oracle. 
The epithet of Hectoreus is applied to the 
Trojans, as expressive of their valour and 
intrepidity. 

102. yactanti signifies while he is throw- 
ing away his words; that is, mourning or 
complaining in vain. See Virgil, second 
Eclogue, v. 5. 
— ibi hsec incondita solus 



Montibus et sylvis studio jactabat inani. 
Hence it comes that jacto signifies to boast 
or bluster, which is but throwing away 
words. 

104. Prora avertit. Some copies have it 
proram avertit, procella being understood: 
but the common reading with se understood 
is better. It yields and leans sideways, so 
that undis dot Latus. 



105. Insequitur cumulo, <Jc. The same 
image is represented, Geor. III. 237. 

Fluctus ut, in medio coepit cum albescere 
ponto, 

Longius ex altoque sinum trahit; utque 
volutus 

Ad terras, immane sonat per saxa, nee 
ipso 

Monte minor procumbit. 
Insequitur may signify, The next scene is, 
cumulo praeruptus aquae mons; i. e. wave on 
the grandson of wave, cumulo, tumbling along, and still ga- 
thering bulk, till it grows to praeruptus aqua: 
mons; i. e. a broken, overhanging mountain 
of water. The structure and sound of the 
verse show the image, cumulo expresses 
the tumbling of the waves, praeruptus their 
ruggedness and threatening aspect, and 
mons the weight and noise with which they 
break. 

107. Terram inter, Cfc It will appear that 
there is nothing exaggerated in this cir- 
cumstance of the description, if we consi- 
der that the fleet was near shoals and sand- 
banks, v. 115. where there was no great 
depth of water. 

109. Aras. These rocks are thought to be 
the islands iEgates, between Africa, Italy, 
and Sicily, where the Romans and Cartha- 
ginians struck up a treaty of peace, which 
put an end to the first Punic war. Hence 
they obtained the name of the Altars, be- 
cause of the mutual oaths which the two 
nations had here taken after the defeat of 
the Carthaginian army by Luctatius Catu- 
lus, A. U. C. 512. 






jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



155 



1 10 qucc MBit quasi grande dor- 
sum in superficie maris. Eu- 
ms tres naves impellit a pie- 
no mari in brevia et syrtcs, 
res visu miserabilis: casque 
impingit in vada et circuni'- 
dat vallo arena?. Ingens fiuc- 

*■*■ J tus ante oculos ipsius JEnex 
percutit a prora in puppim, 



Dorsum immane mari summo. Tres Eurus ab alto 

In brevia et syrtes urget, miserabile visu ; 

Illiditque vadis, atque aggere cingit arenx. 

Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Orontem, 

Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus 

In puppim ferit: excutitur prpnusque magister 

Volvitur in caput: ast illam ter fluctus ibidem 

Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat xquore vortex. J*"*™ *fW. <l u * fer <- >bat 

» » , . r . * Lycios et fidelem Orontem: 

Apparent ran nantes in gurgite vasto: 
Arma virum, tabulaeq; et Troia gaza per undas. 
Jam validam Uionei navem, jam fortis Achatae; 
Et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Alethes, 
Vicit hyems: laxis laterum compagibus omnes 
Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt. 

Interea magno misceri murmure pontum, 
Emissamque hyemem sensit Neptunus, et imis 
Stagna refusa vadis: graviter commotus, et alto 
Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda. 
Disjectam jEneae toto videt- aequore elassem, 
Fluctibus oppressos Troas, ccelique ruina. 
Nee latuere doli fratrem Junonis, et irae: 1 30 g j«nctarjs laterum admit- 

tunt perniciosam aquam, et 
rimis dehiscunt Interea Neptunus animadvertit mare magno tumultu agitari et immissam tem- 
pestatem, et profunda maris ab imis vadis i*evoluta; graviter iratus, et mari providens, sustulit 
caput tranquillum e superficie aqute. Cernit naves iEnese dispersas toto mari, Trojanos obrutos 
fluctibus et aeris ful minibus. Nee fraudes et irse Junonis ignota? fuerunt fratri Junonis: 



concidit gnbernator, et pro- 
nus subvertitur in caput: 

120 navem vero ductus ter eo- 
dem in loco circum invol- 
vens torquet, et praeceps 
vortex absorbet mari. Vi- 
dentur pauci enatantes in 
immenso mari: et arma ho- 
milium, et tabulae, et Troja- 

1 2 5 naj opes per aquas. Jam tern- 
pestas superavit firmam na- 
vem "'ionei, jam navem 'ge- 
nerosi Achatse, et earn qui 
portabatur Abas, et qua se- 
nior Alethes: et omnes solu- 



NOTES. 



113. Lycios. The Lycians inhabited a 
country of Asia Minor, bounded north by 
Phrygia, south by the Mediterranean, east 
by Pamphylia, and west by Caria. It was 
anciently called Milyas and Tremile. Apol- 
lo had there his celebrated oracle, at Paty- 
ra. The country is often called Hyberna, 
because the god was said to pass the winter 
in his temple. 

113. Orontem, a king of the Lycians. 
Possibly he is the same with Leucaspis. 
JEn 6. 334. 

114. A vertice, according to Servius, is 
from the north, taking vertex for the north 
pole. Ruxus and others explain it as the 
prow, head, or fore -part of the ship. But 
the most natural sense seems to be that of 
La Cerda, who understands by it from 
above, or jrom the top of the ship. And in 
like manner he interprets the same expres- 
sion in the second Georgic, 310. 

Prxsertim si ternpestas a. vertice sylvis 
Incubuit. 
114. Pontus. As if a whole sea had been 
breaking upon the ship at once. 

118. Gurgite vasto. Gurges is properly a 
part of the sea or of a deep river, absorbing 
the water With a great noise. The poets, 
however, use it for the whole ocean itself 
in a storm. 

119. TroYa, an adjective of three sylla- 
bles, tro'ius, tro'ia, lS?c 

119. Gaza. Originally a Persian word, 
which signifies any kind of rich furniture, 
as well as treasures of silver and gold. 



121. Abas. Is a very frequent name among 
the classic writers. It is used for a river 
and a mountain; and for several chiefs and 
philosophers. The Abas here referred to is 
supposed to be the same who was killed 
by Lausus, the son of Mezentius. 

122. Hyems. Indicating the power of the 
tempest: as if all the fury of winter were at 
once poured forth, though in the midst of 
summer, v. 539. 

Thomson uses the word winter for a sin- 
gle storm: 

foul and fierce 

All winter drives along the darken'd air. 

123. Imbrem signifies sometimes water 
in general, as in Lucretius, Lib. I. 715. 

Ex igni, atque anima procrescere, et imbri, 
125. Neptunus, the brother of Jupiter and 
Pluto, sovereign of the sea. He had Am- 
phitrite for his wife. According to Cicero, 
his name is derived from nando, swimming-.. 
Varro derives it from nubendo, because he 
covers the earth with clouds. 

127- Placidum caput. How is this consist- 
ent with his being graviter commotus, put 
in violent commotion? In answer to this, 
placidus is an epithet that denotes Neptune's 
natural character, the other only an occa- 
sional commotion and disturbance: ov, he 
was peaceful and mild with respect to the 
Trojans, however offended he was at the 
winds: or, lastly, placidum may denote the 
effect which his aspect had to still the sea„ 
and produce a culm. 



156 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

appeiiat ad se Eurum ac Eurum ad se Zephyrumq; vocat: dehiac talia fatur; 
faSCT^Slrt.S ^antane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri? 
dentia ex vestra origioe? Jam coelum terramque, meo sine numine, venti, 
Jam audetis, 6 venti, absque Miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles? 
Z^rT^r^iZt Q uos ego-Sed motos praestat componere fluctus. 135 
lere tantos cumuios fuc- Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. 
tuam? Vos egopuniam'. Sed Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro: 
melius est sedare turbatas Non mi i mper ium pelagi, ssevumq; tridentem; 

aquas. Deinceps non luetis ^ , ., • j . ^ • ,• • • 

ciimina tali posna. Celerate ^ ed mini sorte datum: tenet llle immania saxa, 
fugam, et dicite ista vestro Vestras, Eure, domos: ilia se jactet in aula 140 

regi: NonilUconcessamme ^olus, et clauso ventorum carcere rennet. 
dominationem mans, et po- e . . . ,. 7*- ... x ., °. 

tentem tridentem: sed mihi Slc ai t> et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, 
persortem. Habetillerupes Collectasque fugat nubes, Solemque reducit. 
ingentes, qua: sunt vestra Cymotho'e simul, et Triton adnixus, acuto 
Stea-ffa^fflS; Detrudunt naves scopulo: levat ipse tridenti; 145 

carcere ventorum exerceat Et vastas aperit syrtes; et temperat aequor, 
imperium. Sic dixit, et cele- Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. 
K,rX* ^Ut^ Ac veluti magno in populo cum s*pe coorta est 
bos congregates, et rursus Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile vulgus; 
inducit Soiem. Simul cumeo Jamq; faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat; 150 

acuto scopulo: ipse JVeptu- Conspexere, silent, arrectisq; aunbus astant: 

mis subievat eas tridente, et Hie regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet. 

S!f mS? Tpeffigit Sic cunctus P^S 1 cecidit fragor: aequora postqudm 

superficiemaquarum levibus Prospiciens genitor, coeloque invectus aperto, 155 

rotis. Et quemadmodum sse- Flectit equos, curruque volans dat lora secundo. 

pe, cum in populo numeroso 

commota est seditio, etplebs vilis furit animis: et jam tsedse ac lapides volant, ira suppeditat tela: 
tunc si fortuito viderint virum aliquem insignem virtute ac meritis, tacent, et stant attentis auri- 
bus: ilie temperat animos et placat corda sermone. Ita omnis tumultus maris cessavit, statim at- 
que pater videns mare, etvectus per aerem serenum, impulit equos, etcurrens immisit habenas 
ourrui facili. 

NOTES. 

132. Generis fiducia. The winds, accord- without his leave. But why does Juno ad- 
ing- to Hesiod, were the offspring of Aurora dress herself to her own substitute? I an- 
and Astrzeus, one of the Titans. Neptune swer, JLolus had an immediate power over 
therefore by this reproof insinuates, that if thq winds, whom Juno desires to employ 
they imitated the rebellion of the giants for her revenge. That power was absolute 
their ancestors, they might expect also to by land, which Virgil plainly insinuates, for 
share their doom. when Boreas and his brethren are let loose 

133. Numine. Numen is properly nutus he says, at first, 'terras turbine perflant* 
or a nod, or a certain motion of the eyes then adds ' incubuere mari,' an usurpation 
and head, by which to a suppliant it is sig- on the prerogative of Neptune. Besides, 
nified that his desires are granted. So iEn. they who are in a passion are apt to assume 
II. 777. to themselves more than their due." 

" Non haec sine numine eveniunt." Dryden. 

Minelius interprets numine here by " nutu 144. Cymotho'e. One of the sea-nymphs: 

et woluntate." the name is very proper to an inhabitant of 

135. £>uos ego. The figure called aposio- the sea, who glides nimbly along the 

pesis is here used, and the words " si cor- waves, being compounded of xu^a, a wave, 

ripuero, probe ulscisar" " punirem, si qui- and Smv, to run. 

demvacaret," or some such expressions, are 148. Ac veluti. This simile is exceeding- 
understood, ly natural, just, and particularly exact. 

137. Maturate. Meaning celeriter remeate,- What can be more proper to represent the 
back again instantly. disorder and havoc produced by a violent 

138. Non Mi. " Poetically speaking, the hurricane, than the fury and desolation of 
fields of air are under the command of Juno an incensed mob? as, on the other hand, 
and her vicegerent iEolus: why then does the suddenness with which the noisy waves 
Neptune call them his? I answer, because subside, and sink into a perfect calm, so 
being god of the seas, iEolus could raise no soon as Neptune appears, is finely marked 
tempest in the atmosphere above them by the awe and silence with which the se^ 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



157 



Defessi ^.neadae, quae proxima litora cursu 
Contendunt petere, et Libyx vertuntur ad oras. 
Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum 
Efficit objectu laterum: quibus omnis ab alto 
Frangitur, in que sinus scindit sese unda reductos. 
Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes, geminiq; minantur 
In coelum scopuli: quorum sub verlice late 
./Equora tuta silent: turn sylvis scena coruscis 
Desuper, horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra. 
Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum: 
Intus aquas dulces, vivoque sedilia saxo; 
Nympharum domus: hie fessas non vincula naves 
Ulla tenent, unco non alligat anchora morsu. 
Hue septem jEneas collectis navibus omni 
Ex numero subit: ac magno telluris amore 
Egressi, optata potiuntur Tro'es arena, 
Et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt. 
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates, 
Suscepitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum 
Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. 
Turn Cererem corruptam undis, Cerealiaq; arma 
Expediunt fessi rerum: frugesque receptas 
Et torrere parant flammis, et frangere saxo. 

desideratam, et sternunt in litore corpora salsis undis fluentia. Et prim6 Achates excussit scin- 
tillam e lapide, et recepit ignem in frondibus, et circumjecit sicca alimenta, et suscitavit flam 
mam in foco. Turn fatigati casibus educunt frumenta infecta undis, et instrumenta pistoria: 
incipiuntque et coquere igne 3 et comminuere lapide^ frumenta erepta e naufragio. 



Trojani fatigati conanturas- 
sequi cursu Utora quae vidua 
sunt, et deflectunt ad plagas 
Africa:. Est locus in longo 

160recessu, ubi insula format 
portum oppositu laterum, 
quibus omnis e mari veniens 
liuctus frangitur, et finditur 
in sinus replicatos. Hinc et 
inde rupes immanes et duo 
scopuli eminent ad coelum: 
quorum sub cacumine undi- 

166 q Ue mare placidum quiescit: 
prceterea umbraculum arbo- 
rum micantium, et nemus 
obscurum horrentibus tene- 
bris desuper impendet. Ex 

1 70 opposita parte, caverna est 
in scopulis suspensis: in ca- 
verna sunt aquae dulces, et 
sedilia e vivo lapide; domus 
videtur Nympharum. Ilhc 
nulla retinacula continent 

. - _ naves lassatas, anchora non 

1 ' 5 affigit eas unco dente. Illuc 
intrat iEneas congregatis 
navibus septem ex tota mul~ 
titudine; et Trojani ex lis 
egressi cum magno terras 
desiderio, obtinent arenans 



NOTES. 



ditious multitude are immediately struck, 
at the sight of a person of superior merit 
and authority. The two ideas of a rough 
sea and a noisy multitude are brought finely 
together in the book of Psalms: He 
" stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of 
their waves and the tumult of the people." 

157- Cursu. The ancient dative for cursui. 

159. Est in secessu, &c. This description 
is very beautiful in itself, and seasonably in- 
troduced to relieve the reader, and compose 
his mind into an agreeable tranquillity, af- 
ter having dwelt on the former images of 
horror and distress. Livy gives an account 
of a port in Spain belonging to New Car- 
thage, very like to this which Virgil here 
describes: Sinus est maris media fere His- 
paniae ora, maxime Africo verrto oppositus, 
et quingentos passus introrsus retractus, 
paululo plus passuum in latitudinem patens. 
Hujus in ostio sinus, parva insula objecta 
ab alto, portum ab omnibus ver.tis, praeter 
Africum, tutum facit. 

164. Scena. Minelius says inumbratio. 
Scena is derived from cnc»v», umbraculum, a 
place to shade one in, and that from c*ta 
umbra, a shadow. 

164. Coruscis. This word sometimes sig- 
nifies splendor, as Georg, I. 233. 



" Corusco semper sole rubens." 
Sometimes motion, as JEn. XII. 919. 

" Telum ./Eneas fatale coruscat;" 
that is, moves, vibrates. Ruaeus interprets 
it " umbraculumarborum micantium" Trapp 
translates it " trembling.'* 

170. Septem. JSneas left Troy with twen- 
ty vessels, see v. 385. One had just perished 
in the waves, v. 117- Twelve had been se- 
parated and scattered, but returned safe, 
v. 397. Consequently JEneas had only seven 
with him. 

172. Optata; wished for during the 
storm: 

" with love of land 

Eager, the Trojans gain the welcome 
shore." 

177. Cererem. Ceres is put for corn, as 
is Venus for love, Bacchus for wine, &c. 
&c. 

177- Cerealia anna; baking utensils. 

178. Fessi rerum. Virgil uses the word. 
rerum to signify distresses, as in the 462d 
verse of this book of the jEneid: 

Sunt lachrymae rerum, etmentem mortalia 
tangunt. 

179. Et torrere. Ru<eus thinks, there 
should be a transposition here. For, he 
says, com must be ground before bread can 



158 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Interim jEneas conscendit J&neas scopulum interea conscendit, ct omnem 180 

rupem, et petit omnem undi- n- «. . »• i s± \ «.u • \ 

que pmspectum in mare, si Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si qua 

alicubi Antheumeeniat agi-Jactatum vento videat, Phrygiasque biremes, 

tatum. vento, et I'hrygias na- Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Ca'ici. 

Se^luuTpP^s, a SNaverain conspecto nulbm, tres litore cervos 

lam videt navem ante oeu- Prospicit errantes: hos tota armenta sequuntur 185 

\os,sed tres cervos va^antes A tergo, et longum per valies pascitur agmen. 

in litore: hos toti gre-es se- Constitit hie, arcumque manu celeresque saerittas 

quuntur a tergo, et turba ^ - - r \ , i a. & uw " 

pascitur per valies. IlHc ste- Cornpuit, ndus quae tela gerebat Achates. 

tit, et cepit manu arcum et Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentes 

sagittas veioces, quK arma Gornibus arboreis, sterhit: turn vulgus, et omnem 190 

ndehs Achates ferebat. Ae,.. .. • ^ « 1 i 

primd interficit ipsos duces, Miscet agens tehs neniora inter frondea turbam. 

tollentes capita suhlimia cor- Nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor 

nibus ramosis: deinde perse- Corpora fundat humi, et numerum cumnavibus aequct. 

quens telis per frondosam tt- ^ .*. \-, . *•«. 

sylvam turbat vulgus et re- Hmc portum petit, et socios partitur m omnes. 
liquam multitudinem. Nee Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes 195" 
cessat ante quam victor af- Litore Trinacrio, dederatq; abeuntibus heros, 
X^SJVSE DM*,',* <"ctis mcerentia pectora mulcet: ' 
numerum sequalem faciat O socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum) 
numero navium. Postea re- O passi graviora: dab it Deus his quoque finem. 

£* SEfc&wES V ° S " Sc y'^ am rabiem ' P«^t».»q»e so » a "tes 200 

dividit vina, qua? largus Acestes imposuerat cadis in litore Siculo, dederatque heros discedenti- 
hus: et solatur verbis mcesta corda. O socii (nam non obliti sumus malorum praeteritorum) 6 
qui tolerastis acerbiora! Deus ponet his quoque terminum. Vos accessistis ad rabiem Scyllse, 
et ad rupes intus 



NOTES. 



be baked. Trapp actually transposes the 
passage: 
" Corn rescued from the wreck they then 

prepare 
To grind with stones and bake upon the 
fire." 
But, Dryden naturally and amply vindicates 
the order of Virgil, giving to the word the 
sense to dry, not to bake. 
" Some dry their corn infected with the 

brine, 
Then grind with marbles, and prepare to 
dine." 

185. Sequuntur a tergo. Though a tergo 
here may seem superfluous, and mere tau- 
tology, it is agreeable to the genius of the 
purest Latin, and is used the same way by 
Cicero, 1 Tuscul. Adolescentes in cursu a 
tergo insequens, nee opinantes assecutaest 
senectus. Besides « v tergo signifies their 
following close behind, as' it is the manner 
of those timorous animals to adhere close to 
their leaders. 

186. Agmen. This word signifies a moving 
body, as an army marching; a circumstance 
that makes the prospect more delightful 
and picturesque, to see a herd of deer ex- 
tended through a long valley, and in mo- 
lion. 

190. Cormhns arboreis. This finely marks 



the ductores or leaders from the rest, on 
whose lofty heads tall branching horns shoot 
up like trees. 

190. Et omnem miscet. Jlliscere here sig- 
nifies to make them fly before him in the 
utmost fear and disorder, as JEn. X. 721. 

Hunt ubi miscentem loiige media agnnina 
vidit. 
It answers to Homer's u\ara^ovrcc r/^a? av- 

196. Litore Trinacrio. Sicily was deno- 
minated Trinacria from its triangular form; 
the three promontories in which its angles 
terminated were called Pachynus, Pelorus, 
and Lilybsum. 

198- Ante malorum, i. e. Malorum quae 
ante fuerunt, former or past ills. 

198. O socii — O passi graviora. 

O fortes pejoraque passi Hor. Ode 1.7. 
And both of them are from Homer, Odyss. 
XII. 

200. ScylLeam rabiem. Scylla was a rock 
in the western part of Italy, adjoining* to the 
promontory of Csenis, now Capo de Passo- 
lo. The violence of the waves, and the 
whirling eddies in that narrow sea, having- 
often proved fatal to .ships, gave the poets a 
pretence for transforming it into a hideous 
monster, the upper parts of whose body 
resembled a beautiful virgin, and the mid'^ 



^ENEIDOS LIB. I. 



159 



Accestis scopulos; vos et Cyclopca saxa 
Experti: revocate animos, moestumque timorem 
Mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. 
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum, 
Tendimua in Lautim; sedes ubi fata quietas 
Ostendunt: illic ius regna resurgere Trojae. 
D urate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. 
Talia voce rei'ert: curisque ingentibus aeger, 
Spem vultu simulat, p remit altum corde dolorem. 
Illi se praedie accingunt dapibusque futuris: 
Tergora diripiunt costis, et viscera nudant: 
Pars in frusta secant, verubusq; trementia figunt. 
Litore ahena locant alii, flammasque ministrant. 
Turn victu revocant vires: fusique per herbam, 
Implentur veteris Bacchi, pinguisque ferinae. 

Postquam exempta fames epulis, men&aeque re- pe lles e costis, et detegunt 

motae* carnes: alii scindunt in par- 

Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, &g 5#K33?S£ 

Spemq; metumq; inter dubn: seu vivere credant, nunt serea vasa in litore, et 

Sive extrema pati, nee jam exaudire vocatos. subjiciunt ignem. Turn refi- 

ciunt vires cibo: et discum- 
bentes in gramme satiantur vino veteri et pingui carne ferarum. Postquam fames pulsa est cibo, 
et mensse sublatie fuerunt, inquirunt longo colloquio de sociis amissis, inter spem ac timorern in- 
certi, utrum putare debeant eos vivere, an in extremis versari, nee jam audire quamvis incla- 
mentur. 



latrantesT vos experti cs- 
tis quoqUe rupesCyclopum: 
reeumite animos, et pellite 
tristem metum: tbrtasse gra- 
tum erit aliquando recordari 

205 barum etiam rerum. Per ca- 
sus diversos, per tarn multa 
])cricula reruin, tendimus in 
Latium; ubi fata monstrant 
sedes tranquillas: in illo loce 
licebit rcgnum Trqjanum 
excitari. Perseverate, et re- 

210 servate vos ipsos ad res pros- 
peras. Hscc dicit ore qiridem 
teuus, et anxius gravi solici- 
tudiue spem froute fingit; 
sed comprimit corde pro- 
fundum dolorem. Ti-ojani 

o ] c parant se ad p raid am et ad 
t'uturas epulas, detrabunt 



NOT 

die that of a wolf, while it terminated in a 
fash's tail: book III. 424. 

At Scyllam excis cohibet spelunca late- 
bris, 

Ora exsertantem, et naves in saxa tra- 
hentem. 

Prima hominis facies, et pulchro pectore 
virgo, 

Pube tenus: postrema immani corpore 
pristis, 

Delpliinum caudas utero commissa lupo- 
rum. 

201. Accestis, for accessistis. So extinx- 
em for extinxissem, /En. 4. 686. and direx- 
ti for direxisti, iEn. 6. 57- 

201. Cyclopea saxa. The Cyclops were 
the primitive inhabitants of Sicily, and had 
their chief residence near mount JEtna. 
They were reputed to be savage and inhos- 
pitable. Hence the poets fabled that they 
were a race of monstrous giants, who had 
but one eye, which was in their forehead, 
and that they fed upon human flesh; and 
from their vicinity to mount JEtna, they 
were given out to be Vulcan's servants, 
who employed them in forging Jupiter's 
thunderbolts. 

205. Latium.. A description of Latium is 
given JEn. 7. 54. 

206. Resurgere. This neuter verb has the 
sense of a passive one. Minelius interprets 
it by reparari et renasci. 



"ES. 

20r. Durate. Harden yourselves for suf- 
fering with the hope of better times. 

211. Tergora, the skins. 

215. Bacchi: poetically for villi. 

219. Sive extrema pati. The Romans had 
a shyness and aversion to hear, or pronounce 
in direct words, that a person was dead,- 
and therefore chose to make use of some 
word that implied as much, as fuit, vixit; 
or to express it by a circumlocution, as in 
the instance before us. Pati here hath the 
signification of the preterite, as in this 
same book Dido says, Teucrum memini ve- 
nire for venisse, v. 619- 

219. Nee jam, exaudire vocatos. This is an 
allusion to the ancient custom of calling 
upon the dead, which was the last ceremo- 
ny performed in funeral obsequies, as ap- 
pears from several passages in the JEneid, 
particularly in the description of Polydorus' 
sepulchre, B.III. 67. 

animamque sepulcro 
Condimus, et magna supremum voce cie- 
mus. 
After the body was interred, the friends 
three times called aloud on the deceased by 
his name and after thrice expressing the 
word vale, as the last farewell, they depart- 
ed. The same ceremony of invocating the 
dead was also performed towards those 
who perished in shipwreck, and whose bo- 
dies could not be recovered in order to their 



160 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Imprimis plus JEneas, nunc Praecipue pius ^Eneas, nunc acris Orontei 220 

dolet pnvatim fortunam ere- vr..~„ a _~ • *, j i- 

nerosi Orontis, nunc fortu- £ unc Arn yci casum gemit, et crudeha secum 

nam Amyci, nunc duram Fata Lyci, fortemq; Gyan, fortemq; Cloanthum. 

sortem Lyci, et forte m G y - Et jam finis erat: cum Jupiter aethere summo 

&1SSSWSS2 De»Picien, mare velivolum, terrasque jacentes, 

ex alto ccelo despectans ma- Litoraque, et latos populos; sic vertice coeli 225 

re navigabile, et terras hu- Constitit, et Libyae defixit lumina regnis. 

tSS^SSt£btZ At i ue i,lura taIes J actantem p ectore curas - 

prema parte cceli, et fixit oculos in regnis Africse. Venus autem tristior, ethabem pulchros ocu- 
tos lachrymis 



NOTES. 



interment. To them a cenotaph, or tumulus 
inanisy was raised, and their departed ghosts 
were three times solemnly called; 

Tunc egomet tumulum Rhseteo in litore 
inanem 

Constitui, et magna manes ter voce vocavi. 
JEn. VI. 505. 
Pliny derives the origin of this custom from 
a just precaution against burying persons 
alive. For it having been observed that 
some were reputed dead who were only in 
a swoon or deliquium, it was thought pro- 
per to preserve the body for seven days, du- 
ring which time, the friends used to call 
upon the deceased at certain intervals, and 
after the last invocation the body was car- 
ried out to be buried, or laid on the funeral 
pile. Hence the phrase conclamatum est 
came to signify, It is given up for lost, it is 
past all hope; as in Terence, Eun. Ac. II. 
Sc.HI.56. 

220. Prcecipue pius JEneas. The most ex- 
alted and heroic minds are most susceptible 
of humanity and compassion. Therefore 
Virgil says, Prcecipue pius JEneas; he was 
moved with generous concern; especially 
for the fate of those of distinguished valour: 
fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. 
But at the same time he conducts his grief 
with prudence, carefully avoids what might 
dispirit the rest, and therefore gemit secum, 
he keeps his anxiety to himself; showing 
his men an example only of magnanimous 
fortitude, which rises superior to dangers 
and misfortunes. This is evident from the 
whole strain of his speech aforementioned, 
and particularly from what is said, verse 
209. 

Spem vultu simulat; premit altum corde 

dolorem. 
222. Fortemque Gyan. Virgil has been 
censured for a want of variety in his cha- 
racters. It is said the faithful Achates, the 
brave Gyas and the brave Cloanthus, the 
same over and over again are of no mate- 
rial use in the poem, and only fill up a gap 
in the verse. Voltaire thought otherwise. 
" I am apt to think," says he, " such an ob- 
jection turns a great deal to the advantage 
of the JEneid. Virgil sung the action of JE- 
neas, and Homer the idleness of Achilles. 



The Greek poet lay under the necessity of 
supplying the absence of his first hero with 
some other warriors; but what was judi- 
cious in Homer would have been preposte- 
rous in Virgil. He knew too much of his 
art to immerse his principal character in 
the crowd of other heroes, indifferent to the 
main action. Thus he found the way to cen- 
ter our concern in iEneas. He interests us 
for him by never losing sight of him; while 
Homer, presenting us with the shifting 
scenes of so many shining characters, inter- 
ests us for none. 

223. Finis erat, of the supper, the conver- 
sation and the day. 

224. Mare velivolum. In this beautiful 
epithet velivolum, the poet considers the 
sails of a ship under the notion of wings, 
wherewith it flies upon the sea. Sailing and 
flying have indeed so great a resemblance 
to each other, that Virgil, the justest copier 
of nature, uses them interchangeably. Thus 
JEn. III. 520. Velorum pandimus alas; We 
expand the wings of our sails. And, speak- 
ing of Daedalus' flight, he says, Gelidas ena- 
vit ad arctos; He sailed through the air to 
the froxen north. And the balanced motion 
of his wings, whereby he had sped his 
flight, is called remigium alarum, the steer- 
age of his wings. 

224. Terrasque jacentes. The earth or lands 
are said to be jacentes, lying still, dead, and 
at rest, in opposition to the sea, which is 
restless, velivolum, always in motion, agi- 
tated by sailing ships, winds, and tides. Or 
jacentes may signify lov3 lying, in point of si- 
tuation; thus the word is used, iEn. III. 
689. 

Tapsumque jacentem. 

226. Dejixit lumina. Dr. Trapp observes, 
that nothing to him breathes the soul of po- 
etry, and of Virgil's in particular, more than 
this delightful passage, in which the majes- 
ty of Jupiter and the beautiful grief of Ve- 
nus are so finely contrasted. She still re- 
members, in all the abruptness of extreme 
sorrow, that she is addressing the omnipo- 
tent thunderer and governor, and yet main- 
tains all the sweetness of female complaint 
and tender expostulation. 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



161 



230 



Tristior, et lachrymis oculos suffusa nitentes, 
Alloquitur Venus: O, qui res hominumq; Deumque 
jEternis regis imperils, et fulmine terres: 
Quid meus jEneas in te committere tantum, 
Quid Troes potuere? quibus tot funera passis, 
Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis? 
Certe hinc Romanos olim volventibus annis, 
Hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, 
Qui mare, qui terras omni ditione tenerent, 
Pollicitus: quae te, genitor, sententia vertit? 
Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristesque ruinas 
Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens. 



perfusos, ilium alloquitur 
volvei\tem atiirao tales cu- 
ras: O tu, qui sempiternal 
potentia moderaris res ho- 
niinum ac Deorum, et ful- 
mine terribilis es: Quid me- 
us JEneas tarn grave pec- 
care contra te potuit, quid 
Trojani potuere? Quibus, 
235 jam oppressis tarn multiplici 
clade, totus orbis terrarum 
clauditur propter Italiam? 
Sane promiseras hinc ali- 
quando, annis labentibus, 
Romanos, hinc duces oritu- 
ros esse e stirpe Teucri in- 
staurata, qui mare et terras regerent omni auctoritate: quodnam consilium mutavit te, 6 pa- 
ter? Hac spe lenibam dolorem de interitu Trojan et tristi excidio, compensans his fatis fata 
adversa. 



NOTES. 



228. Tristior, &c. This is the first time 
Venus is introduced, and a very charming- 
appearance she makes. That air of melan- 
choly with which her looks are clouded, 
the tears that dim the lustre of her eyes, 
together with her tender anxiety for her 
son, show her in a fine situation, and cannot 
but heighten her charms in the reader's 
eye. So Helen is drawn in tears the first 
time she appears in the Iliad, III. 142. 
where her charms extort even from the ve- 
nerable fathers of Troy one of the highest 
encomiums that ever were pronounced on 
beauty. We have also another admirable 
picture of beauty in distress drawn by Mil- 
ton, towards the beginning of the fifth book 
of his Paradise Lost, where he describes 
Eve sorrowful and dejected, for having 
dreamed of eating the forbidden fruit. 
There are in that description several paral- 
lel circumstances which make it probable 
that Milton had this passage in his eye. I 
shall only transcribe those lines where Eve 
is seen in tears: 
So cheer'd he his fair spouse, and she was 

cheer'd, 
But silently a gentle tear let fall 
From either eye, and wip'd them with her 

hair; 
Tvjo other precious drops, that ready stood, 
Each in their crystal sluice, he, ere they 

fell, 
Kiss'd, &c. 
That fine circumstance in the fourth and fifth 
lines, is almost a literal translation of Vir- 
gil's Lachrymis oculos suffusa nitentes. 

233. Cunctus ob Italiam. Ruseus says, ob 
here does not, as Servius dreams, mean 
circum, but propter. 

234. Volventibus. It has happened to this 
word as to few others, that the active voice 
has a passive force. See also Georg. I. 163. 
JEn. 9. 7. 

235. Revocato d sanguine Teucri. The com- 
mentators are puzzled in explaining this 
passage, because Teucer was not originally 
from Italy. La Cerda's solution, taken from 



Corradus, appears the easiest and most na- 
tural. By the sanguine Teucri revocato, he 
understands the Trojans, Teucer's off- 
spring, restored to their pristine liberty, 
power, and grandeur, in the same sense 
with what Venus says in the end of her 
speech, Sic nos in sceptra reponis? 

239. Fatis contraria, &c. If Venus knew 
that /Eneas' future settlement in Italy was 
promised by Jupiter, and destined by fate, 
why was she afraid of its not being accom- 
plished? The answer is, that the opposition 
which that event met with from Juno, 
made her waver, and remain in doubt; for 
Jupiter alone had a perfect insight into fu- 
turity, and the other deities knew no more 
of it than he was pleased to reveal to them: 

Quae Phcebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phce- 
, bus Apollo 

Prxdixit. Mn. III. 251. 

They do Virgil injustice, who allege that 
he makes Jupiter dependent on fate or 
destiny; whereas it appears plain from a 
variety of passages, that his notion of fate is 
strictly just and philosophical; for he makes 
fate to be nothing else than the counsels or 
decrees pronounced by the mouth of Jove, 
as the very etymology of the word implies, 
fatutn kfari. Thus he is represented as the 
great dispenser of fate in the third book of 
the JEneid: 

sic fata Deum rex 

Sortitur, volvitque vices: is vertitur ordo. 
Hence we see, in this very passage, Jupi- 
ter's promise, and fate, are mentioned in 
synonymous places: Certe hinc — pollicitus: 
and therefore, says Venus, 

Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens. 
And Jupiter in his answer opens to her 
more plainly the fate of her race, and as- 
sures her it was unalterably fixed and cer- 
tain, 

manent immota tuorum 
Fatatibi. 
For his purpose was not changed, Neque me 
sententia vertit. And he concludes, Sic pla~ 
citrum., such is my will, these are my de- 



162 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Nunc tamen idem infortuni- Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos 24G 

StSw^S^to^-itun quem das finem, rex magne, laborum? 

terminum laborum, 6 mag- Antenor potuit, medus elapsus Achivis, 

nc rex? Antenor, cum eftu- IUyricos penetrare sinus, atque intima tutus 

^iSfa hSSTSSSW- Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi: 

num Iliyrieum et intima Uncle per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis 245 

regna Liburnia?, et trans- It mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. 

gredi fontem Timavi: unde Hic tamen ille ur bem Patavi sedesque locavit 

per novem scatungines, ™ . . .. l n . 

magno cum sonitu montis 1 eucrorum, et genu nomen dedit, armaque nxit 
exit quasi profusum mare, Troia: nunc placida compostus pace quiescit. 
etaquis strepentibus o P erit Nos tua progenies, coeli quibus annuis arcem, 250 

agros. .Nilulommus ille fun- XT ., /• r i \ • • • . • 

davit iific urbem Patavium, Navibus (mianaum) amissis, unius ob iram 

et sedes Trojanorum, et imposuit populo nomen, et suspendit arma Trojana, jamque quiescit 
fruens dulci pace. Nos, qui sumus tua ooboles, quibus promittis regiam coeli, amissis navibus, 
(horrenda res) prodimur propter furorem solius Jimonis, 



NOTES. 



cree's. To make this still more evident, 
Virgil often calls destinyjata Divum, which 
can signify nothing but the divine counsels 
or decrees; and if he gives fate the epithets 
of inexpngnalnle, inexorabile, he must mean, 
that the laws and order of nature, in a 
word, all events whatever, are fixed, and 
immutable, as being the reult of consum- 
mate wisdom and foresight, and having 
their foundation in the divine mind, which 
is subject to none of those changes that af- 
fect impotent and injudicious mortals. As to 
that passage in the tenth book of the iEneid, 
where Jove, to comfort Hercules for the 
death of Pallas, tells him, 

Trojae sub mcenibus altis 
Tot nati cecidere Deum; quin occidit una 
Sarpedon mea progenies: etiam sua Tur- 

num 
Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad 
sevi; 
whence Mr. Dryden infers, that the king 
of the gods himself acknowledges he could 
not alter fate, nor save his own son, and 
prevent the death which he foresaw; Mr. 
Pope has given a satisfactory answer, im- 
porting that this passage amounts to no 
more than that Jupiter gave way to destiny. 
242. Antenor. He was a Trojan prince re- 
lated to Priam. He is said, during the Tro- 
jan war, to have kept up a secret correspon- 
dence with the Greeks, and chiefly with 
Menelaus and Ulysses. After the destruc- 
tion of Troy he fled to Italy, near the Adri- 
atic, and built Padua. 

245. Per era novem. The. river Timavus 
bursts out at once from the bottom of a 
mountain, and, before it falls into the Adri- 
atic, divides itself into nine streams. The 
Italians now call it la madre del mare, as if 
all the sea were supplied from it. Hot 
springs abound on the islands at its mouth. 

245. Montis. Some mountain in the vi- 
cinity. 

246. It mare proruptum. Monsieur Catrou 
.-ontends that this should be understood li- 



terally; but in that opinion he is (and it is 
probable always will be) singular. Though 
the Timavus is now but a pitiful rivulet, 
yet Servius assures us, from Varro, that it 
was formerly so large a river, as actually to 
obtain the name of a sea from the neigh- 
bouring inhabitants. The French transla- 
tor's criticism would destroy all the beauty 
of two of the finest lines in Virgil. They 
bring to the mind the description of a river 
swollen over all its banks, by torrents of 
rain, in Mr. Thomson's winter: 
At last the rous'd up river pours along, 
Resistless, roaring; dreadful down it 

comes 
From the chapt mountain, and the mossy 

wild, 
Tumbling thro' rocks abrupt, and sound- 
ing far; 
Then o'er the sanded valley floating- 
spreads, 
Calm, sluggish, silent; till again con- 

strain'd. 
Betwixt two meeting hills, it bursts away, 
Where rocks and woods o'erhang the tur- 
bid stream; 
There gathering triple force, rapid and 

deep, 
It boils, and wheels, and foams, and thun- 
ders through. 
248. Genti nomen dedit. Livy tells us he 
called the place Troy where they first 
landed. 

250. Nos. Venus speaks in the name of 
^Eneas, to show how nearly she had his in- 
terest at heart. 

251. Infandum. This word is thrown in 
like an interposing sigh, when she comes 
to the most moving part of her complaint; 
and the artful pauses in this and the two 
following lines, together with the abrupt 
manner in which the speech breaks off, 
show her quite overpowered by the tide of 
her grief. 

251. Unius s of Juno. 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



163 



Prodimur, atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. 

Hie pietatis honos? Sic nos in sceptra reponis! 

Olli subridens hominum sator atque Deorum, 

Vultu, quo ccelum tempestatesque serenat, 

Oscula libavit natae: dehinc talia fatur: 

Parce metu, Cytherea: manent immota tuorum 

Fata tibi: cernes urbem et promissa Lavini 

Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera coeli 

Magnanimum ./Eneam, neq; me sententia vertit. 

Hie (tibi fabor enim, quando haec te .ura remordet; extolles ad astra cceli gen 



ct procul ejicimur ah Italia 
litoribus. Hoc premium est 
vii tutis? Sic restituia nos in 
regna! Pater hominum ac 
2 55 Deorum illi subridens, eh 
facie qua serenat aerem ct 
tempestates, tetigit labra 
filix: deinde htec (licit: Ab- 
stine metu, Cytherea: fata 
tuorum stant tibi immota: 
videhis urbem et muros pro- 



260 



missos Lavinii, et sublimem 



Longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo) 
Belium ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces 
Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet: 
Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, 
Ternaq; transierint Rutulis hyberna subactis. 
At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iiilo 
Additur (Uus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno) 
Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes 
Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini 
Transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam. 
Hie jam tercentum totos regnabitur annos 
Gente sub Hectorea: donee regina sacerdos 
Marte gravis, geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. 
Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus 



rosum Jlneam, neque aliud 
consilium mutavit me. IUe 
(dicam enim tibi, siquidem 
ea curate sollicitat; et ex- 

265 plicabo secreta fatorum ea 
longe revolvens) faciet grave 
helium in Italia, et domabit 
gentes asperas, et dabit vi- 
ris leges et urbes: donee 
tertia aestas eum viderit do- 
minantem, et tres hyeinea 

270 fluxerint post Rutulos domi- 
tos. At puer Ascanius, cui. 
modo adjicitur agnomen lit' 
li, qui dicebatur Ilus, dum 
res Iliacte vigebant regno; 
traducet imperando triginta 



275 magnos annos, mensibus la- 
bentibus: et transportabit 
regnum ab urbe Lavinio, et multo lahore sedificabit Albam longam. lllic deinde regnum erit 
per annos trecentos integros sub stirpe Trojana; donee Ilia, regii sanguinis sacerdos, Marte 
gravida edet partu binam sobolem. Postea Romulus, gaudens rufo tegmine lupse altricis suae, 



NOTES. 



255. Ccelum tempestatesque, for tempesta- 
tes cali 9 as molemque iJf montes are used 
above for molem montium. 

256. Oscula. Minelius conceives oscula to 
mean a religious salutation; basia and sua- 
via, the kisses of desire. Terence uses the 
last of these words for a mistress herself: 
61 meum suavium! quid agitur?" 

256. Natce. Not the dative, but the gene- 
tive. 

257. Metu. The old dative for metui. 

257 . Cytherea. This surname of Venus is 
derived from Cythera, now Cerigo, where 
the Phenicians erected her a magnificent 
temple. 

258. Lavini; for Lavinii. 

262. Movebo. Reveal, or remove them 
frGm their obscurity. Moveo implies the 
greatness of the undertaking. 

263. Belium ingens geret. The poet, by 
putting these predictions in the mouth of 
Jove himself, gives his readers a very ex- 
alted idea of his hero, and of the dignity of 
the Romans; while at the same time it fur- 
nishes him with a fine opportunity of cele- 
brating the more remarkable periods of 
their history, particularly the victories of 
Caesar, and the glories of the peaceful reign 
of Augustus, which he considers as a se- 
cond golden age, in those admired lines, 

Aspera turn positis mitescent saecula bel- 
lis, &c. 
266. Terna. By the third summer and 
three winters, three vears are intended. 



266. Rutulis. The Rutuli were a people of 
Latium, known, as well as the Latins, by 
the name of Aborigines. When -Eneas came 
to Italy, Turnus was their king. The capital 
of their dominions was called Ardea. 

266. Hyberna. The noun tempora is un- 
derstood. 

267. Ascanius. Ascanius was the son of 
iEneas by Cretisa. He was saved from the 
flames of Troy by his father. His descend- 
ents reigned in Alba upwards of 420 years. 
According to Dionysius, the son of iEneas 
by Lavinia, was also called Ascanius. 

267. Cui nunc cognomen Lido. This circum- 
stance is thrown in to show the origin of the 
Julian family, and the important occasion 
of changing its founder's name from Ilus to 
lulus or Julius. 

269. Orbes; years; because in se, sua per 
vestigia volvitur annus, Georg. II. 420. 

273. Sacerdos. Ilia, or Rhea Sylvia, a 
daughter of Numitor, king of Alba, conse- 
crated by her uncle Amulius to the service 
of Vesta, which required perpetual chas- 
tity. This was done by Amulius to secure 
to himself the crown. He was, however, 
disappointed. Ilia became with child, it 
was said, by Mars. She was the mother of 
Romulus and Remus. For violating the Ves- 
tal laws, Amulius buried her alive. Because 
her tomb was near the Tiber, she was said 
to have married the god of that river. 



164 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

succedet in curam gentis, Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet 
wX^U—rZ Moenia, Romanosq; suo de nom.ne dicet. 

nomine. Egoiltis nee definio His ego nee metas rerum, nee tempora pono: 

Umites ditionis, nee duratio- Imperium sine line dedi. Quin aspera Juno, 

nem: concessi ' imperium q u ^ mare nunc terrasque metu COelumque faticttt, 

absque termino. Immo acer- ^ .... ,. r ^ r »_ • «„- 

ba.Tuno, qua; nunc timore Consilia in melius reteret, mecumque iovebit 281 
commovetmare et terras et Romanos rerum dominos, gentemque togatam. 
coelum, mutabit sententiam sic pi dC j tum , Veniet lustris labentibus aetas, 
^\iomanS e dominos^e- ^™_ domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas 
mm, et populum togatum. Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis. 285 
lta placuit. Veniet fluenti-^asegju,. p U i cnr & Troianus origine Caesar, 

KS&a^SE-I-p-iwi Oceano ' famara 1 ui terminetastris, 

servituti Phthiam, nobiies- Julius, a magno dimissum nomen Iiilo. 

que Mycenas, et imperabit Hunc tu olim ccelo, spoliis Orientis onustum, 

tt^Z 2£u & Accipies secura: vocabitur hie quoque votis. 290 

gine, qui definiet ditionem Aspera turn positis mitescent saecula belhs. 

suam Oceano, famam sideri- Cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus, 

bus, *P»«r£ Julias, V"dj dabunt: dirae ferro et compagibus arctis 

nomen deductum est a mag- V & . . nn . 

no Iiilo. Tu olim secura il- Claudentur belli portae: Jburor impius mtus 294 

lum excipies in ccsio, onera- Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus ahenis 

turn spoiiis Orientis: ille e- p ost tergum nodis fremet horridus ore cruento. 

tiam invocabitur per vota. TT . °, - - - J . A . . .... 

Tunc dura tempora man- Haec ait, et Maja genitum demittit ab alto: 
suescent compositis, beliis. Ut terrae, utque novae pateant Carthaginis arces 
Cana Fides, et Vesta, Ro- 
mulus cum fratre Remo jus distribuent: odiosse portse belli claudentur ferro et strictis campa- 
gibus: intus sceleratus Furor sedens supra arma crudelia, et ligatus postterga centum sereis ca- 
tenis, frendebit horrens ore sanguiiiolento. Haec dicit, et mittite cc&lo filium Majae: ut regio, et 
tit moenia novse Carthaginis aperiantur ad 

NOTES. 

276. Mavortia, dedicated to Mars. It sig- ed by Inachus 1856 years before the Chris- 

nifies martial, victorious. tian era. Its inhabitants were called Argo- 

278. Metas rerum. Virgil uses the word lici and Argivi. The names have been ap- 

res for dominion or empire, both here and plied to all the Greeks without distinction. 

in many other places. See above, verse 268, 292. Cana Fides. Alluding to the figure 

and iEneid III. 1. of Faith, which was represented with hoary 

Postquam res Asice, &c. locks, to signify that this was the peculiar 

Milton elegantly translates these lines, in virtue of ancient times. Hence that excla- 

his Paradise Lost, and applies them to the mation, Heu pietas, heu priscafdes! 

Messiah. 294. Claudentur. The gates of the temple 

282. Gentemque togatam. The toga, or of Janus were opened in time of war, and 

gown, was the distinguishing dress of the shut in time of peace. 

Romans, as the pallium was of the Greeks. 294. Furor impius. Pliny tells us that the 

283 Lustris. The lustrum was so called image of warlike rage was drawn in this 

from the verb lustror, lusirari; to purify, to manner by Apelles, and dedicated by Au- 

expiatej because every fourth year the city gustus in his forum: but, because that fo- 

was purged or cleansed by means of sacri- rum was not then dedicated, others refer it 

j&ces. to the statue of Mars, which the Spartans 

284. Domus Assaraci. The Romans de- had in their city bound with chains of brass, 
scended from Assaracus by JEneas, who was as Virgil here describes, and as Mars is re- 
his great grandson. Phthia and Mycenae presented in Homer, II. V. 387. 

were the royal seats of Achilles and Aga- To make a person of fury or war, or al- 

memnon. This prophecy Servius refers to most any thing, is not only an allowed pri- 

Mummius, who conquered Achaia: others vilege of the poets, but one of the greatest 

to Panlus JEmilius, who subdued Mace- beauties of verse. The last line, abounding 

donia, by which means Thessaly, the coun- with r.s is elegant and appropriate: 

try of Achilles, became subject to the Ro- — tergum — fremet horridus ore cruento. 

mans. 297- Maja genitum. Mercury. According 

285. Argis. Sing. neut. Argos, masc plur. to Cicero, there were no fewer than five of 
Jlrgi An ancient city of Angolis in Pelo- this name; but to the son of Maia and Ju- 
ponnesus, about two miles from the sea, on piter all the actions of the others have been 
the bay called Argolicus sinus. It was found- referred. He was the messenger of the 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 165 

Hospitio Teucris: ne fati nescia Dido hospiiium Ttojanorum: ne 

Finibus arceret. Volat ille per aera magnum 300 Mygj-ta-*^ 

Remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus astitit oris: gione. Ille volat per latum 

Et jam iussa facit: ponuntque ferocia Poeni aerem, utem alis quasi re- 

Corda, volente Deo: imprimis Regina quietum ^ t£2?fg?HS£. 

Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. t ur mandata; et Carthagi- 
At pius iEneas per noctem plurima volvens, 305 nenses deponunt asperum 
Ut primum lux alma data est, cxire, locosque SSW^SSSK 

Explorare novos; quas vento aecessent oras, l enem et mtmtem placidam 

Qui teneant (nam inculta videt) hominesne, feraene, erga Trqjanos. Sed pius 
Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre. 309 &™»* multa eogitana per 

I* i * noctem, statim atque lux al- 

Classem in convexo nemorum, sub rupe cavata, ma orta est> statuit egredi, 

Arboribus clausam circum atq; horrentibus umbris, et considerare uova loca, et 

Occulit: ipse uno ^raditur COmitatUS Achate, inquirere quasnara in regio- 

t,. r . .° , ... c nes vi ventorum venent, 

Bina manu lato crispans hastilia terro.^ quinam eas habitentj an ho _ 

Cui matei* media, sese tulit obvia sylva, 314 mines, an ferae (nam cernit 

Virerinis os habitumque e-erens, et vir^inis arma Coca inculta) et statuit re- 

o if tm •• c <.'~ *. narrare istasocus, postquam 

Spartanae: vel quahs equos Threissa fatigat inquisiverit Abscondit in 

Harpalyce, volucremq; fuga praevertitur Eurum. curvo sylvarum, subspelun- 

Namq; humeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum c a cava, naves undique cine- 
Venatrix, dederatq; comam diffundere vends; ^t^T^S 

Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 320 t u S solo Achate, quassans 

manu duo jacula latis cuspidibus armata. Huic Venus genitrix occurrit obviam in medio sylvre, 
pvee se ferens vultum et amictum virginis, et arma virginis Lacsensa: aut talis, qualis Harpalyce 
Thracia impellit equos, et prsecurrit cursu celerem Eurum. Quippe, juxta consuetudinem ve- 
natorum, suspenderat humeris commodum arcum, quasi venatrix, et permiserat ventis diffiare 
capillos: habens nuda genua, et vagos plexus vestium difiluentes, coercitos nodo. 

NOTES. 

gods; the patron of travellers and shep- memnon awake, and solicitous for the corn- 
herds, and the conductor of the souls of the mon interest, while the rest of the Grecian 
dead into the infernal regions. The chief princes are enjoying soft repose, II. X. 
ensigns of his office are his caduceus, which Akxoi piv irxgu vnvo-iv xgir»z$ ttxvx^xigiv 
was a rod entwined at one end with two Evfov rxvy/v^toi, /ux\xx.u fifftvptvoi v&vu' 
serpents; his pet asus, or winged cap, which Aw' «*' Algsifw Ayxfte/xvovx 7rot/xwx xxuv 
was presented him by Jupiter; and his fa- T-arv®- t%t yhvKigog, tsoKKx tpgxriv og fjuavavra. 
laria or wings for his feet. 310. Convexo; properly concavo. A convex 

301. Remigio alarum. Thomson alludes is the exterior of a round surface; a con- 
to this mode of expression in his Seasons, cave, the interior. The word is by the poets 
He uses the words " oary wings." used promiscuously. So iEn. IV. 451. Tcedit 

302. Poeni; a name given to the Cartha- cceli convexa tueri, that is concava. So also 
ginians. It seems to be a corruption of the Ovid. Trist. 1. 1. 11. 20. Inque modum tu- 
word Phceniy or Phoenices, as the Carthagi- mult concava surgit aqua, that is convexa. 
nians were of Phenician origin. 316. Spartance. The Lacedaemonian vir- 

305. At pius Mneas. This is the idea of a gins, according to Lycurgus' institution, 

good prince, II II. v. 24. were trained up to all sorts of manly exer- 

Ov %§yi wavwxiov ivSuv fatoyogov av$gx. cises, such as running, wrestling, throwing 

fi. \ccoi t szriTiTgxpxTcti, xxt Tocra-x (jnfji.n\i. the coit, or javelin, but especially to riding 

111 fits a chief who mighty nations guides, and hunting. See Plutarch in the life of Ly= 

Directs in council, and in war presides, curgus. 

To whom its safety a whole people owes, 317. Fugd, that is, cursu. 

To waste long nights in indolent repose. 320. Nodoque. Heyne says, nodus is used 

Pope's II II. 27. for a girdle of any kind. 
In like manner Homer represents Aga- 



166 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Et prior ait: Heus juvenes! Ac prior: Heus, inquit, juvenes, monstrate mearum 

ssss^ssiW r*^ si i uam hi< ; errantem f °'^ sor ° rum - 

rum sororum, instructam ouccmctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis, 

pharetra et pelle versicolo- Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem. 

ris lyncis, aut urgentem cla- Si Venus: at Veneris contra sic filius orsus: 325 

more cursum spumantis a- XT ., .>...' . "*<"«. f-* 

pri. Sic locutaest Venus: at Nu U a tuarum audita mini, neq; visa sororum, 

natus Veneris ita coepit lo- O (quam te memorem!) Virgo; namque haud tibi vul- 

qui vicissim: Nee ulla tua- * us 

rum sororum audita est,-*- . .. . ^ /-i t> , n 

nee visa a me. O vir°o, Mortahs, nee vox hominem sonat. O Uea certe: 
quam te dicam esse? non An Phoebi soror, an Nympharum sanguinis una? 
enim habes speciem mor- si s f e lix, nostrumque leves qusecunque laborem: 330 
talem, nee vox tua reiert-p.^ , i ^ j u* * 

hominem. O Dea, certe: an Et q uo sub coelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris 
verd soror Phcebi, an una e Jactemur, doceas: ignari hominumq; locorumq; 
genere Nympharum? Esto Erramus, vento hue et vastis fluctibus acti. 
SrASTSudf: Multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra. 
nem: et doce, quo demum Tunc Venus: Haud equidem tali me dignor honore. 
sub ccelo, qua in regione ter- Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram, 336 
^SCSSS^a P«rpureoque alte suras vincire eothurno. 
istorum: hue inipulsi ventis Punica regna vides, Tyrios, et Agenons urbem; 
et magnis tempestatibus: Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. 
Multa hostia occidetur ma- i mpe rium Dido f yria regit urbe profecta, 340 

numea, m honorem tuum, ~ l r»i . . r . . 

ante aitaria. Tunc Venus Germanum fugiens: longa est injuria, longse 

ait: Non equidem me judi- Ambages: sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. 

co dignam tali cultu. Con-jj u ic conjux Sichaeus erat, ditissimus agri 

suetudo est puellarum lv-rit •• • jm 

riarum, ferre pharetram, et Pncemcum, et magno misers dilectus amore: 

cingerealte tibias purpureis Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat 345 

ocreis. Cernis regna Punica, Ominibus: sed regna Tyri germanus habebat 

Tyrios, et urbem Agenon- •■-> ,• « . ,. ° • 

dam; sed regio Libya est, Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes. 

gens bello ferox. Dido tenet Quos inter medius venit furor: ille Sichaeum, 

hoc regnum, qu» exiit ex Impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore, 

urbe Tyro, fugiens fratrem: 

longa est ea injuria, longi circuitus: sed perstrin gam summa i*erum capita. Huic maritus erat 
Sichaeus, inter Phoenices agris ditissimus, et magno amore dilectus ab infelici Didone: huic 
Sich&o pater earn dederat adhuc virginem, et primis auspiciis conjunxerat: sed frater Didonis 
Pygmalion tenebat regnum Tyri, crimine crudelior prse cteteris omnibus. Hos inter medios odium, 
ortum est. Ille sacrilegus, et obesecatus cupidine diyitiarum, 

NOTES. 

323. Maculosa tegmine lyncis. It was the 345. Primisque jugarat ominibus. As in 

custom in ancient times for hunters to wear most other actions of life, so particularly in 

the skins of the animals they had killed in marriages, the Romans consulted omens 

the chase. and presages, to know whether they would 

329. An Phoebi soror. Diana. She was the prove happy or unfortunate. 

goddess of hunting, &c. Her names, pow- 348. ^uos inter medius venit furor. Virgil 

er, and functions have been beautifully ex- seems to ascribe Pygmalion's bloody deed 

pressed in these two verses: not to the instigation of a furious passion, 

Terret, lustrat, agit; Proserpina, Luna, but to the covetousness of his wicked 

Diana; heart. 

Imas, supremas, feras; sceptro, fulgore, Impius — atque auri c?ecus amore. 

sagitta. Servius therefore, and others, join the quos 

330. Sisfelix. Not, be thou happy; but, inter medius venit furor with the former 
be propitious. Minelius, sis auxiliatrix. verse; which makes the sense turn out, 'Ma* 

338. Agenoris urbem. Agenor was one of Pygmalion had deliberately committed a 

Dido's ancestors; her great grandfather, more horrid and atrocious crime, than any 

say some. bad ever been prompted to by the sudden 

343. Sichteus. Little is known respecting impulse of furious enmity or outrageous 

him besides what Virgil here states. It is a passion. 

little singular that Justin should represent 349. Ante aras. An aggravation of the 

him as Dido's uncle. crime. Sicbseus was the priest of Hercules. 

345. Pater, Belus, king of Tyre. 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



167 



Clam ferrb incautum superat, securus amorum 
Germanae: factumque diu celavit; et aegram, 
Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem. 
Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago 
Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris: 
Crudeles aras, trajectaque pectoraferro 
Nudavit, coecumquc domus scelus omne retexit. 
Turn celerare fugam, patriaque excedere suadet: 
Auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit 
Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. 
His commota, fugam Dido sociosque parabat. 
Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni 
Aut metus acer erat; naves, quae forte paratae, 
Corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari 
Pygmalionis opes pelago: dux foemina facti. 
Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernes 
Moenia, surgentemque novse Carthaginis arcem: 
Mercatique solum facti de nomine Byrsam, 
Taurino quantum possent circundare tergo. 
Sed vos qui tandem? quibus aut venistis ab oris? 
Qudve tenetis iter? Quaerenti talibus ille 
Suspirans, imoque trahens a* pectore vocem: 
O Dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam, 



350 c laro occidit ipsum gladio 
ante altaria iniprovidum, 
non curans amores sororis: et 
diu abscondit scelus, et plu- 
rima raalitiose simulans, inu- 
tili spe fefellit mcestam con- 
jugem. At umbra ipsa tdariti 

355 insepulti apparuit ei in som- 
no, mirum in modum eiigens 
caput pallidum; rcvelavit fa- 
talia altaria, et pectus gla- 
dio contbssum, et declaravit 
omne crimen ignotum fami- 

350 ute - Deinde suadet, ut cele- 
ret fugam x et exeat e patria: 
et ad subsidium itineris, ape - 
rit antiquos thesauros in ter- 
ra, incognitum pondus auri 
et argenti. His rebus conci- 
tata Dido instruit fugam et 

365 socios. Concurrunt, quibus 
erat aut odium crudelis ty- 
ranni, aut gravis metus: in- 
vadunt naves, quse casu in- 
structaj erant, easque one- 
rant auro: vehuntur mari 

370 divitiae avari Pygmalionis: 
mulier auctor est i'aeti. Per- 
venerunt ad ea loca, ubi 



mox videbis magnos muros, 
et arcem novas Carthaginis 
se attollentem: et emerunt agrum, dictum Byrsam, nomine ab ipsa fraude deducto; tanti spa- 
tii, quantum possent includere pelle tauri. Vos vero, quinam estis denique, aut qua nam e regi- 
one profecti estis? aut quern in locum habetis iter? JEneas hide talibus verbis interroganti res~ 
pondit suspirans, et educens vocem ex intimo pectore: O Dea, si revolvens a prima causa pro~ 
grediar; 



NOTES. 



350. Securus amorum. Regardless of his 
sister's love; so Horace, 2 Ep. II. 17. 
Ille ferat pretium poenae securus. 

353. Inhumati; unburied: another 'cir- 
cumstance aggravating the crime and the 
cruelty of Pygmalion; for the ghosts of per- 
sons unburied were destined to wander 100 
years on the banks of the Styx. See JEn. 7. 
304. 

354. Ora modis attollens pallida miris. Not 
attollens miris modis, as Ruaeus explains it, 
but miris modis pallida; as in Lucretius, 
from whom Virgil has borrowed the ex- 
pression. 

Sed quaedam simulacra modis pallentia 
miris. Lib. I. 124. 

355. Crudeles aras. The altar where the 
cruel deed was perpetrated. Sichaeus, whom 
Justin calls Acerbas, was priest of Her- 
cules, and was murdered when serving the 
altar. 

359. Ignotum, &c. This is illustrated by 
what we read in the same author: Huic 
(Acerbae sive Sichaeo) imgnae, sed dissi- 
mulate opes erant; aurumque metu regis 
non tectis, sed terrse crediderat; quam rem 



etsi homines ignorabant, fama tamen loquc- 
batur. Lib. XVIII. Cap. 4. The other parti- 
culars of the histoi-y are also related in the 
place here referred to, and in the following 
chapter. 

367. Byrsam. Byrsa was the name of a 
citadel in the middle of Cartilage, on which 
stood the temple of JEsculapius. Asdrubai's 
wife burnt it when the city was taken. 
When Dido came to Africa, she purchased 
of Iarbas king of the Getulians as much 
ground as could be encompassed by a 
bull's hide. The agreement being made, 
she cut the hide into small thongs, and in- 
closed a large piece of territory, on which, 
not the whole of Carthage but the citadel, 
" Surgentemque novae Carthaginis arcem," 
was built. This was called Byrsa from Bvgcrx, 
a hide. Some think that the story means no 
more than that money was given, curiously 
cut from a bull's hide, and stamped after 
the manner of the ancients. Such is the 
opinion of Donatus; but if tins were the 
case, the "ignotum argenti pondus et auri,' 4 
must have been less valuable than leather. 



168 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et si tibi otium sit audire Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum: 

histonam nostrarum calami- A ^.\ i* , ^\, 

tatum; priiis Hesperus cku- Ante dlem clauso componet vesper Oiympo. 

so ccelo sepeliet diem. Tem- Nos Troja antiqua. (si vestras forte per aures 375 

pestas, casu solito, projecit Troiae nomen iit) diversa per aequora vectos, 

pL't'ia^ T4^t ^rte sua Libycis tempestas appulit oris. 

tere (si fortasse nomen Tro- ^ um P^s iuieas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates 

jse venit ad aures vestras,) Classe veho mecum, fama. super athera notus. 

Sum puis .Eneas, fama su- j ta ij am q Uae ro patriam, et ^enus ab Jove summo. 38© 

per caelum eognitus, que fe- -.. . . . r* _», r . ' © " " 1V " w «^ 

ro mecum navibus Penates Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus sequor, 

ereptos e potestate hostium. Matre dea. monstrante viam,data fata secutus: 

Quvero Itaham patriam, et yj x se ptem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt. 

onginem famuice me<e, quae T . * r •. i 

est\ supremo Jove. Con-Ape ignotus, egens, Libyse deserta peragro, 

scendi mare Phrygium vi- Europa atque Asia pulsus. Nee plura querentem 385 

ginti navibus, genitrice Dea p assa Venus: medio sic interfata dolore est: 

iter ostendente, obsecutus ^ . . , ,, j \ • •• • i A «u 

fatisTWjV/ipositis. Vix septem Quisquis es, haud (credo) invisusccelestibus auras 
naves supersunt concussse Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem. 

fluctibus et Euro. Ego ipse p e rge modo, atque hinc te Reginae ad limina perfer. 
mcognitus, egenus, erro per " ° * 

solitudines Africa?, ejectus ex Asia et Europa. Nee Venus sustinuit eum longius queri: medio 
in dolore sic interlocuta est: Quicumque es, non odiosus superis ducis spiritum vitalem, opinor, 
si quidem appulisti urbi Tyrise. Perge tantummodo, et hinc confer te ad palatium reginse. 



NOTES. 



373. Annales; or yearly adventures. These 
might well be called annual ones; the siege 
of Troy had lasted ten years, and the navi- 
gation of JEneas seven. The annales pro- 
perly signify the tablets in which the trans- 
actions of each year were recorded by the 
Pontifex Maximus. See Macrobius, book 
3. chap. 2. 

374. Diem clauso componet vesper Oiympo. 
The night was supposed by the ancients to 
have the charge of shutting up the gates of 
heaven, and the day of opening them; of 
which many examples occur in the poets. 
This then is the meaning of clauso Oiympo- 
Componet diem, shall bury, or seal up the 
day, alludes to the poetical way of con- 
ceiving the morning as the birth of anew 
day, and the evening as its death: Dies qui- 
dem jam ad umbilicum dimidiatus est mor- 
tuus, says Plautus in Menxch. Componere 
diem, therefore, is to seal or close up the 
expired day, ut reliquias in urna, as the 
bones and ashes of the dead used to be shut 
up in an urn. 

374. Vesper. The evening star. 

374. Oiympo. A mountain of Thessaly, 
now Lacha. The ancients thought it touch- 
ed the heavens, and from this circumstance 
have placed on its summit the court of hea- 
ven. It is about a mile and a half in height. 
According to the poets, its summit has nei- 
ther winds nor clouds; but a sky forever 
lucid, and a spring in eternal bloom. 

377. Forte sua. Ruaeus says, casu suo. Mi- 
nelius adds vi sua. 

378. Sum pius JEneas, fama super cethera 
notus. Pius may be considered as a title or 
name commonly given to JEneas, as ex- 
pressive of his character, and that name by 
which he was best known; as Aristides 
was styled Justus, and Antoninus, Pius. In 
this sense there is no vanity in his taking 
that appellation to himself. Besides* he was 



then in a strange country, and addressing 
himself to one whom he took for a Tyrian 
lady of the first distinction, which made it 
necessary for him to make her acquainted 
with his personal merit and exalted charac- 
ter, that she might treat him and his follow- 
ers with the greater regard. After all, it 
must be acknowledged, that the manners 
of the age wherein iEneas lived, were not 
near so delicate in this respect as those of 
modern times. Homer's heroes are every 
where forward to commend themselves, 
and set their virtues to show. See particu- 
lai*ly the ninth book of the Odyssey, verse 
20, where Ulysses speaks in the same strain 
of self-commendation. 

378. Penates. Inferior deities who presided 
over houses and domestic concerns. They 
bad their name from their situation, which 
was generally in the innermost parts of the 
house, in penitissimd tedium parte. The 
place where they stood was called Penetra- 
lia. They were originally the manes of the 
dead. In the early ages of Rome, human 
sacrifices were offered them. They were 
made of wax or of clay, of ivory or of sil- 
ver. 

381. Phrygium .... equor. The sea wash- 
ing Phrygia Minor. 

382. Matre dea monstrante viam. This 
perhaps is only a poetical embellishment of 
an historical circumstance related by Var- 
ro, Lib. II. Rer. Div. Ex quo de Troja est 
egressus iEneas, Veneris eum per diem 
quotidie stellam vidisse, donee ad agrum 
Laurentum veniret, in quo earn non vidit 
ulterius; qua re cognovit terras esse fatales. 

384. Igtiotus. Notwithstanding *'.fama su- 
per aethera notus, &c. he was not known 
to the Africans. 

385. Europa atque Asid. From Italy in Eu- 
rope, and Troy in Asia. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. I. 



169 



Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 
Nuntio, et in tutum versis Aquilonibus actam: 
Ni frustra augurium vani docuere parentes. 
Aspice bis senos laetantes agmine cycnos, 
jEtherea quos lapsa plaga. Jovis ales aperto 
Turbabat coelo: nunc terras ordine longo 
Aut capere, aut captas jam despectare videntur. 
Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis, 
Et ccetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere: 
Haud aliter puppesque tuae, pubesque tuorum 
Aut portum tenet, aut pleno subit ostia velo. 
Perge modd, et qua te ducit via dirige gressum. 
Dixit; et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, 
Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem 
Spiravere: pedes vestis defluxit ad imos, 
Et vera incessu patuit Dea. llle ubi matrem 
Agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus: 

Ferge tantummodo, et di 
rige passus qua via te ducit. Sic locuta est, et recedens resplenduit pulchra cervice, et capilli 
ambrosia delibuti exhalaverunt e capite divinum odorem: vestis decidit ad pedes infimos, et 
gressu apparuit vera Dea. JEiieas, statim atque agnovit genitricera suam, prosecutus est abe- 
untemtalibus verbis: 



390 Tibi civim annuncio so- 
cios redjiBse, et naves re- 
ductas esse, et provectas in 
securum locum Aquilonibus 
mutatis: nisi rnenrlaces pa- 
rentes mei frustra medocue- 

« Q ril "t arlem auspiciorum. 

3^5 Aspice duodecim cycnos 
turmatim exultantes, quos 
avis Jovis labens e cueli par- 
tibus agitabat vacuo in aei*e: 
jam videntur longa serie, 
vel eligere sedes in terra; 

400 ve ^ J? m e ' ectas considerare 
propius. Quemadmodum illi 
redeuntes ludunt alis stre- 
pitantibus, et turmatim cir- 
cumiere aerem, et emisere 
cantus: non alio modo, et 
naves tuse, et flos tuorum, 

405 vel portum occupat, vel in- 
flatis velisintrat ostia portHs. 
Perge tantummodo, et 



NOTES. 



392. Vani, i. e. S>ui res inanes docent; 
or it may signify ignorant, as JEn. X. 
630. 

aut ego veri 
Vana feror. 
Or deluding, as JEn. II. 80. 
— vanum etiam mendacemque improba 
finget. 

394. Jovis ales, the eagle. Dr. Trapp ob- 
serves that the interspersing of augury and 
religion fills the soul with great and awful 
ideas. 

395. Nunc terras. The Rev. Mr. Pitt has 
tolerably well preserved the idea and spirit 
of the author: 

" See those twelve swans, a flock trium- 
phant fly, 
Whom lately, shooting from th' ethereal 

sky, 
The imperial bird of Jove dispers'd around, 
Some hov'ring o'er, some settling on the 

ground; 
As these returning clap their sounding 

wings, 
Ride round the skies, and sport in airy 

rings; 
So have your friends and ships possess'd 

the strand, 
Or with full-swelling sails approach the 
land." 
Dryden calls the flock of swans " a goodly 
team." 

402. Avertens. -Eneas detected his mo- 
ther by four signs: 1st. her rosy-coloured 
neck; 2d. her ambrosial locks; 3d. the flow- 
ing of her vesture; 4th. her divine gait. 
402. Rosed cervice answers to Homer's 

The goddess's beauteous neck, 

II. III. 396. 
the poets giving the epithet of rosy to almost 



every beautiful object or feature. Apuleius 
describes Venus, totum revincta corpus rosk 
micantibus. And Anacreon, in his ode to 
the rose, has these lines, 
Vo£o£ctx1v\oc ;«.Ev *tug, 
The rosy-finger'd Morn; 
Po<JW»;££E? <Tf vvfx.<pui, 
The nymphs with rosy arms; 
VoSoxgus <T ApgoStlv, 
The rosy-coloured Venus. 
But I see no reason why it may not be 
taken here literally, as expressive of that 
particular ruddiness which nearly approach- 
es the colour of the rose. 

403- Ambrosiaeque comce. Thus Homer 
gives Jove ambrosial locks: 
A/x.6go<ricci Fctgx xa.ila.1 ivri^uerccvro Avax7of, 
He spoke, and awful bends his sable 

brows, 
Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the 
nod. Pope's Iliad, I. 604. 

And describing Juno's dress, he repre- 
sents her pouring ambrosia and other per* 
fumes all over her body: 

Akii^oclu Si *ror' i\a.lU 
Af4.€gO(TlU. 

and round her body pours 
Soft oils and fragrance, and ambrosial 
show'rs. II. XIV. 171. 

Ambrosial locks therefore may either sig- 
nify immortal and divine, or perfumed with 
ambrosia. 

404. Pedes vestis, CfC. This, they tell us, 
is one of the poetical characteristics of di- 
vinity, a long sweeping train; and there- 
fore Venus, while she chose to appear in 
disguise, had concealed it, by tucking up 
the skirts of her robe, 

Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta flu- 
entes. 

405. Incessu patuit. It was a current opi- 



170 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Cur tu etiam, 6'j*tra, de-QaJQ* natum toties crudelis tu quoque falsis 
,T ,S l^l'T^'veLudis imaginibus? cur dextrae jungere dextwm 
non permittitur appttcare Non datur, ac veras auchre et reddere voces? 
dexteram meam dexterse Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit. 
unc, atque audu-c et red- A y obscuro gra dientes aere sepsit, 

dere verba non siraulata ? _ , , , P N ~ „ .. r . ' 

Sic queritur de ed, et dirigit kt multo nebulae circum Dea tudit amictu: 
passus ad nrbem. Sed Ve-Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset, 
nus cmxit euntes tenebroso Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas. 

aere et circumdedit multo, _. . .,..,. f . . 

tegmine nubis, utpote Dca, Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit 
ne quis posset eos videi e, Laeta suas: ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo 
nevequistangere,auttacere Thure ca i ent arae se rtisque recentibus halant. 

moram, aut petere ration em r „ . ■ „. * \ 

cur venissent. Ipsa se attol- Compuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. 
lens abit Paphum, et reditJamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi 
gaudens in regionem suam: l mm i ne t, adversasque aspectat desuper arces. 
tariffe^ent tn ejS^W M ^atur molem ^Eneas, magalia quondam: 
rem tbure Arabico, et redo- Miratur portas, strepitumque, et strata viarum. 
lent flores noyos. Interim Instant ardentes Tyrii: pars ducere muros, 
SSSSSiSS^SfiMaKri^c arcem, et manibus subvolvere S axa: 
debant collem, qui valdeim- Pars optare locum tecto, et concludere sulco. 
penditmbi, et desuper as- Jura magistratusque legunt, sanctumq; senatum. 

picit turres oppositas iEne- H{ ^ eflbdiunt: hJc alta theatris 

as admiratur magmtudmem f .. . 

uvbis, ubi erant olim caste: r undamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas 
admiratur portas, et tumul-Rupibus excidunt, scenis decora alta futuris. 

turn, et pavimenta viarum. Q uaHs ^^ noya fl(jrea rum 

Festinant ardentes l yrn: 7- ■ r 1 

pars extendit muros, et erigit arcem, et manibus rotat lapides: pars eligit locum ac? tectum, et 

cingit fossa: eligunt jura, et magistratus et sacrum concilium. Illic alii excavant portus, ilUc 

alii ponunt profunda fundamenta theatri, et secant e rupibus ingentes columnas, qu<s sint alta 

ornamenta futurarum scenarum. Talis est eoruni labor, qualis labor occupat apes 



410 



415 



420 



425 



430 



NOTES. 



nion among the heathens,that their divinities 
did not not walk upon the ground like mor- 
tals, but skimmed along the surface with a 
gentle gliding motion like that in Milton: 
So saying, by the hand he took me rais'd, 
And over fields and waters, as in air, 
Smooth sliding without step — 

Paradise Lost, VIII. 300. 

411. At Venus obscuro. This is borrowed 
from Horner, Odyss. VII. near the begin- 
ning, where Pallas spreads a veil of air 
round Ulysses, and renders him invisible, 
as Venus JEneas. If the reader would see 
the two compared, he may consult Scaliger 
in the fifth book of his poetics. May not the 
apostle Paul allude to such a divine con- 
cealment and security from injury, when he 
speaks of " the power of Christ resting 
upon" him So protected, he might well 
say, " When 1 am weak, then am I strong.' 5 

415. Paphum. Paphos was a city in Cy- 
prus dedicated to Venus. 

417. Thure caient arte. Incense, flowers, 
and perfumes, were the only offerings pre- 
sented to Venus, as we learn from Tacitus, 
2 Hist. 2. Hostile, ut quisque vovisset, ma- 
res deliguntur. Certissima fides hcedorum 
fibris. Sanguinem arse affundere vetitum; 
precibus et igne puro altaria adolentur. 
From this passage it appears, that though 
victims were slain by her votaries, particu- 



larly in order to consult the entrails, yet 
they were neither allowed to burn any part 
of the sacrifice upon her altars, nor sprinkle 
them with the blood. Hence Catullus calls 
Venus the goddess whose altars were ne- 
ver stained with blood: 
Divam 

Sanguinis expertem. De Com. Ber. 

421. Magalia, cottages Virgil, alluding 
most probably to the same kind of low 
building in Georg. 3. 340: 

" rat-is habitata mapalia tectis." 
Lucan says, they were built round like 
ovens. Sallust informs us that " JEdificia 
Numidarum quee mapalia illi vocant, ob- 
longa, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi n avium 
carina; sunt." 

426 Jura. ". Jura," says Heyne, " sunt 
judicia, usu solenni, ideoque h. 1. ipsi judi- 
ces." 

427- Hie portas. The buildings which Vir- 
gil had selected to make mention of, were, 
1st. a temple for public worship; 2d. a se- 
nate house to dispense justice; 3d. walls 
and a citadel for defence. 4th. houses 
of particular inhabitants. 5th. a theatre for 
public spectacles. Pausanias adds, to com- 
plete the perfection of a great city, and a 
reservoir of water for public use. 

430. Qualis apes. The first simile in Ho- 
mer's Iliad is taken from bees, to which 



.ENEIDOS LIB. I. 



171 



Exercet sub Sole labor, cum gentis adultos 
Educunt foetus, aut ciim liqucntia mella 
Stipant, et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, 
Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto 
Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. 
Fervet opus, redolentque thy mo fragrantia mella. 
O fortunati, quorum jam mcenia surguntl 
jEneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis. 
Infert se septus nebula, mirabile dictu', 
Per medios, miscetque viris: neque cernitur ulli. 
Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra; 
Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Poeni 
Effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno 
Monstrarat, caput acris equi: sic nam fore bello 
Egregiam, et facilem victu per saecula gentem. 
Hie templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido 
Condebat, donis opulentum et numine Divse: 
JErea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexaeque 
J&re trabes, foribus cardo stridebat ahenis. 
Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 
Leniit: hie primum iEneas sperare salutem 
Ausus, et afflictis melius confidere rebus. 
Namque, sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo 

astern a fama 
ria Dido aidificabat Junoni magnum templum, splendidum muneribus, et prcesentia Deas: cui li- 
men sereum impositum erat gradibus, et trabes compactie re re, et eardo stridebat in portis rereis. 
In bac sacra sylva nova res occurrens prima miuuit metum: bSe JEaeas primo ausus est sibi pro- 
mittere salutem, et melius sperare de rebus male afteetis. Nam dum circumspicit singula mng.- 
no in templo, 



ad Solcm, restate incipiente, 
per agios floridos: quando 
emittuut gnuuliorem sobo- 
lem generis, aut cum den- 
sant mella liquidiora, et im- 

435 P^ en * a ^ ve *™ suavi nectare, 
aut excipiunt onera venien- 
tium e pastu, aut collect*! 
turma expellunt a stabulis 
suis fucos, pigrum gregem. 
Fervent o nines in opere, et 
mella odorata olent thy- 
mum. O felices, quorum 
muri jam eriguntur: in quit 
iEneas, et spectat altitum- 
nem urbis. Immittit se in 
medios cives clausus nube, 
quod admirabile est dictu: 
miseet se viris, nee videtur 
a quoquam. Erat in media 
urbe sylva sacra, gratissima 
propter umbram: quo loco 
Poeni, agitati fluctibus et 
ventis, primum fodiendo re- 
pererunt signum, quod re- 

450giua Juno els ostenderat; 
iiempe caput bellicosi equi: 
ita quippe ostenderat, popu- 
lum ilium futurum esse no- 
bilem bello, et aptum vivere 
Hoc loco Ty- 



441 



445 



NOTES. 



Macrobius compares this in Virgil, and al- 
lows it to have the preference. 
Hvlc i$na., 8cc. II. II. 87. 

The following host, 
Pour'd forth by thousands, darkens all 

the coast. 
As from some rocky cleft the shepherd 

sees 
Clust'ringin heaps on heaps the driving 

bees, 
Rolling, and black'ning, swarms succeed- 
ing swarms, 
With deeper murmurs and more hoarse 

alarms; 
Dusky they spread a close embody'd 

crowd, 
And o'er the vale descends the living 

cloud. 
So, Sec. Pope. 

But it is evident these two comparisons are 
applied to quite different purposes, and 
agree in nothing but that they are both ta- 
ken from bees Homer designed to image 
the numbers, the tumult, and the perpe- 
tual egression of the Grecian troops from 
their tents and ships, by a swarm of bees 
pouring out of a rock. Virgil, on the other 
band, intended to represent the labour. 



skill, and assiduity, of the Carthaginian 
builders, by the industry and art with 
which those curious animals carry on their 
works. Thus each simile may be deemed 
equally just; but the two cannot properly 
be compared, since their designs are so dif- 
ferent. 

433. Nectare. Nectar was the drink of the 
gods. It is here used for honey. 

444. Caput acris equi. Justin says (b. 18. 
cap. 5.) In the first foundation, a bull's 
head was found; a token of a fertile land, 
but also of labour and servitude; for which 
reason the site was changed. Finding af- 
terwards the head of a horse, which, sig- 
nifying the people would become warlike 
and powerful, determined the auspicious 
spot where the city should rise. 

447. Numine JDha piobably refers to 
some rich statue of the goddess Juno that 
was set up in the temple; for so numen is 
used, iEn. II. 178. where the word is ap- 
plied to the Palladium: 
Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque re- 
ducant. 

449. Trabes may here mean the door-posts 
and threshold, since the poet is only descri- 
bing the entry and gates of the temple- 



172 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



expectans reginam: dam ad- Re^inam opperiens; dum, quae fortuna sit urbi 
SSSMESftS Artificumqne manus inter se operumq; laborem 455 
invicera concordes, et dim- Miratur: videt Iliacas ex ordme pugnas, 
cultatem opei-um, cernit Bellaque jam fama. toturri vulgata per orbem; 
!H5ta^KW£tftta* Priamum* et s*vum ambobns Achillem. 
turn per omnes terras, et ConstiUt, et lachrymans: Quis jam locus, mquit, 

Atrei filios, et Priamum, et Achate, 

^elfmutrisque Achillem. Q uge pe io in terris nostri non plena l a b ris? 460 

bubstitit et flens: Quis jam ,7 r, . ° , > . r ..... 

locus est, ait, 6 Achate! quse kn Pnamus: sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi, 
piaga in terris non plena Sunt lachrymae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt. 
nostrorum casnum? Ecce Solve metus: f eret haec a ii qU am tibi fama salutem. 

I'mmus: hie quoque datur . . . . /■ A . . 

virtuti sua merces, est com- Slc ait: atque animum pictura pascit inani 
miseratio calamitatum, et Multa gemens, largoq; humectat flumine vultum. 465 
casus hominum movent cor- NaiWvidebat, uti bellantes Pergama circum 
da. Depone timorem, hsec xta r . ^ , rr< • 

fama afteret tibi aliquam s a - Hac f"gerent Gran, premeret Trojana juventus; 
lutem. Sic locutus est: et Hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. 
oblectat mentem vanis pic- >j ec procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis 
wttfetm m cl i rso n flot e u'Agno S cit lachrymans: primo qn* proditasomno 470 

Nam cernebat, quemadmodum pugnantes circa Trojam Grseci hkc fugerent, et Trojana juven- 
tus persequeretur eos: hac Trojani fugerent: et Achilles crista insignis immineret e curru. 
Non longe hinc agnoscit plorans tabernacula Rhesi e candidis velis prodita: quae in prima nocte 



NOTES. 



455. Artificumque manus. La Cerda un- 
derstands by these words, not literally the 
hands of the workmen all busily employed 
together in catting, polishing, or laying the 
stones of the temple; but what we call the 
style and art of the several masters in paint- 
ing, with whose works the temple was 
adorned, which sense raises, and gives a 
dignity to, the expression, that would 
otherwise appear but mean. Mr. Strahan 
is the only English translator, we believe, 
who has taken it in this sense: 

And now compares the hands 
Of famous artists, now admires their 
works. 

456. Vidpt Iliacas. There never, says 
Dr. Trapp, was a finer picture of a picture 
than this Virgil in a few verses selects the 
most striking and beautiful scenes in the 
Iliad that are proper for painting. 

458. Ambobus. Mention is made of three, 
Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Priam; but 
they may be considered only as two, the 
cause and the interests of the two brothers 
being one and the same; or ambobus may 
refer to both armies. La Cerda however 
reads Atridem. 

462. Sunt lachrymae rerum. Here res must 
be taken in the same sense as above, v. 178. 
Fessi rerum, and 204. Discrimina rerum. 
Dr. Young has chosen this line as the mot- 
to for his Night Thoughts. 

" Ev'n here compassion reigns; and hu- 
man minds 

Are touch'd with human- mis'ry." 
- 466.Pergama. Pergamus (Pergama, pi.) 
not the town of Mysia on the banks of the 
Caycus, where " charta pergamena" parch- 
ment was invented; but the citadel of Troy, 



situated in the most elevated part of the 
town, on the shores of the Scamander. 
Xerxes mounted to the top of this citadel 
when he reviewed his troops as he marched 
to invade Greece. 

468. Cristatus Achilles. The poetic paint- 
ing here is exquisitely delicate; cristatus 
Achilles; niveis velis, Tydides cruentus; Pul- 
vis inscribitur hasta, crinibus passis Diva 
solo Jixos ocidos aversa; tendentemque manus 
Priamum, &c. &c. 

469. Ph%si. Rhesus, a king of Thrace, 
a son of the Strymon and Terpsichore, after 
many martial exploits in Europe, marched 
to the assistance of Priam. He was expect- 
ed with great impatience, as an oracle had 
declared, that Troy should never be taken, 
if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of 
the Xanthus, and fed upon the grass of the 
Trojan plains. The Greeks,, having become 
acquainted with this oracle, commissioned 
two of their best generals, Diomedes and 
Ulysses, to intercept his coming. They, 
with their troops, entered his camp in the 
night, slew him, and carried away his 
horses to the Grecian camp. 

470. Primo somno. Dr. Trapp translates 
this, — In the first repose by night betray' d; and 
Mr. Strahan, — Betray' d in their first sleep- 
But this gives one an idea of the beginning 
of the night; whereas Homer says it was 
towards the approach of the morning, — 
tyyvSrt y wf, ri. X.251. And that Virgil was 
not forgetful of this circumstance, appears 
from the. episode of Nisus and Euryalus, 
which is plainly an imitation of that of Dio- 
mede and Ulysses in Homer, where he par- 
ticularly marks the time of their adventure 
to have been about the dawn of the morn 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 






Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus: 
Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquam 
Pabula gustassent Trojac, Xanthumque bibissent, 
Parte alia fugicns aniissis Troilus armis, 
Infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, 
Fertur equis, curruque lis ret resupinus inani, 
Lora tenens tamcn: huic cervixq; comaeq; trahuntur 
Per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. 
Interea ad templum non sequae Pulladis ibant 
Crinibus Iliades passis, pepl unique ferebant , 
Suppliciter tristes, et tunsae pectora palmis. 
Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebant. 
Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros, 
Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. 
Turn vero ingentem gem hum dat pectore ab imo 
Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici, 
Tendentemq; manus Priamum conspexit inermes. 
Se quoque principibus permixtum agnovit Achivis 
Eoasque acies, et nigri Memnonis arma. 
Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis 



filius Tydei populabatur 
multa Btrage, sanguinolen- 
tus, et alnlucit acres equos 
in castra Grcecorum, ante- 
quam carpsisseat pabula 
475 Ifroja, et potassent* aquam 
Xanthi. Parte alia Troi- 
lus, fugiens, dilapsis ar'mis, 
miser adolescens, et quun- 
quam inajqualis ausus pug- 
nare in Achillem, trahitur 
ab equis, et pcndet resupi- 
480 nus e curru vacuo, retinens 
tamen habenas: huic et cer- 
vix et capilli raptantur per 
humum, et pulvis sulcatur 
hasta inversa. Interea Tro- 
janrc sparsis capillis ibant ad 
.Qg. templum Palladia non ipsis 
amicse, et portabant ei pal- 
lam: mosstas move supplican- 
tium, etpercutientes pectus 
palmis. l)ea infensa tenebat 
oculos defixos in terram. 
Achilles traxerat Hectorem 
490 ter circa muros Trojanos, 
et vendebat auro cadaver 
exanimum. Tunc autem JEneas emittit ex intimo pectore magnum gemitum, ut vidit spolia, 
et cttrrum, et ipsum cadaver amici, et Priamum tendentem manus exarmatas. Animadvertit 
etiam se mixtum principibus Grsecis, et exercitus orientales, et arma nigri Memnonis. Pen- 
thesilea furens ducit turmas Amazonum itistructas scutis lunatis, 



NOTES. 



ing, — lux inimica propinquat. i£n. XI. 355. 
Thei-efore Rureus, more consistently, takes 
primo somno to mean the first night, namely, 
the first night that Rhesus slept in the Trojan 
camp; somnus being put for night, Georg. I. 
208. 

• Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas. 
471. Tydides. A patrynomic of Diomedes, 
as son of Tydeus. He was king of iEtolia, 
and, by repeated acts of valour, gained him- 
self great military glory. He lived to an ex- 
treme old age. His death was greatly la- 
mented by his companions, who in their 
excess of grief were turned into birds, call- 
ed the birds of Diomedes, resembling 
swans. 

473. Xanthum. Xanthus, or Xanthos, was 
a river of Troas. According to Homer, it 
was called Xanthus by the gods, and Sca- 
roander by men. It originates at the foot of 
Ida, and empties itself in the Hellespont. 

474. Troilus. Scarcely an individual is 
mentioned in the iEneid, of whom so little 
is said with certainty and confidence as of 
Troilus. Virgil represents him a boy: Ho- 
mer, a young man; and Hyginus, advanced 
in life. He is represented by different indi- 
viduals as dying for love; in battle; by vio- 
lence; by treachery. 

478. Versa — hasta. The inverted spear, 
not of Troilus, for he had-droppedhis arms, 
v. 474. but of Achilles, which was sticking 
in the body of TroYlus; and consequently, 
as he lay resupinus, upon his back, it was 
inverted, or had its point downwards. 



479. Interea, Crc. This story is related in 
the sixth book of the Iliad, v. 286. where 
Hecuba and the other Trojan matrons carry 
the peplum, in solemn procession to the tem- 
ple of Minerva, to entreat the goddess to 
remove Diomede from the fight. All that 
Homer says of this peplum is, that it was 
the richest vestment in Hecuba's wardrobe, 
embroidered by the Sidonian women, and 
brought by Paris from Sidon. 

480. Crinibus Iliades. The poet alludes to 
the custom of the Roman females, who 
went abroad, when in distress, with their 
heads bare, and their hair dishevelled. Plu- 
tarch observes that the Grecian ladies, 
when in great distress, cutoff their hair. 

486. Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum cor- 
pus amici. The languishing turn of this 
verse, the artificial pauses, and, above all, 
the ut repeated at every pause, show us 
./Eneas tracing these several affecting ob- 
jects, and every now and then heaving a 
sigh; it is of the same kind with that tender 
line in the eighth Eclogue, 41. 
Ut vidi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit er- 
ror! 

489. Eoas, oriental, from »«?, Aurora. 

490. Amazonidum. The Amazons were a 
nation of famous women, who lived near the 
Thermodon in Cappadocia. Their right 
breast was burnt off that they might hurl a 
javelin with the greater force. Hence their 
name, from a. without, /llx^cc, a breast. They 
were such expert archers, that to denote 



174 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et ardet intermedia millia, Penthesilea furens, mediisque in millibus ardet, 

nectens cingrulum aureum a i • i 

sub nuclato ubere, utpote Aurea subnectens exertae cingula mammae, 
bellatrix, et audet puella Bellatrix, audctque viris concurrere virgo. 
certare cum viris. Dum ista Haec dum Dardanio iEneae miranda videntur, 

et stat defixus in hoc sob, Regma ad templum forma pulchernma Dido 
aspectu; reg'ma Dido specie Incessit, magna juvenum stipante caterva. 
clarissiraavenitintemptura, Q ualis in ^ moVx r [ p ^ au , per j U£?a Cvnthi 
magna juvenum turba am- ^ ~. i At 

biente Talis Diana in ripis kxercet Diana choros, quam mule secutae 



.495 



499 



Eurotse, vel per culmina Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades: ilia pharetram 
Cynthi, miscet choreas; p ert humero, eradiensq; Deas supereminet omnes: 

quam secutce mule Oreades T . ° i ,.' 

hinc atque inde congrega..- I-atonae taciturn pertentant u^audia pectus, 
tur: Diana gestat humero Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat 



pharetram, et mcedens ex- p er medios, instans open reerusque futuns, 

tat supi'a cameras Nymphas. rp r. :i rv* i** *. • * j- i* 

Lietitia tacite mulcet ani- Tum forlbus Divae, media testudine temph, 

mum Latonse. Talis erat Dido, talem se attollebat Iceta inter medios, urgens opus 
futura. Deinde sedit ad fores Junonis, sub medio lorn ice templi, 



505 
et resrira 



NOTES. 



the goodness of a bow or a quiver, it was 
usual to call it Amazonian. From a report 
that characters of such a description were 
to be found in South America, a large tract 
of that country is called Amazonia. 

496. Pulcherrivui Dido. This is agreeable 
to the truth of history, as we read in Justin: 
Interim rex Tyro decedit, Jilio Pygmalione, et 
Elissa Jilia, insignis formae virgine, hceredi- 
bus institutes. Just. XVIII Cap. 4. 

498. Eurotce. This was a river of Laconia, 



499. choros. A Chorus is properly a mul- 
titude dancing and singing 

500. Oreades. Nymphs of the mountains, 
(from ogocf a mountain, Eel. 2. 46.) They 
were daughters of Phoroneus and Achate- 
Some call them Orestiades, and make Ju- 
piter their father. They generally attended 
upon Diana, and ever accompanied her 
when hunting. 

502. Latonae. Latona was a daughter of 
Ceus, the Titan, and Phoebe. She was ad- 
flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of mired by all for her great beauty, excepting 



eminence Basitipotamos, or king of river 
and worshipped by the Spartans as a pow- 
erful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and 
olives grew on its banks in great abun- 
dance. 

498. ghtalis in Eurotce. This simile is bor- 
rowed from the sixth book of the Odyssey, 
v. 102. where Homer applies it to Nausi- 
caa with her maids sporting on the green. 



Juno, who, jealous of her husband's attach- 
ment, sent Python the serpent to disturb 
and persecute her. Driven from heaven by 
Juno, and refused, when in a state of preg- 
nancy, by Terra, any place where she might 
be delivered, Neptune, moved with com- 
passion, struck, with his trident, the island 
Delos, which before was floating under the 
waters, and made it immoveable. She there 



Gellius writes, that Valerius Probus was of became the mother of Apollo and Diana. 



>pinion, that no passage had been more un- 
happily copied by Virgil than this compari- 
son. The reader may see his objections, 
and Scaliger's answer, in Mr. Pope's note 
iipon that place in Homer, where both are 
very fairly stated. We shall only copy those 
words of Scaliger that point to the particu- 
lars wherein the comparison holds between 
Diana and Dido: Shiemadmodum igitur Di- 
ana in montibus; ita Dido in urbe. Ilia inter 
Nymphasy hcec inter Matronas. Ilia instans 
venatibus, hcec urbi. And this is all the use 
to which Virgil intended the comparison, 
as appears from his application of it, Talis 
erat Dido, £"C. 

498. Cvnthi. Cynthus was a mountain in 
Dclos, Diana's native island; but it is not 
so easy to assign the reason why the banks 
of Eurotas are mentioned as one of the 
haunts of Diana and her nymphs, unless it 
is that Sparta, near which the Eurotas runs, 



502. Pertentant signifies the brisk vibrat- 
ing motion of the strings of a musical in- 
strument, hence applied by easy analogy 
to the brisk motion excited in the animal 
spirits by an object of joy, and the pleasant 
sensation with which it is accompanied: 
Nonne vides ut tota tremor pertentet equo- 

rum 
Corpora— Geor. III. 250. 

505. Foribus. Cicerosays, "geminxerant^ 
usitatius igitur in plurali." 

505. Foribus Divae In the inner part of 
the heathen temples was an apartment, se- 
parated from the rest by a wall or veil, 
which answered to the Sanctum Sanctorum 
in the temple of Jerusalem, and was called 
Adytum or Penetrale. Here Virgil supposes 
Juno to have had a statue, or some sacred 
symbol of her presence, and therefore calls 
the gate that led to her sanctuary Fores Di- 
<vce, the gate of the goddess. 

505. Media' testudine; that is, in the midst 



.ENEIDOS LIB. I. 



175 



520 



Septa armis solioque alte subnixa, resedit. 
Jura dabat legesque viris, operumquc laborem 
Partibus aequabat justis, aut sorte trahebat: 
Cum subito ^Eneas concursu accedere magno 
Anlhea Sergestumque vidct, fortemq; Cioanthum 
Teucrorumquc alios: ater quos aequore turbo 
Dispulerat, penitusque alias avexerat oras. 
Obsmpuit simul ipse, simul perculsus Achates 
Laetitiaque metuque; avidi conjungere dextras 
Ardcbant: sed res animos incognita turbat. 
Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti, 
Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, 
Quid veniant: cunctisnam lecti navibus ibant 
Orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant. 
Postquam introgressi, et coram data copia fandi, 
Maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore ccepit: 
O regina, novam cui condere Jupiter urbem, 
Justitiaque dedit gentes fraenare superbas: 
Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti, 
Oramus: prohibe infandos a navibus ignes, 
Parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras. 
Non nos aut ferro Libycospopulare Penates 
Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas. 
Non ea vis animo, nee tanta superbia victis. 
Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt: 
Terra, antiqua, potens armis atq; ubere glebae: 
Oenotrii coluere viri; nunc fama, minores 
Italiam dixisse, ducis de nomine, gentem. 

Hue CUrSUS fuit: precamur te: propelle dira 

incendia a navibus, ignosce 
religiosae genti, et benignius aspice miserias nostras. Xos non venimus, autvastare gladio domos 
Africanas, aut abducere ab litore prsedas raptas: non inest raenti ea violentia, nee tanta fero- 
eitas victis Est regio, quam Graeci vocant nomine Hesperiam: regio antiqua, potens bello et 
fertilitate teme: Oenotrii populi ipsam incoluerunt: nunc rumor est, posteros earn regionem. 
appellavisse Italiam de nomine ducis. llluc direximus eursum: 



cincta militihus, «-t alt< s - suf- 
fiilta solio. Distribuebat jus 
et leges civibus, et dividebat 
in sequas partes labOrem 
pperum, aut ducebat sorte. 
Cnm repente ASneas videt 
accedere aim ingenti multi- 

5 i 1 tudine Antheuni, et Ser- 
gestum, et generosum Clp- 
anthum, et alios Trojano- 
rum, quos nigra tempestas 
mari disjecerat, et abstule- 

515 rat ad litora omninodiversa. 
Obstupuit con tin u6 ipse, et 
coutinuo Achates quoque 
eommotus est gaudio et li- 
more; cupiebant avide socia- 
re dextras cum lis, sed suc- 
cessus incertns turbat men-. 
tes. Dissimulant adhuc, et 
obtecti cava nebula conside- 
rant, quae sociorum sors, quo 
in litore reliquei'int naves, 
cur veniant: veniebantaulem 
electi singulis e navibus, pos- 

525 rentes veniam, et lamen tan- 
do accedebant ad templum 
Postquam ingressi sunt, et 
data est faeultas loquendi 
coram Regina: spectatissi- 
mus intra socios Iiioheus sic 
iricepit sedata mente: O Re- 
gina, cui Jupiter permisit 
dxstruere urbem novam, et 
coercere ajquitate populos 
feroces: Xos miseri Trojani 
acti ventis per omnia maria, 



530 



NOTES. 



of the temple, whose roof was hollow and 
arched after the manner of a shell. 

506. Septa armis. Surrounded with 
guards. 

519. Veniam. Venia does not always sup- 
pose crime. It frequently intends no more 
than peace and good-will. 

519. Templum. The temple of Juno 
raised by Dido. 

521. Placido pectore. This expression is 
both more elegant and more comprehensive, 
than if the poet had said, placido ore or vul- 
tu; for the calm composed mind regulates 
the voice, the speech, and forms the whole 
deportment. 

523. Gentes fraenare superbas; the Numi- 
dians, and other fierce nations in her neigh- 
bourhood, who are thus described, JEn. 
IV. 40. 
Hinc Getulae urbes, genus insuperabile 

bello, 
Et Numidae in/rani cingunt, et inhospita 

Syrtis; 
Hinc deserta siti regio, lateque furentes 
Barcjei. 



527. Libycos popular e Penates. The Pe- 
nates were either the tutelar gods of a 
whole province or kingdom, of whom this 
passage is to be understood; or they were 
the protectors of particular cities, as lEn. II. 
293. 
Sacra, suosque tibi commendat Troja Pe- 
nates. 
Or, lastly, they were the domestic gods, 
the guardian deities of private families: 
Curapenum struere, et flammis adolepc 
Penates. 

.En. I. 704, 
Et sparsos fraterna. csde Penates. 

.En. IV. 21. 
These last were called parvi Penates: 

Hesternumque Larem parvosque Pe- 
nates 
Laetus adit. JEn. VIII. 543. 

as the others were styled Magni. 
Per magnos, Nise, Penates. 

-En. IX. 258. 
As the gods and religious ceremonies of a 
country have always been reckoned the 
most sacred branches of its property, to of- 



176 



1\ VIRGILII MARONIS 



cum repente oriens I ma- Cilm subitd assurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 
2E3SZ23. Tp" l " vada csca tulit, penitusq; procacibus Austris 
tuluntibus ventis, ac ma- Perque undas, superante salo, perque mvia saxa 
ri superante, funditus dis- Dispulit: hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. 
^?:«S P P a e u r :Q uod genus hoc hominum? qu*ve hunc tam barbara 

ci enatavimus hue ad ves- more 1X1 

tra litora. Quodnam est Permittit patria? hospitio prohibemur arenae; 540 

hoc genus hominum? aut Bel i a c j ent pr i maque vetant consistere terra. 

quae regio tam crudehs tole- . , r l 

rat hanc consuetudinem? ^i genus humanum et mortana temmtis arma; 

neg&tur nobis arena pro hos- At sperate Deos memores fandi atque nefandi. 

pitio; bella movent, et im- R ex erat j£ neas no | D i s quo j us tior alter 

pediunt quommus manea- * J 

mus in primo Iitore. Si despicitis genus humanum, et vindictam hominum: at expectate Deos 

memores sequi et iniqui. Regem habebamus JEneam, quo non fuit 



NOTES. 



fer violation to them comprehends every act 
of hostility. 

535. Assurgens — Orion. Segrais infers from 
this passage, that iEneas arrived at Car- 
thage in the month of July, when this con- 
stellation rises heliacally, i. e. about the 
same time that the sun rises; and that he 
stayed at Carthage till the end of winter, 
when he set sail for Italy, 
Quin etiam hyberno moliris sidere clas- 
sem, 
where he arrived some time in the spring, 
as appears from those lines in the seventh 
book, which beautifully paint that season: 
Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea big-is, 
Cum venti posuere, omnisque repente re- 

sedit 
Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore ton- 
sae. 

Variac circumque supraque 
Assuetae ripis volucres, etfluminisalveo, 
JEthera mulcebant cantu, lucoque vola- 
bant. -En. VII. 26 

535. Orion. A celebrated giant, who, it 
was pretended, sprung from the urine of 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. He was 
at first called Urion from Urina. The cor- 
ruption of a letter changed his name. Ovid 
says, 

" Perdidit antiquum litera prima sonum." 
On his death, he was changed into a con- 
stellation, and because he rose about the 
9th of March, the season of rain and storm, 
he was called aquosus and nimbosus. 

536. Procacibus Austris. To the same pur- 
pose Lucretius, Lib. VI. 110. 

Interdum perscissa furit petulantibus Euris. 
And Horace, Ode I. 26. 
Tradam protervis— portare ventis. 

537. Salo. Virgil uses sal and salum for 
the sea. JEn. V. 866. Sale saxa sonabant. 

538. Adnavimus. An escape as perilous as 
though they had swam ashore. 

543. Sperate, i. e. Expectate. The fine 
sentiment here expressed is very similar to 
that of Horace: 
Raro antecedentem scelestum deseruit 
pede poena claudo. 



544. ^hio justior alter Nee pietate fuit, nee 
bello 'major et armis. This is the sum of iE- 
neas' character, piety and valour, 
pietate insignis et armis. 

JEn. VI. 402. 
And answers to Homer's 
A/xpoltgov, BaaiMvi Ta.ya.Qoe xf«7£fo? r ai^fjinlng. 

II III. 179. 
And it is obvious to remark, that the first of 
these, insignis pietate, agreeably to the ge- 
nius of the Latin tongue, comprehends not 
only devotion to the gods, but all the 
branches of benevolence and humanity. As 
iEneas was perfectly resigned to the will of 
heaven, — llle Jovis tnonitis hnmota tenebat 
lumina,- so he was a zealous patriot, and 
firmly attached to the interest of his coun- 
try, which was always first in his thoughts, 
and nearest his heart: 
Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 
Auspiciis, et sponte mea componere curas; 
Lfrbem Trojanam primum dulcesque meo- 

rum 
Relliquias colerem Priami tecta alta ma- 
ne rent, 
Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama 
victis. JEn. IV. 340. 

This piety exerts itself towards all his rela- 
tives, and shows him a tender son, father, 
husband. He bears his aged sire upon his 
shoulders through the flames of Troy, and 
leads his little son, his wife following. 
What a beautiful image has Virgil given of 
his hero's tender affection, in those words 
he puts into his mouth! 
Et me, quern dudum non ulla injecta mo- 

vebant 
Tela, neque adverso glomeratiex agmine 

Graii, 
Nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat 

omnis 
Suspensum, et pariter comitique onerique 
timentem. JEn. II. 726. 

He shows the same tenderness towards his 
wife, when, having lost her in the general 
hurry and confusion, he ventures back into 
the midst of the enemies to find her, and 
leaves not his pursuit till her ghost appears 



.ENEIDOS LIB. I, 



177 



Nee pietate fuit, nee bello major et armis, 
Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura 
iEtherea, neq; adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris; 
Non metus, officio nee te certasse priorem 
Paeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes, 
Armaque, 1 rojanoq; a sanguine clarus Acestes. 
Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem, 



545 ullus justior, nee pietate, 
nee bello et armis insignior. 
Si fata virum hunc servant, 
si spirat aerem ccelestem, 
nee adhuc cecidit sub sccvas 
umbras; null us est timor no- 
bis s neque poenitebit te pro- 
550 vocasse priuseumbeneficiis. 
Sunt etiam nobis urbes in 
terra Sieula, et arma, et 

Acestes illustris e Trojana origine. Permittatur nobis detrahere ad terram naves ventis frac- 

tas, 



NOTES. 



to forbid his farther search. And as for his 
son, he is the darling of his soul, and en- 
grosses all his affections: 

Omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis. 
Many instances of the same kind will occur 
to the observation of every reader in the 
course of the poem; and to insist on all of 
them would be tedious. Those, who would 
see this beautiful character more fully illus- 
trated and vindicated from objections, may 
consult Mr. Segrais' Preface to his Transla- 
tion of the JEneid, Mr. Dryden's Preface to 
his, and Mr. Pope's Note on Iliad V. verse 
212. From the last we shall transcribe two or 
three sentences: '* If we take a view of the 
whole episode of this hero (iEneas) in Ho- 
mer, where he makes but an under-part, it 
will appear that Virgil has kept him perfect- 
ly in the same character in his poem, where 
he shines as the first hero. His piety and his 
valour, though not drawn at so full a 
length, are marked no less in the original 
than in the copy. As to his valour, he is se- 
cond only to Hector, and in personal bra- 
very as great in the Greek author as in the 
Roman. — He is the first that dares resist 
Achilles himself, at his return to the fight 
in all his rage for the loss of Patroclus. He 
indeed avoids encountering two at once, 
and shows upon the whole a sedate and de- 
liberate courage, which, if not so glaring' as 
that of some others, is yet more just. It is 
worth considering how thoroughly Virgil 
penetrated into all this, and saw into the 
very idea of Homer; so as to extend and 
call forth the whole figure in its full dimen- 
sions and colours from the slightest hints 
and sketches, which were but casually 
touched by Homer, and even in some points 
too, where they were rather left to be un- 
derstood than expressed. And this, by the 
way, ought to be considered by those cri- 
tics who object to Virgil's hero the want of 
that sort of courage which strikes us so 
much in Homer's Achilles. iEneas was not 
the creature of Virgil's imagination, but 
one whom the world was already acquaint- 
ed with, &c. w We will only make these 
two remarks. One is, that as Virgil, with 
the greatest justness of thought, unites pie- 
ty towards the gods, with all the proper 
acts of humanity, in the person of ./Eneas; 
so in the character of Mezentius, which i9 



the reverse of the other, he shows that im- 
piety and inhumanity are inseparable. As 
that prince is contemptor Divtim, so he is 
an implacable tyrant, and a monster of cru- 
elty: 
Mortua quin etiam jungebat corpora vivis, 
Componens manibusque manus, atque ori- 

bus ora, 
Tormenti genus; et sanie taboque fluentes 
Complexu in misero, longa sic morte ne» 
cabat. JEn. VIII. 485. 

Another remark is, that Virgil seems to 
have failed in the propriety of his hero's 
character, by studying in some things too 
closely to imitate Homer. Particular in- 
stances of this occur in the ninth book, 
where he makes iEneas sacrifice eight Ru- 
tulians to the manes of Pallas, as Achilles 
had done twelve Trojans to the ghost of 
Patroclus. This practice, however it may 
suit with the furious temper of Achilles, is 
quite incongruous to the mild, humane dis- 
position of iEneas. The same may be said 
of his insulting his enemies even in their 
death, and accompanying the wounds he 
gives them with bitter reproaches and 
taunts. See JEneid X. verses 556,. 592, 600. 
But these, and the like, may be considered 
among the blemishes which Virgil's accu- 
rate judgment would probably have cor- 
rected, had he lived to finish this poem to 
that perfection he designed. 

545. Bello — et armis, is'c. This is not tau- 
tology, as it may seem; the first refers to 
the whole art or conduct of war, the other 
to prowess and bravery in the field of bat- 
tle. — Servius. 

546. £>uem si>fata, &c. Virgil makes Ili- 
oneus dwell on this circumstance, in order 
to make the stronger impression. Besides, 
such repetitions of the same idea in differ- 
ent expressions, are common to all poets: 

El 7Tu in luzi xai ogoc ipaog yizXiqiq, 

If he still lives, and sees the light of the 

sun. Homer. 

Vivit, et xtherias vitales suscipit auras. 
He lives, and draws the vital air. 

Lucretius. 
550. Acestes. He was king of the country 
near Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Pri- 
am in the Trojan war, and iEneaa on his 
voyage. 



2 A 



178 P. VIRGIUI MARONIS 

et accommodare trabes e Et sylvis aptarc trabes, et strinerere remos. 
ST' ut iSTtSi •£* datur Italian,, sociis et regerecepto, 
Italiam et Latium, si con- Tendere; ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus: 
ceditar ire in Italiam, so- Sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, 555 

tS£2g£28££. P°r s h ? et ^ iby ^' nec T s jam restat Iuli; 

re Afrio« tenet, 6 pater op- At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas, 
time Trojanorum, nec jam Unde hue advecti, regemque petamus Acesten. 
supeiest spes Ascanii: at Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant 

saltern ut earn us ad mare n a 'a *m 

Sicilian, et ad paratas urbes, Uardanidae. _ 56G 

ex quibus buc puisi mmm, Turn breviter Dido, vultum demissa, profatur: 
et ad regem Acesten. His Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas. 

verbis Iboneus orabat: in- n * ' .. ' ,. 

terea Trojani omnes mur . Res dura, et regm novitas me taha cogunt 

mure approbabant. Turn Moliri, et late fines eustode tueri. 

Dido, vultu demisso, brevi- Q u i s genus .fineadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem? 

ter loquitur: Eiicite metum ■*■?■• . . . * ■. ,. • J ,. * n«3 *,./- 

ex animo, 6 Trojani: expel- Virtutesque, virosque, et tant! mcendia belli? 566 

lite soiieitudinem. Difficiiis Non obtusa aded gestamus pectora Poeni: 
status rerum ?nearum, et Nec tarn aversus equos Tyria Sol june^it ab urbe. 
rtarSret'Sn'Seu vos Hesperiam magnam, Saturniaque arva; 
munire terminos custodibus. Sive Erycis fines, regemque optatis Acesten; 570 

Quis ignoret famiiiam iE- Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo. 

nese, et Trojam urbem, et y uis t hig mecum pariter considere regnis? 
virtutes, et populos, etin- TT , r i i • 

cendia tanti belli? Nos Pceni Urbem quam statuo, vestra est; subducite naves: 
non habemus adeo crassa Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. 
ingenia, nec Sol ailigat e- Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem 575 

quos currui tam remotus Arr ? ^^ • i- • 1 i»* 

ab urbe Carthagine. Seu vos Afforet ^Eneas! Equidem per Utora certos 

appetitis magnam Italiam, et agros Saturni, sive regionem Erycis, et regem Acesten: dimittam 
vos securos presidio, et i-enciam opibus. Vultisne etiam manere mecum pariter in hoc regno; 
urbs quam condo, vestra est: trahite in terrain naves: Trojanus et Tyrius a me tractabitur sine 
ulla diversitate. Atque utinam ipse rex iEneas adesset, pulsus eodem vento! Sane mittam 

NOTES. 

552. Stringere remos — that is, cut off and stupid as not to concern ourselves about 

form. other states and kingdoms: Non obtusa 

561. Turn breviter Dido. Dr. Trapp re- adeo, &c. Nor are we in so remote a cli- 

marks, that in this speech no beauty is par- mate as to be cut off from commerce and 

ticuiarly remarkable; but that which is the correspondence with the rest of mankind: 

foundation of all others, perfect propriety. Nec tam aversus, Cfc. Others however con- 

Heyne says, in this address modesty shines sider the two last lines in another light, as 

in conjunction with dignity, and prudence if Dido were proving that her people could 

with humanity. not be imagined barbarous, since they were 

565. Quis genus. Three principal reasons not far removed from the sun. You ought 
may be assigned why people are unac- not to think us, says she, obdurate, inhu- 
quainted with what happens in the world; man, or insensible; this is the disposition 
either, in the first place, because the events of those nations on whom the sun seldom 
are not of importance enough to be blazed shines, or but with faint and distant rays; 
abroad; or the people are stupidly uncon- but our breasts are softened by his warmer 
cerned about the affairs of others, and have influences: alluding to the notion of some 
no curiosity to inquire after them; or, last- philosophers, that the inhabitants of the 
ly, they live in so remote a corner of the colder climates are less susceptible of hu- 
globe, that news cannot reach them. In this manity and compassion than those who re- 
light we may consider Dido in this and the side in warmer countries, 
three following lines, obviating any unfa- 569. Hesperiam magnam. Called mag- 
vourable opinion Ilioneus might have con- nam, or as the word imports, potentem, to 
ceived of the Carthaginians as ignorant and distinguish it from Spain, 
insensible. Think us not such a set of bar- 570. Erycis. Eryx was king of Sicily, iEn. 
barians, says Dido, as to be ignorant of the V. 24. 

Trojan war, and the exploits of its famous 573. Urbem quam, &c. The construction 

heroes; these are events too important not is, Urbs, quam urbem, statuo, vestra est. 

to be universally celebrated. Quis genus JE- 576. Equidem. Servius observes that equi- 

iieadum, &c. Nor are we. Carthaginians so dentin Virgil always signifies ego quidem. 



^NEIDOS LIB. I. 



179 



Dimittam, et Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo; 
Si quibus ejectos sylvis aut urbibus errat. 

His animum arrecti dictis, et fortis Achates, 
Et pater ^Eneas, jamdudum erumpere nubem 
Ardebant: prior JEneam compellat Achates: 
Nate Dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit? 
Omnia tuta vides, classem, sociosque receptos. 
Unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi 
Submersum: dictis respondent caetera matris. 
Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente 
Scindit se nubes, et in aethera purgat apertum. 
Restitit ^Eneas, clar&que in luce refulsit, 
Os, humerosque Deo similis: namq; ipsa decoram 
CaBsariem nato genitrix, lumenque juventx 
Purpureum, et laetos oculis afflarat honores. 
Quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo 
Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. 
Turn sic reginam alloquitur, cunctisque repente 
Improvisus ait: Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum 
Troius jEneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. 
O sola infandos Trojae miserata laboresl 
Quae nos, relliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque 
Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos 

Urbe, domo socias. Grates persolvere dignas 600 nem ars adjicit ebori, aut 

Non opis est nostra, Dido: nee quicquid ubiq; est 1£$££?5&*£Z 
uentis Uardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem; auro. Tunc sic alloquitur 
reginam, et statim omnibus inexpectatus inquit; Adsum prsesens, ego quem quseritis, Trojanus 
..■Eneas, servatus a fluctibus Africa. O quce sola miserta es infandarum calamitatum Trojae! Qua? 
nos excipis urbe et domo, nos qui sumz/s reliquiae Grsecorum, fracti jam omnibus infortuniis 
terree et maris, indigentes omnium rerum. Non est nostrse facultatis tibi referre gratias de- 
bitas, 6 Dido: nee quodcumque usquam est nationis Trojana, quce dissipata est toto mundo, 
tibi reddere possit prsemia merita: 



fidos homines circa litora, ct 
inandabo /// //// pervestigent 
extremam Atricam: si forte 
naufragus vagatur aliquibus 

580 in syhis, aut" urbibus. His 
sermonibus excitati, et ge- 
nerosus Achates, et pater 
./Eneas, jamdiu optabantexi- 
re e nube. Prior Achates 
alloquitur iEneam: Fili Ve- 

r r> c ueris, quod consilium jam 
venitin mentem? cernis om- 
nia tuta, et naves et socios 
recuperatos; unus tantum 
deest, quem ipsi eonspexi- 
mus mediis in undis sub- 
mersum: reliqua conveniunt 

590 cum sermone matris tu<e. 
Vix ea locutus erat, cum su~ 
bit6 nebula circumjecta 
rumpit se, et solvitur in va- 
cuum aerem. Visus est stans 
iEneas, et emicuit claro 
splendore, similis Deo &e~ 
cundum vultum et humeros. 
Ipsa enim mater aspiraverat 
filio decorum in coma, et 
egregiam lucem juventutis, 
et hilarem pulchritudinem 
oculis. Qualem pulchritudi- 



595 



NOTES. 



584. Unus abest. Orontes, v. 177. 

586. Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa re- 
pente Scindit se nubes, &c. This passage Mil- 
ton seems to have had in his eye, Book X. 
44f, where Satan passed invisible through 
the midst of the infernal council, seated 
himself on his throne, viewed all around 
him unseen, then surprised them with his 
unexpected appearance: 

Down awhile 
He sat, and round about him saw unseen; 
At last, as from a cloud, his fulgent head 
And shape star-bright appear'd; or bright- 
er clad 
With what permissive glory since his fall 
Was left him, or false glitter. 

587. Scindit se nubes. Here again Virgil 
imitates Homer, who, in the same manner, 
discovers Ulysses to Alcinous, in the se- 
venth book of the Odyssey; but it is ac- 
knowledged that Virgil has improved upon 
his original, particularly in that fine addi- 
tion at the end of the verse, et in aethera 
purgat apertum, than which nothing can 
more strongly paint the image of a cloud 
just vanishing and blending with the air. 



588. Bestitit JEiieas. Mr. Pitt says, "This 
discovery is extremely beautiful. It equally 
surprises and delights the reader. I shall 
scarce ever forget the pleasure I felt upon 
first reading it. One may affirm that Aris- 
totle, who appears so fond of surprises and 
discoveries in his poetics, would have been 
charmed with it." 

588. Clardque in luce refulsit. Shone or 
appeared conspicuous, as Lucr. V. 12, 
speaking of Epicurus: 

quique per artem 
Fluctibus e tantis vitam, tantisque tene- 

bris, 
In tarn tranquillo, ettam clara luce locavit. 

592. Manus: artifcis understood. 

593. Parius lapis; or marble from Paros, 
an island of the Cyclades. The quarries 
were so deep that the workmen by daylight 
used lamps. Hence the Greeks called the 
marble Lychnites, worked by lamp-light. 
They are admired as the sources whence 
the labyrinth of Egypt and the porticoes of 
Greece received their splendour. The Pa- 
rian marbles, better known by the name of 
Arundelian, were worked in this island. 



180 



P. VIRGILH MARONIS 



tedsoUm, si aliqui Dii res- Dii tibi (si qua pios respectant numina, si quid 

picmnt pios, si est ullo in lo- t t ■ \'^' ^\ 5 »i« • 

coaiiquid justiti*; sedettua Us quajn justitiae est) et mens sibi conscia recti, 
mens conscia sibi sequitatis. Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tarn laeta tulerunt 605 
Quae tam fortunata tempo- Saecula? qui tanti talem genuere parentes? 
^rSK&lj" fi*ta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbr* 
Quamdiu amnes current Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet: 
in mare, quamdiu umbrae Semper honos, nomenq; tuum, laudesq; manebunt: 

« < S^„SJ?y ibllIltcacu 5? i "Qua me cunque vocant terrae. Sic fatus, amicum 610 
na in montibus, quamdiu ^r. . » A . A _ ' 

cceium alet astra: semper Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum: 

gloria, etnomen tuum, et Post alios, fortemque Gyan, fortemq; Cloanthum. 

^fregbTS ra r n r;o bstu P u . ;t ?™° aspectu s i donia , Dido ' 

Sic locutus apprehendit ma- CaJ ju demde vin tanto; et sic ore locuta est: 

nu dextra carum Uiene- Quis te, nate Dea, per tanta pericula casus 615 

um, et sinistra Serestum, insequitur? quae vis immanibus applicat oris? 

postea alios, et generosum * ■ rr 

Gyan, et generosum Cloanthum. Obstupuit primo Tyria Dido ob aspectum, deinde ob tantam 
calamitatem JEnese; et sic ore dixit: Qua? te fortuna/o fili Dese, pei-sequitur per tot discrimina- 
Quae potentia te projecit ad crudelia litora? 



NOTES. 



603. Si qua, &c. This expression implies 
nothing" of doubt, but only puts a certain 
truth into the form of a supposition, the 
more to secure and strengthen the conclu- 
sion. It amounts to this assertion: You 
shall be amply rewarded as surely as there 
are gods above, as surely as there is jus- 
tice, as there is any sense of virtue in the 
world. Much like what Mr. Addison says; 
If there's a Pow'r above, 
■ — he must delight in virtue. 
See also JEn. II. 159. 

atque omnia ferre sub auras, 
Si quategunt: 
where it plainly appears that si qua cannot 
imply any doubt, but must signify whatever, 
or some word of the like import. Admit- 
ting therefore this to be the signification of 
si qua numina, and si quid justitice, in this 
place, why may we not consider it as a 
prayer, which we are surprised to find none 
of the commentators have done? Dii— -fe- 
rant, may the gods confer upon you; the 
verb, which is in the optative mode, natural- 
ly leads to this sense, and it is in the same 
form with that imprecation, B. II. 536. 
Di (si qua est coelo pietas, quae talia curet) 
Persolvant grates dignas, et prjemia red- 

dant 
Debita. 

603. Pios. This word signifies virtuous 
men in general; especially the kind, the be- 
neficent, the generous. Hence Nisus' ge- 
nerous, disinterested love to Euryalus, is 
called pius amor, iEn. V. 296. See the note 
on verse 549. 

604. Mens sibi conscia recti. Some would 
understand this not of Dido's own conscious 
approbation of her virtue, but of the divine 
mind, conscious to every good action; as 
where Virgil says, Mens agitat molem, Mn. 
VI. 727. But, besides that this sense ap- 
pears forced, and a mere repetition of the 
former thought, it is doubtful whether the 
genius of the language will admit of it. The 



deity is conscius recti, as he is the infallible 
witness of truth and integrity: he is con- 
scius sibi recti, as he is conscious of his own 
uprightness and sincerity. But this expres- 
sion admits another sense; for, instead of 
joining et mens sibi cotiscia recti with Dii, as 
one of the nominatives to ferant, we may 
include it in the parenthesis with si qua, 
&c. Thus, If there be any gods who regard 
the pious, if justice any where subsists, and 
a mind conscious of virtue. 

605. £htce te tam Uta tulerunt SaculaP It is 
the same thought with that in the sixth 
-Eneid, 648. 

Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima 
proles, 

Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis. 
It represents Dido as one of the heroines of 
the happy golden age, whose uncommon 
worth could only be the production of those 
better days. 

607. Montibus — convexa. Either in monti- 
bus, or montibus poetically for montium. 
Convexa is seldom used by good authors to 
signify convex in English, but rather im- 
ports the same as curvus, bending, shelving, 
or arched, as .En. IV. 451. and X. 251. 

608. Polus. Some by Polus understand 
the earth, and think it should read Palus. 
It was an opinion of the ancients, that the 
sun and stars were fed by vapours ascend- 
ing from the waters of our earth. Heyne 
thinks it means much the same as if he had 
said, As long as stars wander through the 
sky. 

611. Ilionea. Ilioneus was a Trojan; the 
son of Phorbas. The penult here, short by 
nature, is made long for the sake of the 
metre. 

611. Serestum. It is not known who Se- 
restus, Gyas or Cloanthus were, beyond 
the information given by Virgil himself. 

613. Obstupuit. Here Dido's passion for 
iEneas begins. 



jENEIDOS LIB. I. 



181 



Tune ille ^neas, quern Dardanio Anchisse 
Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam? 
Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire, 
Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 
Auxilio Beli. Genitor turn Belus opimam 
Vastabat Cyprum, et victor ditione tenebat. 
Tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis 
Trojanae, nomenque tuum, regesque Pelasgi. 
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, 
Seq; ortum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. 
Quare agite, 6 tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris! 
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores 
Jactatam, hac demum voluit consistere terra. 
Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco. 
Sic memorat, simul jEnean in regia ducit 
Tecta, simul Divum templis indicit honorem. 
Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit 
Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum 
Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos 
Munera, laetitiamque Dei. t 

ci auxiliari miseris. Sic loqui- 
tur: statimque ducit iEneam in regiam doraum, et eodem tempore mandat sacra fieri in templis 
Deorum. Interim nee minore curd mitlit ad litora sociis JEnese, viginti tauros, centum corpora 
hirsuta porcorum, centum agnos pingues, cum centum ovibus: prcetered dona et gaudia Bacchi. 



Tune i?* ille JEneaB, quern 
alma Venus peperit An- 
chisae Trojano prope a- 
quas Phiygii Simoentis? 

620 Ego quidem recordor Teu- 
crum venisse Sidona ejec- 
tum e terminis patriae, et 
qucerentem nova regna ope 
Beli. Tunc meus pater Belus 
populabatur pinguem Cy- 
prum, et victor cum imperio 

"^5 possidebat. Jam vide ab illo 
tempore nota est mrhi ruina 
urbis Trojan x, et nomen tu- 
um, et reges Gneci. Ipse 
Teucer hostis, extollebat 
magnis laudibus Teucros, 

630 Trojanos, et aiebat se oriun- 
dum e veteri Teucrorum iU 
lorum familia. Agite ergo, » 
juvenes, intrate in nostras 
domos. Similis fortuna vo- 
luit, ut ego quoque agitata 
per multos casus, denique 
manerem hac in region e. 

636 Non inscia miseriarum didi- 



NOTES. 



619. Teucrum expukmn. This is Teucer, 
the son of Telamon, and brother of Ajax, 
who upon his return from Troy was banish- 
ed by his father, for not preventing- his bro- 
ther's death, as he thought he might have 
done. 

622. Cyprum. A large island in the Medi- 
terranean sea, at the south of Cilicia. Here 
Venus was born, and surnamed Cypris. 
Here were three renowned temples; two to 
Venus, and one to Jupiter. 

624. Pelasgi. Properly the Thessalians; 
so called, either from Pelasgus, the founder 
of their nation, or from -rtxctgyoc, a crane, 
because, after the manner of cranes, they 
were accustomed to migrate and wander. 
The name is frequently used for the Greeks 
in general. 

625. Ipse hostis. Teucer, though a Greek 
by the father's side, vokbat se ortum, gave 
himself out, or would have himself reputed, 
of Trojan extraction, thus disclaiming rela- 
tion to his father, and reckoning his lineage 
from his mother, who was the daughter of 
Laomedon, king of Troy, descended in a 
direct line from the ancient Teucer, the 
founder of the Teucri or Trojan race. The 
true reason why Teucer valued himself ra- 
ther on account of his relation to the Tro- 
jans by his mother, than to the Grecians by 
his father, was in resentment of the ill 
usage he had met with from his father; but 
the poet, by concealing that circumstance, 
sets this action in such a light as to reflect 
no small honour on the Trojans. 



628. Similis fortuna. Both driven from 
home; both over the seas, and both in quest 
of a new country. 

632. Templis indicit honorem. It was the 
ancient custom to offer up libations and 
other acts of thanksgiving to the gods, upon 
the arrival of strangers, especially to Jupi- 
ter Xenius, the god of hospitality, or who 
presided over strangers. Thus, in Homer, 
Alcinous, when he receives Ulysses at his 
court, orders libations to Jove, who guides 
the wanderer on his way. Pope's Odyssey, 
VII. 240. Servius takes indicit honorem to 
signify originally to raise, or order contri- 
butions to be raised, in honour of the gods, 
because the ancients, on account of their 
poverty, were obliged to collect for their 
sacrifices, or else they applied to that use 
the goods and effects of condemned malefac- 
tors: hence supplicia, punishments, came to 
signify prayers: supplicationes, thanksgi- 
vings; and sacer, both holy and accursed. 

636. Munera, Icetitiamque Dei. The com- 
mentators are greatly divided about the 
meaning of these words. Corradus explains 
them as an offering and joy, i. e. a grateful 
offering, to the god (Neptune) who had 
saved them from shipwreck, taking munera 
in the same sense as Georg. IV. 534. 
tu munera supplex 
Tende, petens pacem, et faciles venerare 

Napaeas. 
Aulus Gellius reads munera Icetitiamque die\ 
Presents with which they might joyfully 
pass the day; taking die for diet, as Georg. 



182 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



At domus interior licit At domus interior regali splendida luxu 

pompV, <a et sub a me(lio e fe a c! Instruitur » mediisque parant convivia tectis. . 

to parantur epulas. Ad- Arte laboratae vestes, ostroque superbo: 

sunt vestimenta perfecta Wens argentum mensis, coelataque in auro 640 

Zfm^r«r4rEF-tia facta patrum, series longissima rerum 

argentea in mensis, etegre-Per tot ducta viros antiquae ab ongme gentis. 

giafacinora majorum sculp- ^Eneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem 

^Tde ductu r s e Tr'°o;P assus amor) rapidum ad naves pnemittit Achaten: 

viros, ab ipso ortu veteris Ascanio terat hsec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat. 

familia. iEneas (nam af- Omnis in Ascanio chari stat cura parentis. 

fectus paternus non s«sti- Munera pr2et e re a, Iliacis erepta minis, 

nuit ems ammum tardare „ • , \ ., r . 

diutius) mittit celerem A- Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque ngentem, 

chatem ad naves, ut referat Et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho: 

ista Ascanio, etadducateum Q rnatus Argivs Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, 

in urbem. Tota solhcitu- ., >p . ' ^ '„ ' 

do cari patris posita est in Pergama cum peteret, mconcessosque Hymenaeos, 

Ascanio. Insuper imperat, Extulerat: matris Ledae mirabile donum. 

ut a ^ e ^ t n ™^'j l d ^ erva a t 1 a Praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim 

Um ngSlir e e r a speram," Maxim a natarum Priami, colloque monile 

et velamen cm croceusacan-Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 655 

thusintextusemt-ornamen-Haec celerans, iter ad naves tendebat Achates. 

ta Argivse Helena, qua ipsa 

Mycenis exportaverat, cum iret TYojam ad vetitum conjugium, dona miranda Ledae matris ejus. 
Praterea sceptrum, quod Ilione primogenita filiarum Priami tulerat quondam, et monile ex 
unionibus ad ornatum. colli, et coronam duplici textu auri et gem marum: properans ista affexre 
Achates dirigebat iter ad naves. 



645 



650 



NOTES. 



I. 208. Servius, and the generality of in- 
terpreters, consider it as a poetical circum- 
locution for wine, which is the gift and joy, 
or the joyful gift of the god (Bacchus). In 
Heinsius' edition, there is no stop after ag- 
nos, but a comma after munera; so that the 
construction runs thus, Mittit viginti tauros 
munera; she sends them presents of twen- 
ty bulls, &c. l<etitiamque Dei, and the joy of 
the god (Bacchus), i. e. wine. See verse 
647, where the word munera is construed 
in the same way. 

640. Argentum — auro. Gold and silver 
plate, simply called gold and silver. So Se- 
neca de vita Beat. Cap. XVII. Nee temere, et 
ut libet, collocatur argentum, sed perite servi- 
tur. Cic IV. in Verr. Ccenabat apud F.upole- 
mum, argentum Hie apposuerat. And Virgil 
himself, in the third iEneid, 355: 
Impositis auro dapibus. 

642. Per tot— viros. The whole history of 
the family from Belus, or rather Abibelus, 
the first Tyrian monarch. 

644. Rapidum— prcemittit. Servius thinks 
that it is equivalent to mittit prxrapidum, 
which appears forced. It may rather be 
thus — sends him before the entertainment, 
or before the messenger sent by Dido, 
verse 633. 

647. Iliacis erepta minis. This shows them 
to have been things of the greatest value. 

648. Pallam. This was a kind of stole 
or long garment, that reached down to the 
feet: 



Fusa sed ad teneros lutea palla pedes. 

Tibul. I. Eleg. 7. 
Hence Horace gives it the epithet of ho- 
nesta: 
Post hunc persons, pallaeque repertor ho- 

nestae 
yEschylus. De Arte Poet. 278. 

It is derived from palam, openly, because 
seen by ali, or from xxkku, to vibrate, be- 
cause it flies loose in the wind. 

648. Sigriis auroque, i. e. Signis aureis, as 
above molemque et montes; and Georg. II. 
192. Pateris libamus et auro, i. e. pateris au- 
reis. 

650. Helena. Helena was the most beau- 
tiful woman of her age. She was the daugh- 
ter of Leda, and wife of Menelaus. Paris 
seduced her from her home. The conduct 
of Paris originated the Trojan war. Homer 
represents her as so incomparably fair, that, 
at the siege of Troy, she influenced the 
counsellors of Priam by the exquisite force 
of her beauty. After her death, she was ho- 
noured as a goddess. The Spartans built 
her a temple at Therapne, which had the 
power of giving beauty to all the deformed 
women who entered it. 

653. Ilione. Ilione was the eldest daughter 
of Priam: she married Polymnestor, king 
of Thrace. 

656. Hcec celerans. After the manner of 
the Greeks, who used <rrt\)Suv and ra^ivuM 
in the same sense. 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. I. 



183 



At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat 
Consilia: ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido 
Pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem 
Incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem. 



At Venus volvit animo no- 
vos dolos, nova consilia: 
nempe ut Cupido, muta- 
tii forma, et vultu, ve- 
660 niat pro tlulci Ascanio, et in- 

Quippe domum timet" ambiguam, Tyriosque bilingues- fla umeribus taasm- 

Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recursat. 



Ergo his aligerum dictis affatur Amorem: 
Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia; solus, 
Nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoea temnis: 
Ad te confugio, et supplex tua numina posco. 
Frater ut iEneas pelago tuus omnia circum 
Litora jactetur, odiis Junonis iniquae, 
Nota tibi: et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. 
Hunc Phoenissa tenet Dido, blandisque moratur 
Vocibus: et vereor, quo se Junonia vertant 
Hospitia: haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum, 
Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma 
Reginam meditor: ne quo se numine mutet; 
Sed magno jEneae mecum teneatur amore. 
Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem. 
Regius, accitu chari genitoris, ad urbem 
Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, 
Dona ferens pelago et flammis restantia Trojae. 
Hunc ego sopitum somno, super alta Cythera, 
Aut super Idalium, sacrata sede recondam: 
Ne qua scire dolos, mediusve occurrere possit. 
Tu faciem illius, noctem non amplius unam, 
Falle dolo: et notos pueri puer indue vultus: 



tern regtnam, ac immisceat 
ignem ossibus ejus. Nam 
metuit domum dubiam, et 
Tyx-ios fallaces: an git earn 

- - _ aspera Juno, et hce solicitu- 

"°^ dines per noctem redeunt. 
Igitur alloquitur alatum A- 
morem his verbis: Fili, 07« 
es meum robur, et magna 
mea vis: fili, qui solus despi- 
cis fulmina supremi Jovis, 

670 quibus vicit Typhoeum: 
confugio ad te; et supplex 
imploro tuam potestatem. 
Notum tibi est, quomodo 
frater tuus jEneas agitetur 
mari circa omnia litora, odio 
Junonis nobis in fensze; etsse- 

675 pe condoluisti mihi dolenti. 
Hunc Tyria Dido detinet, et 
retardat dulcibus sermoni- 
bus: et dubito quern habitu- 
ra sint exit urn hsec hospitia, 
quibus prceest Juno: non 

ggQquiescet in hoc * flexu tam. 
commodo rerum. Quaprop- 
ter meditor prius occupare 
reginam fraude, et ambire 
igne: ne mutet se ad ullius 
Dei nutiw; sed ut mecum. 
prosequatur JEneam magno 
Regius juvenis, quem maxime 



amore. Quomodo possis id exequi, audi jam consilium meum. 

euro, parat se vocatu dilecti patris, ad eundem in urbem Carthaginem, portans munera quce su- 
persunt e naufragio, et incendio Trojan. Ego occultabo ilium sopitum somno, sacro in loco,su- 
per alta Cythera, vel super Idalium nemus: ne possit aliquo modo cognoscere fraudes meas, et 
medius intervenire. Tu simula perfraudem formam illius, et puer assume notam faciem pueri, 
non plus quam una nocte: 



NOTES. 



658. Cupido. It is generally admitted that 
there were two Cupids; one of whom is a 
lively and ingenuous youth, the son of Jupi- 
ter and Venus, whilst the other, the son of 
Erebus and Nox, is distinguished by his de- 
bauchery and riot. Cupid is represented as 
a winged infant, naked and armed with a 
bow, and quiver full of arrows. 

660. Ossibus. He insinuates the fire of 
love into the very cells of the bones of Di- 
do. So that ccsco carpitur igni. — Est (vel 
edit) mollis fiamma medidlas. 

665. Bilingues. So called, either because 
they used both the Phenician and Libyan 
languages, or because the Tyrians were no- 
torious for their perfidy. Punica fides is a 
proverb. This last sense best accords with 
the words " domum ambiguam" 

665. Tela Typhoea. The bolts whereby 
Typhceus and the other giants were over- 
thrown: a very lively poetical expression 
to denote the power of love. 

670. Phanissa. As coming from Phenicia. 

671. £>uo, for in quem exitum. 

673. Fa cingere fiamma. A metaphor bor- 



rowed from the manner of blocking up a 

town by planting fires round the walls, so 

that there was no way left to escape:' 

Interea vigilum excubiis obsidere portas 

Cura datur Messapo, et mania cingere 

fiammis. JEn. IX. 159. 

Interea Rutuli portis circum omnibus in- 
stant 
Sternere csede viros, et mania cingere fiam- 
mis. JEn. X. 118. 
678. Sidoniam. Meaning Carthage, called 
a Sidonian city, because its builders came 
from Sidon. 

680. Cythera. An island on the coast of 
Laconia in Peloponnesus, and sacred to Ve- 
nus. 

681. Idalium. Idalus is a mountain of 
Cyprus: at its foot stands the town Idali- 
um, with a grove sacred to Venus, who is 
herself called Idalxa. 

681. Sacrata; where men sacrifice to me. 

684. Falle dolo. Dr. Trapp says, "fallere 
for simulare in this place is very particular; 
yet natural and easv, and therefore ele- 
gant." 



184 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



ut cum Dido iaeta exci- Ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido, 685 

tt^BAST R?8»>« inter mensas laticemque I y*um, 

cum; cum amplectetur te, ^um dabit amplexus, atque oscula dulcia figet; 

et prxbebit tibi suavia oscu- Occultum inspires ignem, fallasque veneno. 

la;insinues«secretam flam- p t A dicds h genitlicis, et alas 

mam, et decipias earn vene- . , R . ' . 

no amons. Amor obtempe- Exuit, et gressu gaudens mcedit lull. 

rat mandatisdilectK matiis, At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem 

et deponit alas, et eundo i rr i^ at: et fotum gremio Dea tollit in altos 

lmitatur incessum Ascanu. T , ,9 , ,. ° „. .„ 

Venus autem bfundit Asca- Ida ' ia e ^cos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium 

nio duicem somnum in Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra. 

membra: et Dea autert e«m, j amque ibat dicto parens, et dona Cupido 

ZSftSSSZ&Z R *S ia P°. rtabat Tyriis, duce betas Achate. 

racus s'uaviter haians cingit Cum venit, aulaeis jam se Regma superbis 
ilium floribus, et grata um- Aurea. composuit sponda, mediamque locavit. 

oKdifns S-JSSft i am Pa « r ^" eaS « J am Tr °J ana J U ™ tUS 

portabat Carthaginensibus Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 
regalia munera, gaudens Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque canistris 
duce Achate. Quando venit, Expediunt tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis. 

turn regina discumbit in au- r > i 

rea sponda et magnificis tapetibus, et media sedet. Turn pater JEneas, et turn juvenes Trojani 
sitnul accedunt, et discumbunt in lectis purpureis. Mimstri infundunt aquam manibus, et pro- 
ferunt paneme canistris, et gestant mantilia e rasis velleribus. 



690 



695 



700 



NOTES. 



686. Laticenuiue Lyceum. Lyaeus is a name 
given to Bacchus, axo t« xum, because wine 
dissipates care. 

Cura fugit multo diluiturque mere. 
Dissipat Evius 
Curas edaces. Hor. II. Od. XI. 17. 

693. Mollis amaracus. The herb marjo- 
ram, otherwise called sampsuchum t where- 
of, Pliny tells us, a most excellent kind grew 
in Cyprus, and that it was baneful to scor- 
pions: Sampsuchum sive amaracus, in Cy- 
pro laudatissimum et odoratissimum, scor- 
pionibus adversatur: so that it was a very 
proper bed for Ascanius to sleep on with 
safety. It would seem as though the name 
of sweet-marjoram was as terrific to the 
translators of Virgil as was the herb itself 
to scorpions. Dryden substitutes the myr- 
tle: 
" Then with a wreath of myrtle crowns 

his head, 
And softly lays him on a flowery bed." 
Pitt says, " sweet-marjoram would not 
sound gracefully in English;" he therefore 
introduces no peculiar plant: 
" There on a flowery bed her charge she 

laid, 
And breathing round him rose the frag- 
rant shade." 
While Dr. Trapp, with his customary blunt- 
ness and honesty, says, " Amaracus sounds 
well in Latin, but sweet marjoram would 
sound ill in English, and so I have changed 
it to jessamine:" 

« blooming jessamine around him 

breathes." 
698. Aurea composuit sponda. Some take 
aurea in the nominative, to, agree with, re- 



gina, but it does better in the ablative, as 
iEn. VII. 190. Aurea per cussumvirgd; where 
the two last syllables must be pronounced 
like a diphthong. See more examples of 
this, Eel. III. 96. VIII. 81. iEn. X. 487. 

698. Mediamque locavit. The couches 
whereon they lay at table were three in 
number, each of which was made for three 
to lie upon; hence Triclinium signifies a 
dining room. 

698. Aurea sponda. The sponda is the ex- 
terior part of the bed; it is often used for 
the bed itself. Hence are derived the words 
spons, accord, sponsum, a promise; sponsus et 
sponsa, a bridegroom and bride, and spon- 
salia, espousals. 

698. Mediam locavit. In the arrangement 
of the guests Dido takes place of jfcneas, for 
the middle was the most honourable place 
among the Africans. Sallust has expressty 
marked this; he says, " Ne medius ex tri- 
bus quod apud Numidas honori dicitur, Ju- 
gurtha foret." The queen's couch was of 
gold, that of iEneas and the Trojans only 
of purple. Dido did not give the uppermost 
place to her guest. A good poet should ob- 
serve even these trifling decorums. 

Catrou. 

701. Dant famuli manibus lymphas Cere~ 
remque — Expediant. It was the ancient cus- 
tom to wash before meals. We may ob- 
serve that Virgil, to maintain the dignity of 
his style in this simple narration, uses the 
poetical words, lymphas et Cererem, for wa- 
ter and bread. 

702. Mantilia; soft towels, yet of consi- 
derable magnitude. The mantile differed 
from the mappa in that the former served 



^NEIDOS LIB. I. 



185 



Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longo l»tus sunt quinquaginta mi- 

Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates: ^A/i £ 

Centum aliae, totidemque pares aetate ministri, 705 num , ct suffiic iirne do- 



mesticos Deos. Sunt alios 
centum, totidem famuli se- 
qualis setatis, qui hnponant 
men sis cibos, et proferant 
pocula. Pariter etiam Poeni 
^rjQmagno numero congregan- 
tur per lsetam domum, jus- 
si recubare in lectis pictis, 
Mirantur munera JEnece, 
mirantur Ascanium, et vul- 
tum ardentem Cupidinis et 
ficta ejus verba, et pallam, 
7 1 5 et velamen intextum croceo 
acantho. Prsesertim misera 
Dido, destinata amori futu- 
ro, non potest satiare ani- 
mum, et inflammatur spee- 
tando, et sequaliter capitur 
~ar\pulchritudine munerum et 
pueri. Ille, postquam hsesit 
collo et in complexu JEnes, 
et satiavat magnum amorera 
ficti patris, it ad reginam. 
Hsec oculos, hsec totum ani- 
mum defigit in puerum, 
et aliquando premit eum in sinu: ignorans Dido, quantus Deus sibi miserse insideat. Sed ille re- 
cordatus mandatorum matris su<e Veneris, incipit delere paulatim memoriam Sichsei, et conatur 
prseoccupare vehementi amore mentem jamdudum otiosam, et corda desueta amandi. Postquam 
cessatum est a primis epulis, et sublati sunt cibi, ponunt magna pocula, et coronant vinum. 



Qui dapibus mensas onerent, et pocula ponant 
Necnon et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes 
Convenere, toris jussi discumbere pictis. 
Mirantur dona ^Eneae, mirantur Iulum, 
Flagrantesque Dei vultus, simulataque verba: 
Pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. 
Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae, 
Expleri mentem nequit, ardescitque tuendo 
Phoenissa: et puero pariter donisque movetur. 
Ille, ubi complexu ,/Eneae colloque pependit, 
Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, 
Reginam petit: haec oculis, haec pectore toto 
Haeret, et interdum gremio fovet: inscia Dido, 
Insideat quantus miserae Deus: at memor ille 
Matris Acidaliae, paulatim abolere Sichaeum 
Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore 
Jampridem resides animos desuetaque corda. 
Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae; 
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant, 



NOTES. 



occasionally for spreading over the table; 
the latter was merely a napkin for the hand. 
704. Penum, penus, i; or penus, us, mas- 
culine or feminine; or penus, oris, neuter, 
are things necessary for food, preserved in 
some interior larder or pantry. Hence Ruac- 
us thinks are derived the words penetrus, pe- 
netro and penates. 

704. Flammis adolere Penates. Adolere 
signifies properly to burn fragrant incense, 
as, 
Verbenasque adole pingues, et mascula 

thura. Eel. VIII. 65. 

Or to perfume by incense; as, 
Praeterea castis adolet dum altaria txdis. 
JEn. VII. 71. 
Hence it signifies to perform acts of wor- 
ship in general; 
Junoni Argivx jussos adolemus honores. 
JEn. III. 547. 
For the Penates see above, verse 527. 
713. Expleri meiitem nequit, ardescitque 

tuendo. 
Ut vidi! ut peril/ ut me mains abstulit error! 
Eel. VIII. 41. 
Nee prius ex illo flagrantia declinavit 
Lumina, quam toto concepit pectore flam- 
mam 
Funditus, atque imis exarsit tota medullis. 

Catull. in Nupt. Pelei. 
719. Insideat. This word is very expres- 
sive, denoting not only Cupid's situation, 
but his insidious design upon Dido. Hein- 
sius reads insidat } a word of much the same 



import, and which is applied to bees gree* 
dily clinging to the summer flowers, and 
rioting on the blossoms: 

ubi apes sestate serena 
Floribus insidunt variis. 

JEn. VI. 707. 

719. Memor; mandatorum understood. 

720. Acidalice. Acidalia was a surname of 
Venus, from a fountain of the same name in 
Boeotia, sacred to her. In this fountain the 
graces bathed. 

721. Vivo amore may either mean with an 
ardent passion, or rather a passion for a li- 
ving object. 

723. Postquam prima qides epulis, mensce- 
que remote. The Romans, as Servius ob- 
serves, brought in the several courses on 
tables, and not by single dishes; hence we 
read frequently in authors of the prima 
mensa and secunda mensa, the first and se- 
cond service; particularly in Cicero's epis- 
tles to Atticus, Lib. XIV. 6. Hzc ad te 
scripsi apposita secunda mensa; this I wrote 
to you between the first and second service: 
whence it appears that there was a consi- 
derable interval between one and the other. 
See also his twenty-first letter of the same 
book, and the thirteenth letter of the fif- 
teenth book. 

724. Vina coronant. In imitation of Homer, 
II. I. 470. 

Ktf£0< jCCEV KgYITtlgXC ITtiri^CaTO TT0TOIO. 

The youths crowned the goblets with wine; 
which Athenseus explains to mean no more 



2B 



186 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Fit sonus per domum, et Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant 725 

vox volvitur per snatio- a * • j i ^ / i_ • i ' «i 

sa atria: lucema accen- Atria; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis 
see pendent e laquearibus Incensi: et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. 
auratis, et faces luce pel- Hie Regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit, 
£**££ irJS Implcvitque mero pateram; quam Belus, et omnes 
mis gravem, et repicvit eam A Belo soliti. Turn facta silentia tectis; 730 

vino, quam Belus, et omnes Jupiter (hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur) 
tSfS.tStoS^Hunctetum Tyriisque diem Trojaque profectis 
totd domo: Jupiter, inquit ksse veils, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores. 
Dido (nam aiunt te aucto- Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno: 
remesaeiegum hospitalium) Et 6 ccetum Tyrii celebrate faventes. 735 

lac ut hie dies sit felix Car- TA . . . J . . ... . . 

thaginensibus, et advenis Uixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem: 

Trojanis: et tit posteri nos- Primaque libato, summo tenus attigit ore. 

tri hujus recordentur Adsit Tum Bitia , cledit i ncr epitans: ille impiger hausit 

Jjaccnus auctor Isctiuts, et r* . i \ • * 

propitia Juno: etvos,d Car- apumantem pateram, et plena se proluit auro: 
thaginenses, adeste faventes Post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus Iopas 740 

huic convivio. Sicait,etstil-p ersonat aurata, docuit quae maximus Atlas, 
lavit m mensam vmum, Iio-tt: •» t o i* i l. Zl 

norem liquorum: et el stii- Hlc canit errantem Lunam, Sohsque laboresr 

lato, prima degustavit reliquum sum mis tantummodo labris: deinde dedit Bitise hortans eum: 
ille alacer ebibit pateram spumantem, et conspersit se vino aureze paterae plence; postea alii pro- 
ceres: Iopas comatus ludit cithai*a, ea quae maximus Atlas docuit. Canit ille errores Lunas, et 
defectus Solis: 



NOTES. 



than to fill them to the brim with wine. But 
some understand it of adorning the cups 
with garlands. The ancients upon certain 
occasions used goblets of a monstrous size. 
The same author describes one of silver, so 
large as to contain six hundred amphora, 
which amount at least to twenty tons of 
our measure. And Arrian describes another 
so capacious as to contain the libations 
Alexander and nine thousand guests per- 
formed to the gods. 

726. Dependent lychni laquearibus aureis. 
This passage Milton has finely improved 
upon in his description of Pandemonium, 
or the devil's palace, in the first book, of his 
Paradise Lost, verse 726. 

From the arched roof, 
Pendent by subtle magic, many a row 
Of starry lamps, and blazing crescents, fed 
With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light 
As from a sky. 

726. Lychni laquearibus. The lychni or 
lamps are so called from the Greek Au^vo?, 
lucerna. The laquearia are the inner roof of 
a hall vaulted and channelled with fret- 
work. The funalia were cords dipped in 
wax. 

• 729. Belus, et omnes A Belo. It is plain 
that the Belus here mentioned cannot refer 
to Dido's father (otherwise there would be 
no propriety in saying omnes a Belo, all the 
descendents or successors of Belus); but to 
one of her ancestors, perhaps the founder 
of the family. 

729. Belus. He was one of the most cele- 
brated kings of Babylon. His temple, which 
was originally the tower of Babel, was the 



most ancient and magnificent in the world. 
It was enriched with many statues of gold, 
among which there was one forty feet high. 

730. Soliti,- sunt implere is understood. 

731. Hospitibus. Jupiter hospitalis was 
held in high veneration. 

736. Libavit honorem. This ceremony of 
libation consisted in pouring out some drops 
of the wine, either upon the altar, or some- 
times upon the table, as an offering to the 
gods, in acknowledgment of their bounty. 
For the phrase honorem laticum, see above, 
verse 632. 

737. Summo tenus. Virgil often describes 
the incidents in his poem, in allusion to Ro- 
man customs. The ladies of Rome never 
drank wine but at religious ceremonies; the 
laws of that city punished with death those 
who used it at any other time. Thus Dido 
does not drink it here but as at a ceremony, 
and does no more than touch her lips with 
it. Cateou. 

740. Cithard personat. In like manner Ho- 
mer makes Demodocus sing and play at the 
feast with which Alcinous entertains Ulys- 
ses, in the eighth book of the Odyssey. But 
the subject of the song in Homer, (the ac- 
tions of Ulysses) how proper soever to the 
occasion, sinks far below the dignity of this. 
The song of Iopas is of the sublimest kind; 
and the sweetness and majesty of the num- 
bers lift the soul with the poet to heaven, 
like the rapturous music which he de- 
scribes. 

742. Errantem Lunam. Dr. Trapp ob- 
serves, that " To put so much natural phi- 
losophy into a song may seem strange to a 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. I. 



187 



Unde hominum genus, et pecudes: unde imber, etunde oriatur genus homi- 

iffnes* num, et pecudes; unde pill- 

ow . , tt i • rr, . via et fulmina: canit Arctu- 

Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminosque 1 nones: rurilj et Hyadas imbriferas, 

Quid tantiim Oceano properent se tingere soles 745 et duos Tnones; cur Sol hy- 

Hyberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 

Ingeminant plausum Tyrii, Troesque fequuntur. 

Necnon et vario noctem sermone trahebat 

Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem; 

Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa 

Nunc, quibus Aurora venisset filius armis: 75 I riis cum JEned colloquiis, et 

Nunc, quales Diomedis equi: nunc, quantus Achilles, ^ensim hauriebat amorem: 

T s . > *j*u •• u* quserens multa tie Pnamo, 

Immd age, et a prima die, hospes, ongine nobis ^ ulta de Hectore: mo&b, 

Insidias, inquit, Danaum, casusque tuorum, quibus armis instructus fili- 

Erroresque tuos: nam te jam septima portat 755 us Aurora venisset Trojam: 

Omnibus emntem terris et fluctibu. xs.as. K£aS&pU? 

set Acliilles. Age potiils, 6 hospes, inquit, et narra nobis dolos Grsecorum a prima origine, rui- 
namque civium tuorum, et tuoserrores: nam sestasjam septima te circumfert errantem omnibus 
terris et maribus. 



emalis ita properet se la- 
vare aquis Oceani, vel quae 
mora retardet lentas noc- 
tes cestatis. Carthaginenses 
dant plausum, et Trojani 
eos imitantur. Misera etiam 
Dido traducebat noctem va- 



NOTES. 



mere modern. Yet how much more grand 
and noble is it than a silly story of Chloris 
and Phillis, and such like frothy trifles, which 
are the subjects of songs in our times! By the 
way, how pretty would have been an opera 
or a masquerade to entertain JEneas and his 
friends on this occasion! What pity it is 
the ancients were not so polite and judi- 
cious as we are. 

749. Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amo- 
rem. Virgil is always very happy in setting 
objects in contrast to one another; as here 
the anxious situation of Dido's love-sick 
mind is seen in a fine light, in opposition to 
the general mirth and gaiety of the ban- 
queting guests. While Tyrians and Trojans 
give a loose to joy, and are making the roofs 
resound with their repeated acclamations, 



JEneas alone engages Dido's thoughts and 
attention; she relishes neither the pleasures 
of the feast, nor of the song, and can listen 
to no music but to the charms of his voice. 

751. Shdbus armis. It is worth observing, 
says Mr. Pratt, how natural and proper for 
a woman these questions are, quibus armis! 
quantus Achilles/ quales Diomedis equi! These 
are such strokes of nature as escape com- 
mon readers, but are infinitely beautiful. 
Shakspeare abounds in them more than 
any author whatever. 

755. Nam tejam septima, &c. 
" For since you wandered every shore and 

sea 
Have sev.n revolving summers passed 
awav. PiTT. 



188 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



^NEIDOS 



LIBER II. 



ARGUMENTUM. 



1NTERPRETATIO. 



CONTICUERE omnes, intentique ora tencbant. 



Omnessiluerunt, etatten- t„ j^ «.«„^ ^„«.^.« ar„ „• „ Y i* 

u comprimebant vocem. } n * e toro pater .Eneas sic orsus ab alto: 

Turn pater ^neas sic incce- Infandum, Regma, jubes renovare dolorem: 

pit e superiori parte lecti; Trojanas ut opes et lamentabile regnum 

v^do.oSn? £££££ ?™rint Danai, qu*que ipse miserrima vidi, 5 

rando, quomodo Graci ever- Et quorum pars magna fui. Quis taha fando, 

terint potentiam Trojanam, Myrmidonum, Dolopumve, aut duri miles Ulyssei, 

et regnum deplorandum: et 

qusecunque vidi ipse digna miseratione, et quibus magna ex parte interfui. Quis Myrmidonum, 

aut Dolopum, aut quis miles duri Ulyssis hsec coram emorando 



NOTES. 



This second book is'one of those which 
Virgil singled out to rehearse before Au- 
gustus, as a specimen of his work; a sure 
indication of the esteem he himself had 
of it. 

3. Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare dolo- 
rem. In this introduction Virgil remarkably 
follows the rule laid down by Horace, Be 
Art. Poet, verse 105. 

Tristia moestum 
Vultum verba decent. 
The lines languish, and are so artfully com- 
posed, as to force the reader to pronounce 
them with a slow, broken, and interrupted 
voice, and show JEneas, as it were, heav- 
ing out every word with a sigh. It is re- 
ported of queen Elizabeth, that when visit- 
ing the colleges at Oxford, on her seeing a 
boy pass her, she asked him, " How often 
is it, my boy, that you get a flogging from 
your master?" He is said to have answered, 



Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare do- 
lorem. 

4. Trojanas opes. The kingdom of Phry- 
gia, whereof Troy was the capital, was fa- 
mous for its riches and magnificence, even 
to a proverb: 

Nam tu, quae tenuit dives Achaemenes, 
Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes, 
Permutare velis crine Licymniae. 

Hor. II. Carm. XII. 21. 

5. £ruerint Danai. We may observe, 
once for all, that the Greeks were denomi- 
nated Danai from Danaus, the brother of 
JEgyptus, who usurped the throne of Ar- 
gos. 

7. Myrmidonum. The Myrmidons were 
the troops of Achilles. 

7. Dolopumve. The Dolopians were the 
troops which Phoenix led to Troy from Scv- 
ros, an island in the iEgean sea. 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



189 



Temperet a lachrymis? et jam nox humida coelo - abstineataueturEt jam nox 

a ^uiyti*.*. " 7 j humida prxceps abite crelo, 

Praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. et astra decedentia invit*»t 

Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros, 10 a d somnum. Scd sitantan&t 

Et breviter Troi-^ supremum audire laborem: e^eupiditas eognoscendi ca- 

^ . J v . . , t , «..,„.,« „„r„rv.; f. sus nostros, et breviter audi- 

Quanquam animus memimsse horret, luctuque retugit. cmH ulthnam Troije ruinarn> 

Incipiam. FraCti bcllo, fatisque repulsi quamvis mea mens abhorre- 

Ductores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis, at, etpne dolore recusetre- 

, J . . a r, 11 j- „, w ^ i c cordari: taweumcipiam.Du- 

Instar montis equum, divina Palladis ai te i 5 ceg Grjccol . uni> afflicti bell0j 

iEdificant: sectaque intexunt abiete costas. et fatis repulsi ab expugna- 

Votum pro reditu simulant: ea fama vagatur. Hone urbis, tot annis jam e- 

r lapsis; faciunt equum, in mo- 

dum montis; divino consilio Minervse, et struunt costas ex abiete scissa. Fingunte«se votum pro 
reditu: spargitur is rumor. 



NOTES. 
9. Cadentia sidera. As the stars rise at back, 
night when they begin to shine put, so they 
set in the morning when they disappear. 
The idea of the night scene adds very much 
to the solemnity and awfulness of the rela- 
tion. Indeed the whole disposition of the 
scene, and the concomitant circumstances, 
are admirable in every respect. A great 
prince, driven by a storm to a strange coast, 
entertained by a great queen, in a nume- 
rous assembly of princes, nobility, and 
guards; with attendants listening at a dis- 
tance, after a magnificent banquet, in the 
large hall of a stately palace, hung round 



and recoiled at once, in a moment,, 
at his first calling up the mournful subject 
into his memory- 

15. Instar montis equum. It has been ob- 
jected, that this story of the horse has not 
probability enough to support it; since, be- 
sides the hardiness of the enterprise, it is 
not to be imagined that the Trojans would 
be gross enough to receive within their 
walls so enormous and suspicious an en- 
gine with so implicit a credulity. But all 
these objections Segrais has answered in 
his remarks. As to the hardiness of the en- 
terprise, he observes, that modern history 



with tapers and flambeaux, in the dead of furnishes examples of equally hardy and 
night, relates to her, at her request, such daring enterprises being undertaken and 
a surprising history of wars, distresses, and executed with success; and instances, par- 
travels, as were never before heard of. ticularly, that of the ^Hollanders, forty of 

Trap p. whom ventured to stow themselves in a 
12. Luctuque refugit. Catrou and others boat seemingly laden with turfs, and under- 
read luctumque refugit, declines the mourn- went those scrutinies which are generally 
ful task, which amounts to the same sense, made for the detection of contraband goods, 



The reader here will observe, that there is 
a change in the tense, refugit being of the 
tense which usually refers to past time, 
whereas horret is in the present; a freedom 
which Dr. Trapp thinks very harsh. But 
Dr. Clarke, in his remarks on Homer, Iliad 
I. verse 37. shows that this preterite tense, 
as the grammarians call it, refers to the 
time present, as well as what is called the 
present tense; only the former denotes that 
the action is finished at the present time, 
and the other, that it is going on. As ccenat 
in the present signifies, he is at supper, cce~ 
navit in the preterite, he has supped; so 
here animus refugit, which is the very ex- 
ample Dr. Clarke adduces to support his opi- 
nion, signifies, my mind has shrunk back, 
which refers to the present time no less 
than refugit, it shrinks, oris shrinking back: 
whence it appears, that Virgil's using this 
tense is so far from being licentious and un- 
warrantable, that it is equally proper with 
the other, and the more emphatic of the 
two; for it denotes the violence and quick- 
hms of the impression; thathis soul shrunk 



and, having found means of landing, retook 
the town of Breda from the Spaniards. As 
to the other objection, which is indeed a 
principal one, that the Trojans should be 
so senseless as to receive the engine within 
their walls, he observes how finely the poet 
has contrived matters to make this not only 
plausible, but in a manner necessary and 
unavoidable. He has loosed the knot, by the 
seasonable interposition of a divinity. The 
Trojans having heard Sinon's artful story, 
and seeing such a strong confirmation of 
the truth of it in the terrible disaster that 
befel Laocoon and his sons, had all the rea- 
son in the world to believe the machine was 
an offering sacred to Minerva, and that all 
who offered any violation to it, should feel 
the severe vengeance of heaven, as Lao- 
coon and his sons had done; and therefore 
they could not act otherwise than the poet 
supposes them to have done, consistently 
with their religion and system of belief. 

16. Costas. The costce or ribs of this wood- 
en engine are the inner beams, or props to 
which the outer boards are fastened, 



190 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Ad earn rem sortiti electa Hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim 

corpora mihtum, ea clam t i i 1 *. »^\ 

occultant in obscuris late- Ir >cludunt caeco laten: penitusque cavernas 

ribus equi, et magnas ca- Ingentes, uterumque armato milite complent. 20 

vernasatque uterum profun- Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama 

insula, faraa notissima, abun- Nunc tantum sinus, et statio malefida carinis: 
dans opibus, dum regnum Hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt. 
S^L^uf^t No* abiisse rati, et vento petiisse Mycenas. 25 

tariavibus.Illucelapsioccul- ^rgo omnis longo solvit se Teucna luctu: 
tantse deserto in litore: nos Panduntur portse; jurat ire, et Dorica castra, 
ItM^oMm^m^ Desertosque videre locos, litusque relictum. 
Mycenas.' Itaque Trojaom^ Hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendelmt Achilles: 
uis liberat se diutumo an- Classibus hie locus: hie acies certare solebant. 30 

gore: port* aperiuntur, dui- p ars stup et innuptae donum exitiale Minervse, 

ce est exire et aspicere cas- 1?«. t '*_■ ' 'T • t.i 

tra Grxca, et vacua spada Et molem mirantur equi: pnmusque 1 hymcetes 
et litus derelictum. Hie tur- Duci intra muros hortatur, et arce locari; 
m» Dolopum hie crudeiis sive dolo, seu jam Troiae sic fata ferebant. 

Aclulles habebat tentona: J J 

haec erat statio nayium: hie exercitus solebant pngnare. Pars stupet munus perniciosum obla 
turn innuptie Palladi, et admiratur magnitudinem equi: et primus Thymcetes suadet ut admit- 
tatur intra muros: et statuatur in arce; seu per fraudem, seu jam fata Trojse ita volebant. 



NOTES. 



21. Tenedos. This was a small and fertile 
island opposite to Troy, about twelve miles 
from Sigseum, and fifty-six north of Les- 
bos. 

25. Mycenas. Myceme was a town of Ar- 
golis in Peloponnesus, built by Perseus, son 
of Danae. In the age of the geographer 
Strabo, its site was almost wholly un- 
known. 

26. Teucria. Troy; so called, from Teu- 
cer. 

27. Juvat ire. The verb ire is frequently 
used by Virgil to express a precipitant, im- 
petuous, eager motion, as it nar thus sanguis, 
Geor. III. 507. it mare proruptum, JEn. I. 
246. juventus in portis, JEn. IV. 130. And 
the sense shows that it ought to be so 
translated here; for surely the Trojans, af- 
ter their long restraint, would be extreme- 
ly keen and eager to pour forth at their 
gates, and view the grounds which the ene- 
my had^covered. Dr.Trapp renders it, and 
pleasant it was to walk abroad, as if the 
Trojans had been only going forth in a calm 
and sedate manner, to enjoy the pleasures 
of the fields and fresh air. 

27. Dorica. From Doris, a country of 
Greece, between Phocis, Thessaly and Ac- 
arnania. It received its name from Dorus, 
the son of Deucalion. 

29. Sic Dolopum manus. Here the poet 
makes JEneas speak in the person of one of 
the Trojans, viewing the ground where the 
enemy had been encamped. 



31. Innuptcc Minervce. Pallas was so called^ 
because she refused to be be married to 
Vulcan, and preserved her virginity. Her 
worship was universally established. She 
had magnificent temples in Egypt, Pheni- 
cia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. 

32- Primusque Thymcetes. This Thymae. 
tes, we are told, had to wife Cilia, the sis- 
ter of Hecuba, Priam's consort, by whom 
he had a son born to him on the same day 
with Paris. Priam, being warned by the 
Oracle that a child was born that day to the 
ruin of his country, chose rather, as was 
natural, to interpret the oracle of Thymoe- 
tes' son than of his own, and put him to 
death. On this account, Thymcetes still en- 
tertained a grudge against Priam, and for 
that reason was suspected of betraying his 
country, which makes Virgil here say, — 
sive dolo hortatur. 

33. Duci; equum understood. 

33. Arce locari. Arx does not always sig- 
nify a fort or citadel, but the place of great- 
est eminence in a city; as Virgil, speaking 
of the seven hills on which Rome was built, 
calls them septem arces, JEn. VI. 783. The 
arx therefore here probably is to be under- 
stood of that place which served for a ves- 
tibule to Minerva's temple. 

34. Sic fata ferebant. Virgil all along gives 
us to understand that the overthrow of 
Troy was ordained by destiny, which adds 
the greater air of probability to this episode 
of the wooden horse. 



I 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



191 



At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, 

Aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectaque dona, 

Praecipitare jubent, subjectisquc mere flammis: 

Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tentare latebras. 

Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. 

Primus ibi ante omnes, magna, comitante caterva, 

Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce: 

Et procul: O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives? 

Creditis avectos hostes? aut ulla putatis 

Dona carere dolis Danaum? sic notus Ulysses? 

Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi; 

Aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros, 

Inspectura domos, venturaque desuper urbi; 

Aut aliquis' latet error; equo ne credite, Teucri. 

Quicquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. 

Sic fatus, validis ingentem viribus hastam 

In latus, inque feri curvam compagibus alvum 

Contorsit: stetit ilia tremens, uteroque recusso 



35 At Capys, et quorum ani- 
moprudentiorme?Ytf sensus, 
aut suadent ut abjiciaut do- 
los Graicorum et munera 
suspecta,comburantque sup- 
positis ignibus; aut. ut radiant 
et explorent cavas latebras 

40 a ivi. Plcbs ambigua distrahi- 
turin opposita consilia. Tunc 
prior coram omnibus Lao- 
coon, magna turba sequen- 
te, decurrit celer e summa 
arce: et procul clamat: O 

45 miseri cives! quae tanta est 
stultitia? An putatis hostes 
esse profectos? aut existima- 
tis ulla Grsecorum munera 
carere fraudibus? sic Ulysses 
cognitus est vobis? Aut Grae- 
-ci clausi hoc ligno latent; aut 

50 hsec machina structa est 
contra nostra mcenia ad ex~ 
plorandum domos, et ex al- 
to ingruendum urbi: aut ali- 
us aliquis dolus latet: Troja- 



Insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae. 

ni, ne fidite huic equo: quq^ umque istud est, metuo Grsecos, etiam dum munera dant. Cum 
hsec dixisset, immisit totis viribus magnam hastam in latus, et in uterum equi curvatum junc- 
Mris: hsesit ilia tremens, et repercusso utero cava spatia sonuerunt et emiserunt gemitum. 



NOTES, 



35. Capys. This Trojan passed with JE- 
neas into Italy, and founded Capua, a city 
so ancient and opulent, that it even rivalled 
Rome, and was called altera Roma. 

37. Subjectisque. £hie is here used, as it is 
elsewhere, for ve. Vid. JEn. X. 709. And 
indeed some copies read subjectisve. 

38. Terebrare. Properly to bore, to pierce, 
but it also means to bore out. So 2En. III. 
635. 

" Telo lumen terebramus acuto " 
It is derived from terebrum, an auger. 

39. Incertum. Unstable. 

41. Laocoon. According to some, he was 
brother to Anchises; according to others, 
Priam's own son, and priest of Apollo, or 
rather of Neptune, as in Petronius, 

Namque Neptuno sacer 
Crinem solutus omne Laocoon replet 
Clamore vulgus. 
44 Sic notus Ulysses? These words have 
become a kind of proverb. A sure sign, 
says Dr. Trapp, that they are just and na- 
tural. 

47. Venturaque urbi is a particular expres- 
sion; it means expugnatura urbem. 

48. Aliquis error. Error signifies whatever 
is opposite to truth, and is taken in a very 
large sense by the Roman authors: here it 
signifies trick, deceit, artifice. 

49. Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. There 
lies a particular emphasis in the et: I am 
jealous of the Greeks, even when they bring us 
presents. Or perhaps et donaferentes is to be 



understood in general, / dread the Greeks, 
and all those who are thus forward to offer 
gifts. It is a very just observation, that all 
rash and sudden liberality is to be suspect- 
ed, but more especially when it comes from 
a foe: 

Namque istasubita me jubetbenignitas 
Vigilare facias ne mea culpa lucrum. 
As Phsedrus elegantly expresses it in the 
fable; agreeable to which is the reflection 
put by Sophocles in the mouth of Ajax: 

E^^wv ccfapx Sagtx, x «x ovycrijji.a. 
The gifts of an enemy will never benefit a mar? 
or make him the richer. 

51. Feri. Ferus does not always signify 
a savage, or beast of prey; as it is here ap- 
plied to a horse, so Virgil uses the same 
word in speaking of a tame stag, in the se- 
venth book of the JEneid, verse 489. 

Pectebatque ferum. 
And in like manner Horace applies it to an 
ass, lEp. XIII. 8. 
Clitellas ferus impingas, Asinaeque pater- 

num 
Cognomen vertas in risum. 
53. Gemitumque dedere. This groan arose 
from some one of the Greeks within, who 
was perhaps wounded with Laocoon's 
spear, or at least affrighted thereby, as Pe- 
tronius seems to insinuate in these words, 
Fremit 
Captiva pubes intus, et dum murmurat, 
Roborea moles spirat alieno metu. 



192 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Et, si fata Deornm, si Et, si fata Deum, si mens non laeva fuisset, 

E2£*£SL^**V?*«* ferro Argolicas ^are latebras: 55 

lassemus armis Grtecaslate- Trojaque nunc stares, Priamique arx alta maneres. 
bras: et nunc stares, 6 Tro- Ecce manus juvenem interea post terga revinctum 

fcSl"ffi?l*£ P t"P ast ? res , ma g n ? ad . re S em clara ? re «•»>*»"* 

tores Trojani magno cla- Dardamdae: qui se ignotum vementibus ultro, 
moreadregemtrahebantju-Hoc ipsum ut strueret, Trojamque aperiret Achi- 

venetn ligatum manibus post v | s 

terga: qui sponte se igno- ^, , , L J n , ... 

turn tradiderat venientibus, Obtulerat: fidens animi, atq; in utrumq; paratus; 

ut illud ipsum firmaret, ac Seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. 

deinde panderet Trojam Undique visendi studio Trojana juventus 

(jrEecis: conhdens ammo, et r>- r -n j 

paratus ad utrumque; seJad Urc . umfusa rmt > certantque illudere capto. 
faciendum fraudem, seu ad Accipe nunc Danaum insidias, et crimine ab uno 

mortem certd subeundum. DisCe Omnes. 

S^te^i^ ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis 

sa accurrit, et insultat cer- Constitit, atq; oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit: 
tatinicaptivo. Audi jam do- Heu, quae nunc tellus, inquit, quae me aequora pos- 

los Grsecorum, et ab una mint 

eorurn fraude cognosce om- 

nes Grcecos. Scilicet ut stetit in medio conspectu, stupefactus, sine armis; et circumspexit oculis 

Trojanas turmas: Heu, inquit, quce jam terra, qua maria possunt me excipere? 



60 



65 



NOTES. 



55. Argolicas foe dare. Argolicus, — a, — urn, 
signifies of or belonging to Argos. Argos 
was a city of Achaia in Peloponnesus, from 
which the Greeks took their name. It was 
beloved by Juno. Foedare signifies, to lace- 
rate, to wound; as jEn. 3. 241. 
" Obscoenas ferro foedare volucres." 
57- Ecce, manus juve?iem. Shakspeare has 
given us a fine picture of Sinon, answering 
to the character in which he is here drawn; 
it is in his poem entitled Tarquin and Lu- 
crece. The disconsolate lady, after the in- 
jury of her rape, is supposed to fix her eyes 
on a painting in which the destruction of 
Troy is represented; and, amongst other 
figures, she sees that of the dissembling Si- 
non: 
She throws her eyes about the painted 

round, 
And whom she finds forlorn, she doth la- 
ment; 
At last she sees a wretched image bound, 
That piteous looks to Phrygian shepherds 

lent; 
His face, though full of cares, yet show'd 

content. 
Onward to Troy with these blunt swains 

he goes, 
So mild, that patience seem'd to scorn his 

woes. 
In him the painter labour'd with his skill, 
To hide deceit, and give the harmless 

show; 
An humble gait, calm looks, eyes waiting 

still, 
A brow unbent, that seem'd to welcome 

woe; 
Cheeks neither red nor pale; but mingled 
so, 



That blushing red no guilty instance 

gave, 
Nor ashy pale the fear that false hearts 

have. 

59. Dardanida. The Greeks were so 
called, from Dardanus, the son-in-law of 
Teucer. 

60. Ut strueret. A figure taken from the 
builder or mason. 

62. Seu cerue occumbere morti. To fall a sa- 
crifice to death, the sure reward of miscar- 
riage in the attempt. It is a mistake to sup- 
pose that cunning always supposes cowar- 
dice. There is as much courage, says Dr. 
Trapp, in a good spy as in a good general. 
Ulysses showed as much of it in stealing 
the Palladium, as Achilles in the channel of 
Scamander. 

63. Visendi; iltius understood. 

65. Crimine ab u?w. Catrou observes that 
some copies, which existed in the time of 
Servius, had the passage thus written: 

Accipe nunc Danaum insidias, et crimen; 

ab uno 
Disce omnes. 

66. Disce omnes. Minelius says " a mino- 
ri argumentatur. Si tantum dolis efficere 
potuit unus Sinon, quid multos vel plurimos 
Graecos facere existimabis?" Or as Sterling, 
with his accustomed bluntness; *' One 
rogue discovers the whole gang." 

68. Phrygia agmina circumspexit. This is 
another instance of Virgil's art in versify- 
ing, and shows how much he studied to 
make the sound an echo to the sense. Sinon's 
affected confusion and terror, which he dis- 
covers in the slow, languid cast of his eyes 
around the Trojan bands, are represented 
to the life in the tardy progress of the line, 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



193 



Accipere? aut quid jam misero mihi deniq; restat! 70 »»t q«W misci-o mihi dcmum 

r-« • j t^ i ineniim me! supcrcst? Cui ncque locus us- 



Cui neq; apud Danaos usquam locus; insuper ipsi 
Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt. 
Quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis 
Impetus: hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus, 
Quidve ferat, memoret; quae sit fiducia capto. 
Ule haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur; 
Cuncta equidem tibi Rex, fuerint quaecunq; fatebor, 
Vera, inquit: neque me Argolica de gente negabo, 
Hoc primum: nee, si miserum fortuna Sinonem 
Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemq; improba finget. 
Fando aliquid, si forte tuas pervenit ad aures 
Belidae nomen Palamedis, et inclyta fama 
Gloria: quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi 
Insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, 
Demisere neci; nunc cassum lumine iugent: 
Illi me comitem, et consanguinitate propinquum 
Pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis. 

quern Grseci sub falso prcetextu proditionis innocentem morti addixerunt per crudelem calum^ 
niam, quia dissuadebat bellum; nunc deflent privatum luce. Pater meus pauper misit me illi 
Palamedi comitem et sanguine cognatum hue ad bellum a prima adolescentia. 



superestrCui neque I 
quam est apud Grxcos: prse- 
terea ipsi Trojani inimici pce- 
nas cum sanguine repetunt. 
Quo gemitu mutati sunt ani- 
mi, et vis omnis cohibita est; 

' 5 hortamur w* loquatur,et nar- 
ret, qua stirpe natus sit; 
quid nunciet, qua? fides adhi- 
benda sit ipsi captivo. Ille 
compresso denique metu sic 
loquitur: Ego quidem, 6 rex, 

g0 vera, inquit, tibi aperiam om- 
nia, quacunque fuerint; ne- 
que negabo me esse e genere 
Grreco: hoc primum: nee ad- 
versa fortuna, etsi miserum 
fecerit Sinonem, faciet etiam 
fallacem et mendacem. Si 

8 5 forte inter loquendum de ali- 
qua re, venit ad aures tuas 
nomen Palamedis Belida?, et 
gloria nobilis per famam: 



NOTES. 



occasioned partly by the clashing- of the two 
vowels in Phrygia agmina, but especially 
by uniting the two spondees in circumspexit 
at the end. 

71. Insuper. Some read et super. 

81. Fando aliquid. " Gerunds are some- 
times used passively, as here, fando sig- 
nifies, dum aliquid dicitur: sometimes ac- 
tively as above, v. 6. ^uis talia fando, that is, 
dum dicet talia. Servius. 

81. Si forte, &c. The artifice of this 
speech, as Segrais justly remarks, consists 
in mingling' truth and lies, whereby Sinon 
effectually imposes upon his audience. 
What he here premises in relation to Pala- 



medes is mostly true; what he subjoins of against Troy. 



to Palamedes, which he pretended to have 
intercepted, and conveyed gold into his 
tent, alleging that it was the bribe given 
him for his treason. Upon this presumption 
Palamedes was condemned by a council of 
war, and stoned to death. Vid. Ovid. Met. 
XIII. 56. That Palamedes was thus taken 
off through a stratagem of Ulysses, was a 
fact probably well known to the Trojans, 
though they might be ignorant of the colour 
for his being taken off. Sinon, therefore, to 
secure the attention and belief of his hear- 
ers, very artfully pretends that Palamedes 
was murdered, because he had dissuaded 
the Greeks from continuing the war 



himself is downright falsehood. 

82. BelidcE Palamedis. Palamedes was the 
son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, descend- 
ed from Belus, king of Africa, by his grand- 
mother Amymone, the daughter of Danaus. 
The story here referred to, is briefly thus: 
When Ulysses, to be exempt from going to 
the Trojan war, under pretence of madness, 
was ploughing up the shore, and sowing it 
with salt, Palamedes laid down his son Te- 
lemachus in his way; and observing him to 
turn his plough aside, that he might not 
hurt the boy, by this stratagem discovered 
his madness to be counterfeit. For this U- 
lysses never could forgive him, and at last 
wrought his ruin, by accusing him of hold- 
ing intelligence with the enemy: to support 
which charge he forged letters from Priam 



85. Nunc cassum lumine Iugent. This is 
agreeable to Horace's observation: 

Virtutem incolumem odimus, 
Sublatam ex oculis quserimus invidi. 

86. Consanguinitate propinquum. In this he 
spoke falsely; for we read in the Greek 
scholiasts, that Sinon was not related to Pa- 
lamedes, but to Ulysses. Anticlea, the mo- 
ther of Ulysses, was sister to iEsimus, Si- 
non's father. 

87. Primis ab annis. Virgil frequently al- 
ludes to Roman customs, even when he is 
speaking of what passed among other na- 
tions. By primis a?inis therefore, it is pro- 
bable he understands the military age, 
which, among the Romans, was about se- 
venteen years. 



2 C 



194 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Dum salvus stetjt in regno, Dum stabat regno incolumis, regnumque vigebat 

et reenum floruit ejus con- g^ •!•• te ' j j 

siliis: ego quoque aiiquid fa Consilus; et nos ahquod nomenque decusque 
mas et honoris obtinui: post-Gessimus: invidia postquam pellacis Ulyssei 
quam invidia fallacis Ulys- (Haud ignota loquor) superis concessit ab oris; 
ri iTXTo t^ri^Afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam, 
tristis dncebam vitam in do- Et casum insontis mecum mdignabar amici. 
lore ac tenebris, et clam in- Nee tacui demens: et me, fors si qua tulisset, 

^"f o ba ^.^ ™ orte ™ > 10 - Si patrios unquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 
ceutis amici. Nee sdm insa- »-» r . . , ^ 7, ,. P 

nus: et si me fortuna aliqua Promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi. 
reduxisset, si aliquando re- Hinc mihi prima mali labes: hinc semper Ulysses 

diisem victor ad patriam Criminibus terrere novis: hinc spargere voces 
meam Areos, promisi me fo- T , . . r ° 

ve ultorem, et querelis con- In vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma. 
citavi acerbum odium Ulys- Nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro — 

- Hac mihi/mY pri- Sed quid ego haec autem nequicquam ingrata re 
volvo? 



90 



9v 



100 



sis in me. 

ma origo calamitatis: inde 

semper Ulysses ccepit me 

terrere novis criminationi- Quidve moror? si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos, 
busrindeemittcreinplebem id q; audire sat est: jamdudum sumite pcenas: 
sermones dubios de me, et tt Tt L ,v . \ * *j~ 

apud se reus quaere eaW Hoc Ithacus veht, et magno mercentur Atridae. ■ 

de mihi noceret. Neque vero cessavit, donee Calchante administro At ver6 cur ego hsec 

frustra renarro vobis ingrata? aut cur moror? si eodem modo tractatis omnes Gnecos, et si satis 
est hoc audire; jamdudum sumite supplicium de me; hoc optaverit Ulysses, et Atridae magno 
preiio emerint. 



NOTES. 



88. Pegno incolumis. Either the kingdom 
of Euboea, of which Nauplius, Palamedes' 
father, was possessed; or rather the confe- 
derate council, composed of all the petty 
kings of Greece. 

90. Invidia — Ulyssei. By invidia we may 
understand either a general ill-will, which 
often goes under the name of invidia; or 
that particular envy which Ulysses bore 
him for having outwitted him, and acquired 
so much reputation for prudence and cun- 
ning. 

96. Promisi ultorem. The catachresis in 
" I promise to revenge," is very elegant; 
and yet so natural that it is used in common 
conversation. " I'll be even with you, I pro- 
mise you," is a known threat among the 
vulgar. Of the same nature, on the other 
side, is that of Horace, multa et pulchra 
minantem, threatening for promising. 

97. Prima mali labes. The first source of 
my misery. As labes properly signifies a 
stain or blemish, it is here used in allusion 
to the first appearance of a plague or con- 
tagious distemper, breaking out on the bo- 
dy in foul spots and blotches. 

99. Conscius. Conscious of the general cri- 
minality of bis life, but particularly of the 
murder of Palamedes. 

100. Donee Calchante ministro. Caichas 
was the prophet or soothsayer of the Gre- 
cian army; and no affairs were transacted 
in the management of the war without his 
counsel and divination. This pause, which 
Sinon makes just when he comes to a point 
where he knew the curiosity of the Tro- 
jans would be the. more inflamed, is very 
artful, and shows the great judgment of 
• he poet in the conduct of this stratagem. 

101. Sedquid. There is a just observation 



of Mr. Spencer, on the great art of the 
poet in this passage. Have you not obser- 
ved, says he, a larger sort of break, which 
is used artificially in a poem to incite the at- 
tention of the reader? I mean, when the 
narration is dropped in the most engaging 
parts of it, or just before some material in- 
cident. This adds a double desire of hear- 
ing: the audience generally make the re- 
quest that the speaker would go on, and in- 
form them of the sequel. Thus in the 11th 
Odyssey, Ulysses, in the midst of his ac- 
count of the infernal regions, makes a feint 
of concluding: We are immediately told, 
that the Phseacians were eager to hear him 
on. The very same break, and the very 
same sentiment after it, is imitated bv Vir- 
gil: 

Donee Calchante ministro- 

Turn vero ardemus scitari. 
It is indeed improved by Virgil. He has all 
the use of Homer's suspense without its 
tediousness. 

103. Jamdudum sumite pcenas. The com- 
mon pointing is much more elegant than that 
adopted by Ruxus, who joins jamdudum 
with the former part of the sentence. But, 
to make the sense complete, Dr. Trapp has 
well observed, that something must be 
understood, — sumite pcenas jamdudum debi- 
tasy or the like. 

104. Ithacus. Ulysses, so called from Itha- 
ca, where he was born, and where his fa- 
ther Laertes reigned; it was a pitiful, little, 
craggy island in the Ionian sea; Cicero calls 
it Ithacam Mam, in asperrimis saxulis, tan- 
quam nidulum, affix am. Sinon therefore, in 
his speech, generally gives Ulysses the ap- 
pellation of Ithacus, by way of contempt. 

104. Magno mercentur Atridce. Their xeX.- 



iENEIDOS LIB. II. 



195 



Turn verd ardemus scitari, et quaerere cavisas, 
Ignari scelerum tantoruni artisque Pelasgac. 
Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur: 
Saepe fugam Danai Troja. cupiere relicta 
Moliri: et longo fessi discedere bello. 
Fecissentque utinam! Saepe illos aspera ponti 
Interclusit hyems, et terruit Auster euntes. 
Praecipue, cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis 
Staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi. 
Suspensi Eurypylum scitatum oracula Phoebi 
Mittimus: isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat: 
Sanguine placastis ventos, et virgine caesa, 
Cum primum Iliacas Danai venistis ad oras: 
Sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum 
Argolica. Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures, 
Obstupuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 
Ossa tremor; cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo. 
Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu 
Protrahit in medios: quae sint ea numina Divum, 



105 Tunc autem cupimus inter- 
rogare, ct petere causas, in- 
scii tantorum criminum et 
fraudis Grcecie. Pcrgit ti- 
mens, ct mendacianimo ait: 
Siepe Grseci optaverunt t'u- 

l i n ga . m P etere Tvo i* relicta, et 

1 1U abire, fatigati diuturno bello. 
Et utinam id fecissent! Sai- 
pe adyersa tempestas maris 
eos detinuit, et Auster ter- 
ruit abeuntes. Prsesertim 
cum jam staret hoc loco 

j j ^ equus extructus e lignis a- 
cernis, nubes tonuerunt toto 
aere. Incerti mittimus Eu- 
rypylum ad consulendum 
oraculum Apollinis: et ille 
refert ex ejus penetralibus 
hsec tristia verba: O Grseci, 

120 cum prim6 venistis ad litus 
Troja num; propitiastis ven- 
tos sanguine, et immolata 
virgine: reditus impetran- 
dus est sanguine,' et sacrifi- 



candum est anima Grseca, Quse vox postquam venit ad aures plebis, obstupuerunt animi: etfrigi- 
dus timor penetravit in ossa intima; cui mortem destinent, quem petat Apollo. Turn Ulysses 
magno tumultu educit in medios vatem Calchanta: quserit qusenam sit ilia voluntas Deorum: 



NOTES. 



gion required that a devoted victim, who 
had escaped from the altar, should be put 
to death wherever found; and Sinon being 
destined a sacrifice for the return of his 
countrymen, who could not therefore t ex- 
pect a safe voyage, unless he should be put 
to death, nothing could be more grateful to 
the Greeks than to hear that the Trojans 
had taken his life. 

111. Terruit Auster. The south wind blow- 
ing up the JEgeum, was adverse to those 
coming from Troy to Greece. This long 
formal story has such a mixture of religion, 
prodigy, and distress, which last is height- 
ened by the solemn horror of an intended 
human sacrifice, that nothing could have 
been better calculated to amuse and con- 
found the understandings of those whose 
amazement was already great. 

112. Trabibus contextus acernis. This is not 
inconsistent with what he says above, in- 
texunt abiete costas, and below, pinea — laxat 
claustra: for some parts of the engine might 
be of maple, others of pine and fir. 

114. Eurypylum. Eurypylus, a noble au- 
gur, was the son of Eusemon and Astyoche, 
Priam's sister. Homer says, he brought 
with him forty ships to assist in the Trojan 
war. 

116. Sanguine placastis ventos. When the 
Grecian army had arrived at Aulis, ready 
to sail over the Hellespont to the siege of 
Troy, Diana, incensed against Agamemnon 
for killing one of her favourite deer, with- 
held the wind. Calchas, having consulted 
the oracles, reported that Iphigenia, Aga- 
memnon's daughter, must fall a victim to 



appease Diana's wrath. Ulysses carried off 
the innocent fair, from the tender embraces 
of her mother, under pretence that she was 
to be married to Achilles. She was brought 
to the altar, and on the point of being sa- 
crificed, when Calchas declared that Diana 
was satisfied with this act of submission, 
and consented to have a deer substituted 
in room of Iphigenia; but that she must be 
transported to Tauris, there to serve the 
goddess for life in quality of priestess. One 
of Euripides' finest tragedies is on this in= 
teresting subject. It has been imitated, and 
its principal beauties translated, in one of 
Racine's on the subject. 

116. Virgine ccesd. She was intended to 
be slain, and only saved by the unforeseen 
favour of the goddess in mitigating the sen- 
tence. 

1 18. Litandum. Litandum and sacrifican- 
dum differ in meaning. They are said litare % 
whose sacrifice is grateful to the gods; 
whereas men are said sacrificare, whether 
the offering be grateful or not. Litandum is 
derived from kit* prxcatio, supplex. Hence 
our word litany, Ktravux, a form of suppli- 
catory prayer. 

121. Cui fata parent. Cui fata parent mor- 
tem, or exitium; rather than to make fata t 
with Ruseus, in the accusative. 

123. Numina Divtim may mean the de- 
crees, orders, or dictates of the gods, which 
signification agrees better to the etymology 
of the word numina (from nuo, to signify 
one's will by Sitwd) than that which it com- 
monlv bears. 



196 



P. VIRG1LII iMARONIS 



et multimihi jam praedice.FW lt at: ct mihi jam multi crudele canebant 

bantfutura.IlleCafc/mstacetBis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusal 

per decern dies: et occultus Prodere voce sua quemquam, aut opponere morti. 

fJrlnfnSS SlS n? Vix tandem magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, 

sua, aut objicere morti. JJe- ,, . . & . , 

nique segre coactus magnis Composite rumpit vocem, et me destmat arae. 

damoribus Ulvssis, ex com- Assensere omnes: et quae sibi quisq; timebat, 

pacto emittit vocem et me Uni s in m i ser i exitium conversa tulere. 

devovet altanbus. Applau- T .. . r , . ... 

serunt omnes: et passi sunt Jamque dies infanda aderat: mihi sacra paran, 

verti in pemiciem unius mi- Et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae. 

seri en, que unusquisque Eripui (fateor) leto me, et vincula rupi: 

metuebat sibi. Jamque dies r • 1 u «_ 1 * 

fune 8 taadvenerat:mihima-Limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulya 

piebant parari saci-ificia, et Delitui, dum vela darent, si forte dedissent. 
mola salsa, et teniae circa ca- Nee mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi, 
m^i^fateortetaVupr c aTe! Nec dulces natos exoptatumque parentem: 
nas, et latui per noctem ob- Quos illi fors ad pcenas ob nostra reposcent 
scuram in herbis Hmosi la- Effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt. 

15tt&££*& °- u ° d . te > p er su p* r ° s * c ° nscia numin ? ™*> 14 ' 

essent. Neque mihi nunc Per si qua est quae restat adhuc mortahbus usquam 

spes ulla est videndi veterem Intemerata fides, oro: miserere laborum 

patriam, et jucundosliberos, 

et patrem desideratum; quos illi fortasse ad sacrificium repetent ob raeara fugam, et expia- 

bunt hoc delictum nece miserorum. Hoc ergo precor te, per superos et Deos qui veritatem sci- 

unt; per, si qua est inviolata fides, qua supersit uspiam hominibus: miserere 



130 



13S 



NOTES. 



125. Taciti, not silent, (for it would thus 
contradict the former part of the sentence) 
but in quietiiess and secrecy ', not daring open- 
ly to publish what they foresaw. 

133. Salsae fruges. A sort of cake made of 
bran or meal mixed with salt, with which 
they sprinkled the head of the victim, the 
fire of the altar, and the sacrificing knife; 
it was called mola, the ceremony itself im- 
molatio, and the verb signifying to perform 
that ceremony was immolare, which thence 
signifies to sacrifice in general. 

133. Circum tempora vittce. The vittce 
were fillets of white wool, with which not 
only the temples of the victim, but the 
priests and statues of the gods, were 
bound. Hence Virgil says below, verse 168. 

Virgineas ausi Divae contingere vittas. 
And, speaking of Helenus, in the third 
book, 

vittasque resolvit 
Sacrati capitis. 

134. Eripiti (fateor J ■ The modesty of the 
man is wonderful, as if it were a crime to 
save his life. But even this gives an air of 
sincerity and innocence, and prepares the 
way to that compassion, which in the fol- 
lowing inimitable lines he endeavours to 
move. 

134. Et vincula rupi. The victims, as Ser- 
vius tells us, were free, and always un- 
bound, when they were brought forward 
to the altar: nor indeed is it probable that 
Sinon could have been able to make his es- 
cape, though loose, from the guards and 
crowds of spectators who would accompa* 



ny him to the altar. Servius therefore ex- 
plains vincula, the bonds of religion. But he, 
at the same time, observes, that the victims 
were bound and confined until they were 
brought up to the altar; and therefore we 
may very well understand by vincula rupi, 
that he secretly broke those bonds, or that 
prison, wherein he had been confined 
against the day of sacrifice. 

135. Ulvd. Ainsworth understands by it 
sea-grass, or high weeds growing in pools 
and marshes. 

136. Si forte dedissent may signify their 
attempting to sail, or their actual sailing. 

137. Patriam antiquam. Antiquam may 
either signify ancient, or it may have the 
same signification with pristinam, former; 
as Tyre is called Dido's ancient city, i. e. 
the city of her former residence. 

Namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater ha- 
bebat. 

138. Dulces natos. Dr. Trapp, speaking of 
these lines, says, " I have cried over them 
many a time, when I was a school boy." 

139. Shios illi, &c. Here the poet seems 
to have an eye to the ancient law among 
the Romans, which provided that the chil- 
dren should expiate and suffer for some 
particular crimes committed by the parents 
against the state, Liv. lib. XXIV. 37. Prx- 
sidiodecedere apudRomanos,capitale esse; 
et nece liberorum etiam suorum earn legem 
parentes sanxisse. 

141. Shiod te — oro; that is, hoc te oro, 
hoc unum te ora. 

142 Per si qua est; a manner of speaking 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



197 



tot calamitatum, miserere 
animi indigna passi. His la- 



Tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis. 

His lachrymis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultrd. n - s ^^ 

Ipse viro primus manicas atque arcta levari l4o et i u benter miseremur ejus: 

Vincla jubet Priamus; dictisq; ita fatur amicis: ipse Priamus imperat solvi 

Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios, "J ai,ic /* et c « ten . a3 1 9tli ? < taS: 

3?'" • -' • ••• i i- *.:' 1/(n et amicis verbis sic loquitur: 

Nostereris: miluque haec edissere vera roganti: 149 Q uicumque si3j •£ inde 
inc immanis equi statuerc? quis auctor? obliviscere Graecos relic- 



Quo molem hanc immanis equi statuercr quis 

Quidve petunt? quae relliino? aut quae machina belli? to ?» noster . cris: , setJ hiCC 

mihi petenti vere declara. 
Cur posuerunt hanc ingen- 
tem molem equi? quis hujus 
auctor est? aut quid petunt? 



155 



Dixerat. Ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasga, 
Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas. 
Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum 
Testor numen, ait; vos arae ensesque nefandi, 
Quos fugi: vittaeque Deum, quas hostia gessi: 
Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura; 
Fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras, 
Si qua tegunt: teneor patriae nee legibus ullis. 
Tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves 
Troja fidem: si vera feram, si magna rependam. 

Deorum, quas victima gestavi: liceat mihi violare arcana sacramentaGrajcorum: liceat odisse 
illos, et exponere cuncta in lucem, si occultant aliqua: neque vero jam obstrictus sum ullis legi- 
bus patriae. Tu tantum, 6 Troja, sta promissis: et per me servata, serva mihi fidem: si vera 
profero, si magna praesto, 



quae est in eo religio? aut 
qua? est hcec machina belli? 
Dixerat. Ille, imbutus frau- 
dibus et calliditate Grseca, 
extulit ad astra man us soln- 
tas vinculis. Vos attestor, 
inquit, ignes sempiterni, et 
60 inviolabilem vestram divini- 
tatem: vos arse et enses fu- 
nesti, quos evitavi; et taenke 



NOTES. 



common among the poets. The sense is, 
per intemeratam fidem, si qua est inte- 
merata fides hominibus. 

145. His lachrymis. Heyne observes how 
much more elegant this is than per has la- 
chrymas. 

145. Miserescimus ultrd. Ultrd may here 
signify from mere sympathy and compas- 
sion, without regard to any motive but the 
pure influence the sight of his sufferings 
had upon their humanity: though Sinon had 
supplicated their pity, 3^et he needed not to 
have pleaded so hard for it; we pity him, 
uitrd, frankly, voluntarily, from pure incli- 
nation. 

146. JManicas; from manus, the hand — 
Manacles. Fetters (or feeters) are chains 
for the feet. 

150. §hio. Quo is not used for cur; consi- 
lio or animo is always understood. 

151. §hta relligio? aut qu<£ machina belli! 
These are elliptic sentences, as is usual in 
short questions. To supply the whole sen- 
tence it would run thus: What do they in- 
tend by it? Is it to fulfil some duty of reli- 
gion? If so, qu<z relligio? What duty or mo- 
tive of religion induced him to it? Oris it 
an engine of war? If so, quae machina belli? 
What warlike engine is it? 

154. Vos, eeterni ignes, &c. Ye everlasting 
orbs of fire. Some by eeterni ignes under- 
stand the fires of the altar; but the epithet 
eeterni agrees much better to the stars or 
heavenly luminaries, which were believed 
by the ancients to be globes of fire which 
shone forever, and were inhabited by divi- 
nities: and it is no new thing to hear them 
swearing by the stars, as 
Coelum hoc et cons^ia sidera testor. 

Mxi, IX. 429. 



Testatur moritura Deos et conscia fati 
Sidera. iEn. IV. 519. 

Nor do we see how the fire of the altar 
could be called eternal, unless it referred to 
the fire of Vesta. 

156. §hias hostia gessi. In order to excite 
their compassion the more, and to show the 
horrid apprehensions he had of the act, he 
speaks as if he had actually been brought 
a sacrifice to the altar, and as if that had 
been put in execution which was only in- 
tended against him. 

157. Fas mihi. That is, fas est mihi, I 
am free, or it is lawful for me. Servius, 
Ruaeus, and others, understand this to be a 
prayer, fas sit mihi, or liceat mihi. But who 
can imagine he would pray the gods to give 
him a licence to commit the most horrid 
wickedness, to violate the most sacred ties 
in the world? It would seem rather to be 
an appeal to the gods, that the barbarous 
treatment he had met with from the Greeks 
had cancelled all his former ties of love and 
good will to them; the ar<e, the altars 
whereon he was to have been slain; the 
enses nefandi, the cruel sword by which he 
should have bled; the vittee, the fillets with 
which he was to have been bound; were 
so many witnesses for him, that he was 
now under no obligation to regard the in- 
terests of Greece, which had withdrawn 
all protection from him. That this is the 
meaning appears from what follows, 

teneor patriae nee legibus ullis. 
He does not say, nee tenear, nor let me be 
bound, as he ought to have done, had it 
been a prayer; but nee teneor , nor am I long- 
er bound. 

159. Si qua tegunt. According to Ruaeus, 
si is here used for siquidem. It expresses not 
doubt, but affirmation. 



198 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Tota spes Grcecorum et Omnis spes Danaum et coepti fiducia belli 

contidentia incepti belli po- t> ii j; •••• : , •„. T 

ska fuit in ope Palladis. At P alIadls auxilus semper stem. Impius ex quo 
vero a quo tempore impius lydides sed enim, scelerumque inventor Ulysses, 
Diomedes et Ulysses reper- Fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo . 165 

^Ts3te^r^p aii - iium - cssis «»r* custodibus arcis ' 

fatale Palladium, occisiscus- Cornpuere sacram eftigiem; manibusque cruentis 

todibus summsB arcis, rapu- Virgineas ausi Divae contingere vittas: 

erunt sacram statuam; et Ex iHo fluere ac tr6 sub l a psa referri 

ausi sunt tangere sangumo- „ A _ r „. 

lentis manibus virgineam in- ^P es -Danaum; tractae vires, aversa Deae mens. 170 

fulam Dex: ab illo tempore Nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. 

spes Gracorum ccepit eva- yj x positum castris simulacrum; arsere coruscae 

nescere, et retro acta abi- T . .. n . .- 

re: vires mfirmatse sunt, Liummibus nammae arrectis, salsusque per artus 
animus Dese alienatus est Sudor iit, terque ipsa solo (mirabile dictu) 
ab its.- nee incertis por- Emicuit, parmamq; ferens hastamque trementem. 
tentis id sigmficavit Pallas. T? . _ ,\ . . i r a •*. r> i i , w,- 

Vix statua deposita est in kxtemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora Calchas: 176 
castris Grcecorum,- cum ru- Nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis; 
tilae flammse eruperunt ex O m ina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, 
SPSS "tT^et^^ P ela S° ei curvissecum advexere carinis. 
membra, et ipsa ter exiliit e Et nunc qudd patrias vento petiere Mycenas; 1 80 

terra, quassans clypeum et Arma Deosq; parant comites, pelagoq; remenso 
^STST ?£ Jm P-visi aderunt: ita digerit omnia Calchas. 
Calchas declarat tentandam Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro numme lasso, 
esse fugam mari: nee posse Effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret; 
Trojameverti Greek arafe, Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem 185 
nisi requirant ex urbe Argis 

alia auspicia; et reducant ¥a\\a(lemfave?item, qualem prius mari et curvis navibus secum ad- 
duxerant. Et nunc si vento redeunt Mycenas, in urbem patriam; parant nova bella et Deos 
socios, et mari iterum trajecto aderunt inexpectati: sic Calchas disponit omnia. Pro Palladio 
rapto, et Dea offensa, admoniti extruxerunt hoc simulacrum, quod expiaret funestum cri- 
men. Tamen Calchas prcecepit eos extruere liguis compactis hanc molem altissimam, 

NOTES. 

164. Tydides. The same with Diomedes; born, or at least to have appeared first 
so called because the son of Tydeus, whose amongst mortals. 

ghost was seen by iEneas in the mansions 175. Parmamque — hastamque. These were 
of the dead. the arms by which the Palladium, was dis- 

165. Fatale— Palladium. The Palladium tinguished. 

was a statue of Pallas, fabled by some to 176. Canit. This is a word commonly ap- 

have been dropped from heaven by Jupiter plied to oracles and predictions; it signi- 

near the tent of Ilus, when he was building fies that Calchas spoke by inspiration, and 

the citadel of Ilium; or by others to have declared this to be the mind of his god. 

been made of Pelops' bones. All are ag'reed 178. Omina ni repetant. This, says Ser- 

that this Palladium was a pledge, on the vius, alludes to the custom of the Romans, 

keeping whereof the preservation of Troy who, if they had bad success in a siege or 

depended; for which reason Virgil calls it expedition, were wont to return home, and 

fatale Palladium. Diomede and Ulysses, once more take the omens; or, if they were 

entering the, citadel by night, carried it off far from Rome, appropriated for that pur- 

into the Grecian camp. pose part pf the lands they had taken in 

168. Virgineas — vittas. The fillets or rib- the province which was the seat of the war, 

bons worn by virgins were different from and called it the Roman territory. 

those used by matrons, as appears from 178. Numenque reducant. It seems most 

Propertius, Eieg. XII. Lib. 4. natural and obvious to understand numen 

Post ubi jam facibus cessit prsetexta ma- hereto be the Palladium, the divinity, or 

ritis, symbol of Minerva's divinity, which Sinon 

Vinxit et aqceptas altera vitta comas. insinuates to have been carried to Argos by 

So Val. Flaccus, Lib. VIII. the Greeks, and which they were obliged 

Ultima virgineis turn flens dedit oscula to fetch back. In the mean time, as some 

vittis. atonement to the offended goddess, they 

171. Tritonia. This is a name given to had consecrated to her the wooden horse. 

Minerva from a lake in Africa called Trito- 182. 'Ita digerit omnia. Davidson reads 

nis, where Minerva is said to have been omina. 

182. Digerit. Ordinat; interpretatur. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. II. 



199 



Roboribus textis, coeloque educere jussk: 
Ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit; 
Neu populum antiqua sub relligione tueri. 
Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae; 



et earn ad cesium erigerc: 
ne possit capi portis, et in- 
duci in muros: neve servare 
populum secundum anti- 
89 quam religionein. Nam, di- 

Turn magnum exitium (quod diipriusomen in V^^^^TSSSS'vA 
Convertant) Priami imperio Phrygibusq; futurum: munus; tunc magnam mi- 
Sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem; nam immbere regno Pria- 
mi et rhrygihus, quod vati- 
cinium Dii potius convertant 
in ipsum Calchanta: si verd 
195 manibus vestris inductum 
t'uisset in urbem vestram; 
sponte Asiam magnis co- 
piis venturam esse ad ur- 
bes Peloponnesi, et ea fa- 
ta spoctare nostros poste- 
O0 ~ros. Talibus dolis, et va- 
" fritie perjuri Sinonis, res 
eredita est; et decepti frau- 
dibus, ejusque fletu subacti 
sunt ii, quos neque Dioir.e- 
des, nee Achilles Larissceus, 



Ultro Asiam magno Pelopeia ad moenia bello 
Venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes. 
Talibus insidiis, perjurique arte Sinonis, 
Credita res: captique dolis, lachrymisque coacti; 
Quos neque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles, 
Non anni domuere decern, non mille carinae. 
Hie aliud majus miseri multoque tremendum 
Objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, 
Solemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. 
Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta 

nee decern anni, nee mille naves subegerant. Tunc aliud majus et longe magis terribile por- 
tentum objicitur miseris Trojanis, et tux-bat incautas mentes. Laocoon sorte electus sacerdos 
Neptuno, saeriiicabat magnum taurum ad solemnia altaria. Ecce autem 



NOTES. 



186. Roboribus texth, i. e. Of joined boards; 
for robora may not only signify oaken planks 
or boards, bat any hard wood, as in the 
Georgics: 

Cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor. 
Geor. III. 420. 

186. Ccelo, for in ccelum usque. 

188. Antiqua sub relligione, i. e. Under the ■ 
religious patronage of their ancient guar- 
dian-goddess Minerva. 

190. Turn magnum exitium, cecinit un- 
derstood. 

190. In ipsum, i. e. On Calchas; but it will 
be more emphatic if we read in ipsos, on 
the Greeks themselves, as it is in some co- 
pies. 

193. Ultro. Here Servius explains ultro to 
signify mox, statim, without assigning any 
authority but his own ipse dixit. But to take 
it in the common sense of the word is both 
easier and more elegant. 

193. Asiam. Asia is divided into the 
Great and Lesser Asia. It is of the latter, 
whxh now bears the name of Natolia, 
that the poet speaks. In it Troy stood. 

193. Pelopeia mania. The city Argos, 
where Pelops reigned, is here put for 
Greece in general. 

196. Lachrymisque coacti. This is the 
reading of all the ancient manuscripts; but 
Servius earnestly contends for coactis, which 
reading Heinsius has embraced. 

197. Larissaeus Achilles. Achilles is styled 
Larissaeus from Larissa, a town in Thes- 
saly, not far from Phthia, where he was 
born. 

198. Non mille carir.ee. Homer, in the ca- 
talogue of the whole Grecian fleet, enume- 
rates eleven hundred and eighty-six sail.. 



201. Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacer- 
dos. Euphorion writes, that the priest of 
Neptune had been stoned to death by the 
Trojans for not hindering, by his prayers 
and sacrifices, the arrival of the Grecian 
army before Troy; and that now, being to 
sacrifice to that god for delivering them 
from their enemies, they had chosen Lao- 
coon, the priest of Apollo, to officiate in that 
action. Hyginus, who relates this story, 
says, the crime, for which Laocoon was 
thus severely punished, was, that he had 
married a wife, and procreated children, 
contrary to the express orders of Apollo, 
whose priest he was; and that the Trojans 
had construed this calamity which befel 
him as an act of divine vengeance for his 
having violated Minerva's sacred offering. 
Virgil therefore judiciously introduces this 
event, not only as it is a fine embellish- 
ment of his poem, but also as it gives the 
greatest^ probability to the episode of the 
wooden horse, and accounts for the credu- 
lity of the Trojans. 

203. Ecce autem. When the poet is going 
to introduce some surprising incident, he 
frequently ushers it in with an ecce, or ecce 
autem. See verses 57, 270, 318. 

203. A Tenedo. To signify, says Servius, 
that the ships were to come thence to de- 
molish Troy. 

203. Tranquilla per alta. Along the smooth 
surface of the main. This circumstance 
gives the Trojans an opportunity the bet- 
ter to view the whoie progress of the ser- 
pents, to hear their dreadful hissings, and 
every Lash they give to the waves; and con- 
sequently adds considerably to the terror of 
the hideous spectacle. 



200 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

(horrcsco namins) duo (Horresco referens) immensis orbibus an^ues 
nSS 3"T Incumbunt pelago, pariterq; ad litora tendunt: 205 
re sedatum, innatai.t un- Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta, jubaeque 
<lis, et simul accedunt ad Sanguinese exuperant undas; pars caetera pontum 
?£gkS£l£ZX!&*«* '<=?». ™u.tque immensa volumine terga. 
sanguinoientK excedunt un-^it sonitus spumante salo: jamq; arva tenebant, 
das; pars reliqua propius ra- Ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni, 210 

dit mare, et curvat voivendo sibila i ambeban t Unguis vibrantibus ora. 

immanes caudas. lit strepi- „ .„ . . ° .„. 

tus, man spumante: et jam Diffugimus visu exsangues: llh agmine certo 
attigerant litus, et suifusi Laocoonta petunt: et primum parva duorum 
sangume et igne circa co- Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque 
Unguis mobilibus ora sibilan- Implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus. 2 1 5 

tia. Fugimus exanimati as- Post, ipsum auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem 
pectu: Mi certo impetu car- Corripiunt, spirisque li^ant inerentibus: et jam 
runt ad Laocoonta: etpnmo t}« j- i • •• u • > 

serpens uterque amplecten- Bls medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum 

do constringit parva corpora Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. 
duorum miorum Laocoontis, \\\ e simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, 220 

2-S5T dSTtaSS Perfus «* ™™ *•*. ^roque veneno; ■ 

patrem ipsum venientem in Clamores simul horrendos ad sideratolht: 
auxilium et arma attollen- Quales mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram 
^S! r T irt b "»: Taurus, et incertam excussit cervice securim. 

plexi medium, bis circum- At gemmi lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 225 

dantes ejus collo dorsa squamosa, excedunt capite et collis altis. Ille simul conatur manibus 
disrumpere nexus, infectus circa tsenias tabo et nigro veneno, simul emittit ad astra clamores 
horrendos: tales, quales mugitus emittit taurus, cum vulneratus fugit altaria, et excussit a collo 
securim dubio ictu impactam. At gemini angues serpendo fugiunt ad summa templa, 

NOTES. 

209. Salo, for mari, the sea. signifies only mangles, preys upon, wastes- 

210. Ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et and consumes away, as Virgil himself, speak- 
igni. Word for word, Having their glaring ing of a consuming fever, says, 

eyes stained with blood and fire, i. e. with Cum furit, atque artus depascitur arida 
fiery, sparkling red. febris. Geor. III. 458. 

211. Linguis vibrantibus, i. e. Voluble, <vi- Agreeably to this sense of the word, that 
brating; because, as naturalists observe, no fine statue, representing this story, which 
animal moves its tongue with so much velo- Pliny saw in Vespasian's palace, and which 
city. is still preserved, shows Laocoon entwined 

212- Agmine certo. Agmen signifies a mov- by the folds of the serpents, and his two 

ing body, or the regular orderly motion of a sons lying dead on the ground. It is not im- 

collected body, as of an army of men ad- probable that Virgil took this description 

vancing up one after another; therefore it from that statue. 

admirably denotes the spiral motion of a 218. Circum, &c. Circumdati quoad terga, 

serpent shooting forward fold after fold. for circumdantes terga. 

213. Laocoonta petunt. There is now in 221. Sanie. Sanies is corrupt and filthy 

Rome, unless by Bonaparte removed to Pa- blood. 

ris, a very ancient statue entangled in a 225. Delubra. Delubrum properly was a 

couple of marble serpents, said to be the place before the chapel, or near the altar, 

work of Phidias. Pliny the elder tells us, where they washed before they entered the 

he had seen it in the palace of Titus. Its church, or performed sacrifice. Therefore 

model may be viewed in the academy of the most probable etymology of the word 

the arts in Philadelphia. But the poet has is from deluo, to wash away. Varro, howe- 

the advantage of the statuary. You first see ver, assigns another derivation, and alleges 

the serpents on the sea; then on the shore; that the delubrum was the shrine or place 

then killing the two sons of Laocoon, and where the statue or image of the god was 

finally Laocoon himself. dedicated; and that as the place where the 

215. Morsu depascitur artus. There is no candle was fixed was called candelabrum, 
necessity of translating this devour, as it is so the place where the god was set up got 
by Dr. Trapp, as if the serpents had entire- the name of delubrum. See Macrob. Sa- 
ly eaten the carcasses. This is by no means turn. Lib. III. C. 4. Templum seems de- 
probable, nor is the verb depascitur always rived from the obsolete word templare, to 
taken in that strict sense; but sometimes meditate devoutly. 



iENEIDOS LIB. II. 



201 



Effuffiunt, ssevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem: et abeuntin aedem ssevse Mi- 

Sub pedibusque De*, clypeique sub orbe teguntur. ««- L^"b"<£ 

Turn vero tremefactu novus per pectora cunctis be clypei, Tunc ver6 novas 

Insinuat pavor: et scelus expendisse merentem timor omnibus illabitur in 
Laocoonta fcrunt; sacrum qui cuspide robur 230 ** S%*fi2t*l 

Laeserit, et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. ^am persolvit: qui vulnera- 

Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque Divas rit telo sacrum lignum, et 

Mnmina rnnrlimint immisent tergo bastam im- 

J^Umina COllClamant. > piam. Clamant invehendum 

Dividimus muros, et mcenia pandimus urbis. esse ln urbem equum, et o- 

Accingunt omnes operi: pedibusque rotarum 235 randamDecedivinitatem.E- 

Subiiciunt lapsus, et stupea vincula collo vertimus muros, et aperi- 

J, v ' r ,. r ,. mus munimenta urbis. Om- 

Intendunt: scandit latalis machina muros, nes pr£eparant se ad opus . et 

Foeta armis: pueri circum innuptasque puellae pedibus egui rotarum sup- 

Sacra canunt, funemque manu contingere gaudent. P°, nun J orbe *> et » n J» ciunt 
T .. , . ,. • mi u'^. u* o>ir»«ollo tunes e stupa: fatahs 

Ilia subit, mediaeque mmans illabitur urbi. 240 machina ^ m p uros> ple . 

O patria, 6 Divum domus Ilium, et inclyta bello na armatis; circum pueri et 

Mcenia Dardanidiim! quater ipso in limine portae virgines puellae canunt sacra 

Substi.it, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere. ZZlil^^fZ 

Instamus tamen immemores, cascique furore, greditur, et minans induci- 

torin mediam urbem. O patria, 6 Troja sedes Deorum, et muri Trojanorum nobiles bello! res- 
ritit quater in ipso aditu portas, et quater arma in ejus alvo ediderunt strepitum. Urgemus ta- 
men improvidi et occ;ecati insania, et locamus funestum portentum in sacra arce. 



NOTES. 



229. Insinuat paiior, i. e. Insinuat se. Vir- 
gil delights in using this and other recipro- 
cal verbs absolutely, as praecipitat ja7ii nox 
caelo, Mn. II. 9. tumprora avertit, I. 108. ac- 
cingunt omnes operi, II. 235. lateri agglome- 
rant nostro, II. 341. to all which se is under- 
stood. 

229. Scelus expendisse, for sceleris poenas 
luisse, to atone for the impiety committed 
in wounding the horse. 

230. Sacrum— robur. It is worth while to 
observe how Virgil diversifies his style. 
For this same horse he has found out no 
less than eleven different names, all of 
them equally proper: Lignum, machina, 
monstrum, dolum, pinea claustra, donum, mo- 
lem, effigiem equi, equum, sacrum robur, si- 
mulacrum. 

234.' Muros, et mania. Though these two 
words are often used promiscuously, yet 
they are properly of two distinct significa- 
tions; muri signifying the bare walls that 
enclose a town, and mania (from ?nunio) 
the bulwarks or fortifications; as in Caesar 
2 Bel. Civ. Cum pene aedificata in muris et 
exercitu nostro mcenia viderentur. 

235. Rotarum — lapsus i. e. Rotas quibus 
delaberetur vel devolveretur eqvus . Wheels on 
which the machine might roll along. 

237. Scandit. Not merely intrat enters, 
but scandet, climbs as though it had life. 

238. Pueri circum, &c. A most affecting 
picture. 

241. Divum domus Ilium- Ilium, the ha- 
bitation of gods; either because its wails 
had been built by Neptune and Apollo, or 
rather on account of the numerous temples 



and consecrated places with-- which it 
abounded. 

242. Quater ipso in limine — Substitit. In re- 
ference to this, Seneca says in his Aga- 
memnon: 

Fatale munus Danaum traximus nostra 
Crudele dextra; tremitque saepe 
Limine in primo sonipes, cavernis 
Conditos Reges, bellumque gestans, &c: 
Some are of opinion, that this stumbling or 
halting of the horse on the threshold,alludes 
to a notion that prevailed of its being a bad 
omen for one to stumble on the threshold, 
especially if he was going out to war, as is 
said to have happened to Protesilaus, the 
first of the Greeks who fell in the plains of 
Troy. The malignancy of this omen was 
thought to proceed from the Furies, who 
had their seats on the threshold; at which 
Virgil hints in the fourth and sixth books, 
Ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. 
Cernis custodia qualis 
Vestibulo sedeat? facies quae limina servet? 
244. Immemores, cacique furore. Servius 
will have it, that Virgil here speaks in allu- 
sion to the rites of devoting practised by 
the Romans towards their enemies, and 
the cities to which they laid siege. In that 
form of words whereby they devoted the 
cities of their enemies, and called away 
from them their tutelar gods, they poured 
out these imprecations: Eique populo civita- 
tique metum,Jbrmidinem, oblivionem injici- 
atis. According to him, therefore, imme- 
mores signifies that they were now aban- 
doned by their gods, and devoted to stupid 
dity and infatuation- 



2D 



202 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Tunc etiam Cassandra solvit Et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. 245 

in vaticiniafutura^^TO-Xunc.^in fatis erk Cassandra futuris 

cem, Phoubi voluntate nun- ^ ^ . . * .. " . 

quam creditam a Trojanis. ura, ^ ei jussu non unquam credita Teucns. 

Nos miseri per urbemtegi- Nos delubra Deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset 

inus festivis ramis templa i lle d i es f est £ yelamus fronde per urbem. . 

Deorum, qiubus dies die fu- , r ..' . A N , •*.*<* « ~ 

turns erat extremus. Inte- Vertitur mterea coelum, et run Oceano nox, 250 

rim coelum mutator, et nox Involvens umbra magna terramque polumque, 

m^ h\ °b - a " t" 1 ' tegenS M y rmidonum q ue dolos J fusi P er mcenia Teucri 

2n, Tt traudefGrSco- Conticuere: sopor fessos complectitur artus. 

rum: Trojani sparsi per ur- Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat 

bem siluerunt: somnus tenet a Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia Lunae, 255 

gE SK& £& S: Litora no.a petens: flammas «bn regia puppis 

bus proficiscebatur e Tene- Extulerat; fatisque Deum defensus iniquis, 

do, per opportuna silentia Luna tacitse, accedens ad litora cognita: cum navis regia sustulisset 

facem; Sinon quoque, protectus voluntate Deorum nobis infesta, 



NOTES. 



245. Et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus 
arce. Here calamity and distress are mark- 
ed in the tardy, languishing progress of the 
verse. 

245. Monstrum infelix. Cicero calls a per- 
nicious man " fatale prodigium portentum- 
que." 

246. Cassandra — non unquam credita Teu- 
cris. Cassandra was Priam's daughter, and 
endued with the gift of prediction, but with 
no effect, for it was her fate never to be be- 
lieved; of which this fabulous account is 
given: Apollo, falling in love with Cassan- 
dra, obtained a promise of her favour, on 
condition that he would endue her with the 
gift of prophecy; which as soon as she ob- 
tained, she deceived the god. He, either 
not able, or deeming it below his dignity, to 
withdraw a boon he had once bestowed, 
rendered it useless to her, by destroying 
her credit, and making all her predictions 
to be reputed false. 

249. Festd velamus fronde. It was their 
custom, not only on holidays and solemn 
festivals, but also at times of public rejoi- 
cing, to adorn the temples of the gods with 
branches of laurel, olive, ivy, and the like. 

250. Vertitur inter ed caelum. Meantime 
the heavens are whirled about, i. e. the di- 
urnal hemisphere is sunk out of sight with 
the sun, and the other hemisphere elevated 
above the horizon; which is to be under- 
stood according to appearance, the succes- 
sion of day and night being seemingly 
made by the revolution of the heavens about 
the earth. Thus the ancients often speak, 
Cum ergo semper circa terrain ab ortu in 
occasum cceli sphxra volvatur. Macrob. 
Som. Scip. Lib. I. C. 16. 

250. Ruit oceano nox. As the poets/ ima- 
gining the ocean to be at the edge of our 
visible horizon, represent the sun setting 
into the western ocean; so they describe 
the night and darkness as rising thence in 



the opposite quarter of the heavens. As 
here ruit oceano nox; and Ovid, 
Lux 
Precipitator aquis, et aquis nox exit ab 
iisdem. 

Met. Lib. IV. 92. 
Milton has the same thought, P. L. B. IV. 
353. 

For the sun, 
Declin'd, was hasting now with prone ca- 
reer 
To th' ocean isles; and in th' ascending 

scale 
Of heav'n, the stars which usher ev'ning 

rose. 
251. — Terramque polumque, Myrmido- 
numque dolos. There is a great beauty in thus 
singling out the stratagems of the Greeks, 
as the object of chief attention among all 
the things in heaven and earth which that 
night concealed. It brings to my remem- 
brance Sempronius' dying exclamation in 
Cato: 
O for a peal of thunder, that would make 
Earth, sea, and air, and heaven, and Cato 
tremble! 

255. Tacitce Luna. This may signify the 
moon that did not shine, as Luna silet, in Pli- 
ny, signifies the moon when she is new, 
and soon withdraws her light. But it is bet- 
ter understood as intimating that the si- 
lence of the night was united with the rays 
of the moon. Scaliger proves that Troy was 
taken when the moon was at the full. 

256. Flammas cum regia puppis Extulerat. 
We are to understand that Helen or Sinon 
first gave the signal to Agamemnon, by 
showing a lighted torch from the citadel, 
and Agamemnon returned the signal to 
them, by setting up a light on his stern, as 
the manner was: 

Dat clarum e puppi signum. 

jEn. III. 519 



JLNEIDOS LIB. II. 



203 



Inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim 
Laxat claustra Sinon: illos patefactus ad auras 
Recldit equus, lactique cavo se robore promunt 
Tisandrus Sthcnelusque duces, et dims Ulysses, 
Demissum lapsi per t'unem; Athamasque, Thoasque, 
Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon, 
Et Menelaus, et ipse doii fabricator Epeiis. 
Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam: 
Caeduntur vigiles: portisque patentibus omnes 
Accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt. 

Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris 
Incipit, et dono Divum gratissima serpit. 
In somnis ecce ante oculos moestissimus Hector 
Visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus: 
Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento 
Pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes. 
Hei mihi, qualis erat! quantum mutatus ab illo 
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis, 
Vel Danaum Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes! 
Squalentem barbam, et concretos sanguine crines, 
Vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros 

Accepit patrios: ultro flens ipse videbar ger sanguineo pulvere, et 

Compellare virum, et mcestas expromere voces: 280 transfossus loris per pedes 
O lux DardanUe! spes 6 fidissima Teucrum! S^lvK^ 

Quae tantae tenuere moraer quibus Hector ab oris Hectore, qui rediit omatus 

spoliis Achillis, vel ctim injecisset ignes Trojanos in naves Grsecorum! habens bavbam sordi- 
dam, et capillos cohserentes sanguine, et plagas illas, quas multas accepit circa muros patriae. Ego 
plorans videbar primus alloqui virum, et emittere hccc tristia verba: O lumen Trojse! 6 spes 
firmissisimaTrojanorum! qu» tarn longa mora te detinuit? 6 Hector optate, 



aperuit cl:\m lignen claustra, 
et Graecos malvo clatisos: e- 
quus apertus effundit cos in 

260 aercm: et hilarcs emittunt 
sc e cavo ligno duces Tisan- 
drus et Sthcnelus, et impro- 
bus Ulysses, descendentes 
per fuhem defectum: et A- 
thamas, et Thoas, et Neop- 

9gt tolemus Pelei nepos, et pri- 
mus Machaon, et Mene- 
laus, et ipse Epeus archi- 
tectus dolosi ei/ui. Aggre- 
diuntur urbem impeditam 
vino ac somno: occidun- 
tur excubitores: et aper- 

270 tis portis admittunt om- 
nes socios,etconjungunt tur- 
mas ejusdem consilii partici- 
pes. Tempus erat, quo pri- 
mus somnus fessis homini- 
bus subit, et Deorum ran- 
nere gratissimus illabitur. 
Ecce per somnum Hector 
tristissimus visus est mihi 
adstare prse oculis, et emit- 
tere copiosas lachrymas: 
tractus equis, ut olim, et ni- 



275 



NOTES. 



258. Inclusos utero, &c. Word for word, 
Looses, by stealth, the doors, (or looses 
the bars of pine), and sets the Greeks at 
liberty, who were shut up in this womb: 
where we may observe that Virgil uses the 
same verb to claustra and Danaos; he 
looses the bars, he releases the Greeks: 
this is a beauty which our language will not 
always admit, but often occurs in the Latin 
and Greek authors. The examples of this 
kind, in Virgil particularly, are very nu- 
merous. 

261. Tisandrus. Servius says he was 
the son of that Polynices who was slain in 
the contest with his brother Eteocles 
for the crown of Thebes: if so, his name 
ought to be written Thessandrus or Ther- 
sandrus, as in Heinsius' edition, not Tisan- 
drus or Tissandrus. 

265. Somno vinoque sepultam. This is a 
strong and very expressive metaphor, re- 
presenting all the inhabitants of the city 
immersed, so deeply in sleep, and so silent 
and still, that it would almost seem as if 
their beds had been their graves; a circum- 
stance which greatly moves our pity to- 
wards the Trojans, and our indignation 
against Sinon and the treacherous Greeks. 

266. Portisque patentibus, &c. And by the 



gates wide opened they admit all their 
companions. 

268. Temptis erat, quo, &c How much 

like the language of Christ, " At midnight 

a cry came." Or, as it is expressed by Dr. 

Young: 

" At midnight, when mankind is wrapt in 

peace, 
And worldly fancy feeds on golden dreams; 
To give more dread to man's most dread- 
ful hour, 
At midnight, 'tis presum'd this pomp will 

burst 
From tenfold darkness." 
275. Exuvias indutus Achillis, i. e. The 
arms of Achilles, of which he had stripped 
Patroclus slain. 

281. O lux Dardanice! Heyne says lux is 
not here to be referred to glory, but to be 
taken in the sense of safety, in the same 
manner in which Homer uses the word 
<pdo(. How inferior this character to that 
which Jesus Christ sustains! Hector was 
the light of a city; Christ of the world. 

282. Hector Expectate venis? Serv-ns will 
have this expectate to be an antiptosis for 
expectants; but it is difficult to understand 
his reason for thinking so. 



204 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



quibus e regionibus venis? Expectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum 
SnSSu? 2SZS2: l™ er * Post.varios hominumq; urbisque labores 

post diversos et urbis et ci- Defessi aspicimusr quae causa mdigna serenos 285 
vium labores? quae causa in- Foedavit vultus? aut cur haec vulnera cerno? 

tSL^^S^Z p "! chr r ijl e nihil: nee me quserentem vana moratur; 
taeiem: aut quare video has . • • j i 

plagas? Hie nihil adhacdix-^^ graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens: 
it y nec responsis detinet me Heu fuge, nate Dea, teque his (ait) eripe flammis. 
petentem inutilia; sed agrt Hostis habet muros, ruit alto a culmine Troia: 290 

trahens gemitus ex intimo „ _, . . ~ , J \ K 

pectore: Heu! fuge, fili Ve- Sat patriae Pnamoque datum: si Pergama dextra 
neris, et te, inquit, subtrabe Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. 
huic incendio. Hostis tenet Sacra, suosque tibi commendat Troia Penates: 
Troja:satisfecitnuspatri«et Hos ca P e fatorum comites: his moenia quaere, 
Triamo: Si Troja manu all- Magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto. 
gua servad posset, hac mea gi c a i t) et man ibus vittas, Vestamque potentem, 

2£^33^**»«^» ad >? s effert Penetralibus ignem. 
suos Deos: accipe hos casu- Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu: 
um tuonim socios, quare il- £t magis atque magis (quamquam secreta parentis 
i^^T'JSTp^SS Anchis* domus, arboribusque obtecta recessit) 

maii. Sic locutus est; et ma- Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque mgruit horror. 
nibus export at ex adytis intimis infulas, et potentem Vestam, et ignem inextinctum. Interim 
urbs turbatur variis miseriis: et quamvis domus patris Anchisa separata, et cincta arboribus, 
submoveatur; magis et magis auditur sonus, et horror armorum imminet. 



295 



300 



NOTES. 



283- Ut — Defessi aspicimus? How, i. e. 
with what joy, we see thee, spent as we 
are with toil! 

290. Muros. By a synecdoche; for a city. 

293. Penates. Macrobius, in his Saturna- 
lia, lib. III. cap. 4. explains the Penates to 
be those gods per quos penitus spiramus, per 
quos habemus corpus, per quos rationem animi 
possidemus: by whom we breathe, to whom 
we owe our faculties of body and mind, i. 
e. Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva: to whom he 
joins Vesta, either as one of the number, 
or at least as their attendant; on which ac- 
count the consuls, and other magistrates, 
when they entered on their offices, used to 
pay divine honours to the Penates and Ves- 
ta. This seems to be confirmed from the 
passage before us, where Vesta is delivered 
to iEneas' care, together with the Penates. 
Those gods, he farther observes, were sty- 
led %toi (jiiya\oi, the great gods, whence Vir- 
gil gives Juno the same appellation: 
Junonis magnce primum prece- numen 
adora. JEn. III. 437. 

3-soj ;tf»s-oi, beneficent gods, to which he re- 
fers that line in the first book, 

Adsit lzetitia Bacchus dator, et bona Juno. 
Lastly, $101 SwctToi, powerful deities; on 
which account Virgil here gives Vesta the 
epithet of potentem, Vestamque potentem. 
Dionysius Halicarr.asseus writes, that the 
symbols of these Penates at Rome were 
two wooden statues of young men in 



a sitting posture, with javelins in their 
hands. 

297- JEtermimque — igriera; the sacred fire 
which was kept burning all the year. It 
was brought by ./Eneas into Italy, where 
Numa Pompilius reestablished the order of 
Vestal virgins, whose office was to preserve 
this fire in the temple of Vesta. It was suf- 
fered to die away on the last day of the 
year, and re-kindled on the first of March, 
not from any common fire, but at the sun- 
beams. The original of this religious cus- 
tom seems to have been derived to the 
Phrygians from the Persians, who .were fa- 
mous for worshipping the sun, and the fire 
as an emblem of that luminary. This ever- 
lasting fire was not only preserved in Ves- 
ta's temple, but even in private houses, es- 
pecially in the palaces of the great, where 
was an altar in the open court to Jupiter 
Hercaeus, on which fire was kept perpetu- 
ally burning. By this some eminent critics 
understand that fire which Virgil says Pri- 
am had consecrated on the altar at which 
he was slain. 
Sanguine fcedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, 
ignes. 502. 

See Turneb. Advers. and Abbe Bannier's 
Mythology. 

297. Adytis. The adyta were the inner- 
most parts of houses and temples, into 
which it was unlawful to enter; from a pri- 
vative, and £-ja t to enter. 



JENEIDOS LIB. II. 



205 



310 



rlxcutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti 

Asccnsu supero, atque arrectis auribus asto. 

In segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris 

Incidit; aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 

Sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores, 

Praecipitesque trahit sylvas: stupet inscius alto 

Accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor. 

Turn verd manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt 

Insidiae: jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam, 

Vulcano superante, domus: jam proximus ardet 

Ucalegon: Sigea igni freta lata relucent. 

Exoritur clamorque virum, clangorque tubarum. 

Arma amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis: 

Sed u-lomerare manum bello, et concurrere in arcem ™ uam }^ e vincente: jam 

' • ° , . r . _ . .. domus vicina Ucalegontisar 

Cum socns ardent animi: furor iraque mentem 316 det: pr0 montorium Sigamm 
Praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. late relucet flammis. Attol 
Ecce autem, telis Pantheus elapsus Achivum, *&* clamw virorum, et fre- 

■n l /-\*. • j • r»u u- a mitus tubarum. Attomtusar- 

Pantheus Otnades, arcis Phcebique sacerdos; ma sum0> nec satis emt ra . 

Sacra manu, victosque Deos, parvumque nepotem tionis cur mmerem arma 
Ipse trahit: cursuque amens ad limina tendit: 321 sed cupit animus colligere 

Quo res summa loco, Pantheu? quam prendimus ar- ^SZHtSSS^H £ 

cem? ciis: furor et ira impellunt a- 

nimum, et venit in mentem gloriosum esse mori sub armis. Ecce autem Pantheus elapsus ex ar- 
mis Gnecorum, Pantheus Otrei filius, sacerdos Phcebi et arcis, rapit ipse manu res sacras, et 
Deos superatos, et parvum nepotem: et exanimatus currendo tendit ad januam rnedm: O Pan- 
theu, dixi, quo in statu suprema res est? quam in arcem currimus? 



Excitor e somno, et ascen- 
dens supergredior summum 
culmen tecti, et sto at- 
tentis auribus. Sicut quando 
305 ignis ventis sievientibus ceci- 
dit in segetem: aut quando 
prxceps torrens montanis 
undis vastat agios, vastat se- 
getes fertiles et labores bo- 
urn, et rapit arbores in prae- 
ceps: time pastor ignarus ob- 
stupescit audiens sonura 
ex alto cacumine rupis. Tunc 
verd c\ara fuit Veritas verbo- 
rwn Hectoris, et apparent 
fraudes Graicorum. Jam do- 
mus magna Deiphobi feck 



NOTES. 



303. Arrectis auribus. With pricked up, or 
listening- ears; a metaphor taken from the 
brutes, that prick up their ears at every 
sound which gives them any alarm. 

304. In segetem veluti. This simile is bor- 
rowed from Homer, Iliad II. verse 455. 

310. Deiphobi. Deiphobus was one of 
Priam's sons, and, after Paris was slain by 
Pyrrhus, married Helen, by whose treache- 
ry he fell a sacrifice to the resentment of 
the Greeks among- the first, as is described 
at large iEn. VI. 494, &c. 

312. Ucalegon. One of Priam's counsel- 
lors; the house is here called by the name 
of the owner. From this verse Juvenal uses 
Ucalegon proverbially for any neighbour, 
—jam poscit aquam, jam frivola transfert 
Ucalegon, tabulata tibi jamtertia fumant. 
Juv. Ill- 199. 

,312. Sigea freta. There were two pro- 
montories at the entrance of Troy, Sigeum 
and Rhcetium, not far from the city. Fre- 
tum signifies a narrow sea; such was the 
Hellespont, in the vicinity of Troy. 

313 Exoritur clamorque virum, clangorque 
tubarum. This is one of the finest lines that 
ever imaged the sense in the sound. The 
words and syllables are rough, hoarse, and 
sonorous, and so artfully put together, as to 
strike, the ear like the thrilling notes of the 
trumpet which they describe. Mons. Da- 
cier charges Virgil with a mistake in de- 
scribing the trumpet as used in the sacking 
of Troy. Voltaire thinks it as absurd as for 
the Flemish and Italian painters to repre- 



sent the Virgin Mary with a chaplet of 
beads; to place Swiss guards at the palace 
of Pharaoh; or to mix cannon with the an- 
cient arrows in the battle of Joshua. 

319. Pantheus Otriades. Servius informs 
us, that upon the overthrow of Troy by 
Hercules, and the death of Laomedon, Pri- 
am sent Antenor's son to consult the oracie 
of Delphi whether he should raise Ilium 
again upon the same foundations. At that 
time Pantheus was the priest of Delphic 
Apollo, a youth of exquisite beauty; and 
Antenor was so charmed with his shape 
and mien, that he carried him off by force 
to Troy. Priam, to make him some amends 
for this injury, constituted him priest of 
Apollo. However that may be, it appears 
from Homer and other authors, that he was 
a person of great note and authority among 
the Trojans. 

319. Arcis Phabique sacerdos, i. e. the 
priest of Apollo, who was worshipped in 
the citadel or tower, together with Pallas, 
to whom it was sacred. 

320. Parvumque nepotem — trahit. This is 
another instance of Virgil's applying one 
verb to two accusatives, where, in strict- 
ness of speech, it can only be applied to one 
of them. Trahit is applicable enough to a 
young boy, who can hardly walk, and must 
be half dragged along, but cannot be so 
well said of things carried in one's hand. 

322. £hio res summa loco. By the res sum,' 
ma here Servius understands the common- 
wealth, the common interest, of his country, 



206 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

tdiare* ondet 8 emeT-V™ V * X ^ fatUS eram, S emitU CUm talia reddi t : 

nittup S remrdifs e ?t e tempus Venit summa dies et i»eluctabile tempus 

inevitable Trojanis: perii- Dardaniae: fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, et ingens 325 

mus Trojani, periit Troja, et Gloria Teucrorum: ferus omnia Jupiter Ar^os 

c m r S s & T oS^Z:Transtulit: incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. 

misit ad Argivos: Gracireg- Arduus armatos means in moenibus astans 

nant in urbe inflammata. E- Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet 

S^S^nStmiUt^t £}?#■*' P° rtis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330 

victor Sinon spargit incendia Milha quot magms nunquam venere Mycenis. 
illudens: totque alii intrant Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum 
portisutrimqueapertis,quot Oppositi: stat ferri acies mucrone corusco 

milha nunquam venere e 0j . • ^ • • *• 

magna urbe Mycenis: alii atricta, parata neci: vix primi praeha tentant 
obstantes occupaverunt ar- Portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt. 335 

misangustasvias:obstatgia- Talibus Otriadie dictis, et numine Divum 

diorum acies micanti mucro- T a *. • c v s. • ■*.• f « 

ne,nuda, parata ad csedem: In fl a ™™as et in arma feror: quo tnstis Ennnys, 
vix primi excubitores porta- Quo fremitus vocat, et sublatus ad sethera clamor. 
rum sustinent pugnam, et Addunt se socios Ripheus et maximus annis 339 

Sbr™P~* IpMtus, pblati per lunam, Hypanisque, Dymasque; 
voluntateDeorum, rapior in Et lateri agglomerant nostro: juvenisque Choroebus 
arma et in incendia: quo cm- Mygdonides: illis ad Trojam forte diebus 

J*5£"3rf?a"SE: Z ener " u insa - no Ca " andra incen r amoi ; e; 

me vocat Adjungunt se so- Et gener auxihum Pnamo Phrygibusque terebat: 

cios Ripheus, et gran dis seta- Infelix, qui non sponsae prsecepta furentis 345 

te Iphitus, occurrentes mihi » uclierat 

ad lucem lunge, et Hypanis, ■"■ 

et Dymas; et densantur ad latus nostrum: et Choroebus juvenis Mygdonis Jilius: fort6 per illos 

dies venerat Trojam, ardens magno amore Gassandrse; et gener ferebat auxilium Priamo et 

Trojanis: miser qui non crediderat monitis sponsse vaticinantis. 

NOTES, 

which was the summa res of iEneas, his the one is the language of poetry, the other 

chief, his highest concern, and will always flat prose. Who would then have imagined 

be nearest the heart of every patriot in such that Dr. Trapp, a gentleman so well skilled 

a conjuncture. Virgil, to show the haste in the Latin idiom, should so far overlook 

and impatience of JEneas, makes him throw the sense and spirit of these words, as to 

out these short questions abruptly, without give them a mere literal translation, which 

any previous introduction. not only sounds wretchedly, but is hardly 

324. Venit summa dies, &c. Macrobius intelligible in English? 

quotes this passage as an instance of Vir- We Trojans have been, Ilium once has 

gil's concise style, aad comprehensive elo- been. 

quence; and, indeed, it is hardly possible 331. Nunquam venere. Others read un- 
to express more in fewer or stronger quam; but the former is stronger and more 
words. And therefore he breaks forth upon significant. 

it in this exclamation; Quisfons, quis torrens, 332. Angusta viarum. A familiar way of 

quod mare tot Jluctibus, quot hie verbis inun- speaking among poets and historians; for 

davit? angustas vias. So v. 725. Opaca locorum. 

325. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium. This seems iEn. I. 426. Strata viarum. 

to be an imitation of Euripides in the Tro- 337. Erinnys. A name common to each of 

sides, where Andromache and Hecuba thus the three furies. 

alternately complain, n^v xot tifw. ExaC. 339. Maximus annis. Others read maxi- 

B&nxtv ox€os, Be^xhe Tfoja. Once we are hap- mus armis; but the former seems the true 

py. Hecuba: Now our happiness is gone, reading from verse 435. 

Troy is no more. It is well known, that 341. Juvenisque Choroebus. Virgil has ap- 

when the Romans would intimate that a plied to Choroebus what Homer says of 

person was dead, ,they frequently used the Othryoneus, in the thirteenth book of the 

words jfaz> or vixit, to shun sounds that were Iliad. 

shocking, and therefore reckoned of bad 342. Mygdonides. A name from Mygdone, 

omen. Besides, there is a much greater ele- their father; not from Mygdonia, a country. 

g-ance in expressing the death of a person, Servius contends that des is not a gentile, 

or the overthrow of a city, thus indirectly, but patronymic termination. 

fuit } stetit, &c. than in plain, direct terms: 



^NEIDOS LIB. II. 



207 



Quos ubi confertos audere in praelia vidi, 
Incipio super his: Juvenes, fortissima frustra 
Pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido est 
Certa sequi; quae sit rebus fortuna, videtis. 
Excessere omnes adytis arisque relictis 
Dii, quibus imperium hoc steterat: succurritis urbi 
Incensae: moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. 
Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem. 
Sic animis juvenum furor additus. Inde lupi ceu 
Raptores, atra in nebula, quos improba ventris 
Exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti 
Faucibus expectant siccis: per tela, per hostes 

nullam sperare salutem. Sic furor additus est virtuti juvenum. Deinde veluti lupi rapaces, per 
nebulosum tempus, ouos rabida ventris aviditas expulit furiosos ex antris, et quos proles relicta 
expectat siccis gutturibus: ita nos per arma, per hostes, 



Postquam vidi illos collectos 
promptos esse ad pugnam, 
de iis rebus sic cccpi log id: 
O juvenes, corda frustra 

350 generosa: si firmum est vobis 
desiderium sequendi me ten- 
tantem extrema; cernilis 
quis sit status rerum. Om- 
nes Dii, per quos hoc reg- 
num steterat, abierunt de- 
sertis altaribus et penetrali- 

^ 3 ^bus: vos vera vultis subve- 
riire urbi jam combustse; mo- 
riamur potiiis, et ruamus in 
medium armorum. Sola sa- 
lutis via qu<£ restat victis,es£ 



NOTES. 
348. Incipio super his. Super is over and thing but the darkness of the night common 
above, or the more, viz. to animate them, to both. But there is another material cir- 
This is the sense in which Servius takes it, curnstance wherein they agree, namely, 
and of which it is very capable; and it is the rage and fury with which both of them 
certainly much more elegant than to un- are impelled in the pursuit of their respec 



derstand it, as Ruxus has done, incipio su- 
per, i. e. de his, which is so flat, that one 
would not choose it, if any other was pos- 
sible. 

348. Juvenes, fortissimafrustrd. There is 
a great confusion, a neglect of method in 
this speech, to mark the hurry and disor- 
der of JEneas 1 mind. 

351. Excessere omnes — Dii. Before the 
taking of any city, it was usual for the be- 
siegers to invite the tutelar deities to leave 
the place, that no sacrilege might be com- 
mitted; or, from an idea that the city could 
not be taken till they had deserted it; for 
which reason the Romans took care to con- 
ceal the Latin name of that god under 
whose patronage Rome was; and the priests 
were not allowed to call the Roman gods 
by their names, lest, if their names had 
been known, an enemy might solicit them 
away. See Macrob. on this verse, Saturn. 
Lib. III. cap. 9. Turnebus however rather 
thinks the poet alludes to a tradition pre- 
served by^Eschylus, and other ancient poets, 
that, when Troy was near its doom, the 



tive ends. The comparison lies not at all in 
the action itself, but in the manner of act- 
ing. This is particularly implied in the ex- 
pression exegit ccecos: as hungry ravenous 
wolves are driven from their safe retreats 
blindfold, precipitantly, and without any 
fear of danger, so we rush desperately on 
our foes, looking death and every danger in 
the face with undaunted boldness and in- 
trepidity. There is a vast difference be- 
tween the manners in which even men of 
courage and virtue may exert themselves 
in^the cause of their country; some are pru- 
dent, rational, cool, and sedate, while 
others are furious, impatient of revenge, 
outrageous and desperate. Now in this last 
the poet shows us ./Eneas and his party 
rushing headlong on their foes, and thirst- 
ing after their blood, like gaunt wolves, ra- 
vening for their prey. This is further evi- 
dent from the additional circumstance in 
the comparison (which another commenta- 
tor thinks superfluous), namely, that of 
their whelps gaping for their return; by 
which the poet, doubtless, designed to re- 



gods were seen bearing away their statues present those animals in their fiercest and 



out of the temples 

354. Una salus victis, &c. This is the ar- 
gument which the brave Leonidas made 
use of to animate his men to sell their lives 
as dearly as possible: Ita suos firmaverat, ut 
ire se parato ad moriendum animo scirent; 
meminerint, qualitercunque prxliantibus, 
cadendum esse Justin. Lib. II. cap. 11. 

355. Inde lupi ceu. Dr. Trapp objects to 
this simile, that it is quite foreign to the 



most ravenous state, and therefore the more 
proper to image the fierceness of the mind 
driven to despair. 

356. Atra in nebula; because in the night- 
time, or in dark, foggy weather, they are 
most bold and adventurous; a circumstance 
wherein the simile agrees. 

358. Faucibus — siccis. Some are of opi- 
nion, that Virgil here writes according to 
philosophical experience and observation: 



purpose; nor can he imagine why men of for those, who have undergone long fasting. 

courage and virtue, endeavouring to defend are observed to be more distressed with 

their country, though by night, should be thirst than hunger; for which this reason is 

compared to wolves ravening for their prey; assigned by Plutarch, that though the hu- 

in a word, he will have it, that there is no- man body is made up of the qualities of all 



208 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

imus ad mortem certissi- Vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, medigeq; tenemus 

mam; et insistimus mediam jj r[) - • t cay . c i rcumvolat umb ra. 360 

viam urbis: nigra nox errat _ . , . .„. . .„ _. 

circa nos cavistenebris:Quis Qu» s cladem llhusnoctis, quis funera tando 
explicet sermone stragem et Explicet? aut possit lachrymis aequare labores? 



mortes illius noctis? autpos- TJ r j} S antiqua ruit 
sit luarendo aequare illos la- «», • * '• 

boresl Periturbsvetus,^* Hiurima perqiie VI, 



multos dominata per annos: 
~ vias sternuntur inertia passim 



regnaverat per multos an- Corpora, perque domos, et relligiosa tieorum 365 

nos: multa inutilia corpora Limina. Nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri: 
SW* S£WE «»<»>*»» etiam victis redit in prsecordia virtus, 
cravestibula Deorum. Nee Victoresque cadunt Danai: crudelis ubique 
soli Trojani luunt pcenas san- Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago. 

^k£b££*3£ p / lmu * se Dana * m ' magna - comitante caterva> 37 ° 

ci victores oociduntur: ubi- Androgeos oflert nobis, socia agmina credens, 
que crudelis est luctus, ubi- Inscius; atque ultro verbis compellat amicis: 

que timor, f ™^P e " e s Festinate viri, nam quae tarn sera moratur 

mortis. Andi^ogeos primus e ..,...' .';".. r 

Gi-secis occurrit nobis, mag- begnities? alu rapiunt mcensa feruntque 

na turba cingente, putans Pergama: vos celsis nunc primum a navibus itis? 375 

nos gagmen sociorum,in- D i x i t: et ex templ6 (neque enim responsa dabantur 

consultus: et prior nos alio- „., . v .f >■ . * . l , 

quitur sermone amico: Pro- rida satis) sensit medios delapsus in hostes. 
perate 6 viri, qme enim tam Obstupuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit. 
tarda desidia ws detinet? alii I m p rov isum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem 
vastant et evertunt 1 rojam „ * ., . . .*" . .? »° c . „„_ 

combustam: vos nunc primo Pressit humi mtens, trepidusque repente refugit 380 
venitis ab altis navibus? Sic Attollentem iras, et coerula colla tumentem. 
locutus est: et statim agno- Haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat. 
^S^S." iTuimus, densis et circumfundimur armis: 
tur ipsi responsa satis tuta: Ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos 
Obstupuit, et retro continuit pedem cum voce. Sicut qui in vepribus rigidisinnitens terras calca- 
vit anguem ex improviso: et subito tremens fugit ewn assurgentem in iras, et inflantem collum 
cceruleum. Non aliter Androgeos recedebat territus aspectu. Irrumpimus, et eircum miscemur 
confertis armis: et passim dejicimus Grcecos, inscios loco-rum, et metu percitos: 



NOTES, 

the four elements, yet the strongest and Corpora, perque domos, et relligiosa De- 

most prevalent is heat, which requires a orum 

constant supply of nourishment; but per- Limina. 

haps this is too refined. 366. Nee soli pcenas dant sanguine Teucri. 

359. Mediceque tenemus Urbis iter. This Word for word, Nor do the Trojans only 

circumstance is mentioned to show their suffer by the effusion of their blood, 

courage and intrepidity. On the other hand 367. Shiondam etiam victis, &c. i. e. Some- 

we see iEneas afterwards, when he is afraid times even valour returns into the breasts 

of the enemy on account of his aged father, of the vanquished Trojans, 

his wife and son, tracing out all the by-paths 372. Ultro verbis compellat amicis. Lite- 

and unfrequented lanes: rally, First addresses us with friendly 

Aviacursu words. 

Dum sequor, et nota excedo regione via- 374. Alii rapiunt, &c. The meaning is, 

rum. that others have already gained the victory, 

364. Plurima — sternuntur inertia — Corpora, and are now reaping the spoil; whereas you 

Dr. Trapp renders inertia corpora, sluggish have not even begun to fight, 

carcases. If sternuntur be translated, are 377. Delapsus, for se delapsum esse. 

knocked down, as in JEn. X. 429. 379. Aspris, for asperis. 

Sternitur Arcadise proles, sternuntur E- 379. Improvisum aspris veluti. This si- 

trusci, mile is borrowed from Homer: but Virgil 

there will be a great propriety in giving is most happy in the application, and has 

corpora the epithet inertia, to denote the improved upon his original, by the addition 

more feeble and helpless of the inhabitants, of several circumstances, that heighten the 

even the infirm old men and weak women, comparison, and give it more force and 

who made no resistance in the streets, who likeness, as the learned reader will easily 

could not stir from their houses, or who fled see by comparing one with the other. Vide 

for refuge to the temples of the gods: Iliad III. v. 33. 

Plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia pas- 384. Formidine captos. Surely this expre's* 

sim sion. implies more than barely territos or 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



209 



Stertrimus: aspirat primo fortuna labori. 385 fortuna fa vet nrimis conati- 

Atque hie exultans successu animisque Choroebus: ^JSLSiJ^SSSX 
O socii, qua prima, in quit, fortuna salutis O socii, earn us, qua fortuna 

Monstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur. ostendit viam salutis, et qua 
Mutemus clypeos, Danaumque insignia nobis tg+ggg^Jg* 

Aptemus: dolus, an virtus, quis in hoste requiratr o90 ( i emus n0 ^ s arma Gneco- 
Arma dabunt ipsi. Sic fatus, deinde comantem 
Androgei galeam, clypeique insigne decorum 
Induitur: laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. 
Hoc Ripheus, hoc ipse Uymas, omnisque juventus 



rum. Quis exigat in hoste, 
utrimi virtus, aut dolus sit: 
Ipsi Greed occisi suppedita- 
bunt nobis arma. Sic locutus 
postea induit cassidem cris- 



39 5 tatam Androgei,etpulchrum 
ornamentum clypei, et alli- 
gat lateri gladium Graecum. 
Hoc facit Ripheus, hoc ipse 
Dymas, et omnis juventus 
beta: unusquisque armat se 
spoliis novis. Imus permixti 
400 Graecis,Diis non propitiis: et 
congressi per obscuram noe- 
tem committimus multas 
pugnas, mittimus plurimos 
Grcecorum ad inferos. Alii 
fugiunt ad naves, et quserunt currendo tutum litus: aliqui fcedo metu iteimm conscendunt mag- 
num equum, et occultantur in utero ejus sibi cognito. Heii, nihil oportet quemquam sperare 
invitis Diis! Ecce filia Priami 



Laeta facit: spoliis se quisque recentibus armat 
Vadimus immixti Danais, haud numine nostro: 
Multaque per caecam congressi praelia noctem 
Conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Oreo. 
Diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu 
Fida petunt: pars ingentem formidine turpi 
Scandunt rursus equum, et nota conduntur in alVo. 
Heu, nihil invitis fas quenquam fidere Divis! 
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo 



NOTES. 



metu percitos, as Ruseus has it. Captus for- 
midine signifies to be under the power of 
fear, that they were not able to exert them- 
selves, enchained, arrested, or nonplused 
by fear: to be so enslaved to this passion, 
that they could obey nothing but its im- 
pulses. 

386. Chorcebus. This Choroebus is said to 
have been remarkable for nothing so much 
as his stupidity; as an instance of which 
Zenobius relates, that he used to amuse 
himself in counting the waves of the sea. 
Agreeably to this character, Virgil tells us, 
he came to Troy when the war was almost 
finished: a mad passion for Cassandra was 
the motive that drew him thither; and, for 
the same reason, he appears to be a very 
proper person to contrive this stratagem, 
so rash in itself, and so fatal in the execu- 
tion. 

389. Danaiimque insignia. This seems to 
refer to the figures or images engraven on 
their bucklers; those of the Greeks bearing 
the image of Neptune, and those of the Tro- 
jans that of Minerva, as we learn from Ser- 
vius. 

391. Comantem Androgei galeam. The hel- 
met is called comans, waving with a hairy 
-rest, because the crests were made of 
the hair of beasts, as iEn. X. 869. 

y£re caput fulgens, cristaque hirsutus 
equina. 

392. Clypeique insigne decorum. The rich 
or beauteous ornament of his shield, i. e. 



His shield richly ornamented, according to 
ancient custom. Irisigne therefore is not 
here an epithet, but a substantive. 

394. Hoc ipse Dymas. Some put a comma 
at ipse, and refer it to iEneas: the same did 
Riphsus, and the same did I, and DymaSj, 
&c. 

396. Vadimus immixti. This is often as- 
signed as a character of the valorous, that 
they mingle with the enemies' ranks. 
Therefore Homer says of Diomede, he was 
so mixed with the Trojan troops, that a 
spectator would have been sometimes at a 
loss to know whether he belonged to them 
or the Greeks: 

TvJW»v <$*' vk ccv yvotbs Troltgourt fn1(ir f 

He (jlitb, Tgaze-o-iv ofjciMot y, iait 'A^ccio^. 

In every quarter fierce Tydides rag'd: 

Amid the Greek, amid the Trojan train, 

Rapt through the ranks, he thunders o'er 
the plain; 

Now here, now there, he darts from 
place to place, 

Pours on the rear, or lightens in their face. 
Pope's Iliad, V. 110. 

396. Haud numine nostro. By haud nostro 
here Servius understands either adverse, 
not friendly to us; or he considers it in al- 
lusion to the images of the gods on the 
shields, mentioned in a preceding note. 
The god represented on our shields was 
not ours; we had thrown away our own 
bucklers, with the image of our patroness 
Minerva, the symbol of protection. 

403. Priameia virgo. This, says Mr. Pitt, 

E 



210 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Cassandra, capillis expassis Crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, 
SK^fi^ Ad cclum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 405 

lens ad ccelum ardentes ocu- Lumina, nam teneras arcebant vmcula palmas. 
los: oculos inquatn, nam ca-Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Choroebus, 
cCX:tT^Z n Z Et sese medium injecit moriturus in agmen. 
passus est hoe spectacuium, Consequimur cuncti, et densis lncurnmus armis. 
et moriturus immisit se me- Hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410 

diam m turbam. o mnes se- Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes, 

quimur, et ingruimus spissis . r • . rJ - • . 

telis. Tumstatim e summo Armorum facie, et Grajarum errore jubarum. 

fastigio templi obruimur ja- Turn Danai gemitu, atque ereptae virginis ira, 

culis nostrorum Trojano- Undique collecti invadunt: acerrimus Ajax, 

ru7», etfat sti*ages deploran-T^^ • ♦ a^ «j ta » •* a * * 

da, ob armorum formam et Et germni Atndae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis. 415 

errorem cristarum Grseca- Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine vend 

rum. TuncGneci, commoti Confligunt, Zephyrusque, Notusque, et laetus Eois 

dolore et ira ob ereptam sibi ^ ° ; r*j^i \ *. ' i a.- 

Cassandram, undique con- Eurus ec l uls: stndunt sylvae: spitque tndenti 
gregati nos oppugnant: ar- Spumeus, atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. 
dentissimus erat Ajax, et mi etiam, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420 

gemim nlu Atrei, et omnis -c j* • •/-• . .* -. • u 

ixemtus Doiopum. Quem- Fudlmus msidns, totaque agitavimus urbe, 
admodumventioppositiscis- Apparent: primi clypeos mentitaque tela 
so turbine aliquando cer- Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. 
SSSSSEKSKllH ° bruimur numercprimusque Choroebus 

entalibus sibilant; sylvse, ac Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425 

Nereus spumosus tridente furit, et commovet mare ab imo fundo. Si aliquos per tenebras ob- 
scurse noctis fugavimus dolis, et dispersimus tota urbe: illi etiam occu'rrunt, primique agnoscunt 
scuta et arma simulata, et notant voces sono discrepantes d sais. Statim opprimimur numero, 
et primus Choroebus occiditur manu Penelei ad aram Dese 

NOTES. 

is a beautiful and moving picture of the ti. This simile is an imitation of Homer, 

lovely prophetess in distress: II. IX. ad init. Scaliger, in comparing the 

This Priam's fairest daughter two, finds the preference so much due to 

Is a young princess of engaging beauty, Virgil, that he reckons him the master, and 

Rais'd by distress; of noble sense and Homer only the scholar. 

spirit, 419. Nereus. He was a deity of the sea, 

But by poetic visions led astray. and son of Oceanus and Terra. He had by 

She dreamt Apollo lov'd her, and the gift Doris fifty daughters, who were called the 

Of prophecy bestow'd to gain her pro- Nereids. He was generally represented as 

m ise: an old man, with a long flowing beard, and 

The gift once hers, the chastly faithless hair of an azure colour. The chief place of 

maid his residence was the iEgean sea, where 

Deceiv'd the god; who therefore in re- his daughters often danced in choruses 

venge round him. 

Since he could not recal it, made it useless, 423. Ora sono discordia. Not merely dif- 

Forever doom'd to meet with disregard. ferent language, but a different watch* 

Thomson. word. 

405. Frustrd, i. e. In vain she lifted them 424. Ilicet, i. e. Forthwith, in a trice. This 
to heaven, imploring pity from the gods, word anciently signified the same with ac- 
now inexorable: or she in vain sought to turn est, all is over. It was an expression 
move the compassion of the Greeks. used by the judge, who, when he thought 

406. Lumina. There is a fine Cassandra fit to put an end to business, ordered the 
in the Florentine collection, in this attitude crier to pronounce the word ilicet, i. e. ire 
of distress. licet, All parties may be gone, the business 

414. Ajax. This is Ajax, the son of Oi- of the court is over. Hence the term is used 

leus, by whom Cassandra was ravished in by Terence in the same sense with actum 

the temple of Minerva. As for the other est, in Adelph. JSn tibi rescivit omnemrem; 

Ajax, the son of Telamon, he had been un- id nunc clamat, Ilicet. Again in Eunuch, 

fortunate some time before in the dispute Actum est, ilicet, peristi. Servius. 

for Achilles' arms, and killed himself for 425. Penelei. Peneleus was one of the 

grief at his disappointment. five generals of the Boeotians, who hacl 

416. Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine <uen- come to the Trojan contest. 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



211 



Procumbit: cadit et Ripheus justissimus unus 

Qui fuit in Teucris, et servantissimus sequi; 

Diis aliter visum. Pereunt Hypanisque, Dymasque 

Confixi a sociis: nee te tua plurima, Pantheu, 

Labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit. 

Iliaci cineres, et flamma extrema meorum: 

Testor, in occasu vestro, nee tela, nee ullas 

Vitavisse vices Danaiim: et, si fata fuissent 

Ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde, 

Iphitus et Pelias mecum: quorum Iphitus aevo 

Jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulyssei. 

Protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati. 

Hie ver6 ingentem pugnam, ceu caetera nusquam 

Bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe: 

Sic Martem indomitum Danaosq; ad tecta ruentes 440 ^^ShU^M^t- 

Cernimus, obsessumque acta testudine limen. tiam tardatus ob plagam ab 

Haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos Ulysse acceptam. Statim vo- 

Nituntur gradibus: clypeosque ad tela sinistris ^Z^ST^SZ 

Protectl Objiciunt, prensant fastlgia dextriS. magnum certamen; quasi 

nulla essent alibi prselia, et nulli morerentur reliqua in urbe: sic videmus Martem eftrsenem, 
et Grcecos ad fastigia ascendentes, et portas obsessas adraota testudine. Seals affiguntur muris, 
et innituntur gradibus ad ipsas portas: et Grseci tecti opponunt sinistris manihus clypeos ad ja~ 
cula, dextris apprehendunt tecta. 



Palladia. Occiditur etiam Ri- 
pheus, qui inter Trojanos u- 
nus omnium justissimus fuit, 
et observantissimus sequita- 
tis; aliter visum est Diis. Mo- 

^2Qriuntur Hypanis et Dymas, 
confossi a civibus; nee multa 
religio tua, nee vittse Pbccbi 
protexerunt te morientem, 
6 Pantbeu. Trojani cineres, 
et supremus ignis meorum; 
testor vos, me in exitio ves- 

435 tro nee effugisse arma, nee 
ulla pericula illata a Grsecis, 
et, si fatum voluisset ut mo- 
rerer, me dignum fuisse 
propter facta. Abstrahimur 
inde Ipbitus et Pelias me. 



NOTES. 



428. Diis aliter visum. It is useless to 
trouble the reader with all the explications 
which commentators have given of this pas- 
sage. It is obvious that the poet could ne- 
ver mean to say, He was the justest and 
most upright man of all the Trojans, but 
the gods thought him not so; for this would 
be a contradiction, since, if the gods thought 
him not so, he certainly was not the just- 
est. Yet this is Mr. Dryden's sense of the 
words: 

Just of his word, observant of the right: 

Heav'n thought not so. 
There must therefore be somewhat under- 
stood to which the Diis aliter visum imme- 
diately refers;* and that is the reflection 
which every attentive reader naturally 
makes in contemplating the unhappy fate 
of so virtuous a man; Ah, what pity that so 
just a man should have perished with the 
rest! surely he deserved a better fate. 
This thought would naturally arise in JE- 
neas' own mind; but he checks it with the 
pious reflection, Diis aliter visum. See Dr. 
Clarke's note on Homer, Iliad V. 22. where 
he shows an instance of ellipsis parallel to 
this. 

433. Vitavisse vices. By vices here Servius 
understands fights, quia per vicissitudinem 
pugnabatur, because they fought by courses. 
Scaliger dislikes this sense, and will have 
it to mean wounds and deadly blows, vulne- 
ra et cades, because wounds in fighting are 
mutually given and received. But the just- 
est idea of the word vices is that given by 
Donatus, who considers it as an allusion to 
gladiators; vito, the verb joined with it, be- 



ing a term used in fencing, to parry off a 
thrust, in opposition to peto, to aim a thrust. 

434. Meruisse manu, I deserved it by this 
hand, or by fighting. There is something 
very noble in this sentiment, which consi- 
ders death as a prize or reward which the 
valiant won by their merit. This agrees 
with his former reflection, pulchrumque mo- 
ri succurrit in armis/the same with Horace's 
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. 

434. Divellimur inde. We are torn away. 
He speaks of it as a great affliction; and, as 
it were, accuses his fate, that denied him 
the honour of so glorious a death. 

440. Martem, for war, of which Mars 
was the god. 

441. Acta testudine. By applying the Tes- 
tudo or Tortoise. It was properly a figure 
into which the soldiers cast themselves, 
and is thus described by Livy, lib. XL IV. 
9. Scutis super capita densatis, stantibus 
primis, secundis submissioribus, tertiis ma- 
gis, et quartis, postremis etiam genu nixis, 
fastigiatam, sicut tecta adificiorum sunt, 
testudinem faciebant: i. e. Their targets 
closed together above their heads, to de- 
fend them from the missile weapons of the 
enemy; the first rank stood upright, the 
rest stooped lower and lower by degrees, 
till the last rank kneeled down; so that every 
rank covering with their targets the heads 
of all in the rank before them, they repre- 
sented a tortoise-shell, or a sort of a pent- 
house. The prosecution of an attack against 
a place, by this sort of engine, was called 
agere testudinem,. 

442. Postesque sub ipsos Nituntur gradibus. 



212 



P. V1RGILII MARONtS 



^° s nt t^mi ani dimu, - t i[ \ v " Dardanidac contra turres ac tecta domorum 445 

SLT&JUfem viScxtoe- Culraina convellunt: his se, quando ultima cernunt, 

masresjConanturdefendereExtrema jam in morte parant defendere telis; 

se his armis inruina jam su- Auratasq; trabes, veterum decora alta parentum, 

St ^rlatS:Devolvunt: alii strictis mucronibus imas 

antiquorum patrum: aliiObsedere tores, has servant agmine denso. 450 

strictis giadiis occupave- Instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis, 

toll^ritiSSn?^^ 1 ^^ 1 * l6Vare Vir °?' Vlm( l lle ad 4 ere Victis « 
novatwest mihi ardor sue-Limen erat > caecaeque lores, et pervius usus 
currendi domui regis et Tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti 

adjuvandi viros auxilio et A tergo: infelix qu £ se dum re ma nebant, 455 

addendi vires victis. Erat li- . ? A , ^ . r • • , • 

men, et janua occulta, et ^aepius Andromache terre incomitata solebat 
pervia conjunctio domorum Ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. 
Priami inter se,et porta re- Evado ad summi fastisna culminis, unde 

acta a tergo: qua misera An- rp. , . . . ° ' . 

dromache, dum stabant reg- l ela . manu misen jactabant irrita Teucn. 459 

na, sjepe solebat absque co- Turrim in praecipiti stantem, summisque sub astra 
mitatuse conferre ad soce-Eductam tectis, unde omnis Troia videri, 

ros, et ducebat avo puerum J 

Astyanacta. Hdc ascendo ad fastigia summi tecti, unde miseri Trojani vibrabant manibus spicu- 
la inania. Evertimus ab altissima parte, et disjecimus turrim sitam in loco declivi, et summis 
tectis elatam ad sidera, unde solebat tota Troja spectari, 



NOTES. 



By gradibus here we may either understand 
the steps that led up to the palace, common 
in the houses of the great, or rather the 
steps of the scaling-ladders. They mount 
up, or press to get up, viz. to the roof by the 
ladders, which were placed under the very 
doorposts. 

445. Tecta domorum Culmina, The cover- 
ed tops of houses. Though tecta is mostly 
put by itself, yet it is an adjective, and must 
have culmina, or some such substantive, un- 
derstood. 

446. Culmina convellunt — Auratasque tra- 
bes devolvunt. This single circumstance 
gives us a very lively image of men in des- 
pair. 

448. Decora alta- Some ancient copies 
read decora ilia parentum, which has a pe- 
culiar emphasis. 

449. Alii — imas Obsedere fores. These 
were probably Trojan guards mentioned 
below, verse 485. Some, however, under- 
stand it of the Greeks. 

452. Victis, i. e. Despairing, fighting with 
no hope of victory; as in that passage above, 
verse 354. 
Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem. 

454. Tectorum Priami. Priam had two 
palaces adjoining to each other, in one of 
which resided Hector and Andromache. 

455. Infelix — Andromache. The mention 
of Andromache's using this secret passage 
to the palace gives a dignity to the circum- 
stance, which is but low in itself. 

457. Ad soceros. Her fathers, or rather pa- 
rents in law; i. e. Priam and Hecuba; per- 



haps in imitation oi" Euripides, who in his 
Andromache comprehends them both un- 
der the single word yotfiQ^g. 

457. Astyanacta. Astyanax was Hector's 
son by Andromache. Some say he was car- 
ried off by Ulysses, others by Menelaus, in 
the absence of Pyrrhus, and thrown over a 
precipice, to evade the prophecy, which 
imported, that, if he lived, he would be the 
avenger of his parents and country. 

457. Trahebat. This word was used be- 
fore in the same sense, when Pantheus is 
carrying away his gods, and a little boy his 
grandchild, parvumque nepotem Ipse trahit. 

458. Evado. I escape to the top; this 
points to the danger there was of his being 
intercepted, as verse 531. 

460. In prcecipiti stantem. If Virgil means 
no more by this, as Dr. Trapp and others 
contend, than to let us know the tower was 
high, it is odd he should use so many words 
for that end: first, in pracipiti stantem, and 
then, eductam summis tectis sicb astra. The 
former is certainly capable of signifying its 
threatening or projecting situation; that it 
stood on the outmost verge of the high wall, 
as on the brink of a precipice. 

461. Unde omnis Troja. To elevate the af- 
fair of the old mouldering tower being 
pushed down, which conveys but a mean 
idea, the poet happily feigns that from 
thence they could take a prospect of Troy, 
discover the camp of the enemy, and survey 
the extent of the Grecian fleet. This fills 
the mind with strong regret and pity. 

Segrais. 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



2L 



Et Danaum aolitae naves, et Acbaica castra; et naves Graccorum, et A- 

Aggressi fe.ro circum, qua summa laban.es X^fiS,^ 

Juncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis p arte supremum tabulatum 

Sedibus, impulimusque. Ea lapsa repente ruinam 465 reddebat juncturas parietis 
Cum sonitu trahit, et Danaum super agmina late StS"^ ?l la tuvris - ^ 

..... ... * l & ,, templo concidcns ruinam 

Incidit: ast alii subeunt; nee saxa, nee ullum fecit cum tumultu, ct late 

Telorum interea cessat genus. incubuit super turmas Grae- 

Vestibulum ante ipsum primoq; in limine Pyrrhus coru 1 m: . , sed alii f^cedunt: 
T , •• , u .__ neclapides, necullum erenus 

Exultat, tehs et luce coruscus ahena. ^ 470 armorum i nte rim cessat. 

Qualis ubi in lucem coluber, mala gramma pastus, Ante ipsum introitum et ad 

Frisnda sub terra tumidum quern brutna tegebat; primam portam, Pyrrhus 

-v T • • .. * -.* j • r^ gaudet fuleens armis et luce 

Nunc positIS noyus exUVlIS, nitldusq; jUVenta, armorum areorum. Qualis 

Lubrica COnvolvit SllblatO pectore terga est coluber, quern hyema 

Arduus ad Solem, et Unguis micat ore trisulcis. 475 fri s»da occuitabat efFcetum 

° sub terra; quando refectus 

venenatis herbis, et jam reparatus deposita pelle, ac juventute conspicuus, elato pectore pro- 
trahit in lucem lubricum dorsum, erectus ad Solem, et vibrat linguam trieuspidem. 



NOTES. 



463. Summa tabulatal It is difficult to find 
out the meaning of summa in this place, 
because Virgil speaks as if the whole tur- 
ret had been pushed down, and not one 
story only. It may mean the summa tabu- 
lata of the highest story of the palace, on 
which the turret stood. Or perhaps it means 
only, that the upper part of the tower was 
overthrown. 

464. ■ Convellimus altis 

Sedibus, impulimusque. Ea lapsa repente 

ruinam 

Cum sonitu trahit, et Danaum super agmi- 
na late 

Incidit. 
The rumbling of these verses, and the rapi- 
dity with which they move (being all dac- 
tyls but the last foot, in which heroic verse 
requires a spondee), form another instance 
of Virgil's admirable talent in making the 
sound express the sense. 

465. Impulimusque, This fine instance of 
the translator's making the sound of the 
verses an echo to the sense, Mr. Pitt at- 
tempts to imitate: 

— — tugg'd convulsive from the shatter'd 

walls 
We push the pile; the pond'rous ruin falls; 
Tumbling with many a whirl with thun- 

ring sound 
Down headlong on the foes and smokes 

along the ground. 
Lepnidas, in a similar picture, adds a cir- 
cumstance new and his own: 

The foes beneath 

Look up aghast, with horror shrink and 
die. 

470. Luce ahena. Literally brazen light, 
i.e. the gleam or refulgence of his brazen 
armour. So Homer, II. VII. 

Auyyt xcc\y.u* KogvSuv x.7io \<Kfx.irofx.zvctav. 
The blazing splendour of the shining 
helms. 

471. Qualis ubi in lucem. Prodit, or some 
such word is obviously understood. This si- 



tuation is an improvement on that in Ho- 
mer II. XXII. 93. where Hector's fierce 
manner of expecting the approach of Achil- 
les is compared to a snake eyeing one whom 
he is going to attack: 

So, roll'd up in his den, the swelling shake 
Beholds the traveller approach the brake; 
When, fed with noxious herbs, his turgid 

veins 
Have gather'd half the poisons of the 

plains. Pope's Homer. 

471. Mala gramina pastus. This is a lite- 
ral translation of Homer's Be^axaj xaxa <pct^ 
pa.**, and agreeable to the truth of history; 

0< fgctKovltg — /£eAAovte? rivx iXXo^ccv, &C. Wheil 

those serpents lie in wait for either man or 
beast, they eat mortal roots, Sec iElian Lib 
VI. Cap. 4. 

473. Positis novus exuviis. We learn from 
Aristotle, that those animals cast their 
sloughs in the autumn, but especially in the 
spring, when they come abroad after their 
winter confinement. He tells us they begin 
to cast off from the eyes, so as to appear at 
that time quite blind to those who. are un- 
acquainted with their nature, then the head 
is stripped, for that part appears smooth 
before the rest of the body; and thus, in 
the space of about a day and a night, they 
are divested of the skin of their old age, 
and renewed in the beauty of youth. Arist' 
de Animal. Lib. VIII. Cap. 17. 

475. Arduus ad Solem. It rears itself up to 
receive the heat of the sun, especially in 
the spring, when the warm sun is most 
cherishing. 

475. Linguis trisulcis. Aristotle says 
that serpents have tongues of a -great 
length, and cloven. The poets represent 
them three -forked, probably on account of 
the volubility of their tongues, wherein 
they are said to exceed all animals what- 
soever. 



214 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Simul raagnus Periphas, et Una ingens Periphas, et equorum aeitator Achillis 

armiger Automedon ductor a„_- a < 1 v • c- • 

equorum Achillis: simul to- A ™uger Automedon: una omms Scyna pubes 
tajuventusScyri i?isulce,as- Succedunt tecto, et flammas ad.culmina jactant. 
cendunt ad tectum, et con- Ipse inter primos, correpta dura bipenni 
^LTpSii 'primes Ljmina perrumpit, postesque a cardine vellit 480 

correpta securi durum li- Aratos: jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit 
men peifringit, et e cardi- Robora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram. 
nibus eruit portas areas: et Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt: 

lam abscissa trabe perforavit A ri A ,, . ' *> ^w^^um.. 

durissima ligna, fecitque Apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum: 
magnum hiatum lato spatio. Armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 485 

Apparet interior domus, et At domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu 
recessus Priami et antiquo- Miscetur: penitusque cavae plangonbus aedes 
rum regum, et cernunt mi- Foemineis ululant: ferit aurea sidera clamor, 
lites resistentes in ipso adi- Turn pavidae tectis matres in^entibus errant: 

tu. At domus interior tur- A _i . .. . , ° , r A ,_* 

batur luctu et misero tu- Amplexaeq; tenent postes, atq; oscula figunt. 490 

multu: cava sedes intime Instat vi patria. Pyrrhus; nee claustra, neqnpsi 
resonant plan ctibusfcemina-Custodes sufferre valent: labat ariete crebro 
ST TWifiy^S Janua > etemoti procumbunt cardine postes. 

vagantur tota domo, et hserent amplexse portas, Usque dant oscula. Urget Pyrrhus paterno im- 
petu: nee obices, nee ipsi custodes possunt eum sustinere: janua quatitur multo ariete, et portse 
concidunt ejectce e cardinibus. 



NOTES. 



476. Ingens Periphas. Homer gives him 
the epithet of 7n\u§iog; for which reason 
Virgil calls him ingens, vast, gigantic. 

477- Scyria pubes Scyros was one of the 
Cyclades islands, where Achilles, sent thi- 
ther by his mother Thetis to the care of 
Lycomedes, the king of the island, de- 
bauched Deidamia, Lycomedes* daughter, 
and had Pyrrhus by her. Others say, that 
Lycomedes gave him Deidamia in mar- 
riage. 

478. Succedunt tecto, i. e. sub tectum cedunt, 
they advance up to the wall, so as to be just 
under the roof. 

480. Postesque a cardine vellit. This may 
be translated, he tries to tear or shove the 
door-posts from the hinges; for it cost him a 
great deal of hard labour and struggle be- 
fore he accomplished his purpose. See 
verse 493. 

481. Excisa trabe. By the trabes or beam, 
which is a general word, we are to under- 
stand here what answers to the rails, or 
those pieces of timber that stretch across 
the pannels of a door. 

481. Cavavit. There is a particular beauty 
here in the change of the tense: the per- 
wmpit limina et vellit postes, shows Pyr- 
rhus beating down and tearing the gates: 
then cavavit robora, dedit Jenestram, shows 
the breach, the wide aperture he hath now 
made in the door; in consequence of which 
apparet domus intus. All this is picturesque, 
and paints the objects to the life. There is 
a similar instance of the change of tense in 
Milton, where the effect is the same: it is 
in the fifth book of Paradise Lost, verse 
291. where Raphael's arrival in Paradise is 
described: 



Their glittering tents he pass'd; and now 

is come 
Into the blissful field, through groves of 

myrrh, 
And flowing odours, cassia, nard, and 

balm; 
A wilderness of sweets. 

486. At domus interior. The women in 
Greece, and all over the east, had, and still 
have, their apartments quite distinct from 
those of the men. They were in the inner 
and most retired part of the house. For 
these chambers to be broken open and vio- 
lated was the most dreadful of calamities. 

487. Cava — cedes. The rooms with ceiled 
or concave roofs. Others understand by 
these words the same with what was called 
in one word cavadium, a gallery or piazza. 

490. Amplexceque tenent postes. This is 
agreeable to the Roman superstition, which 
ascribed a kind of divinity to the gates, lin- 
tels, and door-posts. The Trojan matrons 
therefore embraced and kissed them, ima- 
gining these religious rites would recom- 
mend them to the favour and protection of 
the deities who presided over the gates. 

492. Ariete crebro. The aries or battering 
ram, as Josephus describes it, was a vast 
long beam, like the mast of a ship, strength- 
ened at one end with a head of iron, in 
some degree resembling that of a ram, 
whence it took its name. This was hung 
by the midst with ropes to another beam, 
extended across a couple of posts; and, 
hanging thus equally balanced, was by a 
great number of men violently thrust for- 
ward and drawn backward, and so shook 
the wall with its iron head. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. II. 



215 



Fit via vi: rumpunt aditus, primosq; trucidant 
Immissi Danai, et late loca milite complent. 
Non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis 
Exiit, oppositosque evicit gurgite moles, 
Fertur in arva furens cumulo, camposq; per omnes 



Fit via per vim, ct Gra> 
aqs ci immissi pandunt sibi adi- 
tum, ct occiclunt primos, et 
undique repleut spatia mili- 
tibus. Non sic spumans flu- 
vius volvitur in agros furens 
™ ..«. «. ». ,« x«^wo „«.» „w, ^.^—i' r~ aucta aquarum, et per om- 

Cum stabuhs armenta trahit. Vidi ipse iurentem 499 nes CHmp o S evertit armenta 

Caede Neoptolemum, geminosq; in limine Atridas: cum stabulis; quando fractis 

Vidi Hecubam, centumq; nurus, Priamumq; peraras 

Sanguine fcedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignes. 

Quinquaginta ill! thalami, spes tanta nepotum, 

Barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, 

Procubuere: tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. 

Forsitan et Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras, 

Urbis ubi captse casum, convulsaque vidit 

T . . ^ r ,. . t, T . quaginta cubicula, m quibus 

Limma tectorum, et medium in penetrahbus hostem; e L ra f ei magna spes p J steri . 
Anna diu senior desueta trementibus aevo tatis: porta; ornatse auro pe- 

Circumdat nequicquam humeris, et inutile ferrum regrino et spoliis, cecide- 
1 x runt: ubi deest ignis, occu- 

pant locum Grseci. Forte etiam petes, quse fuerit sors Priami. Postquam vidit ruinam captse ur- 
bis, et perruptas portas domus, et hostem in medio ejus recessu: senex frustra induit humeris 
senio trementibus arma diu desueta, 



505 



obicibus exundavit, et super- 
avit aquarum copia moles 
oppositas. Ipse vidi furiosum 
cajdibus Pyrrhum, et duos 
Atrei filios in limine. Vidi 
Hecubam, et centum fcemi- 
nas, et Priamum inter aras 
inficientem sanguine ignes, 
quos dicaverat Diis. Quin- 



NOTES. 



501. Vidi Hecubam. Hecuba was the 
daughter of Cisseus, king of Thrace, and 
wife of Priam. 

501. Centumque nurus. It does not appear 
that Hecuba's daughters-in-law were a 
hundred in number. On the contrary, if 
Homer's account be exact, they could be 
no more than fifty; for, in the sixth Iliad, 
he gives Priam only fifty sons. And there- 
fore we may either take centum for an inde- 
finite number, or nurus may signify her fe- 
male attendants in general, as the word is 
used, Ovid. Met. II. 366. 

Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 
Or lastly, those fifty sons of Priam might 
have had at least a hundred wives, taking 
their concubines into the number, after the 
example of Priam their father, who must 
have had some concubines, since it does 
not appear that he had more than seventeen 
children by his queen. 

502. Sacraverat, ignes. In the open court of 
his palace, Priam had an altar consecrated 
to Jupiter Hercseus or the Protector, verse 
513. and on this altar we are told that hal- 
lowed fire was kept perpetually burning. 
See Turneb.fLib. XIV. cap. 15. 

503. Quinquaginta Mi thalami. Homer 
mentions the same number of bed-cham- 
bers in Priam's palace for his fifty sons. 
Iliad VI. verse 244. 

504. Barbarico auro. Troy, by the Romans, 
was styled Barbary, as in Horace: 

Graecia Barbarias lento collisa duello. 
And Phrygian and Barbarian by them were 
understood to mean the same thing: 
Sonante mistum tibiis carmen lyra, 
Hac Dorium, illis Barbarum? 

Epod. IX. 



Aurum barbaricum, therefore, is Phrygian 
gold; for the Phrygians were esteemed a 
very opulent people like the Persians, as 
has been already observed in the note on 
the fourth verse of the book. That the epi- 
thet barbarico is to be so understood, ap- 
pears farther from Cic. Tuscul. Quaest. 
Lib. I. 35, where he is examining whether 
Priam would not have been much happier, 
had he died in the flourishing state of the 
kingdom, 

Astante ope Barbarica 
Tectis cselatis, laqueatis, 
than to have prolonged his life through that 
train of miseries which afterwards befel 
him. But, because it is not so proper to 
make iEneas call his own country barba- 
rous, perhaps it may be better to understand, 
by aurum barbaricum, the gold and rich tro- 
phies won from the foreign nations with 
whom they had been at war, especially 
since spoliis immediately follows, seeming 
to refer to the trophies with which they 
used to adorn their door-posts. 

505. Tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. The 
Greeks are here beautifully represented 
more cruel than the merciless flames. The 
fire abated, and fell from its rage; but the 
more merciless Greeks obstinately resist 
till all was destroyed. 

506. Bequiras. This is the only line 
throughout iEneas's whole oration in which 
he takes notice of his audience. Full of his 
subject, he, in a manner, forgets all besides. 

509. Anna desueta. Juvenal thus sets 
forth Priam as a lively example of man's 
folly in wishing for long life, since, besides 
the personal infirmities of old age, the fo« 



216 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et accingitur gladio inutili, Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostcs. 51 i 

iT2Stto*SE*S?W in ™ diis > nud «l ue «* *thetis axe 

et sub apertis auris coeli fuit Ingens ara nut, juxtaque veternma laurus, 
ara magna, et prope laurus Incumbens ara, atque umbra complexa Penates, 
antiquissima imminens arse, Hic Hecuba, et natae nequicquam altaria circum, 515 
tegens umbra JDeos domes- _ . . ' . in *ivumj 

tieos. Hie Hecuba, et ejus Praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, 

filise, frustra circa aras con- Condensae, et Divum amplexae simulacra tenebant. 

lerue, sicut fugientes coium- jp Sum autem sum pti s Priamum iuvenilibus armis 

bre per marram tempestatem, T T -jv r\ » j« • r • 

et ampiectentes Deorum Ut vidit: Quae mens tarn dira, miserrime conjux, 
statuas, eis adhserebant. Impulit his cingi telis? aut quo ruis? inquit. 520 

Cum verd vidit Priamum N on tali auxilio, nee defensoribus istis 
KT QT\Tr S fu U ne e s n ta Tem P us e S et: "on si ipse meus nunc afforet Hector. 
mens, ait, 6 miser marite, Hue tandem concede: haec ara tuebitur omnes, 
impulit te ad induenda haec Aut moriere simul. Sic ore effata, recepit 
%$£2ZS£8gZ ^d scse, et sacra tan«vum in sede locavit. 525 

subsidio, nee taiibus propug- kece autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Pontes, 
natoribus; ne si meus qui- Unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes 

fet" gS^tt^^"""".^ $»&.* VaCUa f™ **** 

haic ara proteget cunctos, oaucius: ilium ardens mfesto vulnere Pyrrhus 

aut morieris nobiscum. Sic Insequitur, jam jamq; manu tenet, et premit hasta. 

ore locuta, accepit senem Ut tanc jem ante oculos evasit et ora parentum, 531 

juxta se, et posuit ewra in sa-/^, ... - . F r .. ' 

cro sediii. Ecce autem Pbli- voncidit* ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. 

tes, unus fiiiorum Priami, Hie Priamus, quanquam in media jam morte tenetur, 

evitata morte iliatd d Pyr- ^on tamen abstinuit, nee voci, iraeque pepercit: 

fofJtperT^^ P ro scelere, exclamat, pro taiibus ausis 

pererrat ampia atria, vulne-Dii (si qua est coelo pietas, quae talia curet) 

ratus: Pyrrhus furens per- Persolvant grates dignas, et praemia reddant 

TZXv^ l^Debta qui natieoramme cernere letum 

urgetque hasta. Postquam autem Polites pervenit ante oculos et ora parentum, cecidit et emisit 
animam cum multo sanguine. Turn Priamus, etsi jam in media morte positus, tamen non sibi 
temperavit, nee iram et vocem continuit: Tibi vero, exclamat, Dii referant meritam gratiam, et 
reddant debitam mercedem pro hoc crimine et taiibus factis; si est in ccelo aliqua pietas, qu£ 
provideat talia: tibi i?iquam, qui fecisti me coram videre mortem filii, 



535 



NOTES. 



reign and external ills which length of years 
brings about are so heavy and numerous: 
Longa dies igitur quid contulit? omnia, 

vidit 
Eversa, et flammis Asiam ferroque caden- 

tem; 
Tunc miles tremulus posita tulit arma 
tiara. 

Juv. Sat. X. 265. 
But mark what age produe'd: he liv'd to 

see 
His town in flames, his falling monarchy; 
In line, the feeble sire, redue'd by fate, 
To change his sceptre for a sword too 
late. Drvden. 

513. Ihgens ara fuit. This is that altar 
which, as we said before, was consecrated 
to Jupiter Hercaeus in the open court of the 
palace, to which Ovid refers, 
Nee tibi subsidio praesens sit numen ut illi, 
Cui nihil Hercaei profuit ara Jovis. 

In Ibim, 283. 
And Seneca in A gam. 
Sparsum cruore Regis Hercaeum Jovem. 
Jupiter, to whom such altars were conse- 



crated, was called Hercaeus, from the 
Greek word tpK.oc septum, a wall or enclo- 
sure; either because he protected the place, 
or because the altar was erected within an 
enclosure. 

514- Penates. By Penates La Cerda would 
have us here understand the palace, or 
house, as it sometimes signifies, because 
this was not the place of the Penates, or 
household-gods. But others think the statues 
of the Penates were placed on the same al- 
tar with Jupiter Hercaeus. 

515. Hie Hecuba. It is well known that 
the altars, and other sacred places, were 
the sanctuaries and places of refuge, to 
which it was usual for persons to fly, to 
screen themselves from danger. 

529. Infesto vulnere. Vulnus is used here 
poetically for the wounding weapon. 

538. Nati cordon me cernere letum Fecisti.. 
He does not complain of him for putting 
his son to death, but for his barbarity in 
making him to be the witness of so shock 
ing a spectacle. 



iENEIDOS LIB. II. 



217 



Fecisti, ct patrios fcedasti funere vultus. 

At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 

Talis in hoste fuit Priamo; sed jura fidemque 

Supplicis erubuit; corpusque cxsangue sepulchro 

Reddidit Hectoreum, meq; in mea regna remisit. 

Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu 

Conjecit: rauco quod protinus sere repulsum, 

Et summo clypei nequicquam umbone pependit. 

Cui Pyrrhus: Referes ergo hxc, et nuntius ibis 

Pelidae genitori: illi mea tristia facta, 

Degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento. 549 e * frustra pependit e summo 

Nunc morere. H,c dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem ™*£ $& »**£ 

1 raxit, et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati: ista, et ibis nuncius ad a- 

Implicuitque comam laeva; dextraque coruscum chillem patrem mewn.- me- 

Extulit, ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. mento narrare illi mea in- 

r digna facta et Pyrrhum de- 

generem. Nunc morere. Hsec dicens, trahit eum ad ipsas aras trepidum, et vacillantem in me- 
dio sanguine filii, et involvit sinistra capillos, ac dextra sustulit ensem micantero, condiditque 
in ejus latus usque ad manubrium. 



et funeatasU fjicicm patvis 
540 hac C£en " e - At *He Achilles, 
ex quo fingis te procreatum 
esse, talis non fuit erga hos- 
tem Prisimum: sed rat ion cm 
habuit juris gentium et fidei 
debiUe supplicantibus: et rc- 
stituit tumulo exanime cor- 
545 pus Hectoris, et me remisit 
in urbem meam. Sic dixit 
senex, et projecit telum de- 
bile absque impetu, quod 
statim resiliit ex sere rauco i 



539. Fcedasti funere vultus.. Funu 
Servius, is a carcass, a dead body, warm, 
and newly slain. When carried out to re- 
ceive funeral obsequies, it is called Exe- 
quiae. The ashes of it, when burned, are re- 
liquice, and the interment of it is sepulchrum. 

540. Satum quo te mentiris. Whom you 
but feign to be your father, since your ac- 
tions disprove your birth from him. A se- 
vere sarcasm; as much as to say, No man, 



NOTES. 

says observed even to an enemy when disarmed; 



those laws he observed, and that faith 
which is due to a suppliant, whose person 
has always been held sacred by the laws of 
hospitality. 

545. Repulsum— pependit, i. e. It was so 
repelled, as to fall short of wounding or 
killing him, yet pierced the boss of his 
buckler, and hung there quite harmless. 
As for the reading which is in some copies, 



who had any humanity in his nature, could sepultum instead of repulsum, it is not worth 
ever beget such a son. The sentiment is the confuting 



same with that which Dido throws out in 
her outrage against JEneas: 
Nee tibi Diva parens, generis nee Darda- 

nus auctor, 
Perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus hor- 

rens 
Caucasus, Hyrcanseque admorunt ubera 
tigres. 

JEn. IV. 365: 
541. In hoste Priamo. When I was an ac- 
tive enemy, capable of annoying him, and it 
would have been worth his while to put 
me to death; whereas now I hardly exist, 
my life is of no avail either as a friend or 
foe. 

541. Jura fidemque Supplicis erubuit. In the 
twenty-fourth book of the Iliad, Homer 
makes Priam repair to Achilles' tent, and 
ransom from him the body of Hector. Vir- 
gil judiciously makes Priam forbear men- 
tioning the gifts by which Achilles was in- 
duced to restore the body of his enemy, 
and attributes his action only to generosity, 
justice, and a sense of honour. 

543. In mea regna remisit. He had it in 
his power to have detained Priam, or put 



546. Umbone. The umbo, a/^Cav, is an ob= 
ject raised on a plane surface, of a round 
figure. Such was the boss or center of a 
shield. 

550. Altaria ad ipsa trementem, izfe. Every 
word here aggravates the cruelty of this 
action : traxit, he dragged him ; trementem, 
trembling, not through fear, but age, and 
decay of nature; he dragged him ad ipsa 
altaria, to that very altar where he had fled 
for refuge; et lapsantem in multo sanguine 
nati; this is a very moving circumstance; 
that the reverend aged monarch should be 
thus trailed through a slippery deluge of 
his son's blood, the very sight of which 
was worse to him than death. What fol- 
lows, is the strong picture of a heart quite 
lost to all sense of humanity, and capable of 
perpetrating the most shocking cruelties 
with the greatest unconcern and indiffer- 
ence. 

550. Altaria ad ipsa. Others, however, 
write, that Priam was not slain at the altar, 
but that Pyrrhus, finding him there, drag- 
ged him away to Achilles' tomb, which 
was near the promontory of Sigaeum, and 



him to death; but he blushed at the thought thus sacrificed him to his father's manes, 

of violating the laws of nations, which pro- But where there are different traditions 

hibit all injury to the person of a king, re- concerning the same fact, the poet is at li- 

quire the forms of burial to be allowed to berty to choose that which best suits his 

the dead, and the laws of humanity to be purpose. 

2 F 



216 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Hie fuit terminus casuum Haec finis Priami fatorum: hie exitus ilium 554 

SSTit&S S:|°"« «**> Trojam incensamet prolapsa videntem 

tem Pergama eversa et Pergaraa, tot quondam popuhs terrisq; superbum 
Trojam combustam: eumm- Regnatorem Asiae: jacet ingens litore truncus, 
quam regem Asiae, clarum Avulsumq; humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus. 
propter tot gentes, et tot re- . * : . * r . . . ^ v *f ua ' 

giones: jacet in litore mag- At me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror: 
nus truncus, et caput abscis- Obstupui: subiit chari genitoris imago, 560 

sum ex humeris, et cadaver jj t re » em aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi 

sine nomine. 1 unc vero , r . ° , .. *• ... , ,-, 

primum dims horror invasit Vitam exhalantem: subnt deserta Creusa, 

me. Attonitus fui: venit in Et direpta domus, et parvi casus Iiili. 

mentem imago diiecti patris Respicio, et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro. 

met; quando vidi resrem ipsi ^ * j r - 1 

co«vum efflantem crudeli Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565 

plagaanimam: venit in men- Ad terram misere, aut ignibus aegra dedere. 

tem Creusa derelicta, et j amque adeo super unus eram, cum limina Vestae 

spohata domus, et pen- A 

culum parvi Ascanii. Circumspicio, et qusero quaenam esset circa me multitude Omnes me reli- 
querant fatigati, et corpora saliendo prascipitaverant in terram, aut afnicta conjecerant in flam- 
mas. Et jam fere restabam solus, cum video filiam Tyndarei occupantem templum Vestas, 



NOTES. 



554. H<zc finis. Finis is usually of the mas- 
culine gender; here it is feminine. So JEn. 
5. 384. " quae finis standi." Cicero has " quae 
finis funestae familiae." 

554. Hie exitus ilium Sorte talk. This 
seems to be a singular idiom; This death 
carried him off by heaven's appointment. 

557- Jacet ingens litore truncus. In this and 
the following circumstances, Virgil is 
thought to have had an eye to the unhappy 
fate of Pompey, of whom Plutarch gives 
the following account: " the assassins cut 
off his head, then flung his naked body on 
the shore, and left it a spectacle to every 
curious eye." 

558. Sine nomine corpus. The head is, as 
it were, the index, to distinguish the per- 
son, and lead to the knowledge of his name. 
Or, without a name may signify despicable, 
dishonoured; as Florus calls a man who has 
no honour, homo sine tribu, sine nomine. 

560. Chari genitoris imago. This circum- 
stance of his being put in mind of his fa- 
ther and family, by seeing the lamentable 
death of old Priam, is very natural and 
moving. The distress is now worked up to 
the height. iEneas is left alone, amid all 
the dangers that surrounded him. 

567. Limina Vestce Servantem. Ser<wre 
signifies to look after any thing with anxi- 
ety, and a jealous eye, full of fears, and 
watchful of every danger: so the word is 
used by Plautus Aulul. 1, 2, 3. Redi nunc 
jam intro, atque intus serva: where the 
commentator says, Servare est solicite et 
suspiciose observare. 

567- Jamque adeo super unus eram> There 
is some doubt raised about the genuineness 
of this passage concerning Helen, from this 
to verse 589, Cum mihi se t &c. Those who 



reject them connect the verses that go be- 
fore with those that follow, thus: 

Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 

Ad terram misere, aut ignibus aegra de = 
dere. 

Cum mihi se, non ante oculis tarn clara, 
videndam 

Obtulit, &c. 

Making the appearance of Venus to be in 
order to restrain iEneas, who was going to 
kill himself. But, whatever may be alleged 
against these verses, those who are ac- 
quainted with Virgil's style will easily dis- 
tinguish them to be his; nor are the objec- 
tions against them so strong, but they ad- 
mit very satisfactory answers. They are 
chiefly these three: 1. It is alleged, that 
what Virgil here says of Helen's dreading 
the resentment of her husband Menelaus, — 
deserti conjugis iras Permetuens, — contra- 
dicts what he tells us in the sixth book, v. 
525, of her having sought to make her 
peace with Menelaus by betraying Deipho- 
bus. But, though she endeavoured to ingra- 
tiate herself with Menelaus by that piece of 
treachery, it does not follow that he was 
actually reconciled to her, at least so fully 
as not to leave her guilty mind under some 
apprehensions of his resentment. Accord- 
ingly we learn from Euripides in Troad. 
verses 35, 876, 1056, that Helen was car- 
ried away a captive by Menelaus with the 
Trojan women, with a view to have her put 
to death by the Greeks whose sons had 
fallen in that war. Another objection is, that 
Virgil outrages the character of his hero, 
in making him entertain a thought of kill- 
ing a woman, and even in the temple. Per- 
haps there would have been some force in 
this objection, had iEneas actually put He- 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



219 



Servantem, et tacitam secreta in sede latentem 
Tyndarida aspicio: dant clara incendia lucem 
Errand, passimque oculos per cuncta ferehti. 
Ilia sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros, 
Et poenas Danaum, et deserti conjugis iras 
Permetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinnys, 
Abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedebat. 
Exarsere ignes animo: subit ira, cadentem 
Ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas sumere poenas. 
Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasq; Mycenas 
Aspiciet? partoque ibit regina triumpho? 
Conjugiumq; domumq; patres, natosq; videbit, 
Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris? 
Occident ferro Priamus? Troja arserit igni? 
Dardanium toties sudarit sanguine litus? 
Non ita: namq; etsi nullum memorabile nomen 
Fceminea in poena est, nee habet victoria laudem: 
Extinxisse nefas tamen, et sumpsisse merentis 
Laudabor poenas; animumque explesse juvabit 
Ultricis flammse, et cineres satiasse meorum. 



et clam occultam in arcano 

loco: clarac flammae proebent 

-lucem vaganti mihi et cir- 

570 cum quaque i n tendenti ocu- 
los in omnia. Ilia communis 
furia Trojae et Grseciae, ti- 
mens Trojanos sibi infensos 
ob ruinam Trojse, et suppli- 
cia a Grsecis inferenda, et 

575 furorem derelicti mariti, oc- 
cultaverat sese, et hserebat 
aris nou visa. Accensus est 
furor in animo: subortus est 
ardor vindicandi patriam e- 
versam, et repetendi poenas 
sceleris. Nempe, aiebam t 

580hsec videbit illsesa Spartam 
et Mycenas patrias? et abibit 
regina post partam victori- 
am? et cernet maritum, et 
domum, et parentes, et Ali- 
os, stipata multitudine Tro- 

eo 5 janorum etfamulis Phrygiis? 
Priamus intered gladio peri- 
erit? Troja arserit igne? Tro- 
janum litus tarn ssepe madu- 
erit sanguine? Non sic erit: 
nam licet nulla sit memorabilis gloria in punitione feminee et talis victoria non sit digna laude: 
tamen laudabor quod occiderim sceleratam, et penis affecerim ream; et dulce erit explevisse 
deslderium ardentissimse ultionis, et satisfecisse manibus ineorurn civiuni. 



NOTES. 



len to death; though even then he might 
have been justified by those very motives 
which he himself urges in behalf of the ac- 
tion: 

Etsi nullum memorabile nomen 

Fceminea in poena, est, nee habet victoria 
laudem: 

Extinxisse nefas tamen, et sumpsisse me- 
rentis 

Laudabor pcenas; animumque explesse ju- 
vabit 

Ultricis flammae, et cineres satiasse meo- 
rum. 
Who could have blamed him, if, in the hur- 
ry and confusion of mingled passions, with 
which his mind must then have been rack- 
ed, he had revenged his own and his coun- 
try's sufferings on that fair traitress, who 
was chargeable with the guilt of so many 
thousand deaths, and the utter desolation of 
a whole innocent people, and once flourish- 
ing kingdom? But when, instead of giving 
way to those first emotions of a just resent- 
ment, he checks his desire of revenge, de- 
liberates on the merits of the action,' and is 
at length withheld from perpetrating it by 
the interposition of his goddess-mother, or, 
in other words, by the force of superior 
judgment, what shadow of reason have 
even the severest critics for censuring such 
a conduct? It is objected, in the last place, 
that these verses cannot be allowed to be 
Virgil's, because lie cannot be supposed so 
unacquainted with the history of Helen, as 



not to know that she had left Troy long be- 
fore it was taken. The history of which it 
is alleged Virgil could not be ignorant, is 
that of Herodotus, who tells us, he had 
learned from some Egyptian priests, who 
had it from Menelaus' own mouth, that the 
Trojans had sent away Helen to Egypt be- 
fore the Greeks redemanded her; of whose 
veracity Herodotus himself appears to have 
been so fully convinced, that he is at great 
pains to prove it. But, whether Virgil was 
acquainted with Herodotus' account or not, 
it is sufficient that he has poetical tradition 
on his side, and is supported by the autho- 
rity of Homer and Euripides. 

576. Sceleratas sumere pcenas, i. e, Sumere 
poenas de sceleratd, as in v. 584. Fceminea pee ° 
na for pcena defcemind, 

577. Patriasque Mycenas. Mycenae Was 
not the place of her own nativity (for she 
was born at Sparta), but of her husband 
Menelaus. 

585. Extinxisse nefas. Helen is justly 
styled nefas, a monster of wickedness, who, 
by her lewdness, had been the occasion of 
kindling so dreadful a war. She was first 
ravished by Theseus, then married Mene- 
laus, whom she forsook for the adulterous 
Paris. To him too she was unfaithful, hav- 
ing committed incest in Troy with her son- 
in-law Orythus, the son of Paris and Oe- 
none. Philostratus too, in his Heroics, has 
celebrated the story of her amour with 
Achilles. 



220 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Talia dicebam, et curre- Talia iactabam, et furiata mente ferebar: 
Z?25ir£?£2* t £*» mihi a* non ant£ ocuKs tarn clara, videndam 
raihividendam,nusquaman- Obtulit, et pura. per noctem in luce refulsit- 590 

tea tam manifests oculis; et Alma parens, confessa Deam; qualisque videri 

tor^St e ^^S° Ccelicolis et <l uanta soIet ^ dextmque prehensum 
et qiiali's ac quanta solet ap- Contmuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore: 
parereDivis:etrepressitme Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras? 
tlextra apprehensum: pr»- n uid furis ? aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit? 595 
tereaque adjecit hose verba rt . v .1 . . r 

ore x-oseo; Fili, quis tantus -Non pnus aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem 
dolor commovet hanc iram Liqueris Anchisen? superet conjuxne Creiisa, 
intractabiiem! Cur furis? aut Ascaniusque puer? quos omnes undique Graiae 

quern in locum tibi abut cura ^ • ^ • *. • • *. 

nostrarum rerum? Nonne Circumerrant acies: et ni mea cura resistat, 

prius quceres, ubi deserue- Jam flammae tulerint, inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600 

reris patrem tuum Anchi- ^ on tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae, 

sen, annis srravem: An su- /-, , t» • v • i „• t^* a 

persit uxor Creiisa, aut As- Culpatusve Paris; verum mclementia Divum 
caniusfiiius: quos omnes cin- Has evertit opes, sternitque a culmine Trojam. 
gunt undique turmse Gr». Aspice: namq; omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti 
&£&?£?{£*: Morta1 ^ kebetat visus tibi, et humida circum 605 
sumpsisset, aut gladius hos- Caligat, nubem eripiam: tu ne qua parentis 
tilis interfecisset. Non vui- Jussa time neu prasceptis parere recusa. 

Stags arsass *"<= «#/***« ™^ ; av«u«i«e **& 

Paris: sed Deorumira deiet Saxa vides, mixtoq; undantem pulvere tumum; 

hanc potentiam, et dejicit Neptunus muros, magnoque emota tridenti 610 

Trojam ex alto fastigio. Vi- Fundamenta quatit, totamque a sedibus urbem 

de: nam auferam omnem _ . _. TV _. ^ ' ^ . . 

nubem, qiue ofFusa tibi aspi- Eruit. Hie Juno Scaeas ssevissima portas 
cienti debilitat ocuios mor- Prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen 
tales, et humida circum ni- p erro acc i ncta vocat . 
grescit: tu ne una matns 

imperia metue, et ne abnuas obtemperare ejus mandatis. IlDc ubi cernis moles prostratas, et 
lapides avulsos lapidibus et fumum undatim surgentem mixto pulvere: illic Neptunus succutit 
fundamenta impulsa magno tridente, et convellit a radicibus totam urbem. HUc ferocissima Ju- 
no prima occupat Scaeas portas, et armata ferro ac furiosa vocat a navibus exercitum sociorum. 



-NOTES. 

390. Obtulit — Alma parens. Venus was But to nobler sights 

the most proper deity to interpose in behalf Michael from Adam's eyes the film re- 

of Helen, whom she had long protected, mov'd, 

and first conferred on Paris, as a reward Which that false fruit that promisM clear- 

for the judgment he had given in her fa- er sight 

vour against Juno and Minerva. Had bred: then purg'd with euphrasy 

601. Tyndaridis. Helen was the daughter and rue 

of Jupiter and Leda, and is called Tynda- The visual nerve, for he had much to see, 

ris, because Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, &c. Book XL 411. 

was married to Leda. 610. Neptunus muros, &c. Virgil makes 

602. Verum mclementia Divum. Several Neptune an? enemy to Troy, on account 
ancient copies read, Divum inclementia, Di- of the perjury of Laomedon, who cheated 
<vum. , that god of his promised hire for building 

604. Aspice: namque, &c. Macrobius, in the walls of Troy. Which fable, according 

Som. Scip. Lib. I. Cap. 3. applies this pas- to Servius, sets forth to us this historical 

sage to the state of the soul, which, being fact, that Laomedon had applied the money, 

immersed in matter during its union with which he had destined for the worship and 

the body, is incapable of beholding objects service of Neptune, to the building of the 

directly, but through a veil, a thick cloud, walls of Troy. 

i. e. a gross, corporeal medium. Milton 612. Juno Scxas portas tenet. The gates of 

seems to have had this passage in his eye Troy, we are told, were six in number; the 

in the eleventh book of his Paradise Lost, gate of Antenor, the gate of Dardanus, the. 

where the angel prepares Adam for be- ilian, the Catumbrian, Trojan, and Scaean. 

holding the future vision of his posterity By the Scaean gate, the Trojan horse is said 

and their history, which he is going to set to have entered; which probably is therea- 

before him: son why Juno is posted at that gate, rathe? 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 



221 



Jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 
Insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva. 
Ipse Pater Danais animos viresqu£ secundas 
Sufficit: ipse Deos in Dardana-suscitat arma. 
Eripe, nate, fugam, finemque impone labori. 



'615 J am .» aspice, Tritonia Pallas 
stetitiu summis arcibus, res- 
plendens nube ettorvo capi- 
te Medusae. Ipse Jupiter sug- 
gerit Grsecis animos et robur 
opportunum: ipse commovet 
Deos adversus arma Troja- 



Nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam. 620 na . Fili, accelera fugam, et 

Dixerat, et spissis noctis se condidit umbris. 

Apparent dirse facies, inimicaque Trojae 

Numina magna Deum. 

Turn verd omne mihi visum considere in ignes 

Ilium, et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja. 

Ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum 

Cum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant 

Eruere agricolae certatim; ilia usque minatur, 

Et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat: 

Vulneribus donee paulatim evicta, supremum 

Con^emuit, traxitque iugis avulsa ruinam. 

° - " ■. '. . tur certatim evellere vete- 

rem ornum, circumcisam ferro multisque securibus; ilia diu minatur, et ramis tremens vaciHat 
cmoto cacumine: donee paulatim victa ictibus, postremum insonuit, et evulsa fecit ruinam in 
caontibus. 



pone finem laboribus. Nus- 
quam te deseram, et ducam 
te securum ad paternam do- 
mum. Sic locuta fuerat, et 
statim abdidit se densis tene- 

g25bris noctis. Apparent hor- 
rendse species, et numina 
magna Deorum ad versa Tro- 
jse. Tunc vero omne Ilium 
visum est mihi recumbere in 
flammas, et Troja Neptunia 
a fundamentis subrui. Et 

630quemadmodum quando in 
altis montibus rustici conan- 



NOTES. 



than at any other, she being all along re- 
presented as the most implacable foe to 
Troy. The name Scaean is derived from 
vy.oi.ia, sinistra; because the gate stood in 
the left, or perhaps the unfortunate part of 
the city. Sinistra quasi sine astris. 

616. Nimbo effulgens. By nimbus, Servius 
understands a lucid circle, or divine bright- 
ness, which the gods wore round their 
heads, and were thereby distinguished from 
mortals. 

616. Gorgone. The three daughters of 
Phorcus, Medusa, Euryale, and Stenyo, 
were called Gorgones, Gorgons, or the ter- 
rible sisters. Medusa having been violated 
by Neptune in Minerva's temple, that god- 
dess transformed the hair of her head into 
serpents, the very sight of which turned 
men into stones. This head Perseus cut off, 
by the assistance of Minerva, who lent him 
her buckler, which was of brass, so finely 
polished, that it reflected the image of the 
Gorgon's head as in a mirror, and thus se- 
cured him from the fatal influence of her 
eyes, and enabled him to destroy her. This 
head Minerva wore upon her buckler, to 
render her the more awful and tremendous. 

617. Ipse Pater. Pitt conceives the ima- 
gery here inimitably sublime. The thought 
of Venus clearing his eye, and showing him 
the gods at work in destroying the city, is 
nobly conceived. He apprehends this to be 
one of the sublimest passages in Virgil*'; 



writings, and indeed comparable to any 
thing in Homer. 

617. Ipse pater. Juno and Minerva oppo- 
sed the Trojans from partial motives, be- 
cause they had been slighted by Paris; but 
Jove was an enemy to them, because their 
cause was unrighteous, in detaining Helen 
contrary to the law of nations. 

622. Apparent dine facies. All the horrid 
images of war and desolation. 

623. Numina magna. The gods were di- 
vided xhiefly into two classes, the Bit ma- 
jores, and the Dii minores. The gods here 
referred to are of the first order, viz. Jupi- 
ter, Juno, Neptune, Minerva, and there- 
fore are fitly denominated magna numina 
Dciim. 

626. Ac veluti, &c. This simile is imitated 
from Homer, II. XVI. 481, who applies it 
to the death of Sarpedon; but Macrobius 
himself acknowledges that the copy far ex- 
ceeds the original. 

629. Comam — nutat. Virgil, considering 
a tree in analogy to the human body, calls 
the extended boughs its arms, brachia, 
Geor. II. 296, 368, and here its leaves, co- 
mam, hair, or locks. So also Milton, Pa- 
radise Lost, X. 1065: 

while the winds 
Blow moist and keen, shatt'ring the grace- 
ful locks 
Of those fair spreading trees 



222 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Descendo,aeducente Vene-Descendo, ac ducente Deo flammam inter et hostes 
£™ £££&££ Expedion da « te ' a l ° cum ' fl«mm«que recedunt. 

ww7/i viam, et ignes retro a- Ast ubi jam patriae perventum ad limma sedis, 634 
beunt. Sed postquam jam Antiquasque domos: genitor, quern tollere in altos 



^rdo^,tl ^rSOP^™ P™ montes primumque petebam, 
redes; pater, quem cupiebam Abnegat excisa vitam producere 1 roja, 
exportare primum in altos Exiliumque pati. Vos 6 quibus integer asvi 
inontes, etad }Mewprimum Sanguis, ait, solidsque suo stant robore vires; 

ibara, renuit protrahere vi- TT » • ' e ■ ^*^ 

tarn, et tolerare exilium, Vos agitate fugam. < _ 640 

post eversam Trojam: etdi-Me si coelicc-lse voluissent ducere vitam, 

cit, O yos, quibus sanguis ]-£ as m ihj servassent sedes: satis una superque 

tetate vigens, et sanae vires 

stant propria firmitate: vos tentate fugam. Si superi voluissent me proferre vitam, servassent 

mihi hanc domum: satis et plusquam satis est, 



NOTES. 



632. Ducente Deo jlammam inter et hostes. 
Were we to allegorize this passage, we 
might say, that Venus conducting iEneas 
through fire and sword, signifies that the 
pious love which burned in his breast, first 
to his country, and next to his dear rela- 
tives, rendered him insensible of every 
danger that opposed the bent of his affec- 
tion. This is the light wherein Spenser has 
considered it in his Hymn in Honour of 
Love: 
Thou art his god, thou art his mighty 

guide! 
Thou, being blind, let'st him not see his 

fears, 
But carrie st him to that which he hath 

ey'd, 
Thro* seas, thro' flames, thro' thousand 
swords and spears; 
Ne aught so strong that may his force 

withstand, 
With which thou armest his resistless 
hand. 
Witness Leander in the Euxine waves, 
And stout iEneas in the Trojan fire. 
632. Ducente Deo. Servius will have it, 
that Venus here is called god, because the 
deities partook of both sexes. And we are 
particularly told, that Venus had a statue 
in Cyprus under the name of Venus barbata, 
the male Venus, and was worshipped by 
the men in the garb of females, and by the 
women dressed like men. But there is no 
necessity of having recourse to that conceit; 
Dens, a god, signifies deity in general, and 
may be said either of gods or goddesses; 
as homo, man, is the general word for the 
human species. 

633- Expedior. Literally, I am disentan- 
gled or extricated, viz.. from every danger. 
636. Optabam primum. We learn from 
Varro, that the Greeks having given iEneas 
permission to carry off what was dearest 
to him, he was seen trudging through the 
town with his father upon his shoulders; 
while others, to whom the same permission 
was given, went ofF loaded with gold and 
silver. The Greeks, struck with this emi- 
nent example of filial love in iEneas, gave 



him a second option, which he made use of 
in carrying off his gods. Upon this they 
were induced to grant him full liberty to 
take along with him his whole family, and 
all his effects. To this Ovid seems to allude- 
when he says of iEneas, 

Sacra, et sacra altera, patrem 
Fert humeris, venerabile onus, Cythereius 

heros; 
De tantisque opibus prsedam pius eligit 

illam 
Ascaniumque suura. 

637. Abnegat. With what variety has this 
narration already entertained us! Here is a 
new scene opened, which, with what fol- 
lows in this book alone, would be almost 
sufficient to furnish a heroic poem for any 
poet but Virgil. The hero is now arrived at 
his father's house, and he has nothing to do 
but to provide for his escape, and that of 
the rest of the family. One would think 
there should be no great difficulty in that, 
but quite otherwise. His father, with the 
obstinacy of a despairing old man, absolute- 
ly refuses the means of preserving his life, 
or to survive the ruin of his country. 

The shining description of the lambent 
flame upon the head of lulus, with the au- 
spicious thunder, and the stars shooting 
along the sky, give a pleasing turn to the 
whole; and the conviction of Anchises is 
most agreeable and surprising. But the loss 
of Crelisa throws us back again into lamen- 
tation. iEneas returns into the city, and 
with him the poet artfully returns to finish 
the description of the sack and ruin of it. 
The circumstances which the hero relates, 
as the burning of his own palace, and the 
Grecians guarding the spoils and the cap- 
tives, are new and engaging. The appari- 
tion of Creiisa's ghost, her speech to her 
husband, and their final parting, fill us 
with so much terror and melancholy plea- 
sure as cannot be expressed. Trapp. 

638. Integer ce<vi Sanguis, i. e. Whose blood 
is full, and not yet impaired, as in old men: 
integer cevi is a Greek construction; causa \ 
or some such word, being understood. 

642. Una—Vidimus excidia, Because he 



iENEIDOS LIB. II. 



223 



Vidimus excidia, et captse superavimus urbi. we vulissc jam unum ex- 

Sic 6 sic positum affati discedite corpus. cWi ; im » «**** supcrfui 

Ipse manu mortem mveniam: miserebitur hostis, 645 u i t i mum va)e Mentis meo 
Exuviasque petet: facilis jactura sepulchri est. cadaveri sic deposito. Ipse 

Jampridem invisus Divis et inutilis annos reperiam mortem propria 

"T r n- a i -~ manu, aut hostis miscrtus 

Demoror, ex quo me Divum pater atque nominum rex mei me 0CC M eti e t dctrahet 
Fulminis afflavit ventis, et contigit igni. mihi spolia: leve est privari 

Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 650 sepuichro. Jamdudum odio- 

_ T r N m . , , • /-. sus Dns et inutihs traho vi- 

Nos contra eftusi lachrymis, conjuxque Creusa, tam> ex quo patep Deorum 

Ascani.usque, omnisque domus: ne vertere secum 
Cuncta pater, fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. 
Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in iisdem. 

Rursus in anna feror, mortemque miserrimus opto. effusi in fletus, et uxor Creu- 
sa, et Ascanius, et tota domus: ne pater vellet evertere omnia secum, et vim addere fato no& 
prementi. Abnuit hoc, et hxret in proposito et loco eodem. Iterum curro ad pugnam, et infeli- 
cissimus mortem appeto. 



et rex hominum afflavit me 
aura fulminis, et tetigit igne. 
(.-, Talia dicens perstabat etma- 
' nebat pertinax. Nos contrk 



NOTES. 



had seen the city taken before by Hercu- 
les, under the reign of Laomedon; a fact 
not only mentioned by the poets, but by 
historians of good authority. See Dionys. 
Halic. Antiq. Lib. I. and Aristides in Rho- 
diaca. The latter, speaking of Troy, says 
in so many words, Troy was twice taken; 
once by Hercules, and a second time by the 
Greeks. And Virgil expressly says else- 
where, that Anchises had been twice saved 
from the ruins of Troy, iEn. III. 476. 
Bis Pergameis erepte ruinis. 

644. Sic O sic positum. Anchises consi- 
ders himself as already dead, and therefore 
desires them to take the last farewell of 
him, as of a corpus positum, a dead corpse 
laid out for burial; or of the funeral pile, 
of which the friends used to take a solemn 
farewell, by repeating, vale, vale, vale. We 
may observe farther, that the particles sic, 
6 sic, have an emphatic force on this occa- 
sion; insomuch that, if we take them away, 
we destroy the chief beauty and energy of 
the whole line. The repetition of the sic 
shows Anchises' obstinate purpose of dy- 
ing, and his earnest desire of being left to 
pursue that resolution. It is used the same 
way in the fourth book: when Dido, bent 
on death, is just going to plunge the dag- 
ger into her bosom, she breaks forth into 
this abrupt exclamation: 

Sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras. 

645. Ipse manu mortem inveniam. Servius 
understands manu of the enemy; but that 
seems forced. The sentence is explained 
by a parallel one in Tacitus: Primirm ubi 
vulnus Varo adactum, ubi infelici dextra et 
suo ictu mortem invenerit. 

645. Miserebitur hostis. This strongly 
marks the anguish of his soul: he was so 
weary of life, that he would reckon it an 
act of pity in the enemy to put an end to it. 
It is the same sentiment with that of Eu- 
ryalus' mother, who, in the bitterness of 
her grief for the loss of her son, thus ad- 
dressed Jupiter- 



Aut tn, magne pater Divum, miserere, 
tuoque 

Invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartars 
tela, 

Quando aliter nequeo crudelem abrumpere 
vitam. iEn. IX. 495. 

649. Fulminis afflavit ventis. The winds 
by some of the ancients were reckoned the 
efficient causes of thunder: 

Jupiter, an venti, discussa nube tonarent. 

Ovid. Met. XV. 70. 
Anchises, according to tradition, was blast- 
ed with lightning, for having divulged his 
intrigue with Venus; and some say he was 
thereby struck blind. But, whatever others 
allege, Virgil, at least, supposes him to 
have the use of his eyes, as in verse 687: 

Et pater Anchises oculos ad sidera Isetus 

Extulit. 
And again, verse 732. 

Genitorque per umbram 

Prospiciens, Nate, exclamat, fuge— — ■ 

Ardentes clypeos atque sera micantia cerno, 
And therefore it is more probable that, as 
some imagine, he was blasted and disabled 
in his limbs. 

653. Fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. It is 
not very easy to tix the precise meaning of 
the word incumbere in this place. Dr. Trapp 
would gladly read occumbere, or rather suc- 
cumbere, would the verse and authority per- 
mit. As it stands, he thinks it is a metaphor 
taken from Jailing on a sivo?-d. We rather 
take it to be a metaphor taken from one's 
leaning or lying with all his weight upon a 
load which presses another down, so as to 
add to the pressure, and render it more in- 
supportable. iEneas and his followers were 
already grievously oppressed and weighed 
down by the public calamity, fato urgejite, 
the fate that lay so heavy upon them; and 
therefore pray Anchises not to increase the 
burthen by the additional weight of his per- 
sonal sufferings and death. 



224 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Quod enim aliud consilium, Nam quod consilium, aut quae jam fortuna dabatur? 
; u e '.T„ !££? 6";Mene efferre pedem, genitor,te posse relicto 
me posse Mnc exportare pe- bperastir tantumque netas patno excidit ore? 
dem, te deserto? an tantum Si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui, 
tff^uSffS^ Et sedet hoc ammo, perituraeque addere Trojx 660 
ex urbe tanta, et si hoc fix- Teque tuosque juvat: patet isti janua leto. 
um est in eomm mente, et Jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, 
delectat eos adjicere te ac N atum ante ora pa tris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. 

tuos i roite mox pentune: rT ^ , r vj ^ i 

aperta est via ad hanc mor- Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me, per tela, per ignes, 
tem. Et mox veniet Pyi- Eripis? ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 665 
rhusex effusione multi san- Ascaniumque, patremque meum, juxtaq; Creiisam, 
luiaii niium an^ocuto/ pa" Alterum ill alterius mactatos sanguine cernam? 
tris, et patrem ante aitaria. Arma, viri, ferte arma: vocat lux ultima victos. 
Hxccine erat causa, 6 alma Reddite me Danais, sinite instaurata revisam 
Ltr 1 '' ."I wS V™ 1 ™ ™ n <^™ omnes hodie moriemur inulti. 670 
ut videam hostem in mediis Hie ferro accingor rursus: clypeoque sinistram 
recessibusf/omil5,etutTif/e-lnsertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam. 
ZfcSSgSSZS. ^ce autem complexa pedes in limine conjux 
terum in alterius sanguine? Haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat Iiilum. 
O famuli, arma, date arma: Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum: 675 
pSSr^'^m^dSin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, 
Gr^cos, permittite ut repe- Hanc pnmum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, 
tam pugnas renovatas: mil- Cui pater, et conjux quondam tua dicta, relinquor? 
Menus ™^v^ ^ n °^" Talia vociferans, gemitu tectum omne replebat: 
te^mdudr armis; eTac-Cum subitum dictuq; oritur mirabile monstrum. 680 
commodans inserebam c\y- Namque manus inter moestorumque ora parentum, 

peum sinistra, et confere- J? cce i ev j s summo d e vertice visUS Iuli 

ce^uTem eX uxor ampkctens Fundere lumen apex, tractuque innoxia molli ^ 
pedes meos in ipso aditu do- Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci. 
mus hcerebat, et proferebat jyj os p av idi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 685 
SCL P rlTSn"Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. 

tecum in omnes casiis: si vero propter experientiam militarem collocas aliquam spem in pugna, 
defende primo hanc domum. Cui parvus lulus, cui pater tuus relinquuntur; cui relinquor ego 
olim vocata uxor tua? Talia inclamansimplebat gemitu totam domum. Cum repentinum et dictu 
admirabile prodigium apparuit. Nam inter complexus et oscula tristium parentum, ecce levis 
apex visus est e summo capite Iuli emittere lucem, et flamma in nocua molli attactu delibare 
capillos ejus et nutriri circa tempora. Nos timidi coepimus currere pr<e metu, et agitare capillos 
accensos, et extinguere aqua sacrum ignem. 

NOTES. 

661. Isti janua leto. Servius sees no noun same. Andromache expostulates with Hec- 

preceding,to which isti can refer, and there- tor, as Creiisa does with yEneas, and in 

fore will not allow it to be a pronoun, but like manner pleads her future forlorn con- 

an apocope for istic. But, if we examine dition, and that of her child, in case he 

che speech of Anchises, we shall soon find should abandon them; and seems to move 

what isti leto refers to. Anchises had said him from returning to battle by the same 

he would find death with his own hand, or innocent and natural artifice which Creiisa 

the enemy would have the pity to give him here uses, putting Astyanax into his arms, 

death; in answer to which, iEneas says, as she does lulus into the arms of JEneas. 
patet isti janua leto, the door is open, you 680. Mirabile monstrum. This miracle is 

may easily come at that death of yours, or exceedingly well timed, and, if there ever 

the death of which you appear so fond (for was a dignus vindice yiodus,^ it is here. Had 

iste is that thing ofyours, as hie is this of Anchises finally persisted in his resolution, 

mine); and then he goes on to tell him how it must have put an end to the poem, by 

he might obtain his wish: involving j£neas and all his followers in one 

Jamque aderit — Pyrrhus, &c. common ruin. He had been plied with all 

674. Par^.nnque patri tendebat Iulum. Here human arguments in the strongest manner, 

Virgil appears to have had in his eye that but with no success: what then remained 

tender affecting scene between Hector and for the poet, but to have recourse to the 

Andromache, in the sixth book of the Iliad, seasonable interposition of the gods, to save 

where the circumstances are nearly the his hero in this extremity' 



iENEIDOS LIB. II. 



225 



At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus Sed pater Anchises gaudens 

Extulit, et «b palmas cum voce tetendit. ^SS^S^JTS^ 

Jupiter OITinipotens, preClbUS SI HecteriS UlllS, cum his verbis: Jupiter om- 

Aspice nos, hoc tantum: et, si pietate meremur, 690nipotens, si placaris ullis 

Da deinde auxilium pater, atque hsec omina firma. 

Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore 

Intonuit laevum, et de coelo lapsa per umbras 

Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit. 

111am, summa super labentem culmina tecti, 

Cernimus Idaea claram se condere sylva, 

Signantemque vias: turn longo limite sulcus 

Dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant. 

Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras, 

Affaturque Deos, et sanctum sidus adorat: 

Jam jam nulla mora es.t: sequar, et qua ducitis, adsum. ^^rwSrerdesigna'ntem 

Dii patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem. iter: turn trames longo trac- 

Vestrum hoc auorurium, vestroq; in numine Troia est. tu emittit fulgorem, et cir- 

cum undique loca fumant 
sulfure. Tunc vero pater expugnatus convertit se ad ccelura, et alloquitur Deos, et adorat sanc- 
tam stellam, aitque: Nunc, nunc nulla est mora: sequor, et vado, qua ducitis. O Dii patrii, cus- 
todite domum, custodite nepotem. Omen hoc vestrum, et Troja est in vestra potestate. 



solum petimus: et si religio- 
ne meremur aliquid, prae- 
terea fer opem, 6 pater, et 
con firma htec auspicia. Vix 
senex ea dixerat, et repen- 

°^5 tino sonitu tonuit ad sinis- 
tram partem; et stella pro- 
trahens facem, cadense coe- 
lo per tenebras, cucurrit 
multo cum lumine. Vide- 
mus hanc stellam cadentem 

700 supra summa fastigia domus, 



NOTES. 



691. ff<.ec omina firma. According to the 
manner of the Romans, who deemed one 
omen not sufficient, unless it was confirmed 
by a second; whence secundus and secundo 
came to signify prosperous, and to prosper. 
See Cicero de Divinatione. 

693. Intonuit Icevum. Both the Greeks and 
Romans agreed in their opinion, that those 
omens, which presented themselves in the 
eastern quarter of the heavens were pros- 
perous; but the Greeks, in taking the au- 
spices, turned their faces towards the north, 
and consequently had the east on their 
right, as is plain from Homer, II. XII. 239. 
where Hector, expressing his disregard of 
all omens, says, 

— — — twv mti fAirur^iirofjL «/' akcyi^a, 
Eit nri $i\,i tucri -xgo$ m t* nt\iov te, 
Eit tar' apirzga. roiyc, irtrt ^opov ntgotvToc. 
*' I heed no omens or prognostics of birds, 
whether they fly on the right towards the 
sun-rising, or on the left towards his set- 
ting-," i. e. whether the lucky omens on the 
right, or the unlucky ones on the left. The 
Romans, on the other hand, in observing 
the auspices, directed their faces south- 
ward, as appears from Varro, Epis. Ques. 
lib. V. Hence they, contrary to the manner 
of the Greeks, reckoned the omens on the 
left hand lucky, and those on the right un- 
lucky; because the east, the source of light 
and day, was on the left to the Romans, but 
on the right to the Greeks. 

694. Stella, &c. Servius applies the seve- 
ral circumstances of this prodigy as figura- 
tive of the particular events that were to 
happen to JEneas and his followers. The 
star is said condere se Idced syfoa, to signify 



that the Trojans were to resort to mount 
Ida, multd cum luce, to figure their future 
glory and lustre: signantem vias, the spar- 
kles of fire it left behind, are figurative of 
the dispersion of his followers, and inti- 
mate that they were to fix their residence 
in different parts: longo limite sulcus marks 
his many wanderings, and the length of his 
voyage: lastly, by the smoke and sulphu- 
reous steams by which the meteor ex- 
pires, he understands the death of Anchi- 
ses. 

702. Dii patrii. By these are to be under- 
stood the guardian gods of Anchises' fa- 
mily, those whom his ancestors worship- 
ped, who presided over parental and filial 
affection. These are they of whom Cicero 
makes mention in his third Oration against 
Verres: Rapiunt eurn ad supplicium Dii 
patrii, quod iste inventus est, qui e com- 
plexu parentum abreptos filios ad necem 
duceret. 

703. Augurium. The augurs were cer- 
tain officers who pretended to foretel future 
events. They had their name ab avium gar* 
ritu. Romulus created three; Servius Tul- 
lus added a fourth, and Sylla six more. 
The augur generally sat on a high tower tc* 
make his observations. There were five 
sources from which the augurs drew their 
omens. 1. the phenomena of the heavens; 
as thunder, comets, &c. 2. The chirping or 
flying of birds. 3. The eagerness or indiffer- 
ence of some sacred chickens on receiving 
food. 4. Quadrupeds crossing, or appearing 
in, certain places. 5. Different casualties, 
which were commonly called dirtz, such as 
spilling salt or wine, sneezing, &c. &c. 



2G 



226 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Equidemcedo,necabnuoire Cedo equidem, nee, nate, tibi comes ire recuso. 

g»# faXftS ? ix * rat ille > e ;> m p er m<Enia c l arior fe* ™ 

us crepitans auditur per ur- Auditur, propiusque aestus mcendia volvunt. 
bem, et incendium propius Ergo age, chare pater, cervici imponere nostrse: 
spargitcalorem. Age igitur, Ipse su b ibo humeris: nee me labor iste ffravabit. 

o dilecte pater, impoiiaris J. x , ° . , 

nostra coiio, ipse portabo te Q«° res cun q; cadent, unum et commune penclum, 
humeris: nee istud pondus Una salus ambobus erit: mihi parvus lulus 710 

me premet. Quftcunqueres sit comes, et longe servet vestigia coniux. 
abeant, unum et idem utri- X r c i- £• •'*.•< . • 

que periculum, una salus Vos famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestns. 
erit. Parvus lulus mihi sit Est urbe egressis tumulus, templumque vetustum 

comes, et uxor eminus se- Desertae Cereris: iuxtaque antiqua cupressus, 
quatur vestigia. Vos, o fa- D r • J u . • r _,.. 

muli, definite mentibus ves- Rehgione patrum multos servata per annos. 7 1 5 

tris ea quse dicam. Occurrit Hanc ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam. 
exeuntibus ex urbe coiiicu- Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu, patriosque Penates. 
&2 SSSS:T,SSMe, bello 4 tanto digressum et csede recenti, 
vetusta cupressus, ob majo- Attrectare nefas: donee me flumine vivo 

rum reverentiam servata Abluero. 720 

^TThS5.-£SSilSS:H» fatus ' lat °s humeros subjectaque colla 

per varias vias. Tu pater V este super, tulvique msternor pelle leonis, 
accipe manu res sacras, et patrios Deos. Non licet me, redeuntem e tanta pugna et recenti 
strage, tangere eos: donee me lavero pura aqua. Hsec locutus tegor veste, et pelle run leonis, 
circa latos humeros collumque submissum: ■ 



NOTES. 



710. Mihi parvus lulus, Donatus reads, 
mihi solus lulus Sit conies, let lulus only ac- 
company me; which both avoids the too fre- 
quent repetition of parvus lulus, and at the 
same time shows the prudent precaution of 
iEneas to secure their flight, since, the 
fewer went together, they would be the 
less liable to be discovered. 

711. Long e servet, i. e. to stay behind, yet 
so as still to have him in view, that she 
might neither lose her way, nor be too far 
to receive his aid in case of an attack The 
reason why he directed her not to come up 
close with him, has been already assigned 
in the former note; it was a proper precau- 
tion for their common safety, that they might 
be the less exposed to the view of the ene- 
my, and pass along more quietly, by being 
divided into parties. This reason justifies 
iEneas; and there is another which made 
it proper for the poet to mention that cir- 
cumstance, namely, to give probability to 
his relation of her being lost. On these ac- 
counts, it is better to keep to the common 
signification of longe, than to follow Ser- 
vius, who explains it valde, i. e. let my wife 
carefully mark my steps. 

712. ^W dicam, animis advertite. Equi- 
valent to advertite animos his quae dicam, 
which is the more common way of speak- 
ing, as in Ovid, 

monitis animos advertite nostris. 

Met. XV. 140. 
714. Descrttz Cereris. This epithet, de- 
serted, is applied to Ceres, either on ac- 



count of her being bereaved of Proserpine; 
or in regard to the particular state of her 
worship, which was now neglected in the 
public calamity; or because she was now 
without a priest, who is mentioned among 
those Trojans who died in the war, iEn. 
VI. 481. 

Hie multum fleti ad Superos, belloque 
caduci 

Dardanidae Glaucumque 

Cererique sacrum Polybceten. 

719. Attrectare nefas: donee mejlumine vi- 
vo. In like manner Homer makes Hector 
say, he was afraid of performing religious 
worship to Jupiter, while his hands were 
polluted with blood: 

X.tgo-1 y aviirTotcrr/, &c. 

By me that holy office were profan'd; 

III fits it me, with human gore distain'd, 

To the pure skies these horrid hands to 
raise, 

Or offer heavVs great Sire polluted praise- 
Pope's Iliad, VI. 334. 
It was the custom of the Greeks and Ro- 
mans, and most other nations, to wash their 
hands, and sometimes their whole bodies, 
in water, before they performed acts of re- 
ligion, especially if they were polluted with 
bloodshed. On such occasions they we„re 
not allowed to use foul, muddy, or stagnant 
water, but such as was pure and limpid, as 
is that of living fountains and running rivers; 
which is the reason why iEneas here says, 
mejlumine vivo abluero. 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 227 

Succedoque oneri: dextrae se parvus Iiilus et subeoonus: parvus Asca- 

Implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus sequis. '\ m o s *Sf SIt me * jkxterae, 

_ *\ , .' l . T. • v m<> * et sequitur me patrem passi- 

Pone subitconjux. rerimur per opaca locorum: 725 bus non sequalibus. Uxor 
Et me, quern dudum non ulla injecta movebant juxta sequitur. Vadimus per 

Tela, neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii; *g#3l£&i ££ 

Nunc omnes terrenl aurae, sonus excitat omnis conferti Greed ex hostili ex- 

Suspensum, et pariter comitique oneriq; timentem. ereituanteaturbabant; nunc 
Jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar 730 omnes flatus torrent, omne 

1 r . r ^,. v \ . , ^ murmur soncitat ancipitem, 

Eyasisse viam; subito cum creber ad aures et aequaiiter metuentem eo- 

Visus adesse pedum sonitus: genitorq; per umbram miti et oneri. Et jam acce- 
Prospiciens: Nate, exclamat, fWe, nate: propinquant: debam ad portas, et vide- 

a t _ , • . • i*a bar excessisse ex omnibus 

Ardentes clypeos atque sera microtia cerno. viis: cum repent6 frequen8 
Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum strepitus pedum visus est&l- 

Confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu 736 kbi » d a ures: et pater per 

Dum sequor, et nota excedo regione viarum: SKS£j£SSSS£ 

Heu! misero conjux f atone erepta Creiisa video t'ulgentes clypeos, et 

Substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit, «™« *rea spiendentia. 

Incertum: nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740 JjK* n , e f°. °i ui ?,? e " s in j: 

_ T . v . v . _ . nucus abstuht mihi timenU 

Nec pnus amissam respexi, animumque reflexi; turbatam mentem. Nam 

Quam tumulum antiquae Cereris, sedemq; sacratam dum currendo qmero loca a 
Venimus: hie demum collectis omnibus una ™ s remot °> e . t -. recedo *J;P a : 

t^ r . . . r - ... tus cogmtis ltmerum: heu! 

Defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefelht. Creiisa uxor substitit: dubi- 

Quem non incusavi amens hominumq; Deorumque? um est, an fato ablata mihi 

Aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe? 746 ™ isero > a " aberraverit ab 

. a v* t- t» itinere, an tessa sederit: nee 

Ascamum, Anchisenque patrem, Teucrosq; Penates deinde > restituta est OC uiis 
Commendo sociis, et curva valle recondo. meis. Neque vidi earn esse 

Ipse urbem repeto, et cinoror fuleentibus armis. amissam, aut adverti men- 

° ° tern: pnus quam pervemsse- 

mus ad collem vetustse Cereris, et templum sacrum: hie denique congregatis cseteris, sola de- 
fuit, et frustrata est comites et filium et maritum. Quern non accusavi Deorum et hominum, 
insanus! aut quid vidi durius in ruina urbis? Commendo sociis Ascanium, et Anchisen, et 
Trojanos Deos, eosque occulto in humili valle. Ego redeo in urbem, et tegor armis niten= 
tibus. 

NOTES. 

726. Etme — nunc omnes terrent aurce. This more fully illustrating the piety of .^Eneas, 

is a very beautiful image of iEneas' pious by showing him once more exposed to all 

and tender affection, which we have taken the dangers of the war in quest of his wife; 

notice of elsewhere. With unshaken forti- and, in consequence of that, leads us back 

tude he faced the greatest dangers, when with the hero to visit Troy smoking in its 

only his own person was exposed; now every ruins, and brings us acquainted with seve- 

appearance of danger strikes him with ter- ral affecting circumstances, without which 

ror, on account of his dear charge. And the narration would not have been com- 

here we may observe Virgil's exact judg- plete. And then, which seems to be the 

ment in making iEneas speak in commen- chief thing that Virgil had in his eye, it 

dationof his own valour so seasonably, that makes way for the appearance of Creusa's 

he is clear of all imputation of vanity. He ghost, who both affords seasonable comfort 

magnifies his courage in one situation, only to iEneas in the height of his distress, by 

io make the tender fears of his humanity predicting his future felicity, and relieves 

and natural affection the more conspicuous the mind of the reader from the horrors of 

in another. war and bloodshed, by turning him to the 

740. Nec post oculis est reddita nostris. This prospect of that peace and tranquillity 

episode of Creusa's death is introduced not which .(Eneas was to enjoy in Italy, and of 

merely for the importance of the event, but that undisturbed rest and happy liberty 

because it subserves several purposes of whereof Creiisa herself was now possessed 

the poet. It gives him an opportunity of in the other world. See verse 775, &c» 



228 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

Deliberatum est renovare Stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque rcverti 750 

S3R55itfaS2f T ro J am > et rursus ca P ut objectarepericlis. 

objicere caput periculis. Pri-Pnncipio muros, obscuraque limina port*, 

mum revise muros, et Hmi- Qua gressum extuleram, repeto: et vestigia retro 

na obscura porta urbis, qua observata sequor per noctem, et lumine lustro. 

exportaveram pedem: et re- TT ,. n *. r . , . .. '--'. • • *_' 

tro relego vestigia notata in Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 755 
tenebris, et qurera oculis. Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, 
Ubique borror, et simul ip- Me refero: irruerant Danai, et tectum omne tenebant. 

sum suentmm terret men- T1 . . . , jr * 

tem. Inde redeodomum, 7^ Illc et ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento 

viderem an fortasse retulis- Volvitur, exuperant flamms, furit aestus ad auras. 

set gradum illuc. Graciin- p roC edo ad Priami sedes, arcemque reviso. 760 

LTdluS. cS b „u6 g:Et jam porticibus vacuis, Junonis asylo, 

nis vorax fertur vi ven- Custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulysses 

torum ad supremum cacu- Prsedam asservabant: hue undique TroYa gaza 

7%, tX* SST SS. Incensis «*P* *^ mens^que Deorum, 

rem. Progredior ad regiam Crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis 765 

Priami, et repeto arcem. Congeritur: pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres 

Et jam in porticibus deser- g t t c ; rc A m 
tis, et templo Junonis, custo- ~ iani circum *. 

des electi Phoenix et crude- Ausus qumetiam voces jactare per umbram 
lis Ulysses servabant spolia: Implevi clamore vias: moestusque Creiisam 
in hunc locum .^V^e ™" Nequicquam ingeminans, iterumq; iterumq; vocavi. 
subiatas 1 ^ Vecessibus Tom' Quaerenti, et tectis urbis sine fine furenti, 77 1 

bustis, et menste Deorum, Infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae 
et pocula soiida ex auro, et yj sa m \fa ante ocu i os e t nota major imago. 
vestimenta capta: puen et ~, . . t £ ' *cV l_.:« 

timid* matres longa serie Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 
stant circum. Imo etiam au- Turn sic affari, et curas his demere dictis: 775 

sus emittere voces inter te- Q u id tantum insano juvat indulgere dolori, 

nebras, reolevi vicos clamo- *-\ i ^ • • 5 • i • • t-va 

ribus, et tristis frustr> re- ° du | cls Gonjux? non haec sine numme Divum 
petens Creiisam rursus et Eveniunt: nee te comitem asportare Creiisam 
rursus appeiiavi. Misera Fas, aut ille sink superi regnator Olympi. 
C P ret; et ^pS^R" ®* «**. « vastum maris *quor arandum. 

qndm ea quce erat cognita, apparuit prse oculis mihi vestiganti, et sine fine dolenti per domos 
urbis. Obstupui, et capilli obriguerunt mihi, et vox hsesit in gutture. Tunc sic capit me alloqui, 
et auferre solicitudinem his verbis: Quid tantum prodest vacare immodico dolori, 6 chare ma- 
rite? ista non contingunt absque voluntate Deorum: nee fatum, aut ille rex summi cceli, permit- 
tunt te auferre hinc sociam Creiisam. Tu percursurus es longa exilia, et immensum spatium 
maris. 

NOTES. 

750. Stat . My purpose is fixed, sententia 772. Infelix simulacrum. Unhappy, not on 

being understood. While the mind is in her own account, for she declares herself 

doubt and deliberation, it reels and veers blessed and happy, verse 785; but as the 

from one thing" to another, fiuctuat, vacillat; cause of so much misery to iEneas. 

but, when it is determined and resolved, 772. Umbra. This machine of Creiisa's 

then it stands still, and is at rest, consistit ghost is judiciously introduced. There was 

consilium, stat sententia. a dignus vindice nodus. No other expedient 

760. Priami sedes — reviso. Creiisa was could be found to stop the further search 

Priam's daughter, which is the reason why of iEneas for his wife, and permit him to 

iEneas went to the palace in quest of her. return to join his friends in their expedi- 

764. Mensaeque Deorum. The tripods of tion. 

the gods, which served either for delivering 773. Et notd major imago. Spectres and 

the oracles, or for bearing the sacred vases, apparitions are commonly represented of an 

765. Captivaque vestis. Either pieces of ta- enormous stature, fear having the effect to 
pestry, or fine needle-work, in which the swell objects to the imagination. Thus Livy 
Phrygian women excelled; and as the word informs us, that, when Decius devoted him- 
signifies, iEn. I. 645. self for his country, he appeared to the 

Arte laboratse vestes, ostroque superbo. spectators more grand and august than or- 
769. Creiisam. She was one of the daugh- dinary: Aliquanto augustior humano <vi$u. 
ters of Hecuba. 



jENEIDOS LIB. II. 229 

Ad terrain Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva 781 Pervenies ad terram Itali- 

Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Tybris. «gf ££%W%$: 

Ilhc res laetae, regnumque, et regia conjux gU es agros popuiomm. line 

Parta tibi: lachrymas dilectae pelle Creiisae. 784parata est tibi fortuna pros- 
Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas ^jStffi^ £/(!££ 

Aspiciam, aut Grans servitum niatribus lbo: Q b chaFam Creiisam concep- 

Dardanis, et Divae Veneris nurus. tum. Ego non videbo super- 

Sed me maena Deum eenitrix his detinet oris. bas regiones Myrmidonum 

_ , • . • autDolopum, necibo mims- 

Jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem. tratum matribus Grsecis: 

Hsec ubi dicta dedit, lachrymantem et multa volentem cum sim e Dardani sanguine, 
Dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras. 791 et nurus Deae Veneris. Sed 

rp . •!• ii j i u' • magna mater lJeorum reti- 

Ter conatus lbi collo dare brachia circum: net & me in his regionibus . 

Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, Nunc igitur vale, et retine 

Par levibus vends, volucrique simillima somno. amorem filii nostri. Post- 

Sic demum socios consumpta nocte revise. 795 *&£&££& 

Atque hie ingentem comitum amuxisse novorum lentem loqui plurima, et 
Invenio admirans numerum: matresque, virosque, evanuit in aerem levem. 
Collect™ exilic pubem, miserable vulgus. ^STaS^'S 

Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, species frustra apprehensa 

In quascunque velim pelago deducere terras. SOOabiite manibus, similis levi 
Jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae, :. ent ?' et f railis \^° s ° mno ° 

_^,J & .. * . & , , Uenique transacta nocte sic 

Ducebatque diem: Danaique obsessa tenebant re d eo ad socios. Et ilNc re- 

Limina portarum: nee spes opis ulla dabatur. pei-io admirans magnam 

Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi. multitudinem novorum so. 

° r ciorum advenisse, et matres, 

et viros, juventutem congregatam ad fugam, et plebem miserandam. Undecunque concurre 
runt, parati et voluntate et facultatibus, in quascunque terras velim eos ducere mari. Et jam 
Lucifer oriebatur e cacuminibus summce Idae, et inchoabat diem: et Grseci occupabant clausos 
aditus portarum: nee offerebatur ulfa spes auxilii. Cessi, et patrem ferens conscendi montem. 

NOTES. 

781. Lydius Tybris. The river Tiber di- 788. Genitrix. Cybele, who rewarded 

vtdes the Tuscans from Latium, and is Creiisa with immortality, 
therefore denominated Lydian; for the 792- Ter conatus. Does not this effort 

Tuscans were a colony from Lydia, planted come in too late? The vision had vanished, 
in Etruria or Tuscany, by Tyrrhenus the 796. Ingentem qffiuxisse numerum. It ap- 

son of Atys, king of Lydia, which Tyr- pears that this multitude, either by the ve~ 

rhenus was sent out by his father at a time ry act of resorting to iEneas, and putting 

of famine to seek a settlement in some other themselves under his protection, or bj 7 some 

country, and, after long wanderings, at more explicit declaration of their mind, 

length fixed his residence, and planted a co- made choice of him for their king; which 

lony in. Italy, upon the upper banks of the appellation is still given him afterwards 

Tiber, and called the Tuscans after his own throughout the iEneid. 
name. This is what Virgil himself tells us, 797 '. Numerum. The poet by this circum 

iEn. VIII. 479. stance signifies how greatly iEneas was be- 

-JLJbi Lydia quondam loved by the Trojans, and the weight and 

Gens, bello praeclara, jugis insedit Etrus- importance of his character. 

cis. 801. Jugis surgebat Lucifer Idee. Because 

783. Regia conjux. Segrais says, that M- mount Ida lay on the east of Troy, and con- 
neas, relating this prophecy to Dido, in- sequently Lucifer, Venus, or the morning- 
forms her that he was reserved by destiny star, the forerunner of the suit, appeared 
lor Lavinia, and so enforces his obligation to those at Troy to rise as from mount Ida. 
to leave Carthage.- Dido therefore betrays 804. Cessi. Dr. Trapp renders it, I retired; 
herself by an indiscreet passion, and is not but it appears much more elegant to under- 
betrayed by any perfidy of iEneas. stand it, with others, as an expression of 

786. Aut Graiis servitum. Slavery was by the piety and resignation of JEneas, espe- 

the ancients deemed the greatest of mise- cially if we consider what goes before, ?iec 

i-ies. Andromache, to dissuade Hector spes opis ulla dabatur. 

from going to the field of battle, in the Iliad, 804. Sublato montem genitore. This in ■ 

tells him that if he should be slain, she stance of filial piety is highly pleasing. A 

should become a Grecian's captive, as the modern leader would never submit to a 

most powerful motive she could think of to task so laborious, but assign it to a servant 

detain him in the citv. or soldier. 



230 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIDOS 



LIBER III. 



INTERPRETATIO. 

Postquara placuit Diis de-posTQUAM res Asise Priamique evertere centem 
S^°S; .tf^Immcritam visum superis, ceciditque superbum 

quam nobile Ilium cecidit, 



NOTES. 



This third book of the iEneid contains 
more matter than any of the rest: in it we 
have the substance of the whole Odyssey, 
and the annals of no less than seven years; 
whereas not one of the other books, except 
the fourth, which includes the events of the 
summer spent by JEneas at Carthage, ex- 
tends beyond some few days. Virgil has 
likewise given us here a specimen of his 
knowledge of geography, and the manners 
of people. The several nations whom he 
makes his hero visit; the adventure of the 
Harpies, by whom we may understand 
either bad women, or, according to others, 
the stings of a guilty conscience; the story 
of the Cyclops, by whom are imaged men 
sunk into a brutal nature by cruelty and in- 
temperance; show us how a wise man 
ought to conduct himself amidst the vari- 
ous snares and temptations to which human 
life is exposed. It is observed, however, 
that this book, notwithstanding the copious- 
ness of the subject, the eloquence of the 
style, and the many sublime passages it con- 
tains, which are as numerous in this as in 
any of the rest, is yet, of all others, the least 
read, which seems more to be owing to its 
situation, than any other reason; for the 
preceding second book, which contains the 
history of the sack of Troy, exhibits to us 
somewhat so grand, that in comparison of 
it we think meanly of this. The fourth again 
has so many charms from the tenderness 
of the subject, that we are impatient to get 



at it. Thus, it being sufficient for the thread 
of the history to know that iEneas, after 
the destruction of Troy, arrived at Car- 
thage, numbers of readers either wholly 
overlook this third book, or, having given it 
a superficial reading, disdain to study it 
like the rest: nevertheless we may say, 
that, next to the sixth, there is not one 
from which more may be learned than from 
this; whether with regard to the ancient 
geography, in which it is so exact, or those 
several portraitures that relate to civil life; 
or, lastly, the fine monuments of ancient 
religion, which are hardly to be met with 
any where else. 

2. Immeritam. Because their ruin was 
owing to the crimes of Paris and Laome- 
don, not their own demerit: 

sanguine nostro 

Laomedonteae luimus perjuria Trojse. 
Geor. I, 502. 

Ilion, Ilion 

Fatalis incestusque judex, 
Et mulier peregrina vertit 

In pulverem, ex quo destituit Deos 

Mercede pacta Laomedon, mihi 
Castaque damnatum Minervse, 
Cum populo et duce fraudulento. 
Hor. HI. Carm. III. 18. 

2. Visum superis. That is, it pleased the 
gods. This was a common mode of expres- 
sion, when events were not prosperous, 
Diis aliter visum. 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



231 



Ilium, et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja; 

Diversa exilia, et desertas quxrere terras, 

Auguriis agimur Divum: classemque sub ipsa 

Antandro, et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idse: 

Incerti quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur; 

Contrahimusque viros. Vix prima inceperat aestas, 

Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat. 

bi permittatur manere: et colligimus socios. Vix prima sestas inceperat: et jam pater Anchises 

imperabat nos dirigere vela, quo fata vellent. 



et tota Troja a Neptuno mu- 
nita fumat a fundamentis; 
-impellimur omiuibus Deo- 
* rum petere exilia remota, et 
regiones vacuas: et fabrica- 
mus naves prope ipsam An- 
tandrum et prope montes 
ldse Phrygise; dubii, quern 
in locum fata nos mittant, u- 



NOTES. 



3. Ilium — Neptunia Troja. Ruxus would 
have Ilium here to mean the citadel, and 
Troy the whole town, to save a tautology. 
But every one may see that omnis Troja 
fumat humo, is much fuller and stronger 
than Ilium cecidit; and the thought is quite 
different, as well as the expression. Virgil 
uses Ilium only in the neuter gender; Ho- 
mer has Ilios, and Ovid Ilion in the femi- 
nine, like other names of cities. 

3. Fumat. There is a much greater force, 
as well as propriety, in using the present 
tense here, than the preterite. 

3. Neptunia Troja. The mycologists 
make both Neptune and Apollo the builders 
of the walls of Troy; but Homer and Vir- 
gil ascribe that work to Neptune alone. 
See the note on iEneid II. verse 610. 

4. Diversa exilia. Diversa is here used 
in the sense of longinqua, as it is used by 
Ovid: 

Arva Phaon celebrat diversa Typhoi'dos 
JEtna. 

Epist. Sapph. to Phaon, v. II. 
Though the Trojans, under several leaders, 
as -Eneas, Helenus, Antenor, settled in 
different regions; the phrase diversa exilia, 
it is plain, refers only to iEneas and his fol- 
lowers, who were all appointed by the 
gods to go in quest of one and the same 
settlement. For the agimur auguriis Divum 
qucerere diversa exilia, and molimur classem 
sub Antandro, must both belong to one and 
the same nominative, viz. I and my follow- 
ers. 

4. Desertas terras. By desertas terras, we 
may either understand the country which 
Dardanus had left; or rather, iEneas speaks 
the language of his heart at that time. 
Having then the dismal idea of the destruc- 
tion of his country awakened fresh in his 
mind, and the uncertain prospect before 
him of a settlement in some unknown land, 
as it immediately follows, incerti quo fata fe- 
rant, ubi sistere detur, it was natural for him 
to have uncomfortable apprehensions of the 
country to which he was going, to call it a 
place of banishment, a land of solitude and 
desertion; especially if we add, that it was 
the design of iEneas to move Dido's com- 
passion, and therefore to paint every cir- 
cumstance of his storv in colours of suffer- 



ing and distress. There are some, however, 
who read diver sas terras, instead of desertas. 
5. Auguriis Divum. This refers to all the 
prophetic intimations he had given him of 
his future fate by the apparition of Hector, 
JEn. II. 295. by the lambent flame that play- 
ed about Ascanius' temple, v. 681. by the 
course of the falling star, and the thunder 
on the left, v 694; and, lastly, by the inter- 
view he had with Creiisa's ghost, v. 781. 

5. Classem. Retired as was the situation 
of iEneas, we must suppose the Grecians 
were privy to his labours to complete a 
fleet; but were prevented by the restraints 
of fate from doing him an injury. 

6. Antandro. Antandros, now S. Dimitri, 
was a city of Phrygia Minor, at the foot of 
mount Ida, affording plenty of trees for 
building a uavy, and at the same time a con- 
venient bay, where the ships could be con- 
cealed from the view of the Greeks. 

7 . Incerti quo fata ferant. iEneas had been 
plainly told by Creiisa's ghost that his set- 
tlement was to be in Italy, and the place 
had been so distinctly marked out, that one 
is surprised to find him in any uncertainty 
about it. Perhaps he did not firmly believe 
that vision, or the impression was begin- 
ning to wear off from his mind; the appre- 
hension of the danger and difficulty of the 
voyage, concurring with the then dejected 
state of his mind, filled him with anxious 
and distrustful thoughts, notwithstanding 
all the assurances he had given him of ul- 
timately reaching Italy in safety. 

8. Prima cestas. Scaliger computes the 
time in which Troy was taken to have been 
toward the end of the spring, so that iEneas 
set out in the beginning- of the summer im- 
mediately following. Catrou, however, in- 
sists that iEneas could not have prepared 
his fleet in so short a time, and therefore 
will have prima cestas to signify the begin- 
ning of the spring, viz. of the next year; 
for he observes that the ancients divided 
the year only in two seasons, summer and 
winter, which he confirms from Geor. III. 
296. 

Dum mox frondosa reducitur aestas, 

where it is agreed that cestas signifies the 
spring of the year. What makes this the 
more probable, continues he, is that this 



232 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Tunc lugens desero litora Litora turn patriae lachrymans, portusque rclinquo, 

&&*£& fbe^xl Et campos ubi Troja firft: feror exul in ahum, 1 . 

ul per mare, cum sociis, etCum sociis, natoque, Penatibus, et magnis Das. 

nato, cMmPenatibus, et mag- Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia cam pis, 

ms Dus. Terra Martia spa- Thraces arant, acri quondam ree:nata Lycurgo: 

tiosis agns longe liabitatur, TT . . '. ^ rr , . W. n ' & 

guam Thraces colunt, sub- Hospitium antiquum Irojae, socnque Penates, 15 

jectaolimbellicosoLycuigo: Dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue, et litore curvo 

vetus hospitium Trojano- Moenia prima loco, fatis in^ressus iniquis: 

rum, et cuius Dn erant con- jc j i * ■ ' j» 

juncti nilSrti, dum felices iEneadasque meo nomen de nomine fiugo. 

fuimus. llluc navigo, et in si- Sacra Dionaese matri, Divisque ferebam 19 

nuoso litore statuo primos Auspicibus coeptorum operum: superoque nitentem 

muros, appulsus talis adver- f i^ i: i A • , , • i-. . 

sis: et nomen civibus facio Coehcolum regi mactabam in litore taurum. 
jEneadas, de meo nomine. Forte fuit juxta tumulus, quo cornea summo 

Offerebam sacrificia matri Veneri,-et Diis auctoribus operis inchoati: etimmolabam in litore tau- 
rum pinguem summo regi ccelestium. Forte tumulus prope erat, quo in summo erant frutices 
cornei, 



NOTES. 



long- stay of iEneas at Antandros is taken 
from history. Dionysius of Halicarnassus 
informs us that he drew together a new ar-. 
my at that place (he should have added, 
and fortified himself on mount Ida), but, 
not thinking it prudent to engage his haras- 
sed troops, he capitulated on honourable 
terms; one of which was, that he should be 
allowed to depart from Troas with his fol- 
lowers without molestation, after a certain 
time, which he employs in equipping a 
fleet. 

10. Lachrymans. It has been observed al- 
ready on the softer part of iEneas' charac- 
ter, that the shedding of tears is a natural 
indication of humanity and compassion; of- 
ten involuntary and constitutional, and no- 
wise unbecoming a hero, nor inconsistent 
■with true fortitude and greatness of mind. 
But there is no necessity of understanding 
this word in its mere literal sense, as if iE- 
neas actually shed tears upon every occa- 
sion where this word is applied to him; the 
expression often implies no more than lu- 
gens, as Ruseus justly renders it in this place; 
iEneas went away mourning, and with a 
sorrowful heart, not for his own private and 
personal sufferings, his banishment into 
distant climes, but because his country was 
now in ruin and desolation; he sorrowed at 
bidding farewell to those once delightful 
plains where Troy had stood, but was now 
no more. Et campos ubi Troja fuit. 

12. El magnis Diis. By the great gods, 
Virgil probably would have us understand 
the images of the Dii majorum gentium, 
viz. Jupiter, Pallas, Mercury, Apollo, &c. 
whose worship the Roman historians and 
poets allege to have been introduced by 
iEneas into Latium. Some, however, take 
the Magni Dii to be the same with the Pe- 
nates, who, as Macrobius tells us, were de- 
nominated Srtoi piyockoi, Dii Magni, the great 
gods. See the note above on J&n. II. 293. 

13. Terra Mavortia. The Thracians were 
cruel and barbarous. They sacrificed, with- 
out" commiseration, their enemies, on the 



altars of their gods. The country as to its 
soil is barren. It had its name from Thrax, 
the son of Mars, the chief deity of the coun- 
try. It forms now the province of Romania, 

13. Procul. It is observed that procul sig- 
nifies sometimes in view, as it were pro ocu* 
lis; as in the sixth Eclogue, v. 16. 

Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa jace- 
bant. 
And so it may be understood here; for 
Thrace was but at a small distance from 
the port whence iEneas set out, only on the 
other side of the Hellespont. But, because 
iEneas is describing the country to Dido, 
procul probably refers to Carthage, where 
he then was, and is therefore to be under- 
stood in the common acceptation. 

14. Lycurgo. The son of Dryas. This is 
that king of Thrace, who is fabled to have 
banished Bacchus and his votaries out of 
his kingdom; for which impiety, the god 
revenged himself upon him, by depriving 
him of sight, as we find in Iliad VI. v. 130. 

15. Hospitium antiquum. That is to say, 
there had been a long-continued league of 
friendship and hospitality between the two 
nations, by virtue of which the Thracians 
gave hospitable reception to all strangers 
from Troy, and the Trojans in their turn 
repaid the kindness by civilities to the Thra- 
cians. This hospitality was sometimes be- 
tween whole nations, sometimes from one 
city to another, and sometimes between par- 
ticular families. 

15. So clique Penates. There was so, strict 
an alliance between these nations, that Ser~ 
vius tells us, Polymnestor, king of Thrace, 
married Ilione, Priam's daughter. 

16. Dum fortuna fuit; prosper a understood; 
i. e. dum fortunati fuimus. , 

18. JEneadas. The city is called iEnos by- 
Mela and Pliny; and the latter tells us that 
the tomb of Polydore is near that city. 

19. Dionaece matri. Venus, so called from 
her mother Dione. 

21. Taurum. Servius and Macrobius will 
have it, that a bull was one of the animals 



^ENEIDOS LIB. III. 



233 



et myrtus aspcra mulUs has- 
tilibus. Accessi ad fumulum, 
et conatus abrumpere e ter- 
^5 r .\ ramos viiides, ut tegerem 
altaria minis Wis fbliosis; vi- 
deo prodigium tremendum 
et mirabile dictu. Nam quie 
arbor primo eruitur h terra 
tractis radicibus, ex hue de- 



Virgulta, et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. 

Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere sylvam 

Conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras; 

Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum. 

Nam, quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos 

Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae, 

Et terrain tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror 

Membra quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis. 30 fl ^\ nt S u ^ nigri sanguinis, 

_ , • , 11 ettmguntterramsame. Fn- 

Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen gidus tremor agitat meum 

Insequor, et causas penitus tentare latentes: corpus, et sanguis metu ge- 

Ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. lidus congregatur ad cor. y 

-.», 'xtu u i. terum pergo extirpare vir- 

Multa movens ammo Nymphas venerabar agrestes, gam fle l xile ° m alter \ U3 arbo , 

Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, 35 m, et explorare causas oc 

Rite secundarent visus, omenque levarent. 

Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia nixu 

Aggredior, genibusque adversse obluctor arenae: 

Eloquar, an sileam? gemitus lachrymabilis imo 

Auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad aures: 



cultas: et niger sanguis fiuit 
ex alterius cortice. Ego vol- 
vens mente plurima, orabam 
Nymphas sylvestres, et pa- 
trem Martem, qui prsecst 
jq campis Thracise, 



ut bene 
prospera redderent visa, et 
averterent malum augurium. Sed postquam majore conatu accessi ad tertios ramos, et genibus 
obnixus sum contra terram oppositam: dicam, an tacebo? flebilis gemitus auditur ab intimo tu- 
mulo, et vox emissa pervenit ad aures: 



NOTES, 
prohibited to be offered to Jove in sacri- Critics are not agreed as to the derivation of 
fice, and thatlVirgil designedly makes iEne- the word; some giving it a Greek etymolo- 
as to have offered here an unwarranted gy, from xpa^aivw, to brandish; while others 



sacrifice to Jupiter, to make way for the 
inauspicious omen that followed it. Bat La 
Cerda proves, from the best authority, that 
nothing was more common than to sacrifice 
bulls to Jupiter, as well as to the other gods. 

23. Hastilibus. The long tapering branch- 
es of the trees are properly termed hastilia, 
spears; but the word has a peculiar propri- 
ety here, as it alludes to the spears and 
darts with which Polydore had been trans- 
fixed, which grew up into those trees. 

34. Nymphas venerabar — Gradivumque pa- 
trem. The reason why iEneas addressed his 
worship on this occasion to Mars, the poet 



bring it from the Latin gradus, or gradior, 
an advance, to advance, or take the field. 

35. Geticis arvis. The Getae were a peo- 
ple inhabiting that part of Dacia which is 
now called Moldavia; their neighbourhood 
to Thrace is the reason why that country is 
here called arva Getica, the lands of the 
Get*. 

36. Secundarent visus. Visus for visa. In 
the ancient forms of divination, two omens 
were required for confirmation; and though 
the first had been unlucky, yet, if the 
second was prosperous, it destroyed the 
first, and was termed omen secundum; if 



himself gives us; because he was the deity otherwise, alterum: and hence secundus 



who presided over the country, Geticis qui 
prcesidet arvis. He was the god whom the 
Thracians and those other warlike nations 
chiefly worshipped in ancient times. By the 
nymphs again, to whom he prays in con- 
junction with Mars, we are probably to un- 
derstand the Hamadryads, a sort of rural 
goddesses, whose destiny was connected 
with that of some particular trees, with 
which they lived and died. So that iEneas 
might consider this horrid omen, as an in- 
dication of their displeasure, for his offer- 
ing to violate those pledges of their exis- 
tence. 

35. Gradivum patrem. Gradivus, we are 
told, is a name that expressed Mars in time 
of war, as ^uirinus did in time of peace. 



came to signify prosperous, and secundo, to 
prosper. 

39. Gemitus. Spence here judiciously re- 
marks, the only way to judge truly of the 
ancients, in points that are purely ancient, 
is to imagine ourselves in their places, with 
the same sort of ideas which they had, and 
the same circumstances of things about us. 
Shocking as this passage is to us, it would 
not be so to Romans, who filled every river 
and lake, every meadow and tree, with di- 
vinities. An ambassador in Livy treats a con- 
secrated tree as an intelligent being and a 
deity. Turn ex legatis unus abiens, " et h?ec 
(inquit) sacrata quercus, et quicquid deo- 
rum est audiant fcedus a vobis ruptum." 
Lib. 3. 25. 



2 H 



234 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Cur discerpis raiserum, 6 Quid miserum, jEnea, laceras? iam parce sepulto, 

JEnea? abstine a sepulto, ca- r» : i . 1 *-, r rr. r . 



W^aS^SB^SZ Parce P ias scelerare manus: non me tibi Troja 
taas.-Trojanonmeproduxit Externum tulit: haud cruor hie de stipite manat 
alienum tibi: sanguis hie non Heu fuge crudeles terras, fuge litus avarum; 
SS^SSkSTfSRS Nam Polydorus ego: hie confixum ferrea texit 45 
avarum; Ego enim mbbPo- * elorum seges, et jaculis mcrevit acutis. 
lydorus: multitudo telorvm Turn vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus 
f T r n?n° ru S obruit l licmeco ?" Obstupui, steteruntq; comse, et vox faucibus hsesit. 

tixutn, et crevit m acuta TT r» , j • j ■> 

hastiiia. Tunc autem obstu- Hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno 
pui, oppressus dubia for- Infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum 50 

midine -. secundum animum, Threicio regi: cum jam diffideret armis 
et capilli obnguerunt, et vox t^ j • l i_ -j- -i 

stetit in gutture. Olim mi- Uardaniae, cingique urbem obsidione videvet. 

ser Priamus clam miserat Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum, et fortuna recessit; 
regi Thracia? hunc Poly- R e s Agamemnonias vitriciaque arma secutus, 
dorum educandum cum in- t? -u ■*. t» • j • i 

genti copia auri: cum jam ^ as omne abrumpit, Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 55 
male speraret de armis Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis 

Trojse,etvideret urbem pre- Auri sacra fames? Postquam pavor ossa relrquit, 
mi obsidione. Ille Polynmes- t\~i *. i« j • „ 

tor, postquam potentia Tro- Delec *os popuh ad proceres, primumq; parentem, 
janorumimminutaest,e?for- Monstra Deum refero; et quae sit sententia, posco. 
tuna abiit ab eis ; conversus Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, 60 
lxeSm^ t rer,° n vioW Lin< l uere P ollutum hospitium, et dare classibus Aus- 

jura omnia, jugulat Polydo- _ tros: 

rum, etpervimrapitaurum Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens 
%££%&££&£& Aggeritur tumulo tellus: stant manibus arx, 

da cupiditas divitiarum? Postquam timor abiit e membris meis, renarro prodigia Deorum electis 
principibus populi, et primum patriwzeo, et peto quis sit eorum sensus ed de re. Idem est om- 
nibus consilium, abire ex impia regione, deserere funestatum hospitium, et prsebere vela ventis. 
Itaque apparamus exequias Polydoro, et multum terrse accumularaus in sepulchrum: eriguntur 
altaria annua? ejus, 

NOTES. 

41. yam parce sepulto. It was the law of the ties of consanguinity and hospitality, 
the twelve tables, and, indeed, is the com- which were held so sacred, that he who vi- 
mon voice of humanity, Defuncti injuria ne olated them by putting his guest to death, 
afficiantur, Let no injury be offered to the was reckoned equally guilty with a parri- 
dead. Therefore Polydore's ghost calls out cide. 

to JEneas, Parce jam sepulto, as if he had 56. Shiid non mortalia pectora cogis, Auri 

said, Let it suffice that I suffered so much sacra fames? The same sentiment is more 

while alive; leave me now at least to enjoy fully expressed by Juvenal, Satire XIV. 

rest in my grave. verse 173. 

42. Non Troja externum tulit. Polydore Inde fere scelerum causae, nee plura ve- 
was the son of Priam, and Creiisa's bro- nena 

ther, and consequently allied to iEneas, his Miscuit, autferro grassatur saepius ullum 
fellow-citizen, and not an alien or foreigner, Humanae mentis vitium, quam saeva cupido 
which is the meaning of externus. Cicero Indomiti census. 

makes Polydore not Priam's son, but his 57. Sacra fames. Sacer signifies either sa- 

grandchildby his daughter Ilione, who was cred, or accursed as here; the reason of 

married to Polymnestor, king of Thrace. which see in a former note on JEn. I. 632. 

54. Agaviemnonias. Agamemnon, the son 61 . Dare classibus Austros. A kind of com- 
ofAtreus, king of Mycenae, and brother to mutation frequent among the poets;' for 
Menelaus, was chosen general of the con- committere classem ventis. 

federated troops of Greece in the Trojan 62. Instauramus funus. We renew his fu- 
expedition. After the destruction of Troy, neral obsequies, because he had been bu- 
he returned to Mycenae with his captive ried before without the due solemnities, 
Cassandra, Priam's daughter, and was as- the performance of which was reckoned so 
sassinated with her at a banquet, by the indispensable a duty, that they were there- 
treachery of his wife Clytemnestra, and his fore called by the Romans justa, and by the 
nephew iEgisthus, her adulterous para- Greeks <f/*a<«. Virgil here gives a full de- 
mour. scription of the funeral rites performed by 

55. Fas omne abrumpit. Polymnestor, by the Romans in the interment of the dead, 
murdering Polydore^ broke through both 63. Stant manibus arcs. It appears that 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



235 



tristia coeruleis tseniis et 
g c nigra cupresso: et Troja- 
nai circum eunt passis ca- 
pillis, juxta consuetudi- 
nera. Infundimus pocula 
spumantia tepido lacte, et, 
pateras sanguinis hostiarum; 
o9 et claudimus animam in se- 



Coeruleis mcestae vittis atraque cupresso: 

Et circum Iliades crinem de more solutae. 

Inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte, 

Sanguinis et sacri pateras: animamq; sepulchro 

Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus. 

Inde ubi prima fides pelago, placataque venti 

Dant maria, et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum; pulchro, etjrnagna voce ul- 

Deducunt socii naves, et litora complent. 

Provehimur portu, terrseque urbesque recedunt. 

Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus 
Nereidum matri et Neptuno jEgaeo: 
Quam pius Arcitenens oras et litora circum 

gunt litora. Recedimus e portu, tcrneque et urbes relinquuntur. Medio in mari jucundissima 
insula incolitur, dieata matri Nereidum et Neptuno iEgseo: quam pius Apollo religavit 



timo conclamamus. Deinde 
statim ut prima securitas 
maris apparuit, et ventipra- 
buerunt quietum mare, et 
Auster blande strepens in- 
vitavit ad navigationem: so- 
•5 cii detrahunt naves, et te- 



NOTES. 



two altars were consecrated to the manes, 
and two to the gods, as we learn from verse 
305, where it is said of Andromache, 

Et geminas, causam iachrymis, sacraverat 

aras. 
She had consecrated to Hector's shade two 
altars. So Eel. V. 66. 

En quatuor aras; 

Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duoque altaria 
Phoebo. 
64. Coeruleis vittis. These fillets were of a 
deep violet or purple colour; a colour be- 
tween blue and black, which is that of coe- 
rukus. 

66. Inferimus. Among other ceremonies, 
there were sacrifices offered to the dead, 
which were termed injkrice, from the word 
here used, infero, to pour into, or on, the 
grave. The liquors were milk and the blood 
of the victims, as here, and sometimes 
wine was added, as JEn. V. 77. 

Hie duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho 

Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine 
sacro. 

67. Animamque sepulchro condimus. Because 
it was a prevailing opinion among both 
Greeks and Romans, that the soul could not 
rest without burial; for which reason they 
were so anxious about funeral rites. Hence, 
by the by, conditorium came to signify a bu- 
rial-place. 

68. Magna supremum voce ciemus. Both 
to call the soul to its place of rest, and to 
take their last farewell, by pronouncing 

Vale three times aloud. 



vealed to view, it having been hidden before 
under the waves; or, according to others, 
because Apollo there gave oracles plain and 
intelligible, but every where else in dark 
and obscure terms. 

74. Nere'idum matri. Doris, the wife of 
Nereus, and mother of the fifty Nereids or 
sea-nymphs. 

74. JEgoeo. The southern islands in the 
iEgean sea were called the Sporades, from 
o-}TU(>u, to sow or scatter; because they lay 
scattered without any order, as may be 
seen, by consulting a map of this sea. The 
northern islands were called the Cyclades, 
from xuitxof , a circle, because they were dis=> 
posed in a circle round Delos. 

74. Neptuno JEgoeo. Because Delos is in 
the iEgean sea, now the Archipelago; called 
the iEgean sea, from iEgeus, the father of 
Theseus, who threw himself into it, has- 
tily presuming that his son, who had under- 
taken to combat the famous Minotaur, was 
slain. The story is this: It was agreed be- 
tween the father and son, that, if Theseus 
subdued that monster, he should, at his re- 
turn, put up a white flag or white sails; but 
if he should fail in the attempt, and be 
slain, the ship should return with black 
sails. But Theseus, returning victorious, 
forgot to hang out the white sails, through, 
grief, as it is said, for the loss of his belo- 
ved Ariadne, whom Bacchus ravished from 
him. The father, who was expecting him 
with impatience from the top of a high rock s 
no sooner saw the ship all in mourning, 



73. Sacra mari, &c. This is the island of than he threw himself into the sea, imagin- 
Delos, one of the Cyclades, concerning ing his son dead. 



which it is fabled, that when Juno, enraged 
against Jupiter for loving Latona, swore 
that Latona should not have a spot on earth 
to bring forth in, Jupiter, to secure to her 
some place out of Juno's reach, directed 
her to Delos, which was then a floating 
island, till Apollo fixed it after his mother's 
delivery; and therefore its name was 



75. §hiam pius Arcitenens. Apollo, as soon 
as he was born, slew with his arrows the 
serpent Python, sent by Juno to destroy La- 
tona. Hence he is styled Pius Arcitenens, 
the pious god who wields the bow. Those 
who are not pleased with the sense of the 
epithet pius, as applied to Apollo, may read 
prius, to agree with errantem; which Pie- 



changed from Ortygia to Delos, which in' rius assures us is the reading in some ai*" 
the Greek language signifies apparent or re- cient copies. 



336 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



INF} cone alta et Gyaro, v* Errantem, Mycone celsa Gyaroque revinxit; 
&£&££££ ft Immotaraque coli dedit, et contemner* ventos. 

voluitcolistat)ilem,etaspei--Huc feror: haec fessos tuto placidissima portu 

nari ventos. liluc navigo: il- Accipit: egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem. 79 

*Z2£m2Z£SS*F Anius, rex idem hominum Phcebique saeerdos, 

i havibus veneramur urbem Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro 

Apollinis. Ilex Anius, idem Occurrit, veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum. 

rexpopulietsacerdos Apol- j imushogpitio d extras e t tecta SUbilTlUS. 

hnjs, coronatus circa caput ™, & , ^ . * , 

t»niis et lauro dicata Apol- *■ empla Dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto: 84 

Uni, venit obviam, et agnos- Da propriam Thymbrsee domum, da moenia fessis, 

citAncbisen antiquum ami- Et ™ enus et mansuram urbem: serva altera Trojae 

cum. Jungimus manus m ,-» ° «• • t^ a • A i«ii • 

dgnum hospitii. Reverebar Pergama, relhquias Danaum atque immitis Achillei. 
templum Apollinis condi-Quem sequimur? quove ire jubes? ubi ponere sedes? 
tum vetere saxo: O Thym-j) a , pater, aue^irium, atque animis illabere nostris 

brsee, concede nobis propri- T7 ~ r c L J • ** 

am sedem, da muros fatiga- Vlx ea fatus eram: tremere omnia visa repente, 
tis, et familias, et urbem Liminaque, laurusque Dei: totusque moveri 
stabiiem: protege secunda Mons circum, et musrire adytis cortina reclusis. 

Fergama Trojse, rehquias 

Gneeorumet crudelis Achillis. Quern sequimur? aut quo imperas nos ire, et ubi statuere sedes? 
O pater! prsebe nobis omen, et descende in mentes nostras. Vix dixeram ista: statim omnia 
visa sunt trepidare, et portse, et laurus Dei: et totus mons circum concuti, et tentorium sonare 
apertis recessibus. 



90 



NOTES. 



76. Mycone cchd Gyaroque revinxit. My- 
cone and Gyaros are two of the Cyclades 
islands on either side of Delos, which hem 
it in, and seem, as it were, to bind it so fast 
that it cannot move out of its place; which 
situation had given rise to the poetical fic- 
tion. Gyaros is the little island to which 
the Romans used to banish their felons and 
greater malefactors. Hence that expression 
in Juvenal, Sat. I. 73. 

Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere 
dignum. 

77. Contemnere ventos. Because formerly 
it is said to have been often driven about 
by the winds, and drowned beneath the 
waves. 

80. -Rex Anius. According to the ancient 
custom established in several nations, in- 
vesting the same person with the office of 
king and priest. 

84. Saxo structa vetusto. " ^uis dubitet" 
says Heyne^" esse vetustum tern-plum?" It 
is observed by Macrobius that when the 
temple at Delphi, and others besides it, 
were destroyed by incendiaries, robbers, 
and earthquakes, the Delian temple conti- 
nued to stand, and of course retained its 
saxum vetustum. 

84. Saxo vetusto. Because whatever inju- 
ries the other buildings of the island had 
suffered, the sanctity of the temple still 
preserved it from violation. Hence, says 
Cicero, in his pleadings against Verres, to 
set forth the horrid nature of his sacrilege 
in rifling the temple of Delos: Tanta ejus 
auctoritas religionis et est, et semper fuit, 
lit ne Perss: quidem, cum bellum toti Grse- 
cise, diis, hominibusque indixissent, et — 
classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam 



conarentur aut violare aut attingere. I. in 
Verr. 18. 

84. Venerabar. It appears from ancient 
monuments, that the altar of Apollo at De- 
los was never stained with the blood of 
victims, but only honoured with prayers, 
flowers, and other simple rites of ancient 
worship. Therefore -Eneas says only, vene- 
rabar, I offered up prayers. Pythagoras, 
who held the Metempsychosis, made his 
vows only, says Tully, .at the altars of De- 
los, as they were never imbued with 
blood. 

85. Da propriam. Show us a home where 
we may remain. 

85. Thymbrcee. We learn from Strabo, 
that in the confines of Troy there was a 
plain named Thymbra (from the vast plenty 
of the herb thymbra, or savory, says Ser- 
vius, which grew there) where was a tem- 
ple to Apollo, thence styled Thymbraean. 

91. Liminaque laurusque Dei. It was usual 
for the gods to give signs of their approach, 
by making the earth to quake. The laurel 
was probably in the temple itself, as it was 
at Delphi, whence the oracle was some- 
times delivered, according to that verse of 
Lucretius, Lib. I. 740. , 

Pythia quae tripode ex Phoebi lauroque 
profatur. 

92. Mons circum. The mount here spoken 
of is mount Cynthus, whence Apollo and 
Diana were denominated. Cynthius and 
Cynthia. 

92. Cortina. The covering of the tripod, 
whence the priestess delivered the oracle, 
was called cortina; it is here put for the ora- 
cle itself. 

92. Adytis, the sanctuary or inner part of 
the temple, where was the oracle. 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



237 



^5 



Iluniilcs cadimus in ter- 
rain, ct Vox pervenit ad 
aures: Trojani fortes; quffi 
a vos produxit a prima 



ten 



Submissi petimus terrain, et vox fertur ad aures; 

Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum 

Prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubcrc laeto 

Accipiet reduces: antiquam exquirite matrem. 

Hie domus i£neae cunctis dominabitur oris, 

Et nati natorum, et qui nascentur ab illis. 

Haec Phoebus: mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu 

Laetitia, et cuncti, quae sint ea mcenia, quaerunt: 

Quo Phoebus vocet errantes, jubeatque reverti. dixit: et gaudium magnum 

Turn ffenitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum: ortum est mixto tumultu, 

Audite, 6 proceres, ait, et spes discite vestras. * -jWj*™*^ 

Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto, cet vag0Sj et i mpe ret eos 

redire. Tunc pater meus reeogitans historias antiquorum hominum, dixit: O primates, audite, 

et intelligite spes vestras. Creta, insula Jovis magni, sita est in medio mari, 



ongine majorum, eadcmfer- 
tili sinuexcipiet vos l'edeun- 
tes: quserite veterem geni- 
tricem. IUjc familia JEneac 
regnabit in regiones omnes, 
jQQetnlii filiorum, et qui ori- 
entur ab illis. Apollo baic 



NOTES. 



94. Dardanidce. Servius and Macrobius 
observe, that the Trojans might have un- 
derstood from this the meaning- of the ora- 
cle; for by calling them Dardanidae, and 
not Teucri, they might have known that 
Italy was designed, whence their ancestor 
Dardanus came, and not Crete, the seat of 
Teucer's nativity. 

95. Ubere. Pro ubertate. So JEn. I. 535. 
and Georg. II. 185. 

96. Exquirite matron. Alluding, as Mi- 
nelius thinks, to the history of 'Brutus and 
the Tarquins, mentioned by Livy; who, 
when they consulted the oracle of the Del- 
phian Apollo, received for answer, that 
the empire would be his, who, returning 
home, first kissed his mother. Brutus, ob- 
serving this, on leaving the ship, counter- 
feited a fall, and kissed the ground, which 
he regarded as his mother. The authority 
became his. Ovid has a similar allusion, 
Met. 13. 677. 

Cumque die surgunt, adeuntque oracula 

Phoebi, 
Qui petere antiquam matrem, cognata- 

que jussit 
Litora. 

97. Hie domus JEnece. These two verses 
are almost a literal translation of Neptune's 
prophecy concerning JEneas and the Iliad, 
Lib. XX. verse 307. 

Nuv <?£ $r> Aivaxo P>i» Tgaza-a-iv avccfytj 
Kat iraiSts TrcttSav, toi xev (jLi\o7ti<r'&i ytvuvlai. 
On great JEneas shall devolve the reign, 
And sons, succeeding sons, the lasting 
line sustain. Mr. Pope. 

From which passage of Homer, however, 
it is inferred, that JEneas came not into Ita- 
ly, but remained in Troas, and succeeded 
to the crown of Troy after Priam, it being 
here said, Tpaxrciv avcc^t, he shall reign over 
the Trojans; and consequently, that this 
whole account of the original of the Roman 
empire is a fiction, contrived to do honour 
to the Romans, and particularly to flatter 



the vanity of Augustus. Dionysius of Hall- 
carnassus, indeed, proposes a very inge- 
nious solution of the difficulty, alleging the 
prophecy to be fully accomplished in JEneas' 
reigning over the Trojans in Italy; and in 
this he is followed by Eustathius, in his 
commentary on that passage of the Iliad. 
But those who are curious to see this ques- 
tion fully examined, may consult Segrais' 
preface to the translation of the Mneid, and 
Bochart's dissertation in a letter to him on 
that subject, which is published at the end 
of Segrais' notes on the octavo edition. We 
shall only observe farther, that Virgil, in- 
stead of Trojanis dominabitur, answering 
to T§attrcrtv ctvx%u in Homer, renders it, cunc- 
tis dominabitur oris, which is probably the 
reason why some have substituted in Ho- 
mer Trccvleo-criv, omnibus, instead of T^fo-o-iv, 
Trojanis. 

101. quo; for ad quce loca. 

102. Monumenta. The word is derived & 
monendo. These memorials consisted not 
only of tombs and columns, but of paintings* 
books, &c. 

104. Creta Jovis magni. The island of 
Candia, in the Mediterranean, denomina- 
ted Crete, from Cres, who reigned there 
after Jupiter. It is situated between the 
Archipelago northward, and the Libyan 
sea to the south. There Jupiter was brought 
up in a cave of mount Dictys: 

Dictaeo cceli regem pavere sub antro. 
Geor. IV. 152. 
His mother Rhea carried him thither from 
Arcadia or Phrygia, to save him from his 
father Saturn, who sought to destroy him. 
In the same island he died at the age of 
eighty years, according to Suidas. The Cre- 
tans show his tomb in the city of Gnossus. 

104. Medio, ponto. As Servius and Strabo 
observe, it is situated between several seas, 
the Libyan, the Egyptian, the Achaian 9 
and Ionian; so that it is difficult to say to 
which of them it belongs. 



238 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



ubi est monsIda,etorigona-Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cupabula nostrae. 

JSirSa£S2! , S?&"«« urbe ! habita ' nt ™gn a s, uberrima regna. 

nas, regna fertilissima: un-Maximus unde pater, si rite audita recordor, 

<!e, si bene meraini audita- Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus in oras, 

rum rerum, ma.vimus pater Qptavitque locum reffiio: nondum Ilium et arces 
leueer primo advenit ad * n A *? , .^ , .... . . 

vromontoriumRhcEteum,etPergameae steterant, habitabant valhbus lmis. 

elegit sedem regni: nondum Hinc mater cultrix Cybele, Corybantiaque sera, 

Ilium et arx Pergamus con- Idaeumque nemus: hinc fida silentia sacris, 

dita erat, degebant in pro- -p,,. ! *. , . . , 

fundis vaiiibus. Hinc/emY E t juncti currum dominae subiere leones. 

mater Cybele protectrix loci, et cymbala Corybantia, et sylva Idaa: hinc fidele arcanum cere- 
moniarum, et juncti leones traxerunt currum Dese. 



105 



11Q 



NOTES. 



105. Mons Idceus ubi. All acknowledge a 
mount Ida in Crete, particularly Pliny, Lib. 
IV. Cap. 12. Montes, Cadiscus, Idseus, 
Dictxus, Morycus. 

106. Centum urbes habitant. Hence Ho- 
mer, in the Iliad, gives Crete the appella- 
tion of l-KctrofATToxigy II. IX. verse 649. And 
Horace, Lib. III. Ode 27. 

Quae simul centum tetigit potentem oppi- 

dis Creten. 
As also in his Epod.Ode 19. 

Cretam centum urbibus nobilem. 
The chief of those cities were Gnosshs, 
Gortyna, Cydon, and Dictymna. 

106. Uberrima regna. Answering to ubere 
loeto, another circumstance in the prophecy, 
which misled Anchises. 

108. Teucrus Rhoeteas. Teucrus, the son of 
Scamander the Cretan, is said, in time of a 
famine, to have left the island with one 
third of the inhabitants in quest of a new 
settlement; and, being warned by an oracle 
to fix his residence where he should be at- 
tacked in the night time by an earth-born 
race, he came to Phrygia near Rhoeteum, 
a promontory of Troas, in the Hellespont, 
and there being harassed by swarms of 
mice, he took up his settlement, and built a 
temple to Apollo Smintheus, so called from 
g-ptvQoc, which, in the Phrygian or Cretan 
language, signifies a mouse. , 

108. Rhoeteas. Rhoeteum was a city and 
promontory of Troas, on the coast of the 
Hellespont, where Teucer with his colony 
arrived from Crete. He introduced thither 
the worship of Cybele, the mother of the 
gods, and gave to the mountains of Phrygia 
the name of Ida, from mount Ida in Crete, 
and changed the name of the river Xanthus 
into that of Scamander, after the name of 
his father. Hence Homer says that the river 
was called Xanthus by the gods, but Sca- 
mander by men, i. e. the former was its 
ancient and more venerable name. 

109. Optavit; fov elegit. SoJin. 1.429. 
Pars opt are locum tecto. 

109. Optavitque locum regno. Strabo agrees 
with Virgil in making Teucer the first who 
reigned in Troas. Not long after him Dar- 
danus arrived from Italy, married Batea, 
Teucer's daughter, and succeeded him in 
the kingdom. 



111. Mater cultrix Cybele. Some read ma- 
tris cultri Cybeles, alluding to the custom of 
making the priests of Cybele eunuchs. This 
goddess, who is the same with Ops and 
Rhea, was called Cybele, probably from 
Cybelus, a mountain in Phrygia, where she 
was particularly worshipped. Her ministers 
were termed Corybantes, and, among other 
circumstances practised in her worship, 
used to beat brazen cymbals; the original 
of which institution, they tell us, was to 
hinder Saturn, by their noise, from hearing 
the cries of the infant Tupiter, when he 
lay concealed in the caves of Dictys in 
Crete. 

111. Mater Cybele. Cybele, according to 
Strabo and Lucretius, denotes the Earth, 
which is the common mother of men and 
beasts: 

Principio tellus habet in se corpora prima; 
Quare magna Deum mater, materque fe- 

rarum, 
Et nostri genitrix haec dicta est corporis 
una. 

Lucret. II. 589. 
And Macrobius speaks of it as a thing which 
nobody could call in question: 
Quis enim ambigat matrem Deum terrain 
haberi? 

Sat. I. 21. 

112. Hinc fida silentia sacris. The myste- 
ries of Cybele, as those of Ceres* were con- 
cealed with great care from the vulgar, to 
make them the more regarded. 

113. Et juncti, &c. Her chariot was 
drawn by lions, to denote that maternal 
affection, figured by Cybele or mother 
Earth, triumphs over the most ferocious na- 
tures, as Lucretius explains it: 

Adjunxere feras, quod quamvis effera pro - 

les 
Officiis debet molliri victa parentum. 

Lib. II. 604. 
And Ovid, 4 Fast. 

cur huic genus acre leonum 
Praebeat insolitas ad juga curva jubas. 
Nimirum feritas quoniam mollita peril- 
lam 
Creditur: id curru testificata suo est. 
113. Dominx. This is an epithet belong- 
ing to Cybele, as mother of the gods. 



iENElDOS LIB. III. 



239 



Ergo agite, et, Divum ducunt qua jussa, sequamur ^t^DeorumTo's V* 
Placemus ventos, et Gnossia regna petamus. 1 1 5 cunt Propitiemua ventos> et 

Nee longo distant cursu: modo Jupiter adsit, proficiseamur in regnum 

Tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris. Creticum, Neque abest ion- 

. . , ero spatio: dum Jupiter fa- 

Sic fatus, memos aris mactayit honores: ^ tertla dies appeHet na _ 

Taurum Neptuno; taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo: 119 V cs ad litus Creticum. Sic 

Nigram Hyemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. 

Fama volat, pulsum regnis cessisse paternis 

Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae, 

Hoste vacare domos, sedesque astare relictas. 

Linquimus Ortygia portus, pelagoque volamus: 

Bacchatamque jugis Naxon, viridemq; Donysam, 125 domeneum ejectum at>iisse 

Olearon, niveamq; Paron, sparsasq; per aequor 

Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terris. 

Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor. 

Hortantur socii, Cretam proavosque petamus. 

Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes: 

Et tandem antiquis Curetum allabimur oris. 

Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis, 

Pergameamq; voco: et laetam cognomine gentem 

Hortor amare focos, arcemque attollere tectis. 

Jamque fere sicco subductse litore puppes: 

so conatu. Socii jmpellunt sese, ut adeamus Cretam et majores. Ventus suboriens a puppi pro- 
pellit navigantes: ac demum appellimur ad vetera litora Curetum. Ergo cupidus exstnio muros 
desiderata^ urbis, et earn appello Pergameam: et bortor populum gaudentem hdc appellatione 5 
ut curet domos, et erigat arcem alto fastigio. Et jam ferme naves subductas e mart stabant in 
litore sicco: 



locutus immolavit in altari- 
bus dignas victimas: Neptu- 
no taurum, tibi taurum, 
6 Ph(ebe formose: Tem- 
pestati ovem nigram, Ze- 
pbyris propitiis candidam. 
Rumor spargitur, ducem I- 



e paternis regnis, et litora 
Cretan esse vacua, domos ca- 
rere hostibus, et regionem 
relictam patere. Linquimus 
portus Deli, et mari eurri- 

j 3q mus: et radimus Naxum in 
montibus sonantem tumultu 
Baccharum, et viridem Do- 
nysam, et Olearon, et Paron 
candidam, et Cycladas spar- 
sas per mare, et freta dis- 
tin eta multis insulis. Tolli- 

135 tur clamor nautarum diver- 



NOTES. 



115. Gnossia regna. Crete, whose chief 
city was Gnossus. The name Gnossia tellus 
is often applied to the whole island. 

117. Tertia lux, for ter tins dies. 

118. Meritos mactavit honores. Honores 
are sacrifices, as has been observed in a 
former note. See .En. I. 636. 

120. Nigram hyemi. By hyems here we 
are to understand the stormy winds, as iEn. 
V. 772. 

tempestatibus agnam 

Csedere deinde jubet. 
They were worshipped in order to avert 
their fury, as the Zephyrs were to procure 
their auspicious influence. 

122. Idomenea. Idomeneus, the son of 
Deucalion, and grandson of Minos king of 
Crete, in his return from the Trojan war, 
being overtaken by a storm, made a vow to 
the gods, that, if they would save him in 
his extreme danger, he would sacrifice to 
them whatever thing he first met. This 
happened to be his own son, on whom the 
father performed his vow: upon which a 
plague having arisen, his subjects consider- 
ed him as the cause of that public calamity, 
and banished him from the island. This is 
the account which Servius gives. 

124. Ortygia. Delos was anciently called 
Ortygia, from aprw?;, a quail, those birds 
having been very numerous in that island. 



125. Viridemque Donysam. This island 
was famous for producing green marble, as 
Paros was for its pure white marble, so 
much celebrated by antiquity: 

Uritme Glycerx nitor 

Splendentis Pario marmore purius. 
Hor, I. Carm:Ode9. 
So Seneca in Hipp. 

Lucebit Pario marmore clarius. 
Lord Sandwich observes, " that when he 
passed by the island Paros, several parts 
looked as white to him, as the rising 
grounds about Turin, then covered with 
snow." This was in the year 1740. 
127. Freta consita terris. The Sporades. 

130. Surgens d puppi. 

A gale behind our stern, fresh springing, 

speeds 
Our voyage." Trapt. 

131. Curetum oris, i. e. Crete, the man- 
sion of the Curetes, the ministers of Cybele, 
thought to be the same with Corybante: 
and Idsei Dactyli. Strabo derives their name 
Curetes from >t«pa tonsura, because they had 
the forepart of their head shaven or shorn 

133. Pergameamque. Pliny mentions Per- 
gamus among the cities of Crete. 

134. Amare focos. Servius thinks this im- 
plies a recommendation of the study of reli- 
gion and sacrifices: Ruaeus understands it of 
the care of their families. But, perhaps the 



240 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



juventus vacabat conj«giis Connubiis arvisque novis operata juventus: 

M&&S£E*»» dom ° s <l; , dabara: s ? bit ° c * m «Md« membri., 

pente pestis funesta, e* pu- Corrupto coeh tractu, miserandaque venit 
trida, et annus mortifer ve- Arboribusque satisque lues, et letifer annus. 
?&&&&*£ J^ n< l uebant Juices animas, am agra trahebant 
aeris. Socii amittebant dul- Corpora: turn stenles exurere Sinus agros. 
ces animas, aut trahebant Arebant herbs, et victum seges segra negabat. 
languentia corpora: prate- R ursus a d oraclum Ortygige Phoebumq; remenso 
rea bmus ccepit urere cam- TT t L . ." ,e> v . 

pos infecundos: herbse sic- Hortatur pater ire man, veniamque precan: 
cabantur, et messes aridte Quern fessis finem rebus ferat, unde laborum 
non dabant cibum. Pater Tentare auxilium iubeat, quo vertere cursus. 
mens hortatur me ut remen- X t l ■ j. * • • ■ ■• i* uuu^ 

so mari earn iterum ad ora- Nox erat > et terns ammaha somnus habebat. 
cuiumDeh, et ad Phcebum; Effigies sacrae Divtim, Phrygiique Penates, 
etw^oremveniam:et/>^aw, Q uos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis 
a q S: e T„r n i^ett^Extuleram, visi ante oculos astare jacentis 
qucerere subsidium in tot dif- In somnis, multo manuesti lumme: qua se 
ficuitatibus, et quo conver- Plena per insertas fundebat Luna fenestras. 

tere cursum. Nox erat, et T m • a ft\, r : pt rnras his Hemprp dirrk- 
somnus tenebat animalia per J^, S *f .*",*' e * Cliras niS f. emere OlCtlS. 
terras. Status sacra Deo- Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est, 
rum, et Penates PhrygH Hie canit: et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 
quos exportayeram mecum Nos te D ar d a nia incensa, tuaque arma secuti; 

a 1 roja, et e medio incen- l 

dio urbis; visi stmt in somnis stare ante oculos decumbentis, multa luce conspicui: qua parte 
Luna plena mittebat suum lumen per fenestras hjantes. Tunc sic visi sunt me alloqui, et au- 
ferre soUsitudinem his verbis: Quod Apollo dicturus esset tibi appulso ad Delum: hoc ipsum tibi 
prsedieit hoc loco, et ecce nos ipse sponte mittit in tuam domum. Nos post Trojam combustam, 
secuti sumus te et tua arma: - 



140 



145 



150 



155 



NOTES. 



meaning of it is, that iEneas would have 
them keep much at home, and not straggle 
abroad for some time, till they should know 
what sort of reception the inhabitants of the 
island would give them, whether they were 
come among friends or, foes. This both 
agrees with what follows, arcemque attollere 
tectis, their being ordered to raise a 
strength for their defence in case of an at- 
tack; and was a proper caution in their pre- 
sent circumstances. Add to this, that the 
word is used in this very sense, iEn. V. 163. 
when Gyas would have his pilot to steer 
close to the shore, he says, Litus ama, De- 
part not from the shore, or, in the poetical 
style, Court the shore. 

136. Operata. It was customary to offer 
sacrifice before they entered on marriage, 
or any important business of life; and the 
verb operari is used in this sense, Geoi\ I. 
339. 

Lsetis operatus in herbis. 
And by Juvenal, Sat. XII. 92. 

Et matutinis operatur festalucernis. 

140. Linquebant dulces animas. Dr. Trapp 
thinks this a very odd expression, and pro- 
poses a change of linquebant to reddebant, 
and accordingly translates it, they render 
their sweet souls. And, indeed, it must be 
owned, to say a person leaves his sweet soul, 
sounds odd enough, because that is making 
the body to be the person. But, if we put 
lives instead of souls, they left their sweet lives, 



which is the true rendering of the words, 
the oddity of the phrase disappears. The 
expression is equivalent to that in the Geor- 
gics: 
Prsecipites alta. vitam sub nube relinquunt. 
Geor. III. 547. 

141. Sirius. Also called Cankula, or the 
Dog-star, a pestilential constellation, which 
rises about the end of July, when the heat 
of the sun is most intense. 

143. Ortygice. See the note on verse 124. 

152. Insertas fundebat Luna. Dr. Trapp 
renders the passage: 

Where the full moon profusely pour'd her 
beams 

Through the inserted windows;" 
and adds, " as to the difficulties in the 
word insertas applied to fenestras: insertas 
for inseratas, according to Servius, seems 
very harsh. And per insertas fenestras, for 
insertim per fenestras, according to La Cer- 
da, is more forced and unnatural than the 
other." " I take it," says the doctor, " with 
Turnebus, in its plain, literal sense, in 
which there is no difficulty at all: for what 
can be more proper tYianfenestra inserta pa- 
rietV The doctor, confesses that inserted in 
English is not a very good word, but that 
he was forced to make use of it for want of 
a better. He knew " no other at least fit 
to be inserted in a verse." 

153. Affari. Minelius considers visi sunt 
as understood. 



JENEIDOS LIB. III. 



241 



16 



Nos tumidum sub te pcrmcnsi classibus sequor; »«s te duccporcurrimus na- 

lidem ventures tollcmu. in astra nepotes, ffpm^wg*. 

Imperiumque urbi dabimus: tu moenia magnis turos pos teros tuos, et da- 

Magna para, longumque fugas ne linque laborem. 160 bimus imperium orbis urbi 

Mutandae sedes: non haec tibi litora suasit 

Delius, aut Crctae jussit considere Apollo. 

Est locus, Hespeiiam Graii cognomine dicunt; 

Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae. 

Oenotrii coluere viri; nunc fama, minores 

Italiam dixisse, ducis de nomine, gentem. 

Hae nobis propriae sedes: hinc Dardanus ortus, 

Iasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. 

Surge age, et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti 

Haud dubitanda refer. Corytum, terrasq; require 

Ausonias: Dictaca negat tibi Jupiter arva. 

Talibus attonitus visis ac voce Deorum, 

(Nee sopor illud erat; sed coram agnoscere vultus 

sius, a quo Dardano prin- 
cipe genus nostrum ductum est. Age, surge, et Isetus renarra seniori patri hsec verba non revo- 
cunda in dubium. Qiucre Corytum, et terras Ausonias: Jupiter negat tibi Cretenses agros. Ego 
stupet'actus talibus jussis et sermone Deorum, (neque enim hoc erat somnus: sed videbar co- 
rrim distinguere vultus, 



tuce. Tu destina magnos mu- 
ros nobis magnis, et ne ab- 
jice laborem longi itineris. 
Mutanda est regio: Delius 
Apollo non suasit tibi adire 
K hvee litora, nee jussit te ma* 
5 nere in Creta. Est regio, 
qitam Gra;ci cognomine ap- 
pellant Hesperiam: terra 
vetus, potens bello et fertili- 
tate agrorum. Populi Oeno- 
trii hanc tenuerunt: nunc 
170 rumor est posteros voca- 
visse nationem Italiam, e 
nomine ducis. Hae sedes ad- 
dicts sunt nobis: hinc natus 
est Dardanus, et pater Ja- 



NOTES. 



162. Cr-etce considere; for in Greta. 

163. Est locus. This and the three follow- 
ing- verses are taken from JEn. I. 534. Ilio- 
neus had recited them to Dido before, 
when he informed her of their disastrous 
voyage, and the place for whjch they were 
bound. As they are the words of the oracle, 
it would have been disrespectful to alter 
them in the least; besides, Dido would be 
the more confirmed in the truth of ^Eneas' 
relation, when she found two witnesses de- 
livering their testimony precisely in the 
same terms. 

165. Oenotrii. Oenotria, whence these 
swains derive their names, was a part of 
Italy, which was afterwards called Luca- 
nia. It received its name from Oenotrus, 
the son of Lycaon, who settled there with 
a colony of Arcadians. The Oenotrians dif- 
fused themselves so widely, that all Italy 
was sometimes called Oenotria. 

167. Dardanus — Iasiusque pater. Darda- 
nus and Iasius had both one mother, Elec- 
tra, the daughter of Atlas, and wife of Co- 
rytus, king of Tuscany; but Jupiter is given 
for the father of Dardanus. He, upon the 
death of Corytus, killed his brother Iasius, 
and being banished from Tuscany on that 
account, first fled into Samothrace, then in- 
to Phrygia, where he married Teucer's 
daughter, and built the city of Troy, 
which he called Dardania after his own 
name. 

170. Corytum. Corvtus was the name of a 



mountain and city in Tuscany, so called 
from Corytus, the supposed father of Dar- 
danus; or from sco^o?, a helmet, which Dar- 
danus on that mountain lost in battle. The 
mountain, anrd a town near it, are now called 
Cortona. 

171. Ausonias. Italy was denominated Au- 
sonia, says Servius, from Auson or Auso- 
nius, the son of Ulysses and Calypso. If so, 
it must be by anticipation that Virgil makes 
that name known to JEneas, for Calypso's 
son was hardly born at that time. 

171. Dictcea arva. The Cretan territories, 
called Dictsean from Dicte, a mountain "in. 
Crete, where Jove is said to have been edu- 
cated. 

173. Nee sopor illud erat. Were not sopor 
distinct from somnus, or some word under- 
stood to be united with it, this line would 
contradict a preceding one: 

Visi ante oculos astare jacentis 

In somnis. 
Somnus often signifies a" slumber, or a state 
between sleeping and waking, but sopor a 
perfect and confirmed sleep. Dr. Trapp af- 
ter stating some difficulties which this pas- 
sage contains, offers his opinion that the 
poet means to inform us that the whole was 
strictly a dream. vEneas dreamt he saw and 
heard the statues; but nee sopor illud, &c. 
it was not a me.re dream. The impression 
was made not by sleep, but by a divine re- 
velation: one may dream of an apparition as 
well as of any thing else, 



*I 



24,2 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



175 



et capillos velatos, et fades Velatasque comas, praesentiaquc ora videbar: 
SZHSr SSSS5) J°* £?*<*» ™° manabat corpore sudor) 
effero corpus e lecto, et ex- Corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supmas 
tolio ad ccelum manus in- Ad coelum cum voce manus, et munera libo 
versus cum prece, et injicio i nteme rata focis: perfecto lsetus honore 

nam mis para dona: contecto . ,. r • i« * 

sacrifieio lsetus facio Anchi- Anchisen lacio certum, remque ordine pando. 

sen certum de us rebus, et Agnovit prolem ambiguam, geminosque parentes: 

explico ordine prodigium. Seque novo vetcrum deceptum errore locorum. 181 

^Inclnses animadvertitfami- t, ^ , T T1 . r . c . 

Kara ancipitem, etbinosyw Tum memorat: Nate Ihacis exercite fatis, 

auctores: et se delusum esse Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat. 

novo errore antiquamm re- j^unc re p e to haec ^eneri portendere debita nostro, 

gionum. Deinde ait. Fihagi- ,?. r TJ • ° t^ i ins- 

tate tatis Trojanis.- sola Cas- Et sae P. e Hespenam, saepe Itala regna vocare. 185 
sandra mihi praedicebat tales Sed quis ad Hesperise venturos litora Teucros 
casus. Nunc reminiscor il- Crederet? aut quern tum vates Cassandra moveret? 

tarn pradixisse hac desti- r> j tju u *. •«.* ^• 

nata esse nostra genti: et Cedamus Phcebo, et moniti mehora sequamur. 
siepe appeiiasse Hespenam, Sic ait: et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes. 
ssepe regna Italica. Sed quis Hanc quoq; deserimus sedem, paucisq; relictis 190 
Trojanos ventu- Vela damuSj vastumque cav £ trabe currimus aequor. 



ros ad litus Italic? aut quern 
tum Cassandra vaticinans 
movisset? Obediamus Apol- 



Postquam altum tenuere rates, nee jam amplius 
ullse 
meikS'S SifS 1 ; ^PP w *?j: ten*,codumundique, et undique pontus: 

et omnes obtemperamus la- - 1 um mihi coeruleus supra caput astitit imber, 

ti verbis ejus. Reiinquimus Noctem hyememque ferens: et inhorruit unda te- 

hanc etiam terram, et pan- nebris 195 

cis ibi relictis prabemus ve- 
la vends, et decurrimus magnum mare cavis navibus. Postquam naves provecta sunt in altum 
mare, nee jam ull a terra amplius videbantur; sed undequaque aer, et uudequaque aqua: tunc 
ccerulea pluvia decidit mihi supra caput, inducens noctem et tempestatem: et mare terribile/ac- 
tum est ob tenebras. 



NOTES. 



174. Velatasque comas. The heads of the 
sacred statues were usually adorned with 
fillets and flowers. 

176. Supinas. I lift up my hands supine to 
heaven. That is, as Ruaeus states it, Ita 
sublatas— ut palma coelo obvertantur. So 
that the palms of the hands are turned to- 
wards the zenith. 

177. Munera libo intemerata. A private 
offering- of pure wine and incense, which 
used to be poured upon the fire, in honour of 
the Lares or household gods. 

179. Anchisen facio certum. Perhaps we 
had been at a loss to know whether this 
was good Latin, but for Virgil's sacred au- 
thority. 

180. Geminos parentes, the double pa- 
rents. Teucer from Crete, and'Dardanus 
from Italy. 

181. Seque novo, &C. Some copies read 
parentum instead of locorum. 

182. Iliads exercite fatis. In the same 
manner is he addressed by Anchises' ghost, 
JEn. V. 725. JEneas was thus harassed and 
afflicted, not for any personal demerit, but 
because of his connexion with Troy, the 
whole race of the Trojans being the objects 
of Juno's fatal resentment, and destined to 
suffer grievous misfortunes. 

183. Sola— Cassandra. He says only Cas- 
sandra, because her prophecies were al- 



ways disregarded. See the note on JEn. II. 

246. 

184. Nunc repeto; memoria understood. 

188. Moniti meliora sequamur. Ruaus and 
Dr. Trapp construe these words thus, Mo- 
niti sequamur meliora,- but it seems more 
elegant to keep to the order in which they 
stand: Now that we are better advised, let 
us follow or obey, viz. the gods. 

189. Ovantes. An ovation was an inferior 
triumph. The word is derived by Ruaus 
from the reiteration of the letter O by the 
soldiery in their acclamations; or from ovu, 
because in a minor triumph sheep and not 
oxen were sacrificed. In Geor. I. 423. it is 
applied to the exultati®n of crows. It may 
refer to any joyous event. 

190. Faucis relictis; meaning not living 
men, for to what purpose should they be 
left, but those dead by pestilence. 

194. Caruleus imber. Clouds that threaten 
rain, especially before thunder and light- 
ning, are often tinctured with a deep blue, 
intermingled with black; and therefore we 
need not charge Virgil here with the ab- 
surdity of putting caruleus for ater t as some 
interpreters would persuade us. Coeruleus 
is what we may call leaden-coloured. 

195. Inhorruit unda. We have here a de- 
scription of a second tempest, entirely dif 
ferent from that in the first book. Bv de 



^LNEIDOS LIB. III. 



243 



Continuo venti volvunt mare, magnaque surgunt 
jEquora: dispersi jactamur gurgite vasto: 
Involvere diem nimbi, et nox humida coelum 
Abstulit: ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. 
Excutimur cursu, et caecis eiTamus in undis. 
Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere coelo, 
Nee meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda. 
Tres adeo incertos caeca caligine soles 
Erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes. 
Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 
Visa, aperire procul montes, ac volvere fumum. 

■xt i i • • • li ambiguos propter tenebras 

Vela cadunt, remis msurgimus: haud mora, nautae obs curas, etper tres noctes 
Adnixi torquent spumas, et ccerula verrunt. sine astro. Quarto demum 

Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum die \ evra P"m&m visa est 
Accipiunt. Strophades Graio stant nomine diet* SIO^S^C^S 
Insulae Ionio in magno: quas dira Celaeno, fumum. Vela detumescunt, 

Harpyiaeque colunt aliae: Phineia postquam 
Clausa domus, mensasque metu liquere priores. 
Tristius haad illis monstrum, nee saevior ulla 
Pestis et ira Deum Stygiis sese extulit undis. 
Virginei volucrum vultus, fcedissima ventris 
Proluvies, uncaeque manus, et pallida semper 
Ora fame. 



Slatim venti impellunt mare, 
et magni fluctus intumes- 
cunt: agitamur sparsi im- 
menso mari. Nubes obtcxe- 
runt diem, et nox imbrifera 

200 er 'P u ' tlucein: cre bromicant 
fulgura e scissis nubibus. 
Dejicimur a recto cursu, et 
vagamur per undas ignotas. 
Ipse Palinurus ait se non 
distinguere diem a nocte in 
ccelo, nee cognoscere iter in 

205 mediis fluctibus. Itaque va- 
gamur mari per tres dies 
ambiguos propter 



incumbimus remis: non est 
mora, nautse connitentes 
convolvunt spumosos fiuc- 
tug, et spatia coerulea. Li- 
215 tora Strophadum primo ex- 
eipiunt me ereptum ex un- 
dis. Strophades insula; Gra5- 
eo nomine appellate jacent 
in magno mari Ionio: quas 
sajva Celseno et alias Har- 
pyise habitant: ex quo tempore domus Phinei clausa est ipsis, et prx timore deseruerunt men- 
sas priores. Non est monstrum perniciosius illis, nee ulla pestis aut furor Deorum crudelior 
extulit se ex undis inferorum. Vultus earwn volucrum sunt foeminei, sordidissima effusio alvi, et 
manus aduncse, et facies semper pallida; /?r<e fame. 



NOTES. 



scribing the same subject with new circum- 
stances, the poet admirably displays the 
fruitfulness of his invention. Catrou. 

199. Ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. 
Some ancient copies and manuscripts read 
abrupti nubibus ignes, which both sounds 
better, and seems to be confirmed by that 
passage in Lucretius, which Virgil had pro- 
bably here in his eye: 
Trans versosque volare per imbres fulmina 

cernis; 
Nunc hinc nunc illinc abrupti nubibus ignes 
Concursant: cadit in terras vis flammea 
vulgo. Lib. II. 213. 

201. Ipse — Palinurus, i. e. Palinurus him- 
self, with all his skill. He was the pilot of 
-Eneas' ship, of whom see more, iEn. V. 
883. 

211. Ionio in magno. Not that sea which 
washes Ionia in Asia Minor, but that part 
of the Mediterranean which flows between 
Sicily and Greece. 

212. HarpyU. The harpies, according to 
Hesiod, were the daughters of Thaumas 
and Electra. They were so called from 
icTta.ro, rapio, to denote their rapacious na- 
ture. Apollonius calls them Aof %wag, the 
hell-hounds of Jove,- and Virgil, Furies, verse 
252, and Dim, fiends, verse 262. Whence 
Servius concludes, that they were denomi- 
nated Harpies on earth, Furies in hell, and 



Dira, fiends, in heaven, as one and the 
same goddess was called Diana on earth, 
Luna, the moon, in heaven, and Proserpine 
in hell. Hence the beautiful lines: 
Terret, lustrat, agit; Proserpina, Luna, 

Diana; 
Ima, suprema, feras; sceptro, fulgore, sa= 

gitta. 
212. Phineia. Phmeus, king of Thrace, 
having put out the eyes of his two sons, 
whom their step-mother falsely accused of 
attempting a rape upon her, was for his 
cruelty struck blind by Jupiter in his turn, 
and delivered over to the direful persecu- 
tion of Harpies, till Calais and Zetes, two 
of the Argonauts, whom he had hospitably 
entertained in their way to Colchis, in 
quest of the golden fleece, relieved him 
from them in the manner already men- 
tioned. 

215. Stygiis. Styx was a celebrated river 
of hell, round which it flows nine times. 
The gods held its waters in such venera- 
tion, that when they swore by them, the 
oath was inviolable. If any of the gods per* 
jured themselves, Jupiter obliged them to 
drink of its waters, which lulled them for 
a whole year into a senseless stupidity. It 
received its name and veneration from the 
nymph Styx, who assisted Jupiter against 
the Titans- 



244 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Postquam hue appulsi in- Hue ubi delati portus intravimus; eccc 
gressi samus portum ecce L ^ b im campis armen ta videmUS, 220 

cermmus passim in campis r r 7 

pingues boum greges, et gre- Capngenumque pecus, nullo custode, per herbas. 
gescaprarum in pratis, sine Irruimus ferro, et Divos ipsumque vocamus 
custode. lrrmmus in eos j n p ar t e m praedamque Jovem: tunc litore curvo 
gladns, et vocamus in prte- T , * . r j •. » • - 

dam et in partem Deos et Extruimusque toros, dapibusque epulamur opimis. 
Jovem ipsum. Deinde in si- At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt 225 
nuoso litore struimus lectu- Harpy iae, et maa;nis quatiunt clanororibus alas: 

los, et comedimus pingues r»- • • . i • r j 

carnes. Sed improvise fiai- Diripmntque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant 

pyite advolant tremendo vo- Immundo: turn vox tetrum dira inter odorem. 

latu e montibus, et succu- R ur sum in secessu lon^o, sub rupe cavata, 

Xi,' n t S crof;°e S t r 'u^ntArboribus clausi cu-cum atque horrentibus umbris, 

omnia immundo tactu. Pne- Instruimus mensas, arisque reponimus ignem. 231 

terea vox earwn horribilis Rursum ex diverso coeli csecisque latebris, 

%&£^%B$%& sona « s P^dam pedibus circumvolat uncis, 

sub rupe cavata, eircumtec- Polluit ore dapes. Socus tunc arma capessant 

ti arboribus et densa umbra, Edico, et dira. bellum cum gente gerendurn. 235 

sternimus mensas, et collo- Haud ^ ■ { faciunt tec tOSque per herbam 

eamus ignem in ans. lte-.^.. J , ' . *■ f 

rum ex alia parte coeli et la- Di-sponunt enses, et scuta latentia condunt. 

tebris incognitis, turba Har-Ergo, ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere 

pyiarum stridens advolat L i tora; dat signum specula Misenus ab alta 

circa prsedam aduncis pedi- ^ • i «. i* n *„ 

bus, et tcedat cibos ore. Pr«- -^ re cavo: mvadunt socn, et nova praelia tentant, 240 

cipio tunc sociis ut sumant Obscoenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres. 

arma, et bellum faciendum ged neque vim plumis ullam, nee vulnera teroro 

esse cum sseva turba. JNon a:**. i • r * i *j i 

aliter ac jussi erant faciunt, Accipmnt: celenque fiiga sub sidera lapsae, 

et prteparant gladios occul- Semesam prsedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt. 

tos sub herba, et abscon- Una in pnecelsa. consedit rupe Celaeno 245 

dunt clypeos latentes. Igi- 

tur, cum Harpyiae advolantes ediderunt strepitum per sinuosa litora, Misenus ab alto colle dat 
signum pug-rue cava buccina: aggrediuntur socii, et tentant novam pugnam, nempe vulnerare 
gladio turpes volucres maris. At neque excipiunt plumis ictum ullum, aut plagas tergo: et ce- 
leri fuga elapsse ad astra deserunt pnedam scmimanducatam et notas fcedas. Una ex its Celaeno 
constitit in altissima rupe, 

NOTES. 

223. In partem prtedamqu-e, for In prcedce themselves either to historical or fabulous 
partem, as, in the first book, molemque et tradition, but only so far as it suits best with 
monies, for molem montium. The Romans their design; so that, however others con- 
had a custom when they were going out to fine the Harpies to three, it follows not that 
war or to the chase, to vow that they would Virgil does so. 

consecrate to the gods a great part of the 239. Specula. Specula is an elevated spot, 

spoil or capture; whence Jupiter had a tern- commanding a wide prospect; from the ob- 

ple at Rome, under the title of Jupiter Free- solete verb specio, i. e. video. Hence the 

dator, Jupiter who presided over lawful word speculor. 

plunder. In partem vocare, is of the same im- 239. Misenus. The son of JEolus, trum- 

port with participem facere, to make them peter to JEneas, JEn. VI. 164. 

sharers with us of the booty: so the phrase 240. Nova pnelia tentant; that is tentant 

is used by Cicero for Ceecina, Mulieres in prcelia {et tentant) f cedar e, i. e. perdere, to 

partem vocatce sunt, destroy. Nova signifies the same "with inso- 

226. Magnis — clangoribus. Some ancient lita; either, says Minelius, " Quia rarum 

copies read plangoribus. est pugnare cum Harpyiis; vel, quia vul- 

232. Fx diverso cceli, i. e. ex diverso coeli nerari non poterant." 

tractu; for there is no reason for making it 241. Obsccenas — volucres. Either birds of 

a kind of adverb, signifying overthwart, as bad omen, or impure, abominable, to be ab- 

Mr. Ains worth has done in his dictionary, horred upon account of their nastiness, as 

Though the mycologists make the Harpies above described. 

but three in number, yet Virgil speaks here, 241. Pelagi volucres. Hesiod makes them 

as if the whole island had been crow.ded the offspring of Electra, the daughter of the 

with them, calling them turba and gens, so Ocean. 

that they no sooner left one quarter of the 241. Foedare ferro. The primary significa- 

island, than they were pestered with them tion of the Word fcedo is to mangle, cut in 

in another. The poets do not always restrict pieces, or make havoc of, as appears from 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



245 



funesta vates, et emisit litec 
verba e pectore: An etiam 
bellum, bellum inquam vul- 
tis nobis inferre, post stra- 
gem bourn et occisos juven- 
250 cos n0)itrus > ° Trojatii? eteji- 
oere Harpyias insontes e pa- 



Tnfelix vates, rumpitque banc pectore vocem: 

liellum etiam pro csede bourn strati sque juvencis, 

Laomedontiada?, bellumne inferre paratis? 

Et patrio insontes Harpyias pellere regno? 

Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea finite dicta: 

Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mibi Phoebus Apollo tenia" '(iitioi'icVEr^aniAiTs 

excipite et imprimite hxe 
mea verba: quae Jupiter om- 
nipotens dixit Apollini, Phce- 
bus Apollo mibi, ego maxi- 
255 ma furiarum expuuo vobis 
I'etitis navigatione Italiam: 
et ventis invocatis pervenie- 
tis in Italian! , et permittetur 
vobis ingredi portus ejus. Sed 
non claudctis muris urbem 
cy eft concessam, -priusquam cru- 
delis fames et injuria esedis 
nobis illatis cogat vos devo- 
rare dentibus mensas corro- 
sas. Sic locuta est, et fugit 
in sylvam alis ablata. At so- 
ciis sanguis frigidus consti- 
265 patur repentino timore, ani- 
mi defecerunt; nee jam ulte- 

rius volunt armis pvgnare sed votis et precibus petere pacem ab Harpyiis, seu slut Deae, seu 

funesta; et fcedaj volucres. At pater Anchises extensis e litore manibus invocat magnos Deos, et 

destinat ipsis digna sacrificia: O Dii, inquit, impedite effeciumjiarum minarum, Dii avertite tale 

infortunium, 



Praidixit, vobis furiarum ego maxima pando. 
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis 
Ibitis Italiam, portusque intrare licebit. 
Sed non ante datam cingetis meenibus urbem, 
Quam vos dira fames, nostraeque injuria caddis, 
Ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas. 
Dixit, et in sylvam pennis ablata refugit. 
At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis 
Diriguit: cecidere animi: nee jam amplius armis, 
Sed votis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem, 
Sive Deae, seu sint dirse obscoenaeque volucres. 
At pater Anchises passis de litore palmis 
Numina magna vocat, meritosque indicit honores: 
Dii, prohibete minas, Dii talem avertite casum, 



NOTES. 



the more ancient authors, particularly En- 
nius and Plautus, who use it in that sense, 
as 

Ferro fcedati jacent. 

Ennius apud Servium. 
And so Plautus, Amph. Ac. I. Sc. I. 91. 
Foedant et proterunt hostium copias. 



it was an historical tradition, related by 
Dionysius and Strabo, that iEneas had re- 
ceived a response from an oracle, foretelling 
that, before he came to his settlement in 
Italy, he should be reduced to the necessity 
of eating his trenchers. Varro says he had 
it from the oracle of Dodona. Virgil puts 



See iEn. II. 55, where ^his verb is used in this prophecy in the mouth of the Harpies, 



the same sense. 

246. Infelix vates. Asfelix sometimes sig- 
nifies propitious, favourable, so infelix here 
and elsewhere unfriendly, inauspicious, ill- 
boding; so that infelix vates answers to Ho- 
mer's juLCtvllS KCtY.UV. 

248. Laomedontiada. In calling them sons 
of Laomedon, she reproaches them as be- 



as being both suitable to their nature, and 
more apt to raise surprise when coming 
from them. 

260. Nee jam amplius armis, sed votis' ex- 
poscere. This is another instance of Virgil's 
concise elliptical style. It is plain, that ex* 
poscere pacem cannot agree, in propriety of 
language, both to armis and votis, or preci- 
ing impious, unjust, and faithless, like that bus, (though it does so in the construction;) 



prince, who had falsified his promise even 
to the gods themselves. 

249. Patrio regno. They were daughters 
of a sea-goddess, and the isles were sacred 
to the gods and goddesses of the sea, so 
that the Strophades were their proper heri- 
tage by their mother. 

252. Furiarum. maxima. She takes this 
name to herself, as it would seem, only to 



inspire them with the greater terror, though greater and minor di 



for they are two quite contrary ideas; so 
that pugnare, or some such word, must be 
understood to armis; but the sense, never- 
theless, is as obvious, as if the sentence was 
ever so complete. 

261. Jubent. This shows the earnestness 
and importunity with which they urged 
yEneas to bring about a peace with them. 

264. Numina magna. The ancients had 



Servius and others, as lias been said, infer 
from this passage, that the Harpies and Fu- 
ries were the same. 

257. Ambesas— absumere mensas. The 
sense of this prediction is seen from its ac- 
complishment in the seventh book, verse 
116. This is not merely poetical invention; 



The Majores 



Dii were twelve; six males, Jupiter, Nep- 
tune, Mars, Mercury, Vulcan, and Apollo. 
Six females, Juno, Vesta, Ceres, Pallas, 
Diana, and Venus. 

264. JWeritosque indicit Jwnores. See the 
note on book first, verse 636. 



246 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



etplacatiprotegitc pios. De-Et placidi servate pios. Turn litore funem 
JS^Th!^^ griper* excussosque jubet laxare rudentes. 
ablatos rudentes. Austri in- Tendunt vela Noti: fenmur spumantibus undis, 
flant vela: fugimus per spu-Qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabant. 

gationem. Jam Zacynthos Dulichiumque, bameque, et Nentos ardua saxis: 
aylvosaapparetm medio ma- Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna, 
ri,etDulichium,etSame ? et Et terr am altricem ssevi execramur Ulyssis. 
Nentos alta rupibus. Evita- * „ ^ T . , . ' . 

mus scopulos Ithacx, regna Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumma montis, 
Laertae, et detestamur re-Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. 
gionemnutricemcmdelisU-Hunc petimus fessi, et parvae succedimus urbi. 

lvssis. Demde etiam ostendi- A , j * • •*. ^ i»* 

tur procellosus vertex Leu- Anchora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes. 

catse montis, et Apollo ter-Ergo insperata tandem tellure potiti, 

ribilis na^gantibus. HuncLustramurque Jovi, votisque incendimus aras: 

montem lassi petimus, et A . • T1 - • ■, u ••. i j* <-»«/> 

imus ad papam urbem. An- Actiaque Iliacis celebramus htora ludis. 280 

ehora demittitur e prora, puppes sistunt in litore. Igitur potiti demum terra insperata, et sacri- 
ficamus Jovi, et cumulamus aras victimis, 



270 



275 



NOTES. 



268. Noti. The south wind. This was ne- 
cessary to a person sailing from the Stro- 
phades to Zant. 

270. Zacynthos. The Island Zante, on the 
west of the Peloponnesus. 

271. Dulichium. Now Dolicha, one of the 
Echinades islands: they go all under the 
common name of Curzolari. 

271. Same. Or Samos, the same with Ce- 
phalenia, now Cephalonia. It was a part of 
the kingdom of Ulysses. 

271- Neritos. A woody mountain in the 
island of Ithaca: Homer calls it Nnpihv uvoa-i- 
$vwov. The word Neritos is often applied to 
the whole island of Ithaca. Ulysses is call- 
ed Neritius dux, and his ship Neritia navis. 
The inhabitants of Saguntum, as descended 
from a Neritian colony, are called Neritia 
proles. 

272. iScopulos Ithac<£. Ithaca, now Isola 
.del Compare, or Valdi Compare, the island 

between Cephalonia and Dulichitim, Ulys- 
ses' native seat: it was very barren, rugged, 
and mountainous, and therefore he calls it 
Scopulos Ithacce, and subjoins, by way of 
irony and contempt, Laertia regna: as, in 
the first book, Neptune first calls iEolus' 
realms immania saxa; then adds, in a strain 
of derision, 

■ Ilia se jactet in aula 

JEolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet. 
JEn. I. 144. 

273. Savi execramur. These terms well 
express the hero's detestation of so great 
an enemy to the Trojans as Ulysses. 

274. Leucatce. The island Leucas, Leu- 
cates, or Leucate, now S. Maura, subject 
to the Turks, and the seat of a pasha. It 
lies between the Acroceraunian mountains 
and the Peloponnesus, so near to the pro- 
montory of Actium, in the western coast 
of Epirus, that it is said to have once ad- 
joined to that continent. It got the name of 



Leucate, the white island, from a famous 
white rock adjoining to it, which Strabo 
calls to xhfjux,, i. e. the Lover's Leap; it be- 
ing supposed to have effect to cure despair- 
ing lovers, who were wont to throw them- 
selves down from its summit into the sea. 
Among those who are said to have tried 
the experiment, is the celebrated poetess 
Sappho. 

275. Formidatus nautis Apollo. Strabo in- 
forms us, that on mount Leucate was a 
temple dedicated to Apollo, where a hu- 
man sacrifice was yearly offered up in ho- 
nour of that god; for this reason, or on ac- 
count of the ruggedness of the coast where 
this temple stood, Virgil calls it Apollo for- 
midatus nautis; the name of the god to 
whom the temple was dedicated being put 
for the temple itself. 

276. Parvce succedimus urbi. This city was 
Ambracia, at that time very inconsiderable, 
but Augustus enlarged it afterwards under 
the name of Nicopolis. 

277. Stant litore puppes, may signify, The 
sterns rest on the shore, as Dr. Trapp has 
it. 

279. Lustramurque Jovi. We pay vows 
and sacrifices to Jove. Lustro is much the 
same with luo and solvo. Hence the scrip- 
tural phrase to pay a vow. Its fulfilment dis- 
charges from the obligation. The vows 
here intended are those made to the great 
gods by Anchises, v. 264. 

279. Votisque incendimus aras; kindle the 
altars; for kindle fires on them. With vovjs, 
that is, with the offerings vowed or pro- 
mised. 

280. Iliacis ludis. He alludes to the games 
which Augustus celebrated in commemo- 
ration of his victory over Antony at Acti- 
um. Virgil, to pay his court to Augustus, 
supposed JEneas to have landed on that 
coast, and to have instituted those very 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



247 



Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras 
Nudati socii: juvat evasisse tot urbes 
Argolicas, mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostes. 
Interea magnum Sol circumvolvitur annum, 
Et glacialis hyems Aquilonibus asperat undas. 
iEre cavo clypeum, magni gestamen Abantis, 
Postibus adversis figo, et rem carmine signo: 
JEneas h<ec de Danais victoribus arma. 
JLinquere turn portus jubeo, et considere transtris. 
Certatim socii feriunt mare, et aequora verrunt. 
Protinus a'erias Phaeacum abscondimus arces, 
Litoraque Epiri legimus, portuque subimus 
Chaonio, et celsam Buthroti ascendimus urbem. 
Hie incredibilis rerum fama occupat aures: 
Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes, 
Conjugio JLacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum; 
Et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito. 

litora Epiri, et intramus portum Chaonium, et accedimus ad exeelsam urbem Buthrotum. Hie 
incredibilis rumor rerum implet aures nostras: Helenum filium Priami imperare per urbes 
Gra&cas, potitum uxore et regno Pyrrhi nepotis JEaci; et Andromachen rursus venisse in poten- 
tate™ mariti Trojani. 

NOTES. 

games which he appointed to be celebrated Proxima Phseacum felicibus obsita pomis 



ct nobilitamus Actium pro- 
montorium Trojania ludis. 
Socii nudati coruinittunt pa- 
trias luctas olco fluente: de- 
lectat eon evitiisse tot urbes 

285 Gnecas, ct iter habuisse in- 
ter medios hostes. Interea 
Sol circumagit annum inte- 
grum, et gelida hyems in- 
testat mare Aquilonibus. Ap- 
pendo liminibus anterioribus 
scutum seris cavi, quod ges- 

•^90 taverat magnus Abas, et no- 
to factum hoc versu: .(Eneas 
posuit hsec spolia de Grcecis 
Trojce victoribus relata. Pos- 
tea impero socios relinquere 
portum et sedere in scamnis. 

295 Socii certatim verberant ma- 
re remis et radunt fluctus. 
Continuo prwterimus altas 
arces Phteacum, et radimus 



every fifth year: whence we may with some 
probability conjecture, that four years were 
now elapsed since iEneas left Troy, and 
that the 284th verse, 

Intereamagnum sol circumvolvitur annum, 
refers to the beginning of the fifth year. 

281. Labente, for defluente. 

281. Palaestras. The palaestra was properly 
the place in which young men, naked and 
besmeared with oil, wrestled with each 
other: xaxw is the same with lucta> fighting, 
wrestling. The word is applied to all the 
variety of ancient games. 

284. Magnum annum. A year of twelve 
solar months, to distinguish it from a lunar 
year. 

285. Asperat undas. It provokes or sharp- 
ens all their keenness and rage; makes 
them rough, boisterous, and severely cold. 

286. Abantis. This Abas was probably 
one. of those Greeks who were in company 
with Androgeos, whom iEneas and his 
party slew, and stripped of their armour, 
which they exchanged for their own. Ser- 
vius tells us a long fable about him, which 
is hardly worth the pains to transcribe. 

287. Carmine. This Dryden most feebly 
calls the verse beneath. 

The verse beneath my name and action 

speaks, 
These arms iEneas took from conqu'ring 

Greeks. 

288. JEneas h<ec, ijfe. Detracta consecravit, 
or the like, is understood, it being in the 
usual elliptical style of inscriptions. 

289. Transtris, benches on which the 
rowers sat. 



Rura petunt. 

Ovid. Met. XIII. 719. 
Ilia jubebit 
Poma dari, quorum solo pascaris odore, 
Qualia perpetuus Phseacum autumnus ha 
bebit. 

Juven. Sat. V. 150. 
Here it is that Homer places the famous 
gardens of Alcinous, who was king of that 
island. 

291. Abscondimus arces. We hide the ae- 
rial towers of the Phseacians; that is, we 
make them hidden from us by losing sight 
of them. 

292. Epiri. A country in Europe, once a 
flourishing kingdom; it is bounded by the 
Ionian sea on the south and west; by Achaia, 
and Thessaly to the east, and Macedonia 
to the north. It was divided into Chaonia> 
Thesprotia, Acarnania, and iEtolia. 

292. Portu, for portui. 

294. Incredibilis fama. It was certainly & 
very surprising revolution of fortune, that 
the son of Priam was the king of Epirus, 
and possessed of the throne of Pyrrhus, that 
very son of Achilles who had put his father 
and so many of his relations to death; and 
that he was now wedded to his brother 
Hector's widow, after she had been married 
to his most inveterate enemy. Yet these 
events are not the poet's invention. For Jus- 
tin tells us, that Pyrrhus was reconciled to 
Helenus, shai-ed with him his kingdom, 
and gave him Andromache in marriage 
lib. XVIII. 3. 

297. Patrio marito. Andromache herself 
was a Theban princess; but, in consequence 



291. Phxacum, the inhabitants of Phaea- of her marriage with Hector, Troy became 

cia, or Corcyra, now Corfu, an island that her country. 

lies to the west of the promontory of Acti- 297. Andromachen. It will repay the reader 

um. It is celebrated by the ancients for its to peruse attentively this interview between 

fruitful gardens and orchards: .Eneas and Andromache, as illustrated in a 



248 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Obstupul; et pectus exarsitObstupui; miroque incensum pectus amore 

mirabili desiderio alloquendi Compellare virum, et casus cognoscere tantos. 

casus. Progi-qdiof ultra 1 rogredior portu, classes et litora hnquens. 300 

portum, reliivquens naves et Solemnes turn forte clapes et tristia dona 

litus. Tunc forte Andronia- Ante urbem, in luco, falsi Simoentis ad undam, 

die ante urbem, jm sacra , ., , . • a i u . 

sylva, ad aquas ficti Simoen- Libabat cmeri Andromache, manesque vocabat 
tis, oft'erebatcinerisoleiniiesHect'oreum ad tumulum, viridi quern cespite inanem, 
epulas et fuuebria muneca, Et eeminas, causam lachrymis, sacraverat aras. 305 
2^SS2T *l£EyjK Ul «M> conspexit venientem, et TroYa circum 
cle.licaverat e viridi cespite Arm a aniens vidit; magnis exterrita monstris, 
vacuum; et binas aras, cau- Diriguit visit in medio: calor ossa reliquit: 

^ISSBS^rifM* « lo ."S° vix t!, " dem tempore fetur: 

peftieta vidit circa weTroja- v erane te facies, verus mini nuntius affers, 3 10 

naarma; attonita hoc mag- Nate Dea? vivisne? aut, si lux alma recessit, 

no prodigio, exanimate est Hector ubi est? Dixit, lachrymasq; effudit, et omnem 

in ipso aspectu: calor abut T ' .* *' . 

e.v ossibus: cadit, et longo lmplevit clamore locum: vix pauca lurenti 

post tempore vixdemumiVa Subjicio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco: 

loquitur: An vera species,- et yj vo e quidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco. 3 1 5 

verus nuncius te mini sistis, VT , , l . *. , l 

6 fill Veneris? an vivis? aut Ne dubita, nam vera vides. 

si lux alma abiit d te, ubi est Heu quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto 

Hector? Sic locuta est, et e- Excipit? aut quae di^na satis fortuna revisit? 

raisit laclirvmas, et implevit tt / • a j i_ "t» l-'» u* 5 

clamore omnem locum 1 Vix Hectoris, Andromache, Pyrrhm' connubia servas? 
respondeo pauca mojrenti, Dejecit vultum, et demissa voce locuta est: 320 

et turbatus os aperio interruptis verbis: Certe vivo, et traho vitam per omnes miserias. Ne du- 
bita, nam vera aspicis. Heu! quis casus successit tibi, privatse tanto marito? aut qua? fortuna satis 
tibi congrua redit ad te? O Andromache, tenesne conjugium Hectoris, an Pyrrhi? Demisit vul- 
tum, et humili voce dixit: * 

NOTES, 

long- note by Dr. Trapp in Ins Translation. 309. Tempore. Post, understood. 

He closes a number of excellent remarks 314. Hisco, from hio. The hero in surprise 

by saying 1 , "that man surely can have no rather opens his mouth than speaks. Both 

idea of friendship, nor of human nature it- Dryden and Pitt retain the sense of Virgil: 

self, Avho is not sensibly touched with this With broken words I made this brief .reply, 

whole passage; which is to me one of the Dryden. 

most affecting in all the JEneis. Few words to soothe her raging grief I 

302. Falsi Simoentis. Helenas and An- say, 

dromache comforted themselves under the And scarce those few for grief can find their 

loss of Troy, in giving- to a river of Epirus way. 

the name of a Trojan river. Pitt. 

304. Tumulum. The bones of Hector 316. Nam vera vides. Broken lines, such 
were not deposited here. It was inanem, as the present, often occur in the iEneid, 
empty, not What the Latins call monumen- which its author did not live to finish, but 
turn, but a cenotaph; from wvo?, empty, and an hemistich is not found in the Bucolics or 
r«<p9f, a tomb. Cenotaphs were honorary Georgics. 

tombs- erected either to persons buried in 319. Pyrrhin* connubia servas? These 

another place, or to those who have re- words of ^Eneas would have been a severe 

ceived no burial, and whose relics cannot reproach, had Andromache been mistress 

be found, as being killed in battle, or lost at of her own fortune. Her slavery rendered 

sea. The sama privileges and religious re- her marriage with Pyrrhus excuseable, not- 

gard were allowed to these tumicli inanes et withstanding which, she is- still confused. 

'honorarii as to real tombs. She casts her eyes to the ground, and re- 

305. Geminas aras. Some will have it, plies with a low voice, not answering his 
that one altar was for Hector, and the other question directly, but breaking out in a pas- 
for his son Astyanax, whom the Greeks had sionate exclamation, O felix una, &c. 
thrown headlong from the tower of Troy: Catrou. 
but others think they were both for Hec- 319. Hectoris, Andromache. Some read 
tor, it being customary to erect two altars Hectoris Andromachen, to construe with the 
to the manes, especially to heroes, who preceding verb revisit. The paraphrase 
were considered as a sort of deities; and the which Ruaeus gives of the passage is not 
infernal deities deligbted in an even num- accurate: O Andromache, tenesne conjugium 
ber. See the note on verse 63. Hectoris, an Pyrrhi? Now, whatever sense 



iENEIDOS LIB. III. 



249 



O felix una ante alias Priame'ia virgo, 
Hostilem ad tumulum Trojae sub moenibus altis 
Jussa mori: quas sortitus non pertulit ullos, 
Nee victoris heri tetigit captiva cubile! 
Nos patria incensa diversa per aequora vectae, 
Stirpis Achilleae fastus, juvenemque superbum 
Servitio enixae tulimus: qui deinde secutus 



O fortunata prae altis, virgo 
Priami Jilia, coacta mori ail 
sepulchrum hostis, prope 
muros altos Troja: qux non 
passa est ullam sortitionem, 
225 nee captiva lectnm victoris 
domini. Nos post patriam 
combustam vecta per lon- 
ginqua maria, parientes in 



Led* am Hermionem, Lacetemoniosq, Hymen**, gSfitgfiS&R 
Me famulam famuloq; Heleno transmisit habendam. j UV enem ferocem: qui pos- 
Ast ilium, ereptae magno inflammatus amore 330 tea quserens Hermionem 

Coniusis, et scelerum furiis agitatus Orestes ™P te l n Ledaj > et conjugium 

•» & ' ° Spartanum, me servam tra- 

didit possidendam Heleno, ipsi quoque servo. At Orestes ardens magno desiderio raptte uxo- 
ris, et impulsus furiis criminis 



NOTES. 



he may put upon the words tenesne co?ijtigi- 
utrty when joined to Hectoris, in the first 
part of the sentence, they must, in propriety 
of writing, signify the same thing, when 
joined to Pyrrhi in the last part; so that, 
according to him, the meaning of iEneas' 
question will be, Say, Andromache, are 
you wedded to Hector or to Pyrrhus? which 
every one sees to be absuvd, especially after 
JEneas had said immediately before, dejec- 
tam conjuge tanto, that she was brought low 
by the loss of that great lord, meaning Hec- 
tor. The construction therefore is, Hectoris 
Andromache, servasne connubia Pyrrhi? And 
is Hector's Andromache wedded to Pyr- 
rhus! which is not so much a question, as 
an exclamation of surprise and condolence. 
That Hectoris Andromache is to be construed 
this way, appears from Justin, who gives 
them the same honourable designation, lib. 
XVII. cap. 3. Atque ita Heleno, filio Pria- 
mi regis — regnum Chaonum et Androma- 
chen Hectoris — uxorem (Pyrrhus) tradidit. 

321. O felix una ante alias Priame'ia virgo. 
Quintilian quotes this as an example of Vir- 
gil's talent in the pathetic: in order to show 
the extremity of Andromache's misery, he 
makes her even envy the fate of Polyxena, 
which, in the eyes of all the world besides, 
was most wretched and deplorable: how 
wretched then must Andromache's state 
have been, if, when compared to her; even 
Polyxena was happy! Quam miser enim ca- 
sus Andromachx, si comparata ei felix Po- 
lyxena? Instit. lib. VI. cap. 3. See also Ma- 
crob. Saturn, lib. XIV. cap. 6. 
321. Ante alias; virgines. 
321. Priame'ia virgo. Polyxena, the daugh- 
ter of Priam and Hecuba, with whom A- 
chilles fell in love. She was the innocent 
occasion of Achilles' death; for Priam ha- 
ving invited that hero to Troy, under pre- 
text of giving his daughter in marriage, 
while she was in the temple of Apollo, 
where the marriage rites were to have been 
performed, Paris, at the time when Dei- 
phobus was embracing Achilles, came be- 
hind, and shot him to death with an arrow. 
Achilles, with his last breath, enjoined 
Pyrrhus to revenge his death upon Priam's 



perfidious family whenever Troy should be 
taken, and particularly to sacrifice Polyxe- 
na at his tomb, which accordingly was put 
in execution. 

323. Sortitus non pertulit ullos. After the 
conquest of Troy, the Grecian princes drew 
lots among themselves for the choice of the 
captives. This is the calamity from which 
Andromache pronounces Polyxena happy in 
being delivered by death. 

327. Servitio enixce. Enixa signifies not 
only one who has suffered the pains of child- 
bearing, but also who has been harassed 
with severe toil and labour in general: and 
so some of the best expositors understand 
it here: and, indeed, one is naturally led to 
this sense; for there seems to be no propri- 
ety in the expression, if we understand it 
of her having borne a son to Pyrrhus. 

325. Nos; for ego. 

328. Leddsam Hermionen. Hermione was 
the daughter of Menelaus, king of Sparta 
or Lacedsemon, by Helen, the daughter of 
Jupiter and Leda. She was betrothed by 
Tyndareus, Leda's husband, in Menelaus' 
absence, to her cousin Orestes, the son of 
Agamemnon; and again betrothed at Troy 
by Menelaus to Pyrrhus, the son of Achil- 
les, who went to Sparta, and carried her 
off. Orestes, in revenge, slew Pyrrhus at 
Delphi, whither he had gone to consult 
the oracle about his future offspring by Her- 
mione. 

330. Ast ilium; Pyrrhus. 

331. Conjugis; Hermione. 

331. Furiis agitatus Orestes. Orestes, the 
son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, slew 
his mother Clytemnestra, who was acces- 
sory with TEgisthus to the murder of his 
father. After this action, he is said to have 
been long haunted and tormented by the 
Furies, i. e. he was stung with grievous re- 
morse for imbruing his hands in his mo- 
ther's blood. He was expiated at length, 
and received absolution from the court of 
Areopagus at Athens; and having married 
Hermione, after he had put Pyrrhus to 
death, united the kingdom of Sparta to his 
own hereditary dominions. 

331. Furiis agitatus. The Furies were 



2 K 



250 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



sni> intercipit ilium impro- Excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras. 
$£' Pef fiem Py^i M °« e Neoptolemi, regnorum reddita cessit 
pars regni data cessit Hele- Pars Heleno: qui Chaonios cognomine campos, 
no: qui a Trojano Chaone Chaoniamque omnem Trojano a Chaone dixit: 335 
3SL.TS& S^r qUe ' lUacamque jugis hanc addidit arcem. 
am: et condidit in monte $ed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dederer 
Pergama, et hanc arcem Aut quis te ignarum nostris Deus appulit oris? 
Iiiacam. Sed qubam ven- Q uid puer Ascanius? superatne, et vescitur aura? 

W Ct Qu.iBIl3.TIl IHLcl CH-PcXC - — . m * • *t* • 

runt tibi cursum? aut quis Quern tibi jam Troja— ^ 

Deus adduxit te inscium Ecqua jam puero est amissae cura parentis? 

ni] nostra litnrn? OniH? r? :,i :_ *: _.!..<... j. t - • 



340 



ad nostra litora 

puer Ascanius superestne 



Quid? Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque viriles, 

AsCanlUS snnprpstnp * 3_ 



it fruitur vita? is quem tibi Et pater jEneas, et avunculus excitat Hector? 
jam Troja-— Quinam est jam Talia fundebat lachrymans, longosque ciebat 
puero dolor de amissama- incassum fletus; cum sese a moenibus heros 345 

Z%t avunculus Hector inct Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus affert, 
t&ntipsum sA veterem forti- Agnoscitque suos, Isetusque ad limina ducit; 
tudinem et animos viriles? Et multum lachrymas verba inter singula fundit. 

laha dtcebat plorans, et ° 

frustra movebat longos fletus: cum heros Helenus filius Priami, efFert se ex urbe, comitantibus 
plurimis: et agnoscit suos Trojanos y et lsetus ducit in domum suam? et inter singulas voces emit- 
tit multum lachrymarum. 



NOTES. 



three in number, Alecto, Tisiphone, and 
Megaera, Cicero has a remarkable passage 
to explain what was meant by the Furies: 
Nolite enim putare, quemadmodum in fa- 
bulis saepenumero videtis, eos, qui aliquid 
impie scelerateque commiserint, agitari et 
perterreri Furiarum taedis ardentibus. Sua 
quemque fraus, et suus terror maxime vex- 
at; suum quemque scelus agitat, amentia- 
que afficit; sua malse cogitationes, consci- 
entixque animi, terrent: hse sunt impiis as- 
siduse domesticseque Furise, quae dies noc- 
tesque parentum poenas a. consceleratissimis 
iiliis repetant. Pro Roscio, 24. These stings 
and galling remorses were Orestes' Furies, 
which the poet'therefore calls Furies scele- 
rum, the furies of his crimes. It is proba- 
ble, however, that Orestes pictured to his 
own disturbed imagination this notion of his 
being haunted by the Furies, armed with all 
those terrors in which they were drawn by 
the poets; as Suetonius relates to have been 
the case with Nero. Ssepe confessus exagi- 
tari se materna specie, verberibus Furia- 
rum, ac txdis ardentibus. 

332. Patrias ad aras. Pyrrhus was slain 
at the altar of Apollo of Delphi; and his 
father Achilles, at the altar of Thymbrxan 
Apollo at Troy. Interpreters therefore are 
at a loss to explain what is meant by patrias 
aras: some understand the altars of Apollo, 
at whose altar his father was slain before; 
Ruaeus, after Turnebus, explains it, the altar 
of his country, because the temple of Del- 
phi was in the centre of Greece, Pyrrhus' 
country. 

334. Pars Helena: now my husband. 

335. Trojano a Chaone. Chaon was one of 



Priam's sons, and the brother of Helenus, 
who slew him unwittingly in hunting, and, 
in honour to his memory, called his kingdom 
after his name. 

340. ®>uem tibi jam Trojd. This is a proof 
that Virgil had left the Aineid imperfect; 
for, however he might, for the sake of va- 
riety, designedly leave some verses unfinish- 
ed when the sense was complete, it cannot 
be imagined that he would choose to leave 
an unfinished sense. Some have absurdly 
filled up the verse thus: 

Quem tibi jam Troja peperit fumante 
Creiisa, 
not considering that Ascanius, at the taking 
of Troy, was old enough to accompany his 
father in his flight. Others: 
Quem tibi jam Troja obsessa est enixa 
Creiisa; 
Which, however it may be Virgil's sense, 
has nothing of his poetical spirit. 

341. Amissas parentis. A question is here 
raised, how Andromache came to know 
that Creiisa was lost. But where was the 
difficulty of her being apprised of this be- 
fore she left the Trojan coast, especially as 
iEneas himself returned to Troy in quest of 
her? 

346. Helenus comitantibus affert. Bossu ob- 
serves, that the reader of a poem is offend- 
ed when that is related to him which he 
perfectly knows. Venus, in the first book, 
would not hear iEneas make a recital of his 
misfortunes. She interrupts it to comfort 
him. Here, when good manners obliged 
iEneas to relate his story to Andromache, 
Helenus comes in very opportunely and pre- 
vents it. 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



251 



Procedo, et parvam Trojam, simulataq; magnis 

Pergama, et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum 

Agnosco: Scaeaeque amplcctor limina portae. 

Necnon et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuatur. 

Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis. 

Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi, 

Impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant. 

Jamque dies alterque dies processit; et auras 

Vela vocant, tumidoque inflatur carbasus Austro. 

His vatem aggredior dictis, ac talia quaeso: 

Trojugena, interpres Divtim, qui numina Phoebi, 

Qui tripodas, Clarii lauros, qui sidera sentis, 

Et volucrum linguas, et praepetis omina pennae. 

Fare aee: namq; omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit terpres Deorum, qui cog 

Relligio; et cuncti suaserunt numine Divi 

Italiam petere, et terras tentare repostas: 

Sola novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno 

Prodigiuro canit, et tristes denuntiat iras, 

Obscoenamq; famem. Quae prima pericula vito? 

Quidve sequens, tantos possum superare labores? 

Hie Helenus, caesis primum de more juvencis, 

Exorat pacem Divum, vittasque resolvit 

Sacrati capitis, meque ad tua limina, Phoebe, 

Ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit; 



Progrcdior, ct agnosco par- 
350 vam Trojam, et Pergama 

assimilata magnis, ct siccum 
rivum cognomine Xanthi, ot 
amplector postes portse 
Scseae. Trojani quoque poti- 
untur simul urbe socia. Rex 
sub vastis porticibus exeipie- 
355bateos. Bibebantvini pocu- 
la in medio aulse, cibis auro 
impositis, et tenebant pate- 
ras. Jamque dies et secun- 
dus dies abiit, et venti invi- 
tant vela, et lintea inflantur 
„ ftr .tumido vento. Alloquor his 
ooU ver i,is Helenum vatem, et 
rogo eum talia: Trojane, in- 



noscis divmitatem Apollinis, 
et tripodas, et lauros Clarii, 
et astra, et cantus avium, et 
365auspicia volanlis aloe. Die 
age: nam ceremonial propi- 
tise mihi declaraverunt to- 
turn iter menm; et omnes Dii 
sud auctoritate suaserunt 
mihi petere Italiam, et quse- 
_ _ rere terras mihi prseparatas. 
3*0 Sola Harpyia Celaeno canft 
prodigium novum et horren- 
dum dictu, et prsedicit fu- 
nestas iras, et fcedam fa- 
mem. Quod periculum prim6 effugiam? et quid exequendo, possum emergere e tantis casibus? 
Tuac Helenus, primd mactatis juvencis juxta consuetudinera, precatur veniam a Diis, et solvit 
tsenias sacri capitis et ipse ad tua terapla, 6 Phoebe, manu ducit me trepidantem ob magnam 
reverentiam Dei. 



NOTES. 



351. S&eaque amplcctor. Persons going in- 
to banishment, about to travel into distant 
countries, or returning home, were accus- 
tomed to embrace the pillars and threshold 
of their. houses: 
Patriseque amplecti limina portae. 

Flacctjs. 

354. Jula'i; for Aula. Diphthongs were 
by the ancients, and especially by the 
Greeks, frequently divided. 

354. Libabant pocula. It was customary at 
entertainments, after the first service, to 
introduce a drinking bout, with a libation 
to the gods. See book first, verse 740. 

359. Qui numina Phoebi. The poet enu- 
merates five kinds of divination. 1. By thp 
inspiration of the god. 2. By the use of the 
tripod. 3. By the burning of laurel. 4. 
By the science of the stars. 5. By the ob- 
servation of birds. 

360. Tripodas. The tripod was a kind of 
three-footed stool, whereon the priestess of 
Apollo sat when she delivered the oracles. 

360. Clarii lauros. The ancients had a 
way of divination, by burning a branch of 
laurel, the crackling of which was a good 
omen; but, if it consumed away without 
noise, it was unlucky, as in Tibullus, lib. 
II. 5, 81. 



Ut succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea 
flammis, 
Omine quo felix et sacer annus eat. 

360. Clarii. Clarius was an epithet given 
to Apollo, from Claros, a city in Ionia, near 
Colophon, where he had a famous temple 
and oracle. 

361. Volucrum linguas, et praepetis omina 
pennce. Some birds were subservient to di- 
vination by the sounds they uttered, and 
these were called oscines: of which kind 
were the crows, ravens, &c. Hor. III. Carm. 
OdeXXyiI.il. 

Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo 
Solis ab ortu. 
Others answered the same end by their 
manner of flying, and were called prcepetes. 

370. Vittasque resolvit. The priest, in per- 
forming sacrifice, had his head bound about 
with fillets; but, now that he is going to 
prophesy, he assumes the loose air of an 
enthusiast, as is said of the Sibvl. iEn. VI. 
48. 

Non comptse mansere conue. 

372. Multo suspensum numine. Some read 
saspensus, which means, that Helenus was 
full of anxiety and perturbation from the in- 
fluence of the god. But it is much better 
applied to JEneas, who had good reason to 
be in awful suspense about his future for- 
tune. 



252 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Ac post** sacerdos loquitur Atque haec deinde catiit divino ex ore sacerdos: 
"a™ S»& It N^e Dea: nam te majoribus ire per al.um 

joribus auspiciis currere per Auspicns manifesta fides: sic fata Deuna rex 
mare: ita rex Deorum dis- Sortitur, volvitque vices: is vertitur ordo. 

VO fI^: j?e miscet , fortu - Pauca tibi e multis, quo tutior hospita lustres 
nas: ea series rerum decur- _ . . n . . r 

rit. Explicabo tibi verbis -^quora, e t Ausonio possis considere portu> 
pauca e piurimis, at seen- Expediam dictis: prohibent nam caetera Parcae 
rior percurras maria qwe te Scire Helenum, fariq; vetat Saturnia Juno. 

excipient, et possis nines- n • jLa t, »• 

cere in porta italico: nam Pnncipio Italian), quam tu jam rere propinquam, 
Parcje impediunt ne Hele- Vicinosque ignare paras invadere portus, 
nus sciat reiiqua, et JunoL on ~ a procul lon^is via dividit invia terris. 

impedit ne loquatur. Pnmo A *v .. t> • -a , j ja 

lohgum iter impeditum pro- Ante et Tnnacna lentandus remus in unda, 
eul longis regionibus separat Et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor, 
a te ltaliam, quam tu jam Infernique lacus, iEaeaeque insula Circae; 
putas propinquam, et cujus Q * l , nft „ic nr hpm rnmnnnere terra 

paras intrare vicinos portus, S uam . P ossls uroem componeie terra. 
6 ignare. Et eurvandi sunt Signa tibi dicam, tu condita mente teneto. 
remi in mari Siculo, et per- Cum tibi sollicito secreti ad fluminis undam 

curreuda navibus planities 

maris Italici, et infernte paludes adeundce, et insula Circes Colchicse: priusquam possis condere 
urbern in secura regione. Dicam tibi signa, tu ea retine commissa animo. Quando porca reperta 
a te sollicito, jacebit circa undam 



S7S 



330 



385 



NOTES. 



374. Auspiciis majoribus. Among the va- 
rious omens and prognostics by which the 
ancients obtained (as they supposed) an in- 
sight into futurity, some were of a more 
important nature, awakened greater atten- 
tion, showed a more extraordinary interpo- 
sition of the gods, and portended the birth 
of more glorious events. Of this kind were 
the heavenly signs, visions, and extraordi- 
nary appearances, which had all along ac- 
companied jEneas since he first set out from 
Troy. 

375. Fata sortitur, Dispenses his oracles 
by lot; alluding to the manner of consult- 
ing the oracle, which was sometimes by 
drawing lots. 

377. Hospita: either vicina or quae te hospi- 
tio excipient, or, as Dr. Trapp prefers, pere- 
grin a. 

379. Prohibent nam catera scire. Pierius 
observes, that in almost all the ancient co- 
pies there is a full stop at scire; and Servius 
chooses this pointing for several reasons, 
which shall be mentioned, and to which 
some others shall be added: First then, if 
we make both parts of the sentence refer 
to Helenus, there will be an inconsistency 
between the first part and the last: Prohi- 
bent scire— farique vetat. Would Juno forbid 
to declare or reveal to others what he did 
not know himself? Besides, he had said 
before, he would only inform him of a few 
events of the many that were to befal him: 
Pauca tibi e multis expediam; which im- 
plies, that Helenus knew the rest, but was 
restrained by heaven fi*om communicating 
them to him. Some of these events it was 
not proper for him to know, because the ac- 
complishment of them depended on his 
own free will. Others, Juno withheld He- 
lenus from revealing to him, that he might 
be the more perplexed with doubt and anxi- 
ety, and the more surprised and unprovi- 



ded against the calamity. Of this kind is 
the interpretation of Celaeno's prophecy, 
which Helenus appears to have understood; 
for he bids him not to be much concern- 
ed about it, since the gods would extricate 
him from that distress, verse 394. 

Nee tu mensarum morsus horresce futuros: 

Fata viam inveniant. 

And also the death of his father, with re- 
spect to which iEneas questions not Hele- 
nus' foreknowledge, but only complains of 
him for not revealing it to him, verse 712. 

Nee vates Helenus, cum multa horrenda 
moneret, 

Hos mihi praedixit luctus. 

382. Portus; quos understood. 

383. Via dividit invia. An impassable pas- 
sage is a contradiction; it means perdifficilis. 

384. Trinacrid. Sicily, so called from its 
triangular form, made by the three promon- 
tories of Pelorus, Pachynus, and Lilybaeum, 
in which it terminates. 

384. Lentandus. A descriptive word, 
which denotes the bending motion of the 
oar, occasioned by the resistance of the 
waves; and therefore signifies that they 
were to struggle hard in rowing. 

385. Ausonii. See the note on verse 171. 

386. JEceoeque insula Circae. Circe was the 
daughter of the Sun and the nymph Perse? 
she is called iEeean from iEa, an island and 
city belonging to the kingdom of Colchos, 
about the mouth of the river Phasis. She 
married the king of the Sarmatians, whom 
having poisoned, she fled to Italy to a pro- 
montory, which from her was denominated 
Circe's Mount, now Circello. The marshes 
surrounding it, which are now drained, gave 
it the form of an island. 

387. Tutd terra. He says in a safe land, 
because he had been baffled in his former 
attempts to build in Thrace and Crete. 

389. Adfuminis undam; the Tiber. 



ANEIDOS LIB. III. 



Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sub, 
Triginta capitum foetus enixa jacebit, 
Albu, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati; 
Is locus urbis erit; requies ea certa laborum. 
Nee tu mensarum morsns horresce futuros. 
Fata viam invenient, aderitq; vocatus Apollo. 
Has autem terras, Italique hanc litoris oram, 
Proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu, 
Effuge: cuncta malis habitantur moenia Graiis. 
Hie et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri, 
Et Salentinos obsedit milite campos 

Narycii Locri statuerunt muros, et Cretensis Idomeneus 
nos: 



390 remoti fluvii, enixa prolem 
triginta capitum, alba, re- 
cumbens humi, et porcclli 
albi circa mammas: illc lo 
cus erit urbis, ille certus fi- 
nis laborum. Nee tu expa- 
nd « vesce futurum csum mensa- 
•>"5 rum. Fata reperient viam, 
et Apollo invocatus adjuva- 
bit. Evita autem bas terras, 
et hanc extremitatem Italici 
litoris, qua propinqua allui- 
turfluctu nostri maris: cunc- 
400 tse ^ a ur bes incoluntur 
a pravis Grcecis. Ulic et 
occupat militibus campos Salenti- 



NOTES. 



390. Litoreis ingens. See the accomplish- 
ment of this prediction in the eighth book, 
verse 42. The holms that shade the banks 
of the Tiber, are here called litorea, along 
the shore or bank. 

390. Ingens sus. This circumstance of 
finding- a white sow and her thirty young" 
ones was founded, according to Varro, on 
an ancient historical tradition. From them 
Alba, which Ascanius built, had its name 
and origin. There is no fiction either in the 
geography or antiquities mentioned in this 
3d book. Virgil had seen personally the 
seas, the islands, the countries, ports and 
cities through which his hero passed. He 
himself made the very same voyage, iEneas 
is described as having made, that he might 
be the more exact in his account. 

Catrou. 

391. Triginta capitum,- i. e. prolem trigin- 
ta natorum. 

393. Is locus urbis erit. Here Alba was 
built, which had its name from this omen 
of the white sow and her white pigs: 
Et stetit Alba potens albae suis omine dicta. 
Propert. IV. 

396. Has autem terras, The lands of Ca- 
labria and Apulia, formerly called Magna 
Graecia, Great Greece, which Helenus 
points out to iEneas, their distance from 
Epirus not being very considerable. 

396. Italique hanc litoris oram. Ruaeus has 
so useful a note in this place, that not to 
translate it would be wrong. Virgil here 
understands the southern part of Italy. The 
Trojan war being finished, many of the 
Grecians were driven on their voyages to 
this part, and hence it obtained the name of 
Magna Graecia. It now forms the greatest 
part of the kingdom of Naples. He divides 
Italy into two wings, which are separated 
by the large and open gulf of Tarentum. 
The whole eastern front verges towards 
Epirus and the Ionian sea. On the part 
nearest Epirus is the promontory Japygium, 



or Salentinum, now called Capo de Sainte 
Marie. The chief cities in this vicinity were 
Tarentum, Brundusium, and Hydrus, or, as 
they are now called, Taranta, Brindesi, and 
Otranto. On the southern wing are three 
celebrated promontories. Lacinium, now 
called Capo del Colonne, answering to Sa- 
lentinum; Brutium, or Leucopetra, now 
Capo del Armi, near to Sicily; and Zephyri- 
urn, or Capo de Stillo, between them both. 
Below Lacinium in the Tarentine gulf is 
Petilia, now Strongoli. Between Lacinium 
and Zephyrium is the Sinus Syclacius or 
Scylleticus, now Golfodi Squillaci, where 
stands the city Syclacium. Between Ze- 
phyrium and Brutium is a large coast, 
where, not far from Zephyrium, is Caulo- 
nia or Caulon, now called Castel Vetere. 
Descending farther to the south, you find 
Narycia or Locri Epizephyrii, now Gieraci. 
This enlarged geographical description is 
obviously necessary for understanding our 
author. Minelius is of opinion that this 
country was called Graecia Magna because 
here Pythagoras taught his doctrines. 

399. Narycii Locri. The Locrians origin- 
ally were a people of Phocis in Achaia. 
They followed Ajax Oileus to the siege of 
Troy, Iliad II. 527, and a colony of them 
settled in Magna Graecia, either under the 
conduct of the same Ajax Oileus, or rather 
(he having died in his return from Troy s 
see JEn. I. 44.) of Evanthes. There they 
built a city called Narycia or Narycium, 
probably after the name of Naryx, Ajax' 
native city. 

400. Salentinos campos. The Salentines 
were a people in the eastern part of Italy, 
whose country stretched out into the sea, 
like a peninsula, over against Epirus, now 
called Terra d'Otranto, formerly Messapia 
and Iapygia. They derived their name 
from the promontory of Salentinum, the 
same with Iapygium,now the Cape of Saint 
Mary, which terminates that part of Italy. 



254 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iiUc est illaPetiiiaducisMe-Lyctius Idomeneus: hie ilia ducis Meliboei 
li&Si Phiioctetse, defensa p arva Philoctetse subnixa Petilia muro. 

muro. Imo quando naves ^ - , . 4 v. , . A . 

transvectae ultra mare con- W^in, ubi transmissae stetermt trans sequora classes, 
stiterint, et jam reddes vota Et positis aris jam vota in litore solves; 
altaribus in litore structis: Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu: 

teeraris5ec7«zaw;?icanillosco- xt : * • u -rv 

opertus veto purpureo: ne Ne ^ ua mte . r sa " c tos ignes in honore Deorum 

aiiquis vultus hostilis oceui*- Hostilis facies occurrat, et omina turbet. 

rat inter pia sacrificia, in eul- Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto: 

S^So^^Sc H^c casti maneant in relligione nepotes. 

consuetudinem sacrificio- Ast, ubi digressum Siculae te admovent orae 

mm, tu ipse hane serva: Ventus, et angusti rarescent claustra Pelorij 

SoSLtd^dov^ ^va tibi tellus et longo teja petantur 

tus te profectum appuierit jEquora circuitu: dextrum fuge htus et undas. 

ad Htus Siculum, et minu- Haec loca, vi quondam et vasta convulsa ruina 

entur angustix arcti Pelori; ( Tantum j long i nqua valet mutar e vetUStas) 

sinistra terra et sinistra ma- K- -i • r & 1 . x ,. J 

ria a te petantur longa cir- Dissiluisse ferunt: cum protmus utraq; tellus 

cuitione; evita dextrum li- Una foret: venit medio vi pontus, et undis 

tusfet dextms aquas. Nar- Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes 

rant haec loca ohm magrna T •-. t i • . i • >. * ~ 

vioientia et ruina discessiise. Litore diductas .angusto interluit aestu. 4 1 9 

Adeo remota vetustas tem- Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis 

poris potest mutare res. Cum utraque terra esset una continu6: mare cumimpetu venit in me- 
dium, et aquis separavit Italicum latus a Siculo: et labitur angusto freto inter arva et urbes, dis- 
tinctas suo quasque litore. Scylla occupat dexterum latus: immanis Charybdis laevum: 



405 



410 



415 



NOTES. 



401. Lyctius Idomeneus. Idomeneus is so 
called from Lyctus, acityin Crete, whence 
he being expelled, for the reason above 
mentioned, retired into this part of Italy, 
and planted a colony. See verse 104. 

401. Melibceiparva, &c. Phiioctetes was 
the son of Pceas, king of Melibcea, a City of 
Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa. He set 
fire to Hercules' funeral pile at that hero's 
request, and received a present from him of 
his bow and arrows, that were dipped in 
the poisonous blood of the hydra of Lerna. 
He set out for Troy with the other Greeks, 
but was shamefully abandoned by them in 
Lemnos, because of an ulcerated wound 
which he had received from a serpent. But, 
it being fated that Troy could not be taken 
without those arrows of Hercules which 
were in his possession, they were forced to 
recal him. After Troy was taken, hearing 
that the Meliboeans had revolted, he repaiiv 
ed to Calabria, and there built Petilia, or, 
according to others, fortified it with walls. 
405. Velare comas. It was customary for 
the Romans to cover their heads in sacrifice, 
and other acts of worship, to most of their 
gods, as we learn from many passages of 
the Roman authors: 

Invocat Deos immortales, ut sibi auxiHum 
ferant, 

Manibus puris, capite operto, 
says Plautus, Amphit. Ac. V. Sc. 1, verse 
41. And this custom they derived from 
JEneas. 

411. Rarescent claustra Pelori. Pelorus, or 
Pelorum, now Capo di Faro, is a promon- 
tory on the eastern point of Sicily, so nigh 



to Italy, that it is said by several authors to 
have been once contiguous, and torn asun- 
der from it by an earthquake, as Virgil here 
relates, though it is more probable that this 
circumstance is fabulous. See the descrip- 
tion of Sicily in the Universal History. 

411. Angusti rarescent claustra Pelori. The 
straits of narrow Pelorus shall open wider 
to the eye; or, as Pitt expresses it, 

Pelorus' straits just opening by degrees. 
Trapp judiciously remarks, that " rarescent 
does not imply that the passage appears 
narrower at their approach to it, that being 
impossible; but that it then appears, though 
narrow and slender, whereas before it did 
not appear at all." 

412. Lceva, &c. Dryden, in the true style 
of a Jack Tar, renders Virgil: 

Tack to the larboard and stand off to sea, 

Veer starboard sea and land. 
416. Protinus. In continuity; without any 
interval. 

420. Scylla. Scylla is a rock in Calabria, 
opposite to Charybdis, both of them very 
dangerous to ships; hence they are repre- 
sented by the poets as hideous devouring 
monsters. Virgil gives us here the fabu- 
lous description of Scylla, verse 424. She 
was the daughter of Phorcus, whom Circe 
is said to have transformed into this mon- 
ster, because she was her rival. Charybdis 
is given out to have been a rapacious pros- 
titute, who, having taken away Hercules' 
oxen, was thunderstruck by Jupiter, and 
thrown into the sea, where she was trans = 
formed into a devouring whirlpool. 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



255 



Ohsidet: atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos 
Sorbet in abruptum fiuctus, rursusque sub auras 
Erigit alternos, et sidera verberat unda. 
At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris, 
Ora exertantem, et naves in saxa trahentera. 
Prima hominis facies, et pulchro pectore virgo 
Pube tenus: postrema immani corpore pristis, 
Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. 
Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni 
Cessantem, longos et circumflectere cursus; 
Quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro 
Scyllam, et coeruleis canibus resonantia saxa. 
Praterea, si qua est Heleno prudentia, vati 
Si qua fides, animum si veris implet Apollo; 
Unum illud tibi, nate Dea, praeque omnibus unum 
Prsedicam, et repetens iterumq; iterumq; monebo. 
Junonis magnae primiim prece numen adora: 
Junoni cane vota libens, dominamq; potentem 
Supplicibus supera donis: sic denique victor 
Trinacria fines Italos mittere relicta. 
Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem, 
Divinosque lacus, et Averna sonantia sylvis; 
precibus divinitatem magnse Junonis, fer lubens vota Junoni 



et profundo gurgite vOragi- 
nis ter vprat fluctus in prse- 
ceps, deinde alternatim at- 
tollit eos in aerem, et ferit 
aquis astra. At antrum in- 

^jgcludit Scyllam in obacuris 
latebris, pandentem guttura, 
et trahentem naves in sco- 
pulos. Superior forma est 
humana, et puella formoso 
pectore, usque ad imum 
ventrem: inferior est pristis 

430 immenso corpore, eonjuncta 
uteris canum circa caudam. 
Delphinorum. Melius est, 
te morantem circumnavi- 
gare fines Siculi Pachyni, et 

434 circumsinuare longos cur- 
sus; quam semel videre sub 
lata caverna turpem Scyl- 
lam, etscopulos sonantes ca- 
nibus coeruleis. Prseterea, si 
aliqua est scientia Heleno, 
si aliqua fides habenda vati, 
si Apollo implet animum 

440 veris rebus: unice hoc tibi 
prcedicam, et unice ante om- 
nia, et repetens rursus ac 
rursusinculcabo. Primo cole 
et vince potentem reginam suppli- 



cibus muneribus: sic demum victor relicta Sicilia admitteris in regiones Italas. Quando illuc ap^- 
pulsus veneris ad Cumjeam urbem, et lacus saeros, et Avernum inter sylvas sonantem: 



NOTES. 



427- Pristis. The pristis is a fish common- 
ly reckoned of the whale kind, of a prodi- 
gious length. Pliny mentions some of them 
in the Indian sea to have been two hundred 
cubits in length. It is likewise called pis- 
trix by Cicero. 
Et sparsam subter caudam pistricis adhse- 

sit. 
The name is derived from wpirwf, sector , be- 
cause they cut the waves with wonderful 
agility. 

429. Pachyni. Pachynum is the southern 
promontory of Sicily, now Capo Passaro. 

431. Informem. Informis means more 
than without form; it signifies misshapen, 
turpem. 

432. Canibus resonantia. This explains the 
reason why Scylla was represented as ter- 
minating in the figure of wolves or dogs, 
because, according as the lower parts of 
the rock were struck with the waves, 
hoarse growling sounds were heard, like 
the baying of dogs, or howling of wolves. 

432. Resonantia saxa. Virgil has copied 
this description from the twelfth book of 
the Odyssey. Milton, in his allegorical de- 
scription of sin, has Scylla in view: 

about her middle round 

A cry of hell-hounds never ceasing bark'd, 
With wide Cerberean mouths full loud, 

and rung 
A hideous peal; yet when they list would 

creep, 
If aught disturb'd their noise, into her 
womb, 



And kennel there: yet there still bark'd 

and howl'd 
Within, unseen. Far less abhorr'd than 

these 
Vex'd Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts 
Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian 

shore. 
Mr. Wharton is of opinion that Milton re- 
ceived the hint of his famous allegory from 
the epistle of James i. 15. " When lust 
hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin, and 
sin when it is finished bringeth forth death.'* 
Where lust, sin, and death are plainly 
personified. 

433. Heleno. Mihi, in quantum Heleno; 
the third person for the first. 

434. Veris; responsis or se?itentiis under- 
stood. 

441. Cumceam urbem. Cumse was a city in 
Italy, on the Campanian coast. 

442. Divinosque lacus. The lakes of Lu- 
crinus and A vermis in Campania, near Cu- 
mae, termed divine from their vicinity to 
the grot of the inspired Sibyl. 

442. Averna. It is declined sing, hie A- 
vernus, plur. hsec Averna, orum. 

442. Averna sonantia sylvis. The lake 
A vernus was formerly environed with thick 
woods, whereby, the air not having free ac- 
cess to purge away the exhalations that 
arose from it, they became so foul and un- 
wholesome, that it is said no bird could fly 
over that lake without being suffocated. 
Hence it received the name of Avernus % 
quasi aornns, inaccessible to birds, and, from 



256 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



videbis Sihyiiam furentem, Insanam vatem aspicics, quae rupe sub ima 

£*? :S$S **« «*, foliisque notas et nomina mandat. 

dibus literas et vaticinia. Quaecunq; in foliis descnpsit carmma virgo, 445 

Virgo disponit in ordinem, Digerit in numerum, atque antro seclusa relinquit: 

SU*S?S£t^SS:5f» ™ nen j immota Ioei v>n» ab ° r ? ine «*»*• 

qua? scripsit m frondibus. verum eadem verso tenuis cum cardme ventus 

\\\&. vaticinia Stant suis locis Impulit, et teneras turbavit janua frondes; 

imraota, nee recedimt a situ. Nunquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo, 450 

Sed quando revoluto cardine x T ^ . . r 

levis ventus afflavit ea, et Nee revocare situs, aut jungere carmina curat. 
porta apertd turbavit f'ron- Inconsulti abeunt, sedemque odere Sibyllae. 
des; nunquam postek cu- ft} c t j b i ne qua morse f uer i nt dispendia tanti: 

rat compere vaticinia cavo r >. . . * .. .. . r lA 

in antro, aut restituere Quamvis increpUent socn, et vi cursus m altum 

in ordinem, aut jungere. Vela vocet, possisque sinus implere secundos: 455 

Exeunt sine consilio, etode-Q um a deas vatem, precibusque oracula poscas 

^■ZSaSSatSSlP* ?*?*> Y° cemf l« e nolens atque ora resolvat. 

curse: etsi socii te incusent, Ilia tibi Itahae populos, venturaque bella, 

et navigatio per vim invitet Et quo quemque modo fugiasq; ferasq; laborem, 

*%&ZS?S££*. Expediet; cursusque dabit venerata secundos. 460 

nus velorum: immd potius Haec sunt quae nostra hceat te voce monen. 

conveni Sibyliam, et ora Vade age, et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Trojam. 

ZCT^r^Tet^ m** ™" s •»««■ effatusamicoest, 

vocem. Ilia expiicabit tibi Dona dehmc auro gravia sectoque elephanto 

gentes Italia?, et futura bel- Imperat ad naves ferri, stipatque carinis 465 

la, et qua ratione tolerabis i n ~ e ns argentum, Dodonaeosque lebetas, 

aut evitabis unumquemque T °. ° ^ » • ^ ■•• 

laborem: eta te cuita impe-L° rlcam consertam hamis, auroque trihcem, 
trabit tibi cursus felices.Haec sunt de quibus licet admoneri te mea voce. I, perge, et factis ex- 
tolle ad astra magnam Trojam. Postquam vatesore benevolo locutus est ista: deinde jubet por- 
tari ad naves munera gravia auro et scisso ebore: et congerit in naves multum argenti, et ollas 
Dodonaas, loricam compactam hamis, et triplici licio auri: 



NOTES. 



its pestilential quality, was taken for the 
mouth of hell, JEn. VI. 126. 

Facilis descensus Averni. 

443. Insanam vatem. Insana, here, is not 
to be taken in a bad sense; it signifies inspi- 
red with a divine Jury, ecstatic, and transported 
aut of her senses. 

444. Foliisque. Varro writes that the fates 
of the Sibyl were written on the leaves of 
palms. 

447. Ilia; i. e. folia or carmina. 

453. Ne qua mora fuerint. Let no inconve- 
niences be so considerable in your judg- 
ment as to prevent you from consulting the 
Sibyl. 

455. Sims. The middle or belly of the 
sail filled with a fair wind. 
-■"456. Oracula poscas. iEneas obeyed the 
injunction. See book VI. Foliis tantum ne 
carmina manda, &c. 

460 Venerata. The ancients used the ac- 
tive verb venero as in Plautus in Trucul. 
Date mihi hue Stacten, atque ignem in 
aram, ut venerem Lucinam meam. 

464. Elephanto. Ivory, because cut and 
polished from the teeth of the elephant. 

466. Dodonceosque lebetas, i. e. Kettles of 
fine brass, like that of Dodona, a city in 
Epirus, where Jupiter had a famous oracle 



of great antiquity. The manner of deliver- 
ing that oracle was, we are told, by a cer- 
tain number of brass kettles or basons, 
which were contrived to hang contiguous 
to one another, so that the motion of one 
might be communicated to all the rest; and 
from the sounds emitted, the meaning of 
the oracle was gathered. Hence the pro- 
verb Dodonxum <es; applied to a loquacious 
person. Possibly the apostle Paul may al- 
lude to this mode of delivering oracles, 
where he represents a person destitute of 
charity, yet full of words, as sounding brass. 

467. Loricam consertam hamis. The lo- 
rica was a cuirass or coat of armour, cover- 
ing the body from the neck down to the 
waist. It was at first composed of leathern 
thongs, whence it obtained the name of 
lorica, from lorum, a thong. Afterwards it 
was wrought with iron lamina, or thin 
plates of iron, with hooks or rings linked 
together, sometimes single, sometimes 
twofold, sometimes threefold. The two 
last were termed bilix, trilix. 

467. Hamis, auroque, i. e. Hamis aureis, 
with rings or hooks of gold; as, in the Geor- 
gics, maculis insignis et albo, for maculis al 
bis insignis, distinguished by white spots, boo"k 
III. 56. 



jEMEIDOS LIB. III. 



257 



470 



Et conum insignis galeae, cristasquc comantes, 

Arma Neoptolemi: sunt et sua dona parenti. 

Addit cquos, additque duces; 

Remigium supplet: socios simul instruit armis. 

Interea classem velis aptare jubebat 

Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti. 

Quern Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore: 

Conjugio Ancbisa Veneris dignate superbo, 

Cura Deiim, bis Pergameis erepte minis: 

Ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus: hanc arripe velis. 

Et tamen hanc nelago praeterlabare necesse est. 

Ausoniae pars ilia procul, quam pandit Apollo. 

Vade, ait, 6 felix nati pietate: quid ultra 

Provehor, et fando surgentes demoror Austros? 

Nee minus Andromache, digressu moesta supremo, 

Fert picturatas auri subtemine vestes, 

Et Phry^iam Ascanio chlamydem; nee cedit honori: 

Textilibusque onerat doms, ac talia fatur: « 485 ^tf*$tf%&$ 

Accipe ethaec, manuum tibi quae monimenta mearum propter pietatem fiiii! quid 

Sint, puer, et lonsrum Andromaqhae testentur amorem, uherius pergo, et retardo 

Conjugis Hectorex. Cape dona extrema tuorum, §T%£*3%g££ 

O mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago. tristiso^uitimumdiscessum, 

fert Ascanio amictus versicolors aureo textu, et chlamydem Phrygiam: nee male respondet 
dignitati ejus, et cumulat operibus textilibus; et hsec dicit: Accipe etiam hsec, 6 puer, quae tibi 
sint monumenta mearum manuum et diu probent amorem Andromachte, uxoris Hectoris: 
accipe ultima munera tuorum, 6 unica effigies, qiice mihi restat mei 



et apicem pulchrrc cassidis, 
et cristas capillatas, qiue J'tt- 
erunt arma Pyrrhi: sunt 
quoque pro patre meo sua 
munera. Adjicit equos, adji- 
cit etiam duces; substituit 
remiges: simul instruit armis 
socios mcos. Interim Anchi- 
ses impcrabat eos instruere 

475 naves vens » ne u l' a mora 
opponeretur vento iaventi. 
Quem vates Apollinis allo- 
quitur magnohonore: O An- 
cbisa, qui honoratus escon- 
nubio glorioso Veneris, qui 
es cura Deorum, et bis ser- 

480vatus e Trojano excidio: ec- 
ce tibi prcesens est terra 
Italiae, hanc apprehende na- 
vibus. Et tamen opus est, 
ut naviges mari ultra istam. 
partem. Pars ista Italiae, 



NOTES. 



468. Conum. A conus or cone is properly 
whatever has the figure of the fruit of the 
pine; round and diminishing to a point. It 
is here transferred to that part of the hel- 
met, which rises at its top and supports the 
crest. 

469. Arma Neoptolemi. The armour of 
Pyrrhus which, dying, he left to Helenus. 

470. Duces. Leaders of the voyage, or 
pilots. 

475. Anchisa. A Greek vocative; having 
its final syllable long. 

476. Bis Pergameis erepte minis. First, 
when Troy was taken by Hercules, and a 
second time, when it was burned by the 
Greeks. 

483. Subtemine auri. Subtemen is properly 
the woof, as stamen is the warp. 

484. Phrygktm chlamydem, i. e. of needle- 
work, an art of which the Phrygians, ac- 
cording to Pliny, were the inventors. The 
chlamys, properly, was a military garment, 
a kind of cassock or upper vestment, which 
the general wore over his corslet. 

484. Nee cedit honori. This is capable of 
three senses; for it may either signify that 
Andromache confers gifts on Ascanius suit- 
able to his dignity; or that she is nothing 
short of the honour conferred on JEneas 
and his followers by her husband; or, last- 
ly, that the gifts are worthy of the giver, 
and become her quality. 

485. Textilibus donis. As the other pre- 



sents were of needle-work, so these are 
the works she had woven in the loom, in 
which it was usual for the ladies of that 
age to employ themselves, as is evident 
from the well known story of Penelope's 
web. 

489. mihi sola, &c. It may be construed 
thus: O imago, sola super (i. e. super ans, or 
quae superestj mihi, mei Astyanactis; as Va- 
lerius says, nee spesulla super, i. e. superest. 

489. Astyanactis. The story of Astyanax 
is this: When the Greeks, after the de- 
struction of Troy, were prevented from re- 
turning home by contrary winds, Calchas, 
that prophet of plagues, declared that they 
must make a sacrifice of Astyanax, the son 
of Hector and Andromache, in regard that, 
if he grew up, he would prove a greater 
hero than his father, and avenge his coun- 
try's woes. Ulysses, therefore, finding him 
where he had been concealed by his mo- 
ther, threw him down from the wall; upon 
which the Greeks set sail. 

489. Astyanactis imago. This reflection of 
Andromache is delicate and moving. It is 
the very voice of nature, especially where 
she adds with a sigh ; 

Et nunc aequali tecum pubesceret aevo. 
It suggests the delight she would have felt 
to have seen lulus and Astyanax together, 
engaged in friendship, and fond of the same 
pursuits. 



2L 



258 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 

Astyanactis. Sic ille gerebat Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat: 490 

1^ jLTSSktw* £ nunc aequali tecum pubesceret svo 

ceret pari relate Ego disce- Hos ego digrediens lachrymis aftabar obortis: 

dens eos alloquebar lachry- Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta 

mis erumpentibus: Vivite j j- His • f t vocamur . 494 , 

iortunati, vos quibus sua „ , . . ,, . , 

fortuna jam perfecta est: Vobis parta quies; nullum mans aequor arandum; 

nos trabimur in t fata alia Arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro 

post alia. Vobis quies a cqui.Q U3erenda: e ffi g i em Xanthi, Trojamque videtis, 

sita est, nulla plamties ma-> r ° ,. J ., * , 

ris est secanda, neque qure-Quam yestrae fecere manus: melioribus, opto, 

rendi agri Italioe semper fu- Auspiciis, et quae fuerit minus obvia Graiis. 

gientes retro: cernitis ima- gj qU ando Tybrim vicinaque Tybridis arva 500 

ginem Xanthi, et 1 roiam, T ; \ < , * . 

quam manus vestrrefeceruntlntraro, gentique meae data mcenia cernam: 

melioribus ominibus, ut cu- Cognatasque urbes olim, populosque propmquos 

pio, et qu» minus exposita Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor, 

fc-^mTi^T^A^ue idem casus, unam faciemus utramque 

di propinquos, et aspieiam Trojam animis: maneat nostros ea cura nepotes. 505 

muros destinatos meo popu- Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta: 

|S^fet " Unde iter Italiam, cursusque brevissimus undis. 

ex Epiro, et ex Italia, quibus Sol nut interea, et montes umbrantur opaci. 

idem conditoresr Dardanus, Sternimur optatae gremio telluris, ad undam, 

et eadem fortuna, faciemus g a j passimque in litore sicco 5 10 

utramque 1 ro]am unam vo- _, ' r l . # 

kmtate: ea cura spectet nos- Corpora curamus: fessos sopor irrigat artus ; 

tros posteros. Progredimur Necdum orbem medium nox horis acta subibat: 

mari prope vicina Ceraunia, Haud stQ . n ' ls strato suv ^ lt Palinurus, et omnes 

unde via et traiectus brevis- „ , ° ° .. .. 

simus est mari in Italiam. Explorat ventos, atqueaunbus aera captat. 

Interim Sol cadit, et montes Sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia coelo, 5 1 5 

densi obscurantur. Decum- Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, ereminosque Triones, 

bimus in sinu desiderata? ter- r - "> J *■ 

rse, prope aquam, partiti officio, navalia: et passim in litore sicco reficimus corpora, somnus fluit 
in lassa membra. Nondum nox provecta horis attigerat medium cursum; impiger Palinurus sur- 
git e lecto, et observat omnes ventos, et auditu captat aerem: notat omnia astra decurrentia 
ccelo silente, Arcturum, et imbriferas Hyadas, et geminos Triones: 

NOTES. 

490. Sic oculos. The decorum which JE- raunia, as they are also called, are exceed- 

neas observes with relation to Helenus and ingly high mountains that bound Epirus on 

Andromache has been justly admired. He- the north; they have their name from dv.gov 

lenus gives presents to Anchises and JE- high, and kcpxwoc, thunder, to which they 

neas, but poor Andromache is entirely ta- are much exposed. 

ken up with Ascanius, and the memory of 507- Cursusque brevissimus. The distance 

her lost Astyanax. She confines her pre- between Epirus and Italy is not reckoned 

sents to Ascanius alone. above four hundred furlongs, or fifty miles. 

495. JEquor arandum. To plough the sea 516. Arcturum. Arcturus is a star near the 

is a frequent metaphorical phrase. Thus tail of the great bear, whose rising and 

Ovid: setting were generally supposed to portend 

Non ego divitias avidus sine fine parandi, great tempests. The name is derived from 

Latum mutandis mercibus equor aro. its situation, agxros, the bear, and y^a, a 

1 Trist.l. 2. tail, ft rises iiow about the beginning of Oc- 

497 Xanthi. The Xanthus or Xanthos, a tober. 

river of Troy, was the same with the Sea- 516. Hyadas. The Hyades are described 

mandtr: According to Homer it was called to have been five daughters of Atlas, king 

Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at 

men. Andromache gave the name to some the death of their brother Hyas, who had 

small stream in the new settlement. Hence been killed by a wild boar,, that they pined 

it is called merely effigies Xanthi. away and died. After their death they be- 

502. Olim The same with tempore Juturo. came stars, and were placed near the con- 

504. Utramque Trojam. By this we are stellation Taurus. The ancients supposed 

to understand Buthrotus, the city of Hele- their risingand setting to be always attend- 

tuis in Epirus, which bore a resemblance to ed with much rain. Hence their name from 

Troy, and was inhabited by a Trojan colony, ia, pluo. 

—and the city which -Eneas designed to 516. Geminos Triones. Ursa major and ur- 

build in Italy, and call by the name of Troy, sa minor. 

506. Ceraunia. The Ceraunia, or Acroce- 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



259 



Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona. et-aspicit Oriona armatum 

Postquam cuncta videt crclo constare sereno, M^ESSt*?. 

Dat clarum e puppi signum; nos castra movemus, reno, e puppe dat clarum 

Tentamusque viam, et velorum pandimus alas. 520 signum: nos movemus clas- 
Jamque rubesccbat stcllis Aurora fugatis: &£££*£' Jffi 

Cum procul obscuros coiles, humilemque videmus run)t Et jam stellis expul 



Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achates; 

Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant. 

Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona 

Induit, implevitque mero, Divosque vocavit, 

Stans celsa in puppi: 

Dii, maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, 

Ferte viam vento facilem, et spirate secundi. 

Crebrescunt optatze aurae, portusque patescit 



sis Aurora rubescebat: cum 
videmus procul colics ob- 
scuros et planam Italiam. 

3 ^5 Acbates primus concla- 
mat Italiam: socii clamore 
hilari salutant Italiam. Tunc 
pater Anchises cinxit mag- 
num poculum corona, et re- 
plevit vino, et invocavit De- 

53q os erectus in alta puppe: O 



Jam proper, templumque apparet in arce Minerva. Dii ' ait > prJesides maris ct 



Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent 
Portus ab Eoo fluctu curvatur in arcum; 
Gbjectae salsa spumant aspergine cautes, 
Ipse latet: gemino demittunt brachia muro 
Turriti scopuli, refugitque a litore templum. 
Quatuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi 
Tondentes campum late, candore nivali. 



terrce et tempestatum: date 
nobis viam facilem per ven- 
tum, et favete prosperi. Au- 
gentur flatus desiderati, et 
portus jam propior aperitur, 
535 et in monte apparet tem- 
plum Palladis. Socii colligunt 
vela, et vertunt proras ad li- 
tora. Portus ab orientali ma? 
ri curvatur in arcum; rupes 



oppositse spumant salsa aspergine. Ipse portus occultus est: scopuli turribus similes demittunt 
utringve latera quasi duplici muro: et templum recedit a litore. Ilbc vidi in pratis quatuor 
equos candore niveo late carpentes herbam, quod fuit primum omen. 



NOTES. 



517. Armatum, auro; because the belt and 
sword of the constellation Orion are form- 
ed of very bright stars, as in Lucan: 
Ensiferi nimium fulget latus Ononis. 

517. Oriona. The constellation Orion is 
placed near the feet of the bull. It rises 
about the 9th of March, and sets about the 
21st of June. Rains and storms being sup- 
posed to attend its rise, Virgil has given to 
it the epithet of aquosus. 

519. Castra for classem. 

522. Humilem. Ruseus thinks that the poet 
calls Italy humble or low, " because in that 
part there were no mountains, or because 
the highest spots seem low when seen at a 
distance, or because the sea every where 
appears higher than the land." But is it not 
better to suppose him to describe it as 
humble, because the great empire was not 
yet in being which it was the destiny of 
/Eneas and his successors to found? 

523. Primus conclamat Achates. It is plea- 
sing to observe that the poet makes the first 
discoverer of Italy an observant old hero. 
If Achates had lost his virile strength he 
retained a parent's anxiety.' It is not a poe- 
tic fiction, but an historical truth that Co- 
lumbus himself first discovered our Ame- 
rican shores. 

525. Corona Induit. To crown the bowl, 
vina coronare, sometimes signifies no more 
than to fill the cup to the brim, as JEn. I. 
728; but here it is to be taken literallv for 



adorning the bowl with flowers, according 
to the ancient custom, otherwise implevit- 
que mero would be mere tautology. 

526. Vocavit, for invocavit.' 

528. Dii maris. Minelius beautifully illus- 
trates the design of this libation: " maris, 
quod navigo, terra, quam peto; tempesta- 
tum,, quas timemus." 

531. Templum in arce Minerva. Strabo 
mentions a temple of Minerva, on the pro- 
montory of Iapygium, which probably is 
here designed. 

533. Eoo, eastern. This adjective is deri- 
ved from vug, Aurora. 

535. Ipse, portus. The port itself lies hid- 
den. 

535. Brachia muro, &c. Ruseus says, they 
were neither towers nor arms; but rocks 
projecting like arms and elevated like tow- 
ers. 

Scandam ego Thesaea brachia longa via. 
Propertius, \. 3. 20, 24. 

536. Refugit a litore, i. e. Though at some 
distance it appears just in the port, yet, 
when you come nearer, the intervening 
space, between the port and the temple, 
widens, and it seems gradually to retire 
from the shore. 

537. Primum omen. They used carefully 
to observe the first objects that offered to 
them at landing in any country where they 
intended to settle, and thence drew prog- 
nostics of good or bad fortune, 



260 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Et pater Anchises ait, Oter- Et pater Anchises, Bellum, 6 terra hospita, portas. 

E2X&&2&S+ £ el , 10 arman r equ ' : bellum h * c a r menta minantur - 

lum: hKe armenta minantur Sed tamen nclem ohm curru succedere sueti 541 

bellum. Sed tamen iidem Quadrupedes, et frasna jugo concordia ferre: 

equi assueti sunt subire cur- s t • ait Tum jjumina sancta precamur 

rum, et nor tare frsena con- _ r ._ ,. r . r 

cordia sub jugo: spes est Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantes: 

paeis. Tune oramus sane- Et capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu; 545 

tam divinitatem Palladis ar- p ra eceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite 

migerie, qute prima excepit T • A • j i u 

tetos: et ante altaria tegi- Junoni Argivae jussos adolemus honores. 

mur Phrygio amictu circa Haud mora, continuo perfectis ordine votis, 

capita. Et ex monitis Hele- Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum: 

ofterEs rite" 1 Junonf Ar^ Grajugenumque domos, suspectaq; linquimus arva. 

giv£e sacrincia prwscripta. Hinc sinus Herculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti 551 

Absque mora,votis continuo Cemitur. Attollit se Diva Lacinia contra, 

ordine persolutis, convert!- Caulonisque arces et nav if ra2;Um ScylaC32Um. 

mus cornua antennarum ve- ^i"*""*^"^ * 1 ^ i ') ' . ? y^i»u«,uin. 

liferarum: et deserim,us se- Turn procul e fluctu Tnnacria cernitur ./Etna: 

des Grsecorum, camposque Et gemitum ingentem pelagi, pulsataque saxa 555 

E$Mft2f2t£ Au d j mus lon ^ ^ctasque-ad litora voces; 

mor, Herculei: ex adverso Exultantque vada, atque aestu miscentur arenae. 

templum Dete Lacinia erigit Et pater Anchises: Nimirum haec ilia Charybdis: 

se, et arces Cauioms, et Scy- jj os jjelenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. 

lacieum navifragum. Deinde _., . . A .. r . 7 . . . ., __ 

procul e mari videtur iEtna Enpite, o socn, panterque msurgite remis. 560 

Sicula, et eminus audimus Haud minus ac jussi faciunt: primusque rudentem 
magnum fremituvn maris, Contorsit lsevas proram Palinurus ad undas: 
et scopulos repercussos, et T r , • ■. 

sonitus ruptosad litora- et Laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit. 

fluctus exiliunt, et arena? turbantur ebullitione. Et pater Anchises ait: Scilicet hsec est ilia 
Charybdis: Helenus prsedicebat hos scopulos, has rupes horrendas. Extrahite hinc vos, 6 socii, 
et pari impetu incumbite remis. Nee faciunt minus quam jussi erant facere: et primus Pali- 
nurus deflexit proram stridentem ad aquas sinistras: turba omnis abiit in sinistram partem remis 
et ventis. 

NOTES. 

541. Curru for currui, Eel. 5. 29. work of the celebrated Lysippus, which 

548. Continuo. Continuo ordine, Ruaeus con- Fabius Maximus transported to Rome, and 
ceives to mean the same with non interrupto set up in the capitol. 

sacrificio. 552. Diva Lacinia. The temple of Juno 

549. Cornua, &c. Fuivius Ursinus brings Lacinia, near Croton, another city on the 
this as an example of rhyming verse in Vir- same Calabrian coast. She had the epithet 
gil: but the assertion is not strictly just, as of Lacinia, from the promontory Lacinium, 
Dr. Clark observes: for there being an eli- on which her temple stood. 

sion of the last syllable in velatarum, the 558. Charybdis. Charybdis was a danger- 
verse runs off very smoothly thus: ous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily. It was 
Cornua velatav' obvertimus antennarum. very perilous to sailors, and proved fatal to 

549. Cornua velatarum. The antennae are part of the fleet of Ulysses. Its exact situa- 

what the sailors call the yard-arms, to tion is not discovered. No whirlpool suffi- 

which the sails are fastened. The ends of ciently tremendous is now found to corre- 

the yard-arms are called by Virgil cornua, spond with the description of the ancients, 

horns. Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charyb- 

549. Obvertimus. From the extreme pro- dim, 

montory of Italy, Japygus, to the more became a proverb to show that in avoiding 

southern part, as described in note 396. one evil we frequently fall into a greater. A 

- 551. Herculei Tarenti. Tarentum, a fa- faithless mistress is often called a Charyb- 

inous city and port in Calabria, called Her- dis. 

•culean, either because it was founded by 561. Rudentem, i. e. stridentem, because 
Phalantus, one of the descendants of Her- its motion makes the waters, rudere, to roar. 
cules, or because that whole territory was Others read rudente, by which they under- 
sacred to Hercules, and the city Tarentum stand a cable or rope that was fastened to 
founded by himself, where he is said by the helm of the ship, wherewith they turn* 
btrubo to have had a colossus of brass, the ed it which way they would 



JENEIDOS LIB. III. 



261 



Tollimur in ccelum curvato gurgite, et iidem 

Subducta ad manes imos descendimus unda. 

Ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere; 

Ter spumam elisam et rorantia vidimus astra. 

Interea fessos ventus cum Sole reliquit: 

Ignariquc viae, Cyclopum allabimur oris. 

Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus, et ingens 

Ipse; sed horrificis juxta tonat jEtna minis: 

Interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, 

Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla: 

Attollitque globos flammarum, et sidera lambit: 

Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis 

Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras 

Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exacstuat imo. 

Kama est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus 

pes et disrupts viscera montis et cum sonitu congerit in aere saxa comminuta, et ebullit ex imo 

fundo. Rumor est, corpus Enceladi semiustum fulmine premi hac mole, 



Erigimur in coelum sinuato 
565 mari ' ct u ^ em subtracts aqua 
delabimur ad imos inferos. 
Ter scopuli sonitum emise- 
runt intra cava saxa, ter vi- 
dimus spumam impactam et 
sidera stillantia. interim ven- 
tus cum Sole destituit nos 
570fatigatos: et inscii via; ap- 
pellimur ad litus Cyclopum. 
Portus esJimperturbatus ab 
ingressu ventorum, et ipse 
capax: sed iEtna prope to- 
nat horribili tumultu: et ali- 
w quando emittit ad coelum 
** ' ** nigram nubem, fumantem 
turbine piceo et ferventibus 
favillis: et attollit globos 
flammarum, et tangit astra: 
aliquando erigit evomens ru- 



NOTES. 



567. Rorantia vidimus astra. Catrou thinks 
this hyperbole too bold, and therefore ex- 
plains astra to mean nothing but the brine 
that descended in dewy drops, that sparkle 
like stars or gems when struck by the sun- 
beams. 

568 Interea ventus cum sole reliquit. These 
circumstances have a happy effect to pre- 
pare the reader for the ensuing terrible de- 
scription of mount -Etna. The winds are 
hushed, to make the bellowings of the 
mountain more distinctly heard, and night 
is brought on, that in the dusky sky the sul- 
phureous flames maybe more conspicuous. 

569. Cyclopum oris. The Cyclops were 
the first inhabitants of Sicily, especially 
about mount iEtna. They are said to have 
been of a gigantic frame, and of a savage 
nature, cruel and inhospitable. Hence the 
poets took occasion to paint them of a mon- 
strous form, with only one great eye in 
their foreheads, and as a sort of cannibals, 
who fed on human flesh. From their vicinity 
to mount iEtna they were also given out to 
be employed by Vulcan in forging Jupiter's 
thunderbolts. This port of 'ihe Cyclops, 
where iEneas landed, is about that shore 
where the city Catania now stands, at the 
foot of mount iEtna. These Cyclops were 
supposed to be the sons of Ccelus and Terra. 
From their eye they took their name, Cy- 
clops, (being derived from xuy.Ao?, a circle, 
and 04, an eye.) The tradition of their ha- 
ving only one eye originated from their cus- 
tom of wearing small bucklers of steel, 
which covered their faces. These had a 
small aperture in the middle which corre- 
sponded exactly to the eye. They were reck- 
oned among the gods, and had a temple at 
Curinth dedicated to their service. 

571. *42tna. Now called mount Gibe!, a 
famous volcano in Sicily, not far from the 
eastern shore. Several poets have reported 
ana described the eruptions of iEtna. Pin- 
dar was the first who attempted it, and cer- 



tainly his attempt was successful. See Py- 
thia, Ode I. The following is West's trans- 
lation: 
Now under sulph'rous Cuma's sea-bound 

coast, 
And vast Sicilia lies his shaggy breast; 
By snowy JEtna, nurse of endless frost, 
The pillar'd prop of heav'n forever press'd: 
Forth from whose nitrous caverns issuing 

rise 
Pure liquid fountains of tempestuous fire, 
And veil'd in ruddy mists the noon day 

skies, 
While wrapt in smoke the eddying flames 

aspire; 
Or gleaming through the night with hi- 
deous roar, 
Far o'er the redd'ning main huge rocky 
fragments pour. 
Mount Gibel is a contraction of Mongibel- 
lo, i. e. the mount of mounts. 

572. Prorumpit here is active. In the 10th 
JEneid, v. 379. it is neuter: Medius demos 
prorumpit in hostes. 

573. Candente. Not merely Candida, white, 
but Jervente, glowing; deriving light from 
heat. 

576. Liquefacta saxa. The reader, who 
may wish an interesting detail of the erup- 
tions of ^tna, will find himself gratified in 
perusing Dr. Rees's new Cyclopedia, un- 
der the head JEtna. 

578. Fama est, Enceladi. As poetry de- 
lights in the marvellous, Virgil here gives 
the fabulous account of the origin of this 
burning mountain; which imports, that, in 
the war of the giants with the gods, Ence- 
ladus, the most formidable of them, was 
thunderstruck by Jove, and buried under 
Mount iEtna; and that the convulsions and 
eruptions of the mountain were the effect of 
his shifting his situation, and turning himself 
from the one side to the other. Ovid, after 
Pindar, assigns Typhceus to this state of 
punishment, Met. V. 346. 



262 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

etmagnam^tnamsuperim-Ur^eri mole hac, ingentemque insuper iEtnam 
fractfs'car^nS et, quS Impositam, ruptis flammam expirare caminis: 580 
Enceladm vertit latus fati- Et, fessum quoties mutat latus, intremere omnem 
gatum, Siciliam totam tre- Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo. 
c" e l r^r U >:^^ a ™ , ^c e Noctem Ulam tecti sylvis immania mon.tr. 
temoccultimsyhispatimurPerterimus: nee, quae sonitum det causa, videmus. 
intanda prodigia, uec cog- Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, nee lucidus aethra 
noscimus qua causa emittat siderea polus; obscuro sed nubila coelo, 586 

ilium sonitum. Nam nee „ T v . '. , . ' , 

erant lumina siderum, nee Et Lunam in nimbo nox mtempesta tenebat. 
ccelum; fuigens spiendore Postera jamque dies primo surgebat Eoo, 
Kthens: sed nebulse tene-£r umentem q Ue Aurora polo dimoverat umbram: 

brosoaere, etnoximportuna ,-, v . . x \ , . r . r 

includebat Lunam in nube. Cum subito e sylvis, macie confecta suprema, 590 

Etjam dies sequens nasce-Ignoti nova forma viri, miserandaque cultu, 

batur primo diluculo, et au-p roce dj t supplexque manus ad litora tendit. 

i-ora dispulerat e ccelo humi- -r> • • j- mi • • . i 

dastenebras: cum repente Res P lclmus: dira l«UVies, immissaque barba, 

prodit e sylvis nova figura Consertum tegmen spinis; at caetera Graius, 

bominis ignoti, exesa ixiacie £ t quondam patriis ad Trojam missus in armis. 595 

tS^X^S^ 1 ^ ubi Dardanios haWtus etT«,Va vidit 

ad litora. Respicimus: feed* Arma procul; paulum aspectu conterritus haesit, 
erant sordes, et barba diifu- Continuitqiie gradum: mox sese ad litora praeceps 

5-S?-2S«3?f S"* fletu p recibu T e jgS? p . er , s . idera testor > 

oiim missus ad Trojam in Per superos, atque hoc cceh spirabile lumen: 600 

patrio exercitu. Atque ille Tollite me, Teucri; quascunque abducite terras, 
quando vidit eminus vestes Hoc sat e rit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum, 
Iroianas et 1 rojana arma, ,-. . „ T1 . c , „ 

pauiulum substitit territus Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates. 
et pedem cohibuit: de-Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est injuria nostri, 



visu 
in 



de currens contulit se ad Spargite me in fluctus, vastoque immergite ponto. 605 

litora cum pre eibus et fletu: t ° ., . * .. . ° . . r 

aitgue, Obsecro per astra, Sl P ereo mambus hominum, pernsse juvabit. 
per Deos, et per hanc lucem cceli qua respiro: auferte me, 6 Trqjani, asportate in quaslibet 
terras. Hoc satis erit. Scio me unum esse e classe Gra?ca, et fateor me invasisse armis Iliacas do- 
mos. Pro qua re, si tanta est iniquitas mei criminis, projicite me in undas et demergite vasto 
mari. Si pereo manibus hominum, dulce erit perire. 

NOTES. 

585. JEthrd Siderea. Cicero defines cethra 594. Consertum tegmen spinis. His gar- 

or cether to be what we call the firmament, ments consisted of leaves of trees, which 

or higher part of the heavens, where the were sewed and secured with thorns, 

fixed stars are supposed to be placed: Quern 594. Caetera. That is, his gait, his mien, 

complexa summa pars cajli, qua: cethra di- complexion and voice, bespoke him a 

citur In xthere autem astra volvuntur. Greek. 

De Nat. Deor. Lib. II. 45. 600. Hoc cceli spirabile lumen. This light 

587. Nox intempesta properly signifies of heaven, by which we live and breathe, 
midnight, or the darkest and deadest time 602. Scio. As if he had said, I am consci- 
of the night; but here it denotes the qua- ous I have no just claim to your favour; I 
lity of that night in particular, when one must rank myself among your enemies, and 
face of thick darkness prevailed through have nothing but my wretchedness to re- 
the whole night, like what is usual at the commend me to you. 

midnight hour. 603. Iliacos Penates. As the Penates sig- 

588. Eoo; Lucifer or Venus. nify the household gods, the gods of the 

589. Aurora. Aurora, the daughter of country, hence the word is put for the 
Hyperion and Thea, is generally drawn in a houses and country itself, and every thing 
rose-coloured chariot, opening, with her which men hold dear and sacred; as JEn. I. 
rosy fingers, the gates of the east, pouring 527. 

dew on the earth, and making the flowers Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Pe- 

grow. Her chariot is drawn with white nates 

horses. She is covered with a veil, ifoxand Venimus. 

Somnus fly before her, and the constella- 606. Si pereo. Nothing can more strongly 

tions disappear at her approach. She always strike the imagination than these circum- 

sets out before the sun. The Greeks call stances of the wandering Trojans, shelter- 

her Eos. ed in a wood, upon an unknown coast, and 

hearing strange and terrible noises, during 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 



Oixerat: et genua amplexus, genibusque volutans 
Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, 
Hortamur: quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri. 609 

Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, 
Dat juveni, atque aninium prscsenti pignore firmat. 
Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur: 
Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infelicis Ulyssei, 
Nomen Achemenides; Trojam genitore Adamasto 
Paupere (mansissetque utinam fortuna!) profectus. 
Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, 
Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro 
Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, 
Intus opaca, ingens: ipse arduus, altaque pulsat 
Sidera: (Dii, talem terris avertite pestem) 
Nee visu facilis, nee dictu affabilis ulli. _ 
Visceribus miserorum, et sanguine vescitur atro. 

met me reliquerunt in vasta caverna Cyclopis. Domus est interius tenebrosa, magna, tabo et 
sanguinolentis cibis plena: ipse Cyclops altissimus, et tangit alta astra: (Dii servate terras a tali 
pernicie) nee facilis videri, nee sermone affabilis cuiquam: pascitur visceribus miserorum et ni- 
gra sanguine. 



Dixerat: ct amplectcns ge- 
nua nostra, ct abjectus 
genua, hicrebat: incita- 
mus ewm, vt dicat qui 
sit, quo ortus sanguine; ut- 
que postea fateatur, quae 
sors eum ve.vet. Ipse pater 
Anchises, non expectans 
diutius, porrigit dextram ju- 
veni, et connrmat ejus ani- 
mum hoc prospero testimo- 
nio fdei. Ille excusso metu 

616 haie deinum loquitur: Sum 
ex patria Ithaca, comes mi- 
seri Ulyssis, nomen mild 
est Achemenides, qui ive- 
ram Trojam patre Adamas- 

620 to paupere existente, et uti- 
nam ilia sors mini mansisset' 
H)c socii, dum fugiunt festi- 
ni crudelem domum, obliti 



NOTES. 



a dark and moonless night, and not know- 
ing whence the dreadful sounds proceeded, 
or by what they might be occasioned. At 
day -break how sudden and great the surprise 
to see the ghastly figure of a man, who first 
runs towards them with great precipita- 
tion as if to beg some assistance, but sud- 
denly starts back at the sight of Trojan 
arms and habits. At last recovering himself 
a little, he resolves to fling himself into 
their hands whatever might be the conse- 
quence. Received into a vessel, he gives 
them the dreadful narration of Polypheme, 
informs them that this was the island of the 
Cyclops, begs them to leave it instant- 
ly, and concludes most pathetically that if 
he must die, it would be some comfort to 
him to perish by the hands of men and not 
of monsters. Wharton. 

607. Genua amplexus. Servius observes 
that the several members of the body were 
consecrated to particular deities; as the ear 
to Memory; whence Virgil says, 

Cynthius aurem vellit et admonuit; 
the right hand to Faith, and the knees to 
Mercy; whence suppliants were wont to 
grasp and embrace those parts of the body. 
611. Present i pignore. Prasens sometimes 
signifies favourable, for the same reason 
that adsum signifies to favour, or to be pro- 
pitious: thus the word is used by Virgil in 
other places, as Eel. 1. 41. 

licebat 

Nee tarn prxsentes alibi cognoscere Divos. 
And Geo. I. 10. 

Et vos agrestum prsesentia numina Fauni. 
The right hand has been reckoned a pledge 
of friendship among- most nations; a memo- 
rable example of which we have in Darius, 
■whom Q. Curtius represents dying with 
these words in his mouth: Alexandro hoc fi- 



dei reg-ise unicumdextrse pignus pro me da- 
bis. Usee dicentem, acceptaPolystrati manu, 
vita destituit. See also Justin, Lib. II. cap. 
15. 

613. Ithaca. Ithaca is a celebrated island 
in the Ionian sea,- on the western part of 
Greece. It had a city of the same name, 
and was famous as a part of the dominions 
of Ulysses. It is extremely mountainous and 
rocky, measures about twenty-five miles in 
circumference, and is now known by the 
name of Isola del Campare or Thrace. 

615. Paupere. He mentions his poverty as 
an excuse for his going to war, it being ne- 
cessity that drove him to it, not choice. Si- 
non pleads the same excuse, JEn. II. 87. 
Pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab 
annis. 

615. Maiisisset utinam fortuna. I wish my 
state of private life, notwithstanding its po- 
verty, had continued. 

617. Cyclopis. Polyphemus is said to have 
been the son of Neptune, and Thoosa the 
daughter of Phorcys. Virgil here gives us 
much of his story. After Ulysses had suc- 
ceeded in boring out the monster's eye, he 
made his escape by creeping between the 
legs of the rams of the Cyclops as they 
were led out to feed on the mountains. Po- 
lyphemus became enamoured of Galatea. 
The nymph refusing- and preferring Acis, 
he crushed his rival to death with a piece 
of broken rock. 

617. Cyclopis in antro. See Homer's Odys- 
sey, IX. 105. 

621. Nee visu facilis, &c. Cujus possit etiam 
aspectus inferre formidinem, says Servius : 
and to the same purpose H. Stephanus, Cu- 
jus ne aspectem quidem facile quis sustinat. 
Instead of nee dictu afT.bilis uili, Servius 
and Stephanus read effabilis, according to 



264 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Vidi ego ipse, cum supinus Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro, 

media in caverna alhderet r>„^_ _ * _r . ' 

ad rupem duo corpora de Pr ensa rnanu magna, medio resupinus in antro, 
numero nostro comprehensa Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent 625 
magnis manibus, et porta Limina: vidi, atro cum membra fluentia tabo 
&$CTE£±£ M-deret, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. 
stillantia tabo, et membra Haud impune quidem: nee taha passus Ulysses, 
calentia tremerent sub ejus Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. 
^^3^S^lS£ Nam . simu ! expletus dapibus, vinoque sepultus 630 
vit talia, aut Itliaeensis ob- Cerv i ce ™ inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum 
litus est sui in tanto peri- Immensus, saniem eructans, ac frusta cruento 
culo. Nam statim atque p er somnum commixta mero; nos, masjna precati 
Cyclops satiatus cibis et XT . .-. . K ' ' b . f 

sepultus vino, demislt C ol- Numma > sortitique vices, una undique circum 
lum incurvatum, et jacuit Fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto 635 

per cavernam vastus, in- l n gens, quod torva. solum sub fronte latebat, 

ter dormiendum eiectans a v • 1 • /. nL l 1 i» • 

tabum et frusta mista cum Argohci clypei aut Phoebe* lampadis mstar: 

vino sanguineo: nos post- Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. 

qiitim invocassemus magnos s e d fugite, 6 miseri, fuerite, atque ab litore funem 

Deos, et duxissemus sorte r> „ (? o , t. 

officia, simul undique cir-f T um P lte ' 64 ° 

cumsistimus, et perfodimus Nam quahs quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro 
telo acuto oculum magnum, Lanigeras claudit pecudes, atque ubera pressat; 
SfZ^TZ^ Centum alii curva h*c habitant ad litora vulgo 
scuti Argolici aut solans lntandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant. 

lampadis: et lseti vindicamus denique animas sociorum. Sed fugite, 6 infortunati! fugite, et 
abscindite funem a litore. Nam qualis et quantus Polyphemus includit cavo in specu greges 
ovinos, et premit ubera; tales ac tanti centum alii horrendi Cyclopes manent circa hsee sinuosa 
litora, et vagantur per altos montes. 



NOTES. 



some ancient copies; and the former ex- 
plains it, Sermone non explicabilis, hideous 
beyond the power of -words to express. But 
affabilis seems to agree better with the 
former part of the sentence, and Macro- 
bius says it is borrowed from an expression 
in the Philoctetes of Attius: Quem tueri 
contra, neque adfari queas, Whom you 
cannot bear to look upon, or accost. 

630. Vino sepultus. So in the 2d JEneid. 
Invadunt urbem, somno vinoque sepultam. 

632. hnmensus. Others read immensum; 
but the former is more elegant and harmo- 
nious. 

635. Terebramus. Donatus thinks it should 
be read, tenebramus, We extinguish the 
light of his eye; a word which he thinks 
denotes the quickness and celerity of their 
action. But terebramus is one of Virg-il's 
words: and Homer, whom lie copies in this 
description, expressly mentions the circum- 
stance of boring out the monster's eye, and 
compares the action of Ulysses and his com- 
panions, to that of a carpenter boring a 
huge beam with a wimble. 

636. Latebat. It was hidden, because his 
eye was shut in sleep, as Servius justly ob- 
serves; a sufficient answer to those who 
object how it could possibly be concealed 
when it was as large as the sun's orb. 

636. Solum sub fronte. Those who would 
see the rise of this fiction, may consult Ba- 
nier's Mythology, vol. IV. page 290, &c of 
the English. Some allegorize this circum- 



stance of their having but one eye; Eusta- 
thius particularly says, it figures that in an- 
ger, or any other violent passion, men see 
but a single object, as that passion directs, 
or see with but one eye; and that passion 
transforms us into a kind of savages, and 
make us brutal and sanguinary like thisPoly- 
pheme: and he that by reason extinguishes 
such a passion, may, like Ulysses, be said 
to put out that eye. See Mr. Pope's notes 
on Odyssey IX. verse 119. Others tell us, 
that Polypheme was a man of uncommon 
wisdom and penetration, who is therefore 
represented as having an eye irr his fore- 
head, near the brain, to denote his supe- 
rior prudence and sagacity; but that Ulys- 
ses outwitted him, and was said, for that 
reason, to put out his eye. 

637. Argolici clypei. The Grecian buck-, 
lers were large enough to cover the whole 
body: hence Homer gives them the epithet 
cc/xtpt€e°TQc, that covers the whole man: and, 
as they are round, this comparison denotes 
both the figure and magnitude of his eye. 

637. Phcebe<z lempadis instar, meaning ei- 
ther the sun or full moon; for the sun is 
called Phoebus and the moon Phoebe. The 
word expresses brightness and splendour 
(fotGog). 

639. Miseri. He calls them miserable, in 
being exposed to such danger. 

639. Sed fugite, &c. This break in Achn*- 
menides's speech is an exquisite beauty. In 
the midst of his narration, the fear of the 



jENEIDOS LIB. III. 265 

Tertia jam Lunae se cornua lumine complent, 645 Jam tenia Lunsecornua im- 
Cum vitam in svlvis, inter deserta ferarum ,,u ' ut ? e ,ll , c< r' C . K f l u0 lUlc .° 

T . j , , t y , vi tarn id svlvis, inter cubilia 

Lustra domosq; traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas vacua et s - c , Irs fL . ral . um . et e 
Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco. rupe specto Cyclopas im- 
Victum infelicem, baccas, lapidosaque corna manes, et trepido ad aonum 

D, • ,• •! i i e ,.~ pedum etvoci'm. Rami prae- 

ant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650 bent mihi miscra alime l nhl> 

Omnia collustrans, banc primum ad litora classem baccas, etlapidosa corna, et 

Conspexi venientem: buic me, quaecunque fuisset, S^f* n ^. riunt »^ v . lllsis ra - 

a ii- • ,. rv • r j (licibus. Orcumspiciensom- 

Addixi: satis est gentem eiTugisse nefandam. niaj vi{K hanc Jg^ cl ™ 

vosanimam hanc potiiis quocunq; absumite leto. sem tendentcm ad litora: 

Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmus 655 destinsivi me illi, qusecum- 

Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem JgSg g**^ 

Pastorem Polyphemum, et litora nota petentem: potius qudm ilia, extinguite 
Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen hanc meam vitam morte. 

ademptum. Vix ! sta 1( ? cutus erat > cCim 

rr, \ . . • • r» cernimus in summo monte 

Trunca manum pmus regit, et vestigia firmat. i psum pas torem Poiyphe- 

Lanigerae comitantur oves, ea sola voluptas, 660 mum moventem se vasta 

Solamenque mali: de collo fistula pendet. ™ ol f inte ^ &«&*, «* te »- 

t, . * . L . . a . j . dentem ad litora sibi cogm- 

Postquam altos tetigit fluctus, et ad aequora venit; ta . Monstrum horribile, de- 
Luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem: forme, immaoe, cui lux ab- 

Dentibus infrendens s-emitu: srraditurq; per aequor ,ata esL Fimis ti'uncata sus- 

t j« i a d 7 *. j m.- •? *> c ~ tm et manum, et nrmat m- 

Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 665 ceS sum. Oves ianiger« se- 

Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto quuntur eum, hsec unica ob- 

Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem: lectatio est ipsi, et solatium 

Versus et proni certantibus sequor. rem*. ESKWliSS 

Sensit, et ad SOnitum VOCIS vestigia torsit. fluctus, et pervenit ad mare; 

inde abstergit sanguinem fluentem ex oculo excaecato, stridens dentibus inter gemendum: et jam 
incedit per medium mare, nondum tamen aqua madefecit alta ejus latera. Nos timentes caepi- 
?mis properare fugam procul inde, admisso supplice, qui sic merebatur, et silentes secamus fri- 
nem, et incurvi percurrimus mare remis inter se contendentibus. Agnovit hoc Polyphemus, et 
retulit pedem ad murmura vocum. 

m 

NOTES. 

In the- midst of his narration, the fear of 658. Ademptum; erat understood, 

the Cyclops and the dangers he had esca- 659. Trunca manum pmus regit. This is 

ped, break in upon his mind and stop him, Virgil's ingenious way of giving us an idea 

for a moment, from finishing his account, to of Polyphemus' gigantic size. From the 

give the Trojans advice to fly immediately, enormous staff he wields in his hand, we 

The circumstances that follow, of his hear- are left to imagine the strength and the di- 

ing the giant*' footsteps and loud voices, mensions of his body: Nam quod Mud cor- 

while he lay hid in dens and caves, are pus mente concipiam (says Quintilian) cujus 

strongly conceived. trunca manum pinus regit? 

645. Tertia jam LunXyCfC. Literally, the 659. Manum pinus regit. A man that can 

horns of the moon are filling themselves up see directs his staff; a man that cannot is 

with light for the third time. directed by it. 

649. Corna. Ruaeus understands here the 661. De collo Jistula pendet. These words 

fi'uits of the corr.^1 tree. These are round, seem spurious: Donatus rejects them; they 

and protected by a hard shell. are not in Heinsius, and some other edi- 

652. Quaecunque fuisset; whether friendly tions; nor is there the least mention of this 
or inimical. circumstance in Homer. 

653. Addixi. This word strongly marks 669. Ad sonitumvocis. This may either re- 
his state of despair; it signifies that he fer to the sound of their voices; for though 
made over himself to them as their proper- it is said they went off tatiti, this can only 
ty, that they might dispose of him in what- mean with little noise; for some must speak 
ever manner they pleased; being one of the to give the necessary orders; or it may al- 
three words pronounced by the Roman lude to the noise of their oars, &c. for volt 
praetor, when he determined a controverted sometimes signifies any sound whatever, 
right, do, dico, addi'co. 

2M 



266 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Sed quoniam nulla datur Verum ubi nulla datur dextram affectare potestas, 
S£i.*SrS3rtSN«c potis Ioniosfiuctus square sequendo; 671 

dendo aqualis esse flnctibus Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes 
loniis; cmitiit elamorem, Intremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus 

E££X TSnSSl *■»"• M ™T c ^ m , ugiit jEtna T is - , - 

intime tremefacta, atque At genus e sylvis Cyclopum et moMibus altis 675 
-Etna sinuosis cavernis re- Excitum ruit ad portus, et litora complent. 
mugnt. At gens Cj elopum Cernimus astantes nequicquam lumine torvo 

cvocata e svIms et altis mon- _ ~ A . * if . -. - 

tibus eumt ad portum, et -Ajtnaeos tratres, coelo capita alta terentes, 

tegit litus. Videmus tratres Concilium horrendum: quales cum vertice celso 

-Etnaos frustra stantes oca- Aeriae quercus aut coniferge cyparissi 680 

lo fero, attollentes adcoelum /-, . x , ._ T . : r t^. 

alta capita, turbam horren- Constiterunt, sylva alta Jovis, lucusve Diana;. 
dam: quales cum aerke Praecipites metus acer agit quocunque rudentes 
quercus, vei cyparissi com- ExGUteres et ventis intendere vela secundis. 
tur?aklVnt^ Heleni, Scyllam atque Charyb- 

sylva Dianae. Timor gravis dim 

compeilit socios festinos toi- i nter utramque viam, leti discrimine parvo, 685 

&£^ T-aOTnE Ni te»««t cursus: certum est dare lintea retr6. 

propitiis ventis. Contra au- Ecce autem Boreas angusta. a sede Pelon 
tern, pnecepta Heleni admonent, ne iter habeant inter utramque viam, nempe Scyllam et Cha- 
rybdim, quse parum distat a morte: deliberatum est retro agere vela. Ecce autera. Boreas oritur 
flans ab an gusto freto Pelori: 



NOTES. 



670. Dextram affectare. This is a very 
uncommon phrase: Servius explains it, 
anxia quddam aviditate manum ad navem 
injicere, eagerly to grasp at the ship. Some 
ancient copies read dextrd attrectare, in 
which there is no difficulty. 

671. Potis; for nee potis est, or nee potest. 
Pas and potis are obsolete words, whence 
are derived compos, impos- and the verb 
possum; i. e. pos sum. Sum I am, pos able. 

671. lonios Jiuctus . The Ionium Mare was 
a part of the Mediterranean sea at the bot- 
tom of the Adriatic, lying- between Sicily 
and Greece. That part of the iEgean sea, 
which lies on the coasts of Ionia in Asia, 
is called the sea of Ionia and not the Ionian 
sea. Some suppose the sea receives its name 
from Io, who swam across it after she had 
been metamorphosed into a heifer. 

6?'3. Intremuere undue. Dr. Trapp says, 
" This is a most, noble hyperbole, and by no 
means so bold as some would have it. They 
forget not only the prerogative of poetry, 
but the real nature of fear, which always 
swells and heightens its object." 

680. Conifer x cyparissi. The fruits of pines 
and cypresses are called cones, because they 
grow in the shape of a cone. The quercus 
was dedicated to Jove; the cypress to Pro- 
serpine or Diana. See JEneid IV. 511. This 
is the only simile the third book contains, 
and even this is a short one. 

681. Constiterunt. Some read constiterant 
for the sake of the quantity: but there is no 
need of that alteration; for Virgil generally 
shortens the penuk syllable in those tenses, 
as, 

Obstupui, steteruntque comx, See. 
Matri longa decern tulerunt fasti dia men- 
ses. 



683. Ventis intendere vela secundis, i. e. says 
Donatus, to sail wherever the winds would 
carry them; for all winds are favourable, if 
we follow their impulse. 

684. Contra, &c. We are inclined to think 
this whole sentence is improperly pointed, 
and that it ought to be thus: 

Contra, jussa monent Heleni Scyllam at- 
que Charybdim: 

Inter utramque viam, leti discrimine 
parvo, 

Ni teneant cursus, certum est dare lintea 
retro: 
and then the construction will be: Contra, 
jussa Heleni monent Scyllam atque Cha- 
rybdim. On the other hand, Helenus' in- 
structions warn us to beware of Scylla and 
Charybdis: therefore ni teneant (perhaps te- 
neam, in the first person, as praetervehor, 
verse 688) cursus inter utramque viam, parvo 
discrimine leti, &c. That we may not con- 
tinue our course so as to border on death, 
or run the imminent hazard of destruction 
between both, viz. Polyphemus on the one 
hand, and Scylla and Charybdis on the 
other, it is resolved to sail backward. 

685. Inter utramque viam. See the former 
note. 

686. Ni teneant cursus. Some copies have 
ne; however, ni often signifies the same 
with ne, particularly in Plautus, and the 
more ancient Roman authors. 

686. Certum est dare lintea retro. That is, 
they are resolved to steer a backward course 
for Italy, by sailing round Sicily, according 
to Helenus' admonition. 

Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni 
Cessantem, longos et circumflectere cur- 
sus, &c. Verse 429. 

687. Pelori. Pelorus, now Capo di Faro, 



jfiNEIDOS LIB. III. 



267 



Missus adest: vivo praetervehor ostia saxo proterna?!go ostia e vivo 

Pantagbe, Megarosquc sinus, Tapsumque jacentem. ^^ ^ ant f s 'a' et ^"Sj? 4 *" 
Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsum 690 je m . iite C oBtendebat nobis 



Litora Achemenides, comes infelicis Ulyssei. 
Sicanio praetenta sinu jacet insula contra 
Plemmyrium undosum: nomen dixere priores 
Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est hue, EJiclis aranem, 
Occultas egisse vias subter mare; qui nunc 
Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. 
Jussi numina magna loci veneramur: et inde 
Exupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. 
Hinc altas cautes projectaque saxa Pachyni 
Radimus, et fatis nunquam concessa moveri 
Apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi, 
Immanisque Gela, fluvii cognomine dicta. 

stagnantis. Inde radiraus altas rupes et saxa procurrentia Pachyni: ct procul videtur Camarina, 
quam fata nunquam permiserunt moveri, et campi Geloi, et ingens Gela, appellata de nomine 
fluvii. 



Achemenides, conies miseri 
Ulyssis, retro radens litora 
jam ante d se pererrata. In- 
sula jacet objecta sinui Sicu- 
lo, contra Plemmyrium un- 

gg 5 dosum; majores dedere ipsi 
nomen, Ortygiam. Fama 
narrat Alpbeum, Elidis flu- 
vium, fecisse sibi secretum 
iter hue usque sub mari; qui 
faivius nunc exiens per os 
tuum, 6 Arethusa, miscetur 

700 aquis Siculis. Adoramus 
magnos Deos regionis, vt 
jussi eramus; et inde prsete- 
reo pingues terras Helori 



NOTES. 



is a northern promontory of Sicily next to 
Italy; it is called angusta, on account of the 
straits that in this part divide Sicily from 
Italy, which are about a mile and a half 
over. 

688. Missus adest. As they were resolved 
to fall backward, the north wind favoured 
this their design; and therefore -Eneas 
speaks of Boreas, the north wind, as a per- 
son sent or commissioned from heaven to 
befriend and assist him. 

689. Pantagice. Pantagia or Paniagias, a 
river between Catana and Syracuse; the 
mouth of it is enclosed with a steep rock. 

689. Tapsumque jacentem. Tapsusis a pe- 
ninsula in the bay of Megara, which lies 
low, and almost level with the waves. 

690. Relegens retrorsum. We have a pa- 
rallel passage to this in Horace, Carm. Lib. 
I. Ode XXXIV. 3. where, according to Dr. 
Bentley's ingenious correction, iter are is 
joined with cursus relectos, as retrorsum rele- 
gens is here: 

nunc retrorsum 

Vela dare, atque iter are cursus 
Cogor relectos, 
instead of relict os in the common editions. 

690. Errata retrorsum. According to the 
opinion of those who make Ulysses to have 
sailed from the country of the Lotophagi 
in Africa, to mount iEtna, and the territory 
of the Cyclops along the eastern coast of 
Sicily. 

691. Litora Achemenides. What an exact 
observer of probability is Virgil! Here is 
an answer prepared to any who might ob- 
ject—How should ./Eneas, a perfect stran- 
ger, be so well acquainted with those coasts 
which neither he nor any of his fleet had 
before visited or beheld? Why, says he, 
Achemenides who had lately passed the 
same way, pointed them to us.-Wharton. 



691. Infelicis Ulyssei. Infelix here has the 
same signification as in verse 246. See the 
note upon that passage. 

693. Plemmyriuvz. A promontory not far 
from Syracuse; between which city and the 
promontory lay the island here called Or- 
tygia. 

694. Alpheum. Alpheus, a celebrated ri- 
ver in the Peloponnesus, taking its rise from 
Mount Stymphalus, and running through 
Arcadia and Elis. 

_ 696. Arethusa. A fountain in the west 
side of the island Ortygia. The poets feign- 
ed, that Alpheus, the river god, being in 
love with this fountain nymph, rolled his 
streams from Elis by a passage under the 
ground, and passed through the sea, with- 
out intermixing, into Sicily, where he rose 
up with the fountain Arethusa, and mingled 
his streams with hers. What makes this 
fable more absurd is the distance between 
the Peloponnesus and Sicily, which is at 
least 450 miles. 

698. Stagnantis Helori. Helorus, or Elo- 
rus, is a river in Sicily, that runs between 
Syracuse and the promontory of Pachynus. 
It overflows all the adjacent fields at certain 
seasons, like the Nile, imparting great fer- 
tility to the soil. 

699. Pachyni. Pachynus, or Pachynum, is 
the southern promontory of Sicily, now 
called Capo Passaro, one of the three, 
whence it is denominated Trinacria. 

701. Camarina. A lake near a city of the 
same name, built by the people of Syracuse. 
It is saidy^,? nunquam concessa moveri, be- 
cause, in time of plague, which was thought 
to arise from the pestilential vapours of that 
lake, the inhabitants, being desirous of 
draining it, consulted the oracle of Apollo, 
who forbade them to move or disturb it; 
(jly\ xivej Kccju.xgivxv, ecy.tvnTog yoto apuYvv, Not- 



268 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Inde aitissimus Agragas, o-Arduus inde Agra^as ostentat maxima ion^e 
rum, ostendit eminus .naxi- r M ^ nla ' magnanimum quondam generator equorlim. 
mos miu-os. Te quoqueprse-Teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus: 705 

tereo faveniibus ventis, 6 Et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis. 

ttSSSS^S&P* Dre P* ni ™ P.°«« s <* iltetabitis ora 

lisoccultis. Indepoitus Die- Accipit. Hie, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus, 
pani et injucunda regio meHeu! genitorem, omnis curae castisque levamen, 
ZSSS^tiTL&to**? Anchisen: hie me pater op.ime fessum 710 
pati-em Anchisen, solatium Uesens, heu! tantis nequicquam erepte pencils. 
omnium cm-arum etcasuum Nee vates Helenus, cum multa horrenda moneret, 

SfcTedfrSti* se a rvate\" H ? s mihi P r2edixit ductus; non dira Celaeno, 
tantis perieulis. Nee vates ^^ c labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum. 
Helenus, cum pnenunciaret Hinc me digressum vestris Deus appulit oris. 715 
aspera plurima, mihi pne- Sic pa ter' jEneas, intentis omnibus unus, 

dixerat hunc dolorem; ne-T? . F . . . T ^. A , - . ' 

que ipsa Celamo. Hoc fuit * ata renarrabat Divum, cursusque docebat: 

ipd extremum malum, hicConticuit tandem, factoque hie fine' quievit. 

terminus longse navigations. Hinc me profectum Dii applicuerunt ad vestra litora. Sic pater 

-Eneas, solus omnibus attends, narrabat fata a Diis sibi imposita, et referebat errores suos. De- 

nique siluit, et hie posito fine secessit ad quietem. 



NOTES. 



withstanding- this prohibition, they drained 
the lake, and had cause to repent it; for the 
enemy, entering by that ground where the 
lake had stood, made themselves masters of 
their city. 

i 704. Magnanimxim generator eqaorum. Ser- 
vius quotes Pindar in proof of the Agrigen- 
tines having been famous for sending horses 
to the Olympic games. Their city Agri- 
gentum, or Acragas, on the southern coast 
of Sicily, at the mouth of the river Acragas, 
was formerly one of the largest cities in the 
island; it is called arduus, because it was 
built on the summit of a mountain. 

705. Palmosa Selinus, a city on the same 
coast, whose plains abounded with palm 
trees. 

706. Vada Lilybeia. Lilybeum was ano- 
ther of the three promontories of Sicily, 
whence it had its name Trinacria. It lies 
on the western point of the island; its rocks 
run out into the sea, to the distance of three 
miles, and are covered with the waves; 
whence Virgil mentions its stony shallows 
and hidden rocks, vada dura saxis ccecis. 

707. Drepani. Drepanum, now Trepani, a 
maritime town in Sicily, that lies northward 



from the promontory of Lilybeum, at the 
distance of about eighteen miles. It is 
called illatabilis ora, an unjoyous coast, be- 
cause here JEneas lost his father. The in- 
habitants still show the tomb of Anchises. 

709. Genitorem amitto. In this Virgil dif- 
fers from Strabo, who represents the Tro- 
jan prince as having arrived at Laurentum, 
with his father Anchises and his son Asca- 
nius. 

711. Deserts. Bossu thinks it an instance 
of our poet's exquisite judgment that he 
doth not minutely and at length describe 
the illness and death of Anchises, which he 
is of opinion would too much have retarded 
the action of the poem, and not have inter- 
ested the reader in any extraordinary man- 
ner, affording no matter for poetic descrip- 
tion. 

718. Quievit. Segrais observes that the 
fifteen hundred verses which are contained 
in the second and third books may be re- 
peated in two hours. iEneas's recital did not 
appear prolix to Dido and the guests, for 
he ceased intentis omnibus, and at midnight 
too, nor can it appear prolix to any reader 
of judgment and taste. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



269 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



iENEIDOS 



LIBER IV. 



AT regina gravi jamdudum saucia cura, 



INTERPRETATIO. 

Regina autem, jamdiu 
vulnerata gravi solicitudine> 



NOTES. 



Before we enter upon the subject of this 
book, it may be proper to discuss the ques- 
tion concerning the famous anachronism 
which Virgil is charged with, in making 
Dido and .'Eneas contemporary. Bochart is 
so positive about it, that he says, if it is not 
one, nothing is certain in history. 

Between JEneas and Dido, continues he, 
according to the lowest computation, are at 
least 260 years; for none of the ancient 
chronologers, of any name, set the destruc- 
tion of Troy at the distance of less than 60 
years from the time of Saul; and from the 
first year of Saul's reign, to the time of Di- 
do's building Byrsa, the fortress of Car- 
thage, are at least 200 years. 

He grounds his assertion on the chroni- 
cles of the Tyrians, which have always 
been reckoned very authentic. Sanchonia- 
thon, who comments upon them, lived be- 
fore the Trojan war, and is preserved in 
Philo-Biblius's translation. 

But what he lays most stress upon is a 
passage in Menander of Ephesus, quoted 
by Josephus in several places of his history, 
and by Theophilus of Antioch in his third 
book to Autolychus. In this passage we 
have a series of kings who reigned at Tyre, 
from Abibalus down to Pygmalion, Dido's 
brother, and of the, years that each of them 
reigned, together with an account of the 
principal transactions of their several 
reigns. There particular mention is made 
of tiiram, who succeeded Abibalus, and 
who is said to have ordered a vast quantity 



of the cedar of Lebanon to be cut down for 
building temples; which shows that he was 
the same with the Hiram recorded in the 
Bible, who lived in the time of Solomon. 
From Hiram to Ithobalus, priest of Astarte, 
who put Philes to death, and possessed 
himself of the throne for thirty years, is a 
succession of seven kings. This Ithobalus 
he finds to be the same with Ethbaal men- 
tioned in Scripture to have lived in the 
time of Ahab, who married his daughter 
Jezebel. This fixes the times of Ithobalus, 
and consequently of Pygmalion and Dido, 
who were his grand-children. Pygmalion 
reigned fifteen years after the death of Itho- 
balus, and Dido fled into Afric in the se- 
venth year of Pygmalion's reign; that is, 
according to his computation, when Jehu 
reigned in Samaria, and the wicked Athalia 
in Jerusalem. Hence he concludes that Vir- 
gil is unquestionably guilty of an anachro- 
nism. What he thinks had misled Virgil 
is, that under the pretext of Dido's having 
built Byrsa, or rather Bosra, which was the 
fortress of Carthage, several authors had 
given out that she was the founder of Car- 
thage itself: and if so, she must have lived 
in the time of JEneas, or even before him; 
for Carthage was built before the destruc- 
tion of Troy. 

Notwithstanding all that this author has 
to say for himself, the illustrious sir Isaac 
Newton, in his chronology, has cleared 
Virgil from this charge, and finds tineas 
and Dido contemporary. 



270 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



fovetpla^am in venis, etab- Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni. 

suraitur occulta igne. r ° 



NOTES. 



He brings the era of the destruction of 
Troy about 300 years lower down than any 
other chronologist had done before, fixing- 
it to the 78th year after the death of Solo- 
mon, the year before our vulgar era 904; 
and the year of Dido's building- Carthage, 
to the year 883, i. e. 21 years after, when 
iEneas might very well be alive. Those who 
will take the trouble to examine his book, 
will find it no easy matter to withstand the 
weighty reasons he offers in support of his 
singular opinion. To shorten the reader's 



the era of the ruin of Troy to about one and 
the same year, viz. 904 years before our 
vulgar era. 

We shall only make one farther remark 
upon this subject. There is hardly any 
doubt to be made, that the Romans in Vir- 
gil's time were of opinion, that Dido and 
JEneas were contemporary; and even grant- 
ing it to be an error, and that Virgil knew 
it to be so, yet he acted wisely in (not de- 
viating from common opinon, but) taking 
advantage of it as a poet, since it conduced 



labour, we shall briefly mention a few of so much to the embellishment of his poem. 



them. 

1. He observes that Virgil agrees with 
the Arundel Marbles. As Virgil relates, 
probably from the archives of Tyre or Cy- 
prus, that Teucer came from the war of 
Troy to Cyprus in the days of queen Dido 
(see iEn. I. 623.) and with her father seized 
Cyprus; so the Arundel Marbles say that 
Teucer came to Cyprus seven years after 
the destruction of Troy, and built Salamis. 

2. In the temple built at Cadiz to Hercu- 
les, under the name of Melcartus, was Teu- 
cer's golden belt, beside Pygmalion's gold- 
en bow, by which it appears, that the tem- 
ple was built in their days, and that they 
were contemporary. 

3. Dionysius Halicarnasseus reckons six- 
teen kings from Latinus, who reigned in 
Italy in the time of the Trojan war, to Ro- 
mulus; and from him to the consuls were 
six kings more: which 22 reigns, at a me- 
dium of 18 years to a reign (taking the 
lowest reckoning, because many of them 
died violent deaths), amount to 396 years. 
These, counted backward from the con- 
suls Brutus and Publicola, place the Tro- 
ian war about 78 years after the death of 
Solomon, according to sir Isaac's first com- 
putation. 

4. Herodotus, who says Homer and He- 
siod were but 400 years before him, wrote 
in the time of Nehemiah, i. e. 444 years be- 
fore Christ. And Hesiod says he was but 
an age after the destruction of Troy. Now 
400, 444, and 60 years more for the time 
between Hesiod and the war of Troy, bring 
it to the year before Christ 904, as sir Isaac 
reckons. 

5. Lastly, in the year 1689, the cardinal 
points had gone back one full sign, 6 de- 
grees, and 29 minutes, from the cardinal 
points of Chiron (in the time of* the Argo- 
nautic expedition) as nearly, he says, as 
can be determined from the coarse obser- 



1. At Regina. This beginning of the 4th 
book connects itself with the close of the 
3d. iEneas 

Conticuit tandem, factoque hie fine quievit. 

At regina, &c. 
But the queen from the time she heard him 
rested not. 

1. Jamdudum. Servius thinks jamdudum 
here may have the signification of nimium 
or vehementer, as in Terence, Eun. III. 1. 
57: 

Quando illud, quod tu das, expectat, atque 
amat, 

Jamdudum amat te: jamdudum illi facile 
fit 

Quod dole at. 
But we see nothing to hinder us from under- 
standing the word in its common accepta- 
tion; for, though it was but a short while 
since Dido had first seen iEneas, yet, when 
the poet is describing the pangs of love she 
had suffered all that while, he very ele- 
gantly uses a word implying long duration. 
With the same propriety he uses this word 
in the second book, verse 103, where Si- 
non says, 

Si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos, 

Idque audire sat est jamdudum, sumite 
pcenas. 
Though but a few minutes had intervened 
since the Trojans had been informed that 
Sinon was a Greek, he calls those few mi- 
nutes a long w r hile — -jamdudum audire, to 
represent their impatient desire of revenge, 
as if it could brook no delay, but reckoned 
every moment long, that withheld them 
from gratifying their resentment. So also 
in the same fourth book, where Dido is 
quite dissatisfied with iEneas's speech from 
the beginning, the poet says: 

Talia dicentem jamdudum aversa tuetur. 
Verse 362. _ 
1. Gravi curd, Love's painful darts. This 
easy metaphor in English seems bestadapt- 



vations of the ancients. Consequently, at ed to convey the force of the original gravi 



the rate of 72 years to a degree, 2627 years 
had been passed since Chiron, which brings 
us back to 43 years after the death of Solo- 
mon, for the time of the Argonautic expe- 
dition; and the destruction of Troy was 
about 30 or 35 years later. So that all these 
collateral proofs agr§e in one point, and fix 



cura, heavy or oppressive care,- especially 
since Virgil uses the words saucia and vul~ 
nusy probably in allusion to the darts and ar- 
rows with which Cupid was poetically re- 
presented; as the following expression, c&* 
co carpitur igni, alludes to his flaming torch. 
2. Vulnus alit. Rusus says, Love seems 



JiNEIDOS LIB. IV. 



271 



Multie virtutes iEnese, et 
multa gloria ejus redit in 
mentem: vultus ejus et 
5 sernio hxrent impressi a- 
nimo, et luce cura non 
permittit trauquiUam quie- 
tcin corpori. Postera Au- 
rora illustrabat terras luce 
Solis, et expulerat e calo 
YQ humidas tcuebras; cum sie 



Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat 
Gentis honos: haerent infixi pectore vultus, 
Verbaque: nee placidam membrisdat cura quietem 
Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras, 
Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram; 
Cum sic unanimem alloquitur male sana sororem: 
Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent? 
Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes? 

> n . v r . J • , male sana loquitur ad con 

Quern sese ore terens: quam torti pectore et armis: C ordem sororem. Annaso- 
Credo equidem, nee vana fides, genus esse Deorum. ror, quse insomnia terrent 
De^eneres animos timor ar^uit. Heu quibus ille me dubiam? quis hie novus 

,° - . , . „ P / ,1 hospes venit in reeionem 

Jactatus faus! quae bella exhausta canebat! nostram? 6 qualem se specie 

Si mihinon animo fixum immotumq; sederet, 15exhibens! quam generosis 

Ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare jugali, 

Postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit; 

Si non pertaesum thaiami taedaeque fuisset; 

Huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae. 

Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sichaei 

mihi consUtutum et immutabile id propositum, at nolim me ulli conjungere per nexum conjuga- 
lem, ex quo primus amor fefellit me deceptam morte Sic/uei: si non tsederet me lecti et facis: 
fortasse possem cadere in hoc solum delictum. Nam fatebor, 6 Anna, post mortem miseri man- 
ti Sichsei, 



animis et factis! Certe credo 
hunc esse prolem Deorum. 
Nee tern ere credo: metus 
prodit animos ignobiles. 
Heu! quibus fatis fuit ille 
on agitatus! quae bella confecta 
uarrabat! Si non maneret 



NOTES, 



here depicted in his usual habit; blind and 
armed with arrows and a torch. The words 
c<£co t vulnus, ignem refer to each circum- 
stance in his appearance. 

5. Nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 
Her care and anguish allow her to enjoy no 
rest but what is broken and disturbed by 
dreams. That this is the sense, appears 
from the following ninth verse: 

Quae me suspensam insomnia terrent? 

6. Lustrabat. The word lustrabat gives a 
fine idea, not only of the splendour but of 
the motion also of the solar rays. 

8. Unanimem. This is a very emphatic 
expression; it signifies, there was such an 
union and harmony of affection between 
them, that they seemed to be both anima- 
ted with one and the same soul. 

10. Novus — hospes. Servius explains no- 
vus here to signify magnus, rare, matchless, 
as in Eel. III. 86. 

Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina. 
i. e. excellent, inimitable verses, quasi quce an- 
tea nunquam, such as were never matched. In 
the same sense Virgil calls wine novum nec- 
tar, excellent as the drink of the gods, Eel. V. 
71. 

11. §)uam forti pectore, et armis.' This is 
an elliptic way of speaking in Latin, and 
the full sentence is, Shiam forti est pectore, 
et quamfottibus armis. By the first we are 
to understand his fortitude in surmounting 
hardships and misfortunes, and by the se- 
cond his valour and prowess in war. 

13. Degeneres animos timor arguit. The 
meaning is, as fear argues an ignoble base- 
Lorn mind, so valour, like that of iEneas, 



who is forti pectore et armis, bespeaks a no- 
ble, a divine original. The poet designedly 
filled this speech of Dido with abrupt half- 
sentences, and made her speak incoherent- 
ly, to show the confusion and perturbation 
of her mind. 

14. Fatis. The word sometimes signifies 
the distresses and calamities of life, whose 
causes are more secret, and that seem to 
arise from the particular appointment and 
determination of heaven; hence Cicero, 
speaking of Catiline's wicked gang, who 
had become almost too powerful for the 
commonwealth, and acted in defiance of the 
laws, says, he was confident some secret 
unforeseen calamity would soon overtake 
them: Quibus ego confido impendere fatum 
aliquod. Cat. II. 5. 

14. Exhausta. Non inchoata tantum, sed 
perfecta, et adultimum constantissime per- 
ducta: not only begun, but accomplished, and 
with the greatest resolution brought to a period. 
The word carries an allusion to the drain- 
ing of some bitter and unpleasant cup t» 
the very last dregs. 

17. Deceptam morte fefellit. Postquam 
spe perpetui amoris, interfecto marito, i'rus- 
trata sum, says Scaliger, Lib. IV. cap. 16. 

18. Tcedceque. The word taeda, a torch, is 
derived from teda, the middle or heart of 
the pine tree. Torches of this simple kind 
were usually carried before a female newly 
married, when led home to the house of 
her.husband. 

19. Culpa. Because second marriages 
were somewhat infamous, as carrying a 
suspicion of incontinency. Hence, says Va 



272 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et Deos infectos cade a fra- Conjugis, et sparsos fraterna. caede pcnatcs; 

*££? m^s;!t n imVulk SoIus hic inflexit sen3U . s > animumque labantem 

auiraum vaciiiantem; ani- Impulit: agnosco veteris vestigia flammae. 

madverto signa veteris amo- Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat; 24 

afisaarsifcSjY^ pa ^ er °™n ipot i ns , a - disat me fulmine ad umbras> 

vel pater omnipotens ful- "allentes umbras Erebi, noctemq; profundam, 
mine demittat me ad um- Ante pudor quam te violo, aut tua jura resolvo. 
bras, pallidas umbras infe- IIle meos pr i mus qu i me sibi junxit, amores 
rorum et noctem profun- A1 ,..,,,, ^ J , . 

dam: antequam te hedam, 6 Abstulit: llle habeat secum, servetque sepulchro. 
pudicitia, et frangam tua Sic effata, sinum lachrymis implevit obortis. 
jura. Ille Afetew, qui me Anna refert: O luce ma^is dilecta sorori, 
primus sociavit sibi, abstulit e i ^ * ° a • A * 5 

meos amores: ille , habeat Solane perpetua moerens carpere juyenta^ 
eos secum, et servet in tu-Necdulces natos, Veneris nee praemia noris? 
mulo. Sic locuta implevit id cinerem, aut manes credis curare sepultos? 
premium lachrymis erum-T- . • n* j a v 

pentibus. Anna respondet: Lsto; f S ram nulh quondam flexere mariti; 

O soror chara sorori magis Non Libyae, non ante Tyro; despectus Iarbas, 

quam vita, an sola consumeris dolens per totam juventutem? nee experieris jucundos liberos, 

nee dona Veneris? Putasne cinerem aut umbras sepultas id curare? Ita sit: nulli proci antek 

commoverunt dolentem te; nee in Libya, nee prius Tyri: contemptus est a te Iarbas, 



30 



35 



NOTES. 



Ierius, Lib. II. Olim quae uno matrimonio 
contentae fuerunt, corona pudicitiae honora- 
bantur; multorum matrimoniorum experi- 
entiam legitime cujusdam intemperantiae 
signum credentes. But culpa is sometimes 
taken simply for an indulgence of the pas- 
sion of love, however innocent; as in Sta- 
tius, Theb. 2. speaking of the daughters of 
Adrastus, when they were led forth by 
their father to be given away to the hus- 
bands of their virginity: 

Ibant insignes vultuque habituque veren- 
do, 

Candida purpureum fusae super ora ru- 
borem, 

Dejectaeque genas: tacitae subit ille supre- 
mus 

Virginitatis amor, primaeque modestia cul- 
pa: 

Confundit vultus. 
So Ovid, 

Ludite, sed furto celetur culpa modesto. 

2 Art. 
23. Vestigia. The word vestigia strictly 
signifies footsteps, traces, &c. It is some- 
times used for signs or tokens in general. If 
the first sense be taken, it must mean that 
the remains of her love to Sichaeus must 
prevent her from loving iEneas; if the last 
sense, it will signify the same as if she had 
said, I remember how I was formerly af- 
fected, and perceive the same symptoms in 
a second love. Ruaeus prefers the first of 
these interpretations; Trapp the second. 

27. Ante pudor quam te, i?c. The ante 
here is redundant, for prius goes before: so 
that the sentence runs thus: Tellus prius 
dehiscat antequam, pudor, violo te. But 
examples of the same kind occur in other 
authors, even in prose writers; particularly 
in Sallust, who says: Ac prius quam legio* 



nes scriberentur, multa ante capere quae 
bello usui forent. In Catil. And Corn. Ne- 
pos in Vit. Att. Atque antea quidem mor- 
bi diuturnitatem moleste ferebat, prius - 
quam hoc ei accideret. 

27. Violo — resolvo. This is the reading of 
the best and most ancient manuscripts: 
some others, however, read violent, resol- 
vam. 

30. Sinum — implevit. By sinum here Ser- 
vius, and with him Turnebus, understand 
the cavity of the eye, as the word some- 
times signifies. But the common sense of 
the word is surely the stronger and more 
expressive of the two, as it shows her 
tears to be more copious, and paints her 
passion more violent. 

52. Mcerens carpere juventa. A metaphor 
taken from flowers, which, when plucked, 
soon wither. Perpetud here, as in many 
other places, signifies totd. Sola in this line 
has the sense .of alone or only. 

33. Dulces natos. Dido, it appears, had no 
children by Sichaeus. 

35 Nulli mariti. That is, none who court- 
ed with sincere views of marriage. 

36. Despectus Iarbas. Esto is here under- 
stood as repeated. 

36. Iarbas. Justin gives a very distinct 
and particular account of the proposals of 
marriage made by this prince to queen 
Dido, and of the way in which she received 
his offer. We shall give it to the reader m 
his own words, and at full length, because 
it serves to acquaint him with the true cha- 
racter of this princess, and shows how 
widely the poet differs from the historian: 
Cum successu rerum florentes Carthaginis 
opes essent, rex Maxitanorum Hiarbas, de- 
cern Poenorum principibus ad se arcessitis, 
Elisae nuptias sub belli denuntiatione petit; 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



273 



Ductoresque alii, quo.s Africa terra triumphis 
Dives alit: placitone etiam pugnabis amori? 
Nee venit in mentem quorum consederis arvis? 
Hinc Getulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, 
Et Numidae infraeni cingunt, et inhospita Syrtis: 
Hinc deserta siti regio, lateque furentes 
*Barcsei. Quid bella Tyro surgentiadicam, 
Germanique minas? 

Diis equidem auspicibus reor, et Junone secunda, 
Hue cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. 
Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes! quae 

regna 
Conjugio tali! Teucrum comitantibus armis, 
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus! 
Tu modo posce Deos veniam, sacrisque litatis, 



aliique duces, quos regio A- 
fricaha abundans victories 
nutrit: an etiam resistcs gra- 
to amori? Nee venit tibi 

40 in mentem, quorum in agris 
constiteris? Hinc urbes Ge- 
tulse, gens bello insuperabi- 
lis, et Numidse indomiti, et 
Syrtis inhospitalis nos cin- 
gunt: hinc regio siccitate so- 
litaria, et Barccei furiosi. 

45 Quid dicam cle bellis immi- 
nentibus ab urbeTyro, et de 

hanc cernes! quae surq;ere minisfr . atris?c . ert6exis . timo 
° naves lhacas Dns auctonbus, 
et Junone propitia, hue ven- 
to dire;xisse cursum. Qualem 
tu videbis hanc urbem, 6 so- 
~ ror! qualia regna crescere, 
tali connubio! quantis factis 
enget se Pcenorum gloria, adjuvantibus armis Trojanorum! Tantummodo tu pete a Diis favo- 
rem, et sacrinciis pertectis, 



NOTES. 



quod legati reginre referre metuentes, Pu- 
nieo cum ea ingenio egerunt; nunti antes re- 
gem aliquem poscere, qui cultiores victus 
eum Afrosque perdoceat: sed quern inve- 
niri posse, qui ad barbaros et ferarum more 
viventes transire a consanguineis velit? 
Tunc d regind castigati, Si pro salute patriae 
aspeyorem vitam recusarent, cui etiam ip- 
sa vita, si res exigat, debeatur; regis manda- 
ta aperuefe, dicentes, Quae praecipiat aliis, ip- 
si facienda esse, si velit urbi consultum es- 
se. Hoc dolo capta, diu Acerbae viri nomine 
ciim multislachrymis et lamentatione flebili 
invocato, ad postremum ituram se quo suae 
urbis fata vocarent, respondit. In hoc trium 
mensium sumpto spatio, pyra in ultima par- 
te urbis extructa, velut placatura viri 
manes, inferiasque ante nuptias missura, 
multas hostias caedit, et sumpto gladio py- 
ram conscendit: atque ita ad populum res- 
piciens, ituram se ad virum, sicut praece- 
perant, dixit; vitamque gladio finivit, Lib. 
XVIII. 6. 

37. Africa terra, for Africana; the substan- 
tive for the adjective. Tibullus has Terra 
Campania, and Catullus, Terra Celtiberia. 

37. Triumphis dives. Some allege that the 
Africans never triumphed at all. But Ser- 
vius quotes the authority both of Pliny and 
Trogus Pompeius, to prove that they on the 
contrary were the first who invented tri- 
umphal shows, to which invention the Ro- 
mans afterwards laid claim. To confirm 
Servius' opinion, Justin tells us, that As- 
drubal, in particular, had been honoured 
with four triumphs, Lib. XIX. cap. 1. Cu- 
jus (Hasdrubalis) mortem, cum luctus ci- 
vitatis, turn etdictaturae undecim, ettrium- 
phi quatuor, insignem fecere. 

38. Pugnabis amori? Ruaeus says, verbs 
of contention are often joined to a dative 
case. Eel. V. 8. Tibi certet Amyntas. G. II. 
99. Cui non certaverit ulla, Sec. 

40. Getul*. &c. The Getulians inhabited 



southward from Carthage. The Numidians 
to the west possessed the country which 
we now call Belidulgerid. The Barcaeans, 
towards the east, occupied that which is 
now called the kingdom of Barca. 

43 . Barccei. Cingunt te understood. 

44. Germanique minas. Justin informs us, 
that, when Pygmalion heard of his sister's 
having made her escape, he intended to 
have pursued her, and was with difficulty 
withheld from his purpose, by the entrea- 
ties of his mother, and the threatenings of 
the gods: Dum haec aguntur, Pygmalion, 
cognita sororis fuga, cum impio bello fugi- 
entem persequi pararet, aegre precibus ma- 
tris et Deorum minis victus, quievit; cui 
cum inspirati vates canerent, non impune 
laturum, si incrementa urbis toto orbe auspi- 
catissimce interpelldsset, hoc modo spatium 
respirandi fugientibus datum, Lib. XV III. 
cap. 5. 

45. Junone secundd. Juno is particularly 
mentioned, both because she presided over 
marriage, and because Carthage was under 
her peculiar patronage. 

50. Veniam. Favour in general; or tha 
favour of iEneas for a husband. 

50. Sacrisque litatis. Litare signifies to 
propitiate by sacrifice. As for the criticism 
of Servius, who says, Diis litatis debuit di- 
cere, non enim sacra sed Deos litamus, id 
est, placamus: ergo nove dixit, it is ground- 
less; for examples occur where the word 
is used in the same way. Thus Lucan says: 
Neque enim tibisumme litavi 

Jupiter hoc sacrum. 

So Propertius has exta litare; and Sueto- 
nius, Victimas Diti patri casas litavit; Life 
of Otho, chap. 8; or the words will agree 
even to Servius' own notion; for why may 
it not be litatis sacris, i. e. per sacra, having 
propitiated them by sacrifice, viz. the gods 
whom he had just mentioned? 



2N 



274 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



protrahe tempm hospitii, et Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi: 
S'etr^vro^Dum pelago des*vit hyems, et aquosus Orion; 
furit mari; et naves n-actasQuassataeque rates, et non tractabile ccelum. 
erunt, et acr erit intolcra- His dictis incensum animum inflammavit amore. 



bills. His verbis incendit a- 



55 



>nmt a-Spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem 
more animum jam arden-*. P- . , . , , * r 

tem, et spem attnlit mentiPrmcipio delubra adeunt, pacemque per aras 
incertse, etabstuiit verecun- Exquimnt: mactant lectas de more bidentes 
diam.Prim6petunttempla, Le ~if enE Cereri, Phoeboque, patrique Lyaeo: 
et ad altana petunt favorem T & • . • , r - ,- J 

Deorum: immolant juxta ri- Junoni ante omnes, cui vincla jugalia curae. 
tum oves selectas Cereri le-Ipsa tenens dextra. pateram pulcherrima Dido, 60 
gum inventriei, et Phcebo, Candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit: 

et Bacclio patn: pra: omni- 
bus Junoni, cui curse sunt nexus conjugales. Ipsa formosissima Dido tenens manu dextera pate- 
ram, fundit vinum inter media cornua vaccse candidal 



NOTES. 



51. Innecte. A most happy word; signify- 
ing to knit, to weave, to invent, or devise. 

52. Dum pelago descevit hyems. Many of 
the commentators explain this passage, as 
if the meaning should be, Till the rage of 
winter be overpast: but what shall we then 
make of the rest of the. sentence, et aquosus 
Orion, quassat<eque rates, etnon tractabile cae- 
lum? which oug*ht then to be translated, 
Till Orion bring on storms of rain, till his 
ships be shattered, and there be no bearing 
the inclemencies of the weather; which, 
instead of being arguments for his stay, are 
most powerful motives to hasten his depar- 
ture. When the sense of the passage is so 
plain, it is in vain to urge the common use 
of the word in other authors. Ruaeus quotes 
another passage in Virgil, where desavit is 
most certainly to be taken in the same sense 
as here. 

Sic toto -Eneas dessevit in sequore victor, 
Ut semel intepuit mucro. JEn. X. 569. 
56. Delubra. Delubrunv was a temple, 

with a large piece of consecrated ground 

round it. 

56. Pacemque per aras exquimnt. The ex- 
pression exquirunt pacem per aras, refers to 
the way of prying into the entrails of the 
victim, in order to know the will of the 
gods; therefore it follows: 

pecudumque reclusis 
Pectoribus inhians, spirantia consulit exta. 

57. Lectas de more bidentes. The Heathen, 
as well as Jewish religion, ordained that no 
victims should be offered to the gods, but 
such as were sound, perfect in all their 
parts, and without any blemish: this is the 
import of de more. 

58. Legifera Cereri. Ceres, the daughter 
of Saturn and Ops, and mother of Proser- 
pine by Jove, found out the use of corn, and 
taught agriculture in Attica, Italy, and Si- 
cily; upon which account, as Pliny observes, 
she was reckoned a goddess, ob id dea judi- 
cata. The same author tells us, she was the 
first who framed laws, though others assign 
that honour to Rhadamanthus: Hist. Nat. 



Lib. VII. cap. 56. Dido therefore offers sa- 
crifice to her, as having instituted laws, es- 
pecially those of marriage, and civilized 
mankind from their rude insocial state. 

58. Phoeboque. She offered sacrifice to 
Phoebus, as the god who presided over fu- 
turity, that he might send propitious omens 
to countenance the intended match. 

58. Patrique Lyueo. Bacchus is worship- 
ped as the god of mirth and jollity: Adsit 
hetitice Bacchus dator, that he might crown 
the match with perpetual jo}'. 

59. Junoni ante omnes. Juno was the sister 
and wife of Jupiter. She so much displea- 
sed her husband, by detecting and reveng- 
ing his amours, that on one occasion he tied 
a heavy anvil to her feet, and suspended 
her from the heavens by a golden chain. 
She was queen of the skies. She protected 
cleanliness, presided over marriage and 
childbirth, and particularly patronised the 
most faithful and virtuous of her sex. The 
Juno of the Romans was called JVfatrona. 
She was generally represented as veiled 
from head to foot. The Roman matrons imi- 
tated her dress, and thought it indecent for 
a married woman to suffer any part of her 
body, excepting her face, to be seen. 

61 . Candentis vaccce. Plutarch tells us, that 
Numa made a law enjoining, that in case a 
female wished a second marriage earlier 
than ten months after her husband's death, 
she must offer to the gods a pregnant hei- 
fer. 

61. Media inter cornua fundit. This is ac- 
cording to the Roman manner of perform- 
ing sacrifice. After the immolatio, which 
consisted in throwing corn and frankin- 
cense, together with the mola, i. e. bran or 
meal mixed with salt, upon the head of the 
beast, the priest sprinkled wine between 
the horns. As JEn. VI. 244. 

frontique invergit vina sacerdos. 
So Juvenal, Sat. XII. verse 7. 
Quippe ferox vitulus, templis maturus, et 

arse, 
Spargendusque mero. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 

Aut ante ora Deiim pingues spatiatur ad aras, 
Instauratque diem donis, pecudumque reclusis 
Pectoribus inhians, spirantia consulit exta. 
Heu, vatum ignarae mentes! quid vota furentem, 
Quid delubra juvant? est mollis flamma medullas 
Interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus. 
Uritur infelix Dido, totaque vagatur 
Urbe furens. Qualis conjecta cerva sagitta, 
Quam procul incautam nemora inter Cressia fixit 
Pastor agens telis, liquitque volatile ferrum 
Nescius; ilia fuga sylvas saltusque peragrat 
Dictaeos: haeret lateri letalis arundo. 
Nunc media ^Eneam secum per mcenia ducit: 
Sidoniasque ostentat opes, urbemque paratam. 
Incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit. 
Nunc eadem, labente die, convivia quaerit: 
Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores 
Exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. / 

r ' r ^ cum per media mummenta: 

et ostentat Tyrias divitias, et urbem paratam. Incipit loqui, et hceret in media voce. Nunc die 
occidente repetit easdem epulas: et insaua postulat rursus audire Trojanos casus, et suspensa est 
rursus ab ore narrantis. 



275 

ant incedit circa pinguia alta- 
ria ante imagines Dcorum, ct 
renovat sacrificia per diem, 
ctintenta pectoribus victima- 

65 rum apertis consulit viscera 
curum palpitantia. Heu! ig- 
narse mentes vatum! quid 
vota, quid templa prosunt 
amanti? interim gratus ignis 
absumit medullas, et occulta 

-,. plaga durat sub corde. Uri- 

' u tur misera Dido, et insana 
erratjber totam urbem. Qua- 
lis cerva post conjectam sa- 
gittam, quam pastor perse- 
quens armis perfodit impro- 
vidam procul in sylvis Creti- 

75 cis, et reliquit ignarus vola- 
tile ferrum in viilnere; ilia 
cerva percurrit fugiens syl- 
vas et saltus Dictseos; morti- 
iera sagitta haiiet lateri. Di- 
do nunc ducit JEneam se- 



NOTES. 



And Ovid more expressly, 
Rode, caper, vitem; tamenhinc, cum sta- 

bis ad aram, 
In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit. 

Go, wanton goat, about the vineyard 

browse 
On the young shoots, and stop the rising 

juice; 
You'll leave enough to pour between your 

horns, 
When for your sake the hallow'd altar 

burns. " Met. VII. 504. 

62. Ante ora Deum — spatiatur. That is, 
before the images of the gods. This is spo- 
ken agreeably to the custom of the Romans; 
among whom the matrons were wont on 
holidays to walk in a grave and solemn 
manner before the altars, with torches in 
their hands; which Horace seems to have 
had in his eye in that verse: 

Ut festis matrona moveri jussa diebus. 
Art. 232. 

63. Instaurat. She frequently repeats and 
renews the sacrifices. 

64. Consulit exta. The heart, the lungs, 
the spleen, and the liver of an animal were 
suddenly drawn out. While yet palpitating, 
the extispex (so called from exta inspiciendo) 
from them pretended to foretel future 
events. 

69> Qualis conjectd cerva, &c. This is a 
very apt comparison, and agrees almost in 
every circumstance. There is a particular 
beauty in the last, heeret lateri letalis arun- 



do, which strongly images the fast hold that 
Cupid's arrows had taken of Dido's heart. 
74. Per mcenia ducit. If the reader, says 
Wharton, be not void of all taste and sensi- 
bility, pity and humanity, he must be inex- 
pressibly moved by the following circum- 
stances of Dido's behaviour; by her carry- 
ing JEneas through the town, and tempt- 
ing him to settle in a city already begun to 
be built; by her beginning to speak, and sud- 
denly stopping short and faltering; by her 
making still new feasts and entertainments 
for her lover; by her desiring to hear his 
story again and again; by her attention to 
every syllable he spoke; by her remaining 
in the hall after the guests were gone, and 
lying upon the couch where he sat by her, 
thinking she still hears his voice and still 
sees his person, and by her fondly playing 
with Ascanius. 

78. Iliacosque iterum, &c. Ovid shows Ca- 
lypso the same way affected towards Ulys- 
ses, with whom she was violently in love: 

Haec Trojx casus iterumque iterumque 
rogabat: 

Ille referre saepe solebat idem. 
Though the sentiment is the same in both, 
what a striking difference there is between 
Virgil and Ovid's manner of expressing iri 
They, who would see this natural and beau- 
tiful description of Dido's passion accurate- 
ly examined, may consult Scaliger's Poet, 
lib. III. cap. 19. 

79. Pendetque. For, says Minelius, oculi 
sunt in amore duces. So Ovid in his Epistles; 

Narrantis conjux pendet ab ore viri. 



276 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Deinde, cumexierunt, etvi-p os t, u bi digressi, lumenque obscura vicissim 80 

Sn^"t?';tdL b tLuna premit, suadentque cadentia sidera sonmos: 
cedentescoguntadsomnum: Sola domo moeret vacua, stratisque rehctis 
sola dolet in domo vacua, et Incubat: ilium absens absentem auditque videtque: 
j£SPJff : Jg8: 1 Aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta, 
sens absentem ilium: aut Detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem. 85 

tenet msinu Ascanium, cap- Non coeptae assurgunt turres, non arma juventus 
ta similitudine patris ,ejus f Exercet, portusve aut propugnacula bello 

ut videat an possit tall ere rr , r " 1 , • 

amorem infandum. Turres *uta parant: pendent opera mterrupta, minaeque 
inceptse non attolluntur, ju- Murorum ingentes, sequataque machina ccelo. 
ventus non exercetur armis, Q uam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri 90 

SSr^Smfopf-Chara Jovis conjux, nee famam obstare furori: 
ra manent interrupts, et e- Talibus aggreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis: 
minentise magna murorum, Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla refertis, 

et machinse eductse ad coe- rr> ■ •' . i>« 

lum. Statim atque diiecta Tuc i; puerq; tuus; magnum et memorabile nomen: 

uxor Jovis cognovit hanc ta- Una dolo Divum si foemina victa duorum est: 95 

li veneno imb'utam esse, nee Nee me adeo fallit, veritam te mosnia nostra, 

S'C Ju„ttrpe.ttVr: f "Pectas habuisse dotuos Carthaginis rite. 

rem talibus verbis: Nempe oed quis ent modus? aut quo nunc certamine tantor 

reportatis pulchram laudem, Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaos 

et magna spolia, et tu, et Ex ercemus? habes, tota quod mente petisti: 100 

films tuus; magnam et me- . , _. ' . * *% 

morabilem gloriam, quod Ardet amans Dido, traxitque per ossa iurorem. 

una mulier superata sit Communem hunc ergo populum, paribusque regamus 

fraude duorum Deorum. 

Nee vero me latet, te timuisse nostros muros, et suspectas habuisse domos Carthaginis altae. 

Sed quis erit finis? aut quo jam tendimus tanta contentione? Quin potius facimus pacem seter- 

nam et firmas nuptias? obtines quod qusesivisti toto animo: m-itur amans Dido, et hausit per ossa 

amorem. Gubernemusigitur hanc gentem communem, et sequali potestate: 

NOTES. 

80. Obscura — Luna. Servius says obscura it of the machines used in raising the stones, 
tuna, id est, nox, nam nihil tarn, contrarium beams, &c. for carrying- on the building-. 
lunce quam obscuritas. We know not well 92. Talibus aggreditur. Aggreditur, says 
what sense to make of these words of his; Servius, is cum invidiosd caliditate loquitur; 
but the obvious meaning of Virgil is, that, addresses her with an envious shrewd de- 
as the morning light approached, the moon sign. So the word is used by Terence, Phor. 
consequently grew more pale, and shone V. 7. 75. 

out with fainter rays. Hunc mecum agitas? satis astute aggre- 

81. Suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. At dimini. 

evening the stars rise, when the sun disap- 94. Memorabile nomen. This, says Dr. 

pears; and towards the morning they set, Trapp, is the finest irony in the world, 

when their light is absorbed in his brighter 96. Fallit; for latet. 

beams, as was said above. 102. Communem hunc populum, paribusque 

81. Somnos; inire understood. regamus Auspiciis. This sentence is capable 

85. Fallere infandum amorem. Beguile, or of a double meaning; for hunc populum com- 
steal herself from the power of love, inex- munem may either refer to the Carthagini- 
pressibly cruel. ans only, or it may mean the united body of 

86. Non coept<e as surgunt turres. The same the Tynans and Trojans: the last seems 
sentiment is expressed, Eel. II. 69. the more probable, because of what follows, 

Ah, Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia liceat Phrygio servire marito, which is apro- 

cepit? posal for having both people united. Ac- 

Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est. cordingly paribus regamus auspiciis will sig- 

Quin tu aliquid saltern potius, quorum in- nify, Let us show them equal favour and 

diget usus, protection, or let them be both equally un- 

Viminibus mollique paras detexere junco? der our guardianship and auspicious influ- 

89. JEquataque machina ccelo. Servius takes ence, as Mr. Pitt has justly rendered it: 

this to be exegetical of the former, as if Let us with equal sway protect the place, 

machina meant the fabric or building. But, The common guardians of the mingled 

to avoid tautology, it is better to understand race. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



277 



Auspiciis: liceat Phrygio servire marito, 

Dotalesque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae. 

Olli (sensit enim simulata mente locutam, 

Quo re gnu m Italiae Libycas averteret oras) 

Sic contra est ingressa Venus: Quis talia demens 

Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello? 

Si modd, quod me moras, factum fortuna sequatur. 

Sed fatis incerta feror, si Jupiter unam 

Esse velit Tyriis urbem, Trojaque profectis; 

Miscerive probet populos, aut foedera jungi. 

Tu conjux: tibi fas animum tentare precando. 

Perge, sequar. Turn sic excepit regia Juno: 

Mecum erit iste labor: nunc qua ratione, quod instat, 

Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo. 

Venatum i£neas, unaque miserrima Dido, 

In nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus 

Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orbem. 

His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, 

Dum trepidant alse, saltusque indagine cingunt, 

perfici. JEneas et miserrima Dido parant ire venatum in sylvan), quando Sol crastinus prim6 
extulerit se orientem, et luce detexerit mundum. Ego, dumequites current, et claudent sylvas 
retibus, 



liceat obedire Phrygio mari- 
to, et tradere in manum tu- 
^ am Tyrios quasi dotem. 

*0o CJontrsi Venus sic ccepit h- 
qui illi: nam agnovit Mam 
locutam esse ficto consilio, 
ut abduceret imperium ab 
Italia ad Africanam terram: 
Qnis stultus recuset talia.' 

j 10 aut malit tecum disceptare 
bello? dummodo sors promo- 
veat consilium quod sugge- 
ris. Sed fatis rapior dubia: 
utrum Jupiter velit eandem 

. . . urbem esse Tyriis, et iis qui 
* venerunt Troja: aut appro - 
bet confundi nationes, aut 
nuptias sociari. Tu es ejus 
uxor, tibi facile est solicitare 
precibusmentem ejus. Per- 
ge, sequar. Turn sic respon- 
ait Juno regina: Mea erit 

, 2Q *ila curat jam attende, pau- 
cis verbis explicabo, quo mo- 
do id quod imminet, possit 



NOTES. 



103. Phrygio servire marito. Servius, Ru- 
<eus, and others, remark here, that Phrygio 
is a -word of contempt, and implies that 
JEneas was in slavery, and an exile, as the 
Phrygians then were. This observation, 
however, has little countenance from Vir- 
gil, who uses the words Phrygius and Tro- 
janus promiscuously: besides, Juno here 
plays the hypocrite, and therefore would 
industriously avoid such expressions as 
must have laid her open to the discovery of 
one of less penetration than a goddess. 

This expression, servire marito, Servius 
says, is an allusion to one of the three ways 
of contracting marriage among the Ro- 
mans, viz. coemptione; when the parties so- 
lemnly bound themselves to one another, 
by the ceremony of giving and taking a 
piece of money. By this the woman gave 
herself over into the power of the man, and 
entered into a state of liberal servitude or 
subjection to him: to which he also refers 
that passage in the first Georgic, 

Teque sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus 
undis. 
And again, 

Tibi serviat ultima Thule. 

104. Dotales. Dos is the patrimony of a 
wife, and whatever is with the wife pre- 
sented to the husband. 

105. Olli. Minelius explains this as mean- 
ing Mo tempore. 

108. Tecum. Te emphatically, the royal 
Juno, who art the daughter, the sister, the 
wife of a king. 



110. Si; for utram or an. 

119. Extulerit. Because the poets used 
to consider the light as sunk in the ocean 
every evening, and brought forth thence by 
the returning sun. 

119 . Retexerit orbem. Disclose, and again 
reveal the world that lay hidden in dark- 
ness; the contrary to which is that expres- 
sion, verse 351. 

quoties humentibus umbris 
Nox operit terras. 

120. His ego. This was her povince, Juno 
presiding over the air, as did Jupiter over 
the heaven, Neptune over the sea, and Plu- 
to over the infernal regions. And yet, so in- 
consistent is mythology, when a storm is to 
be raised off the shores of Sicily, Juno is 
under the necessity of becoming the sup- 
pliant of jEolus. 

121. Dum trepidant alee. By alee we may 
understand, with Servius, the riding 
hunters, who are called aide, wings, because 
they covered the foot as the cavalry of an 
army. Or alee may signify the huntsmen in 
general, spread over the ground like out- 
stretched wings. The word trepidant ex- 
cellently marks the hurry and bustle of a 
company of keen sportsmen scampering 
about in quest of their game. 

121. Saltusque indagine cingunt. Some ex- 
plain indagine to mean the ranging the 
ground in quest of the prey, others the 
hounds, and others the nets or toils. The 
last seems to agree best to this place. 



278 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



desuperimnnttamobscuramDesuper infundam, et tonitru coelum omnc ciebo. 
Sn^X\S^™Pifl%ie^ somites, et nocte tegentur opaca. 
aerem. Dispergentur comi- Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem 
tes, et occultahuntur densis Devenient: adero, et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, 125 
jK?£ ZZ2&5 i^Connubio jungam stabiU, propriamque dicabo. 
antrum: prasens ero, et, si Hie Hymenaeus ent. Non adversata, petenti 
tuus consensus mihi certus Annuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis. 
est, sociabo iilam firmo Qceanum interea sur^ens Aurora reliquit. 
comugio et addicam JEnece - . . , t "Y . t . ^ 

propriam. Hie erit Hymen. lt P. ortls jubare exorto delecta juventus, 130 

Non obsistens petenti Ve- Retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro, 
nus annuit, et risit ob frau- Massylique ruunt equites, et odora canum vis. 
dem repertam a Junone. r> • . i_ i L j i* ■ •• 

Interim Aurora surgens de- Re g inam thalamo cunctantem ad hmina primi 
semit Oceanum. Luce orta Pcenorum expectant: ostroque insignis etauro 
juventus electa exit e portis. Stat sonipes, ac fraena ferox spumantia mandit. 1 35 
ifaSutf^pStefelull Tandem progredkur magna stipante caterva, 
tes Massyli, et virtus odora- Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo: 
trix canum, erumpunt. Pri- Qui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum, 
mi Carthaginensium expec- 
tant ad portas reginam tardantem in cubiculo: statque equus ornatus auro et purpura, et acer 
mandit frsenum spumans. Denique procedit comitante magna turba, cincta versicolore instita 
circa Tyriam chlamydem: huic pharetra est aurea, capilli colliguntur in nodum aureum, 



NOTES. 



124. Dux et Trojanus. Here, and at the 
cave, the poet, with his usual address, ap- 
plies not to iEneas either the words plus or 
pater, or any thing- equivalent: he was now 
dux Trojanus, the Trojan hero. 

127. Hie Hymenceits erit. Some make hie 
an adverb, and thus interpret the passage: 
Here Hymen shall be present. If so, the 
presence of the god of marriage would 
seem to be mentioned out of time, and to 
no purpose, since Juno had told her she 
would perforin the whole ceremony her- 
self; and therefore it is better to con- 
sider hie as a noun, and take Hymenjeus in 
the figurative sense for marriage itself, as 
the word is used by Lucretius, lib. I. 98. 
non ut solenni more sacrorum 
Perfecto, posset claro comitari Hymenseo. 
As if Juno had said, This deed of mine shall 
ratify the marriage, and make it as valid as 
if performed with all the rites of Hymen. 

131. Retia. Rete'is a net or snare. Plag<z 
are most probably the larger nets. Some 
suppose them the ropes to which the nets 
are attached. Venabulum is a hunter's pole 
or a boar-spear. 

132. Odora canum <vis. Vis may either sig- 
nify the quality of the hounds, their quick 
scent, or their number, as Sallust uses the 
word, — qua. tempestate ex ponto vis pisci- 
um erupit; and Cicero, vis innumerabilis 
servorum. Odora here is put for odoratrix. 

133. Cunctantem. Considering that she 
was in love, says Servius, it might have 
been expected she would have made more 
haste to meet the object of her affection; 
but he bethinks himself, that her anxious 



concern to dress herself out to the best ad- 
vantage, to please her lover, would natu- 
rally detain her, especially as she was a 
queen: Et nosti mores mulierum; dum mo- 
liuntur, dum comuntur, annus est. 

133. Cunctantem. She was spending a 
great deal of time, says Servius, to adorn 
herself to the utmost of her power, that she 
might appear to iEneas the more charming 
and beautiful. 

135. Stat sonipes. It is hardly necessary to 
observe, that stat here has the force ofadest; 
for the literal acceptation of the word would 
ill agree with the sprightly image of the 
courser here given. 

fraena ferox spumantia mandit. 
It is one of the chief marks of a generouij 
steed, Stare loco nescit. 

137. Chlamydem. The chlamys was not 
only a military, but a hunting dress; it was 
a loose upper garment which they wore 
over their breast-plate, and folded about 
their left arm to defend them from the wild 
beasts. Chlamyde contorta clypeat brachium, 
says Pacuvius. 

138. Crines nodantur. Wharton remarks 
that " if modern fine ladies, who are apt to 
think the dresses worn at present more ele- 
gantly fancied and becoming than any that 
can be imagined, would not be offended at 
the liberty," he would observe, " that this 
hunting dress of Dido is far more graceful 
and becoming to the person than any dress 
which ever appeared in a chace in Wind- 
sor forest." 

138. In aurum> may signify that her hair 
was yellow, and of a golden colour, which 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



279 



aurea fibula correct vestem 

I a q purpuream. Nee non et 

Trojani comkea et lietus As- 

canius emit quoque; JEaeas 

ipse t'ormosissimus nliis om- 
nibus addit se socium, et ad- 
jungit -suas turmas. Qualis 
est Apollo, quando frigidam. 
145Lyciam flumeuque Xan- 
thum relinquit, ac petit De- 
lum insidam matris, et re- 
novat choreas, et mixti Cre- 



Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. 

Necnon et Phrygii comites, et laetus Iiilus, 

Incedunt: ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnes 

Ihfert se socium jEneas, atque agmina jungit. 

Qualis, ubi hybernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta 

Deserit> ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo, 

Instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum 

Cretesque Dryopesq; fremunt, pictique Agathyrsi: 

Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem 

Fronde premit crinem fingens, atque implicat auro: tenses, Dryopesque, picti- 

Tela soi>ant humeris. Haud illo segnior ibat jjAjjiy-l^*. 

jEneas: tantum egregio decus emtet ore. 15 ° minibus Cynthi, et compo- 

Postquam altos ventum in montes, atq; invia lustra: nens efthsos capillos cirtgit 

Ecce ferae saxi dejectae vertice caprae 

Decurrere jugis: alia de parte patentes 

Transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi 

Pulverulenta fu^a glomerant, montesq; relinquunt. 

° D vultu. Postquam perventum 

est ad altos montes et cubilia fevarum inaccessa: ecce caprse sylvestres emissa? e cacumine rupis 
decurrerunt per codes: ex alia parte cervi praitereunt cursu campos apertos, et fugiendo colli- 
gunt se in greges pulverulentos, ac deserunt montes. 



tenera corona, involvitque 
auro: sagittal sonant ad hu- 
meros. Non deformior illo 
..•Eneas incedebat, tanta pul- 
chritudo elucet in eximio 



NOTES. 



was reckoned a beauty among the Romans, 
as appears from numbers of passages in 
the classics, particularly Ov.Fast. 11.763: 

Forma placet, niveusque color, flavique 
capilli. 
And that this was the colour of Dido's hair, 
Virgil himself intimates, verse 698. 

Nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice cri- 
nem 

Abstulerat. 
Or it may signify that her hair was tied up 
in a caul or clasp of gold. 

143. Qualis, ubi hybernam Lyciam, &c. As 
Dido is before compared to Diana, JEn. I. 
498. so is JEneas here to Apollo, the brother 
of Diana. It was a common opinion, that 
the gods at certain times of the year chan- 
ged their places of residence; and Servius 
says it was firmly believed, that Apollo 
gave responses at Patara, a city of Lycia, 
during the six months of winter, and at De- 
los in the summer months. Hence Apollo is 
called Delius and Patareus, Hor. Carm. 
III. 4. 62. 

qui Lycia: tenet 
Dumeta, natalemque sylvam, 
Delius et Patareus Apollo. 

144. Delum maternam; called maternam, 
because on this island Latona, by Jupiter, 
became the mother of Diana and Apollo. 

146. Cretesque, &c. When the god came, 
or was believed to come, to Delos in the 
beginning of summer, the several people 
who came from all quarters of the world to 
consult his oracle, celebrated his arrival 
together by hymns and dances. The Dry- 
opes are the people who inhabited at the 
foot of mount Parnassus. The Agathyrsi 
were a Scythian nation that used to paint 



their bodies all over with various colours; 
and the more illustrious their nobility, so 
so much the more did they daub themselves 
over with paint. The people here mention- 
ed seem to be singled out particularly for 
Apollo's retinue, on account of their sjrillin 
archery. 

147. Cynthi. Cynthus was a mountain in 
the island of Delos, as is said above. 

149. Tela sonant humeris. This is always 
one of Apollo's symbols in the poets. So 
Homer, II. I. 46. 

Ex.X<xy£av <T' ccg' oiroi et' u/jUJv ^aofji'^oio 

AuTtf XJVH9£VT#?. 

Fierce as he mov'd, his silver shafts re- 
sound. Pope, II. 1. 46. 
Hence he has the epithet given him of Ar- 
citenens, the god who wields the bow. 

150. Vtntum; for ventum est, impersonal. 

151. Lustra. The dens of the wild beasts, 

152. Saxi. The goat, whether wild or 
tame, loves to climb. Goldsmith tells us, 
that " it is often seen suspended upon an 
eminence hanging over the sea, upon a very 
little base, and even sleeps there in secu- 
rity. Nature has in some measure fitted it 
for traversing declivities with ease; the 
hoof is hollow underneath with sharp edges, 
so that it walks as securely on the ridge of 
a house as on the level ground." 

154. Transmittunt, is equivalent to celeri- 
ter transeunt, a word applied the same way 
by Lucretius, whom Virgil had studied ve- 
ry much: 
Et circumvolitant equites, mediosque re- 

pente 
Transmittunt valido quatientes impete 
camnos. Lib. II. ver. 325 



280 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



At juvenis Ascaniusper me- At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri 156 

dias valles esultat in equori , j . '• i • . .., 

generoso: et jam hos jam Gai *det equo: jarnque hos cursu, jam praeterit lllos: 
illos anteit cursu, cupitque Spumanternque dari pecora inter inertia votis 
concedi votis stds aprum Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. 

STSSST S^fiTte Interdt ma S no . mi ^ eri ™urmure codum 160 

nem 8 descendere e monte. Incipit: insequitur commixta grandine nimbus. 
Interim coelnm incipit tur-Et Tyrii comites passim, et Trojana juventus, 
barimagno tumultu: succe- Dardaniusque nepos Veneris, diversa per aeros 

dit nubes mixta grandine. ^ . . !-.•■* ■. Z* .«, "B 1 " 3 

Passim et comites Carthagi- Tecta metu Pptiere: ruunt de montibus amnes. 
nenses, et juventus Trojana, Speluncam Dido, dux et Trojanus, eandem 165 

et Trojanus nepos Veneris, Deveniunt: prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno 
lunc inde per agros qusesive- rv «. • r i *. • i 

runtdispersasca Sa s:torren- Dant signum: fulsere rgnes et conscius aether 
tes cadunt e montibus. Dido Connubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae. 
et dux Trojanus deveniunt m e dies primus leti primusque malorum 

TeJfu^ J^rin«bS Causa fuit: ne( l ue enim s P ecie fam *ve movetur, 170 

signum: fulgura emicuerunt, et crelum particeps consilii de conjugio, et Nymphse ulularunt ex 
alto cacumine. We dies primus auctor fuit exitii, et primus calamitatum: nee enim Dido am- 
plitcs terretur specie aut rumore, 



NOTES. 



156. Mediis in vallibus. Either through 
the middle of the vales, or through the 
vales lying between the hills, in which 
sense we understand it, 

157. Gaudet equo. This circumstance is 
natural. Virgil forever suits the manners to 
the age of the person he introduces. 

166. Tellus. The Earth, whom some rank, 
among the divinities who presided over 
marriages, gave sign of her disapprobation 
by an earthquake; than which, Servius 
says, no omen was reckoned more inauspi- 
cious to nuptials. Juno gave her untoward 
sign, jiimbis commistd grandine, by rains and 
storms of hail: flames of lightning from the 
angry sky supplied the place of the nuptial 
torch; and the only epithalamium, or nup- 
tial song, was the howling of the mountain 
nymphs. 

Milton seems to have had this passage 
twice in his eye in the Paradise Lost. One 
is where universal nature accompanies the 
loves of Adam and Eve with signs of joy 
and gratulation: 

To the nuptial bower 
I led her blushing like the morn. All hea- 
ven 
And happy constellations on that hour 
Shed their selectest influence; the earth 
Gave signs of gratulation, and each hill; 
Joyous the birds; fresh gales and gentle 

airs 
Whisper'd it to the woods, and from their 

wings 
Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy 

shrub, 
Disporting, &c. Book VIII. 508. 

In the other the scene is reversed, and the 
whole creation gives contrary signs of ago- 
ny and distress, when Eve eats the forbid- 
den fruit; 



Earth felt the wound, and nature from her 
seat 

Sighing, through all her works gave signs 
of woe, 

That all was lost. 

And afterwards more fully, when Adam 
follows her example: 

Earth trembled from her entrails, as again 

In pangs, and nature gave a second groan; 

Sky lour'd, and, mutt'ring thunder, some 
sad drops 

Wept, at completing of the mortal sin 

Original. 

Par. Lost. Book IX. 782, and 1000. 
Tills last is more especially parallel to the 
passage before us in Virgil; and it is evi- 
dent how far Milton excels in the choice 
and peculiar propriety of his images, as 
well as in the importance of the occasion on 
which they are introduced. 

168. Nympha. Either the Oreades, the 
mountain nymphs, or the Dirje and Furise, 
which are often taken for nymphs by pas- 
sionate lovers. Dido in Ovid confesses this 
error, audieram voces: Nymphas ululdssepu- 
tavi. Eumenides fatis signa dedere tneis. 

169. Ilk dies primus leti, &c. Bishop 
Douglas translates it: 

This was the foremost day of her gladness. 
And first morrow of her woful sadness. 
Whence it would seem that he had read 
Ixti instead of leti; but, besides that this 
reading is unsupported by any good autho- 
rity, it would make such an antithesis be- 
tween Iceti and malorum, as savours much 
more of Ovid than Virgil. 

170. Specie f amove. By the species we are 
to understand the foul idea and deformity 
of her action, as it passed in review before 
her own mind; and, by the foma, the scan- 
dal and infamy of it in the eyes of the 
world. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



281 



Nee jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem; 
Conjugium vocat, hoc praetexit nomine culpam. 
Extempld Libyse magnas it Fama per urbes: 



Fama, malum quo non aliud velochis ullum: 
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo: 
Parva metu primd; mox sese attollit in auras, 
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. 
Illam Terra parens, ira irritata Deorum, 



nee jam exercet amorem 
secreium: hwic appellat con- 
jugium, et velat crimen hiic 
appcllatione. Statim Fama 
currit per magnas urbes 
j ^5 Afriese: Fama, malum, quo 
nullum est celerius, pracstat 
agilitate, et auget vires eun- 
do: parva primum, ob timo- 
rem: mox erigit se in ae- 
rem, ineeditque per terram, 

Extremam (ut perhibentj Coeo Enceladoq; sororem et a bscondit caput inter 
Progenuit; pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis: 180nubes. Terra mater irritata 
Monstrum horrendum, ingens: cui quot sunt C orpore? b ., f ; urol,emDeorum P r ? dux - 

_, ° * it illam, ut narrant, ultimam 

plumae, 
Tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictu) 
Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit aures. 
Nocte volat cceli medio, terraeque per umbram 
Stridens, nee dulci declinat lumina somno: 
Luce sedet custos, aut summi culmine tecti, 
Turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes: 
Tarn ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri. 
Haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat 
Gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat: % 
Venisse iEneam Trojano a sanguine cretum, 
Cui se pulchra viro dignetur jungere Dido: 
Nunc hyemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere, 



sororem Cseo et Encelado, 
velocem pedibus et citis alis: 
monstrum horribile, ingens, 
cui quot sunt plumse in cor- 
pore, tot oculi aperti vigi- 

1 8 5 lant subter eas (res mirabi- 
lis dictu) tot lingua, tot ora 
loquuntur, tot arrigit aures. 
Volat nocte per medium coe«> 
li, et per umbram terne, 
stridens, nee permittit som- 

190 num ocu '* s: me sedet spe- 
culatrix, aut in fastigio sum- 
mi tecti, aut in altis turri- 
bus, et tremefacit magnas 
urbes: tarn retinens mali et 



falsi, quam nuntia veri. Ilia 
tunc lasta implebal populos vario rumore, et narrabat perinde facta et non facta: iEneam 
venisse, ortum e Trojano sanguine, cui marito socjare se dignetur formosa Dido: nunc illos in 
luxu traducere inter se hyemem, quam longa est, 



NOTES. 



174. Fama, malum quo. This is the read- 
ing of most editions; but Pierius tells us 
the Roman has qua. 

176. Parva metu prime; mox sese attollit 

in auras, 
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila con- 
dit. 
This is almost a literal translation of Ho- 
mer's description of Discord: 
Ht oktytt (x.iv fffiuTa xo£>uo-o-£t<x<, uvrag (Kiitx 
Ovgavcj trrigify Kocgn, $ trti ^Qovi fieciva. 

11. IV. 442. 
Discord! dire sister of the slaughtering 

Pow'r, 
Small at her birth, but rising every hour, 
While scarce the skies her horrid head 

can bound, 
She stalks on earth, and shakes the world 
around. 

Mr. Pope, II. IV. 502. 
A very judicious critic is of opinion, that 
this description of Fame is to be considered 
as one of the greatest ornaments of the M- 
neid; it has not, however, escaped censure. 
Macrobius particularly alleges, that Virgil 
has been guilty of impropriety, in applying 
to Fame what Homer does to Discord; for 
discord, says he, though it extend to mu- 
tual devastation and war, is still discord: 
but fame, when it grows to be universal, 



is fame no longer, but becomes knowledge 
and certainty. But certainly it may still be 
called fame, be it ever so extensive and 
universal; whether it pass through fifty, or 
through fifty millions of hands, it is still 
fame, just as discord is discord still, whe- 
ther between two single persons, or two 
armies, or two kingdoms. In short, it 
is not the universality of fame, or the 
number of the persons by whom a re- 
port is propagated, that makes it amount 
to knowledge and certainty; but it is 
the nature of the evidence, and the vali- 
dity of the testimonies of those who pub° 
lish this report. Nor does Virgil call that 
Fame, which was known from earth to hea- 
ven, as Macrobius alleges; the expression, 
ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit,, 
means either, that while a rumour is ma- 
king its progress through the earth, its 
source is often obscure and unknown, or 
that Fame spares neither high nor lonv. 
There is a thought of equal sublimity in the 
Wisdom of Solomon: '* Thy almighty word 
leaped down; it touched the heaven, but.it 
stood upon the earth." Chap, xviii. 15, 16. 

193. Hyemem quam longa; that is, totam 
hyemem; as Ovid says, 
Et vacuus somno noctem, quam longa, pe« 
reg'h 



50 



282 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



oblitosrcgnorum, etcorrep- Regnorum immemores, turpiq; cupidine captos. 

S^SS^SS^ *** P?™™ De * f * da ™« m diffu °dit in ora. 195 

ora hominum. Confestim dc- Protmus ad regem cursus detorquet Iarbam: 
fiectitvolaturaadregcmlar-Incenditque animum dictis, atque aggerat iras. 

!K2£2E3f SKg 16 A ™?° ne Satu1, fPta GaramantideNympha, 

mulat iras. Ille natus Jove Templa Jovi centum latis lmmania regnis, 

Ammone, et Nympha Ga- Centum aras posuit: vigilernq; sacraverat ignem, 200 

ramantide rapta, struxe- Excubias Divum seternas, pecudumque cruore 

rat Jovi centum templa „. , .. ,, r . .. 1 

spatiosa vastis in regnis, Pm g ue solum, et varus ilorentia bmina sertis. 

et centum altaria: et dedica- Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro, 

verat ignem immortalem, Dicitur ante aras, media inter numina Divum, 

perpetuas excubias Deorum; » T .. T ., , A . . __„ 

et dedicaverat terram pin- Multa Jovem manibus supplex orasse supmis. 205 

guem sanguine victimarum, Jupiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis 

et portas ornatas sertis ver- Gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem, 

sicoloribus. Ille autem 1m- r 

pos mentis et inflammatus rumore acerbo, dicitur ante altaria, inter media simulacra Deorum, 
supplex elatis manibus plurimum orasse Jovem: O Jupiter omnipotens, cui gens Maurica epu- 
lans in versicoloribus lectis nunc effundit Bacehicum liauorem 3 



NOTES. 



194. Tur pique cupidine. By cupido, Ser- 
vius tells us, the ancients understood the ir- 
regular ungoverned passion of love. Hence, 
says Asconius, Alius est amor, alius cupido; 
amant sapientes, cupiunt c<eteri. The same 
distinction is observed by Plautus, Cupidon* 
te con/icit, anne amor? 

195. I)ea fasda, i. e. Cruel, who spares 
none, in which sense the word seems to 
have been anciently used; hence the verb 

fcedo signifies to mangle, to destroy, as iEn. 
II. 55. 

ferro Argolicas fcedare latebras. 
And JEn. III. 241. 
Obscoenas pelagi ferro fcedare volucres. 
So Plaut. Amph. Ac. I. Sc. 1. 91. Foedant et 
proterunt hostium copias jure injustas. 

198. Ammone satus. This is the famous 
Jupiter Amnion (whom some take to be 
the same with Ham the son of Noah, but 
Sir Isaac Newton makes him the father of 
Sesac or Sesostris, and contemporary with 
Solomon) who had a celebrated temple and 
oracle in Libya, in a spot of ground water- 
ed by a fountain, and enclosed by a pleasant 
grove, while all the country around was 
quite desert, and parched with drought. 
This temple was built by Bacchus or Her- 
cules, both of whom that illustrious author 
makes to be the same with Sesostris. Iar- 
ba's, king of the Getulians, is said to have 
been this Amnion's son by the nymph Ga- 
ramantis. 

200. Vigileinque — ignem. Plutarch informs 
us that in Amnion's temple was a lamp 
perpetually burning; a custom common to 
several nations, of which mention has been 
already made in the note on iEn. II. 297. 

201. Excubias Divum. A watch of the 
gods, i. e. sacred to the service of the gods. 

204. Media inter numina Divum, i. e. A- 
midst the shrines or statues that represent- 
ed the jods. 



205. Supinis. The manner of praying 
among the ancients was not with the hands 
extended or spread out, but with the palms 
turned towards the heaven. In this position 
the hands were said to be supine. 

206. yupiter omnipotens. There is a noble 
fire and fierceness in this bold speech of lar- 
bas. The taunts and revilings which he 
throws even on Jupiter are quite in the spi- 
rit of an enraged African, a haughty prince, 
and an abandoned lover. The contempt 
with which he speaks of iEneas is admira- 
bly expressed, especially what relates to 
his dress and habit, which it is natural to 
imagine this rough Moorish king must hold 
in great disdain: 

" And now this other Paris, with his train 
Of conquer'd cowards, must in Afric 

reign! 
Whom, what they ar*e, their looks and garb 

confess, 
Their locks with oil perfum'd, their Ly- 

dian dress. 
He takes the spoil, enjoys the princely 

dame; 
And I, rejected I, adore an empty name. 
206. Maurusia Gens, the Mauritania^ na- 
tion. Vitruvius, Lib. VIII. cap. 2. Maurusia 
quam nostri Mauritaniam appellant. 

206. Nunc epulata. This intelligence, it 
seems, reached Iarbas' ears, while he and 
his people were feasting upon the remains 
of the sacrifices that had been offered to 
Jupiter Ammon. Such solemn sacred ban- 
quets were usual among the heathens; and 
on these occasions, it was always the prac- 
tice to pour forth wine by way of libation 
to the gods. 

207. Lenasum honorem. Bacchus was call- 
ed Lenaeus, either d lenienda mente as Do- 
natus contends, because wine cheers the 
mind; or rather from x»vof, torcular, a wine- 
press. Some of the best of the wine wa9 



iENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



283 



Aspicis haec? an tc, genitor, cum fulmina torques, 

Nequicquam horremus? caeciq; in nubibus ignes 

Terrificant animos, et inania murmura miscent? 

Foeraina, qux nostris errans in finibus urbem 

Exiguam pretio posuit; cui litus arandum, 

Cuique loci leges dedimus, connubia nostra 

Reppulit, ac dominum iEnean in regna recepit. 

Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, 

Maeonia. mentum mitra crinemque madentem 

Subnexus, rapto potitur; nos munera templis 

Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem. 

Talibus orantem dictis, arasque tenentem 

Audiit omnipotens: oculosq; ad mosnia torsit 220 et capillos delibutos fruitur 

Regia, et oblitos famae melioris amantes. prsfeda: nos scilicet inferi- 

Tunc sic Mercurium alloquitur, ac talia mandat: ^SLtSZ^%^ \t 

Vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros, et labere pennis: nem. Omnipotens audiit 

Dardaniumq; ducem, Tyria Carthagine qui nunc eum precantem talibus ver- 



videsne hxc? an verb friis- 
tra tiraeittusf te, 6 pater, 

cum vibras tulmina? an ful- 
210gi ira vana in nubibus ter- 
rent mentes, et edunt in- 
utiles sonos? Mulier, qiue 
vaga in regione nostra con- 
duct parvam urbem emp- 
tione, cui dedimus litus co- 
2 \ 5 lendum, cui imposuimas con- 
ditiones loci: rejecit nuptias 
nostras, et admisit in reg. 
num iEncam maritum. Et 
nunc ille Paris cum comita- 
tu effceminato, subligatus 
mitra Lydia circa mentum 



225 



bis, et hserentem ad aras: 



Expectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, ,-„ et flexit oculos ad urbem re . 

giam, et ad amantes negUgentes famse honestx. Tunc sic loquitur ad Mercurium, et imperat 
talia: Vade, age, fili, advoca Zephyros, et descende alis: et alloquere Trcyanum ducem, qui 
nunc moratur in Tyria Carthagine, nee eonsiderat urbes a fatis 



NOTES. 



poured out as an offering to the gods; and 
this is justly honor Lenceus, the honour, or 
most excellent, of Bacchus' liquor. 

209. Ccecique ignes. C<zci here may signify 
fortuitous, not directed by wisdom, in the 
same sense as Fortune is called blind. Ina- 
nia murmura may be taken in the nomina- 
tive case, and the words be construed thus: 
An caxi ignes terrificant, et inania murmu- 
ra miscent animos? Some, however, make 
murmura the accusative, and translate mis- 
cent, edunt) or excitant, raise vain idle sounds, 
such as proceed from no judgment or de- 
sign. 

211. Fcemina — errans. The true spirit of 
contempt. A wandering woman. 

212. Litus. Because the territory of Car- 
thage lay along the sea-coast. 

215. Ille Paris. He calls iEneas Paris, 
both to denote him effeminate, and a ra- 
visher, one who had carried off from him 
that princess whom he looked upon as his 
property, and thought he had a right to 
marry; in allusion to which rape he says at 
the end of the sentence rapto potitur. 

215. Cum semiviro comitatu, in allusion to 
the manner of the Phrygians, who were 
great worshippers of the goddess Cybele, 
whose priests were eunuchs. 

216. Mxoniti mitrd. TheMxonian or Ly- 
dian mitre was a sort of bonnet worn by the 
Lydian and Phrygian women, a' part of 
dress which would have been quite infa- 
mous in a man, especially when it had the 
redimicula or fillets, wherewith it was tied 
under the chin, mentum subnexus: 

Vobis picta croco et fulgenti murice vesti3, 



Desidiae cordi; juvat indulgere choreis; 
Et tunicse manicas et habent redimicula 

mitrae: 
O vere Phrygiae, neque enim Phryges! 

JEn. IX. 614. 
Hence the Greeks called effeminate per- 
sons fjn\v/4iTgsci and fUTgotpogu. And Juvenal, 
inveighing against the corruptions introdu- 
ced into Rome from other countries, men- 
tions the mitra as an ornament affected by- 
lewd women: 
Ite quibus grata est picta. lupa barbara 
mitra. ' Sat. III. 66. 

216. Crinem madentem. Homer observes 
that not one of the heroes in the Trojan 
war used ointments and perfumes, except- 
ing Paris. 

218. Famamque fovemus inanem- The fa- 
ma here may signify the same thing as fa- 
ma Deorum'm Lucretius, Lib. I. 67. speak- 
ing of Epicurus: 

Primum Graius homo mortales tollere 

contra 
Est oculos ausus, primusque obsistere con- 
tra; 
Qiiem nee fama Beum, nee fulmina, nee 

minitanti 
Murmure compressit caelum, &c. 
In this sense it may be rendered, we fond- 
ly believe the fame, the idle vain tradition 
of thy divinity. 

219. Arasque tenentem. This was a rite 
observed in the more solemn acts of reli- 
gion, iEn. XII. 201 ; 

Tango aras, mediosque ignes, et numina 
testor. 
Hence, says Cicero: Is si aram tenensjura- 



284. 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



234 



sibi concessas: et porta per Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras, 

uZ ^ Triti 8 S N °n «*« «°V is S enit r ix pujcherrima talem 

non cum nobis pollicita Promisit, Graiumque ided bis vindicat armis: 
fuerat talem, nee earn ob Sed fore qui gravidam imperils, belloq; frementem 

^tsssrj££i^r regeret ' genu , s * lto i sanguine Teucri 23 ° 

fuerat hunc futurum qui Proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem. 

possideret ltaliam pienam Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum, 

regnis, et belli cupidam: qui Nec super ipse suk mo \\ tur laude laborem: 

probaret ontnnem suam es- A . r r „ . . , 

le e nobili sanguine Teucri, Ascanio-ne pater Romanas in videt arces? 

et subjiceret imperio suo to- Quid struit? aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur? 

turn orbem. Si nulius splen-N ec prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva? 

dor tan torum facto rum nunc XT • . %■ ^ i • • ^ 

movet, nec suscipit ipse la- Naviget: hsec summa est, hie nostn nuntius esto. 

boremad suam laudem: an Dixerat. Ille patris magni parere parabat 

pater invidet Ascanio Ro- i m p e rio: et primum pedibus talaria nectit 

manam urbem? Quid parat? A , t . * ,. 

autquaspemanetapudgen- Aurea 5 q U3e subhmem ahs, sive aequora supra, 

tem inimicam? nec cogitat Seu teiTam, rapido pariter cum flamine portant. 

posteritatem Italicam, etTum virgam capit: hac animas ille evocat Oreo 

campos Lavinios? Navem 

conscendat: haec est summa, hie sit Ml nuntius d nobis. Sic locutus erat. Mercurius parabat se 

ad obediendum jussis magni patris: et primo subligat talaria aurea: .quse, seu supra mare, seu 

supra terram, ferunt pennis eum vokntem pariter cum rapido vento. Deinde accipit virgam: per 

banc ille educit ex inferis 



240 



NOTES. 



ret, credere t nemo. Should he even lay his 
hand on the altar and swear to it, he would 
not be believed. Pro Flacco. 

226. Celeres per auras. For celer, says Ser- 
vius, or celeriter; of which kind many ex- 
amples occur in Virgil and the other poets, 

228. Bis vindicat. He was twice rescued 
by Venus from impending death; once in 
the combat with Diomede, when he was 
struck to the ground by the blow of a huge 
stone, and would certainly have been slain, 
if Venus had not thrown her veil over him, 
and carried him off from the light, Iliad. 
V. 315. And a second time, when under 
her conduct he escaped unhurt from the 
flames of Troy, and through the midst of 
armed enemies. 

Descendo, ac, ducente Deo, flammam in- 
ter et hostes 

Expedior: dant tela locum, flammxque re- 
cedunt. Mn. II. 632. 

229. Gravidam imperils. !%hiasi parituram, 
imperia, says Servius, vel unde multi impe- 
ratores possunt creari, whence many heroes 
and brave generals shall arise. The same 
beautiful expression occurs, Geor. II. 5. 

tibi pampineo gravidus autumno 
Floret ager. 
229. Belloque frementem. Perhaps bello is 
here in the dative, and then the sense will 
be, impatiently raging for war. 
234. Ascanione. 
What has his heir the young Ascanius 

done! 
Why should he grudge an empire to his 
son? 
Ascanius founded Alba, and was the proge- 
nitor of Romulus, from whom Rome is 
named. 



235. Inimica in gente. This is said by way 
of anticipation, because of the enmity be- 
tween Rome and Carthage in after times. 

240. Sublimem alls. Milton, who had the 
advantage of his rivals, in that he could dip 
his pencil in the colours of inspiration, far 
exceeds either Virgil or Homer in his de- 
scription of a celestial messenger: 

Six wings he wore to shade 

His lineaments divine; the pair that clad 
Each shoulder broad, came mantling o'er 

his breast 
With regal ornament; the middle pair 
Girt like a starry zone his waist, and 

round 
Skirted his loins and thighs with downy 

gold, 
And colours dipp'd in^heaven. The third 

his feet 
Shadow'd from either heel with feather'd 

mail, 
Sky-tinctur'd grain! like Maia's son he 

stood 
And shook his plumes, that heav'nly fra- 
grance fill'd 
The circuit wide. 

24 1 . Rapido pariter cum flamine: Celer it ate 
pari ventis. Or it may be meant of the as- 
sistance he received from the winds in his 
flight; which is hinted before in verse 223. 
Voca Zephyros, and in the following 245th, 
Illafretus agit ventos. If so the translation 
will run thus^H^s wings, together with 
the rapid gale^, waft him through the air. 

242. Virgamr Mercury's rod or caduceus, 
which was given him by Apollo in return 
for the present he had made him of the lyre. 
Mercury, in his way to Arcadia, having ob- 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



285 



Pallentcs, alias sub tristia Tartara mittit, aniraaa pallidas, alias deficit 

Dat somnos adimitque, et lamina morte resignat. "J*^ **£ PJr^ 
Ilia frctus agit ventos, et turbida tranat 245, m) rte aperit oculos. Hac 

Nubila. Jaraque volans apicem et latera ardua cernit instruct™ pelHt tenjbbs et 
Atlantis duri, ccefom qui vcrtice fulcit: SttSSwSSyS 

Atlantis, cinctum assidue cm nubibus atns excelsa latera duri Atlantic, 

Piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri: qui capite sustinet coelum: 

Nix humeros infusa tegit: turn flumina mento 250 At,ant, _ s ' _ cm < 
Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. 
Hie primiim paribus nitens Cyllenius alis 
Constitit; hinc toto prxceps se corpore ad undas 
IMisit: avi similis, quae circum litora, circum 
Piscosos scopulos, humilis volat aequora juxta. 
Haud aliter terras inter coelumque volabat, 
Litus arenosum Libyan ventosque secabat, 

undas: similis volucri, quce circa litora, circa rupes piscosas volat demisse prope mare. Non ali- 
ter proles Cyllenia veniens ab.it/imtesLyo materno, volabat inter coelum et terram, scindebat 
aerem et litus arenosum Libyse. 



rum semper circumdatui 
nigris nubibus, tunditur ven- 
tis et pluvijs. Nix superjec- 
ta tegit bumeros: prseterea 
fluvii devolvuntur a memo 
senis, et barba horrida con- 
255creseit glacie. Hie primo 
stetit Mcreurius contenders 
alis sequalibus; hinc delapsus 
toto corpore se impulit ad 



NOTES. 



served two serpents going to fight, appea- 
sed them in an instant, by throwing down 
this rod before them. Hence a rod wreath- 
ed about with two serpents became the 
symbol of peace. 

244. Lumina morte resig7iat. Servius ex- 
plains resignat by c/audit; as if the sense 
should be, that Mercury seals the eyes in 
death. Turnebus takes it in the contrary 
sense, He opens, he unseals: and thinks 
Virgil is here alluding to the Roman cus- 
tom of opening the eyes on the funeral pile, 
after they had been shut all the time the 
body lay in the house. Plin. Lib. II. cap. 37. 
Morientibus oculos operire, rursusque in 
rogo patefacere, Quiritium magno ritu sa- 
crum est; ita more condito, ut neque ab 
homine supremum eos spectari fas sit, et 
coelo non ostendi nefas. 

247. Atlantis. There is a famous statue of 
Atlas in the Farnese palace at Rome, 
unless it has been removed by Bonaparte 
to Paris, supporting the globe of the hea- 
vens. Atlas was king of Mauritania; fond 
of astronomy, and master of a thousand 
flocks. On his refusing hospitality to Per- 
seus, the offended visitor showed him the 
head of Medusa; on which he was instant- 
ly metamorphosed into a large mountain. 

250. Nix humeros infusa tegit. Herodotus 
in Melpomene says of Atlas, Its tops are 
never free from snow either in summer or 
winter. And Tliny, Lib. V. cap. 1, says, 
Yerticem altis, etiam estate, operiri nivibus. 

251. Precipitant. That is, *e precipitant , 
as in the second book: 

Nox humida ccelo pracipitat. 

252. Cy/lenius, i. e. Mercury, whom Maia, 
the daughter of Atlas, brought forth on 
mount Cyllene. 

254. Ayi similis. This comparison, and 



indeed the whole passage, are imitations of 
Homer, Odyssey V. 43, which we shall 
give the reader in Mr. Pope's elegant trans- 
lation: 
He spoke: the god who mounts the wing- 
ed winds 
Fast to his feet his golden pinions binds, 
That high through fields of air his flight 

sustain, 
O'er the wide earth, and o'er the bound- 
less main. 
He grasps the wand that causes sleep to 

fly, 

Or in soft slumbers seals the wakeful eye: 
Then shoots from heav'n to high Pieria's 

steep, 
And stoops incumbent on the rolling deep, 
So wat'ry fowl, that seek their fishy food, 
With wings expanded o'er the foaming 

flood, 
Now sailing smooth the level surface 

sweep, 
Now dip their pinions in the level deep. 
Thus o'er the world of waters Hermes 
flew, &c. 
The fowl here referred to is called in Ho- 
mer \agog, which is thought to be either & 
coot or a cormorant. 

256, 257. Haud aliter, &c. Pierius has ob- 
served, that some of the more ancient co- 
pies change the order of the verses, and 
range them thus: 
Haud aliter terras inter ccelumque volabat, 
Materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles, 
Litus arenosum Libyse ventosque secabat. 
Which, though it takes away the rhyme, 
so offensive to a delicate ear, yet leaves a 
worse fault behind, a defect in the sense. 
Secabat ventos is something; but what is the 
meaning of litus secabat, unless it be, he 
ploughed or dug up the shore ? aa idea quite 



286 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Statim atque alatis pedibus Materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles. 
fXSTLS? «™Z Vt primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis; 
rantem tecta; illi autem iEneam fundantem arces, ac tecta novantem 
erat ensis interpunctus jas- Conspicit: atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva 
^t^'T^rpunnSEnsis erat, Tyrioque ardebat muricelsna 
pendens ex humeris: qu» Demissa ex humeris: dives quae munera Dido 
omamenta fecerat opulenta Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro. 
Dido, et distinxerat teias C ti * i nva dit: Tu nunc Carthainnis altae 

subtdi auro. Statim aggredi- ^, , L . . . & . , 

tur earn his verbis: Tu nunc Fundamenta locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem 
statuisfundamenta altae Car- Extruis, heu, regni rerumque oblite tuarum! 
thaginis,etcondispulchrami pse Deum tibi me claro demittit Olympo 

ui*bem uxon serviens, heu, rf , . . *' r 

immemor regni tui et re' Regnator, coelum et terras qui numme torquet; 
rum tuarum! Ipse rex Deo- Ipse hsec ferre jubet celeres mandata per auras: 
rum, qui potestate sua : ver- q u {^ str uis? aut qua spe Lihycis teris otiaterris? 
tit coelum et terras, misit me o* > n *.*.'*. 1 

tibi e ccelo splendido: ipse Sl te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum, 
imperat me portare hsec sua Nee super ipse tua. moliris laude laborem; 

mandata per levem aerem: 

Quid paras, aut qua spe perdis otia in Libyca regione? Si nullus splendor tantarum rerum te 

movet, nee suscipis ipse laborem ad tuam laudem, 



260 



265 



270 



NOTES. 



foreign to the purpose. Dr Bentley propo- 
ses the following' emendation: 

Hand aliter, terras inter ccelumque, lege- 
bat 

Litus arenosum Libyae, ventosque secabat; 
which at once clears the sense, changes a 
shocking sound into agreeable harmony, 
and makes Virgil speak his own proper lan- 
guage. See Dr. Bentley's note on Hor. Lib. 
I. Carm. XXXIV. 5. and Dr. Clarke's on 
the Iliad, Lib. V. 769. 

258. Ab avo. Atlas was the grandfather 
of Mercury, by the side of Maia, as in 1. 8. 

Vobis Mercurius pater est quern Candida 

Maja 
Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit. 

259. Magalia may either refer to the tow- 
ers and buildings of Carthage, where cot- 
tages once stood, as JEn. I. 425. 

Miratur molem iEneas, tnagaUa quondam; 
Or to the huts of the African shepherds, 
mentioned Geor. III. 340. 

Quid, tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua 
versu 

Prosequar, et raris habitata magalia tectis? 

261. Stellatus iaspide fulva Ensis erat, i.e. 
The hilt and scabbard were studded with 
gems sparkling like stars, particularly with 
jaspers, some of which, though not yellow 
throughout, ai-e sprinkled with drops of 
gold. Servius tells us, it was a received tra- 
dition that there was a virtue in the jasper 
stone to assist orators in their pleadings, 
and that Gracchus wore one of them for 
that effect. This notion Pliny also mentions, 
and ridicules it, Lib. XXXVII. 9. 

262. Lcena is reckoned by Festus, Varro, 
and others, a rough winter garment, such 
as was suitable to the season, verse 309. 

Hyberno moliris sidere classem. 



265. Continub invadit. The word invadit 
shows the nature of the speech, and in what 
manner Mercury is going to accost him. 
See the note on verse 304. 

265. Tu nunc, &c. The reader will ob- 
serve here that a particular emphasis lies 
upon nunc,- it implies, now after the ruin of 
your country, now when you have enterpri- 
ses of such moment to accomplish. 

265. Tu. Who oughtestto appear the he- 
roic founder of a great empire. 

266. Uxorius; devoted to a woman. Ho- 
race expresses himself in the same manner 
respecting the Tiber: 

Iliae dum se nimium querenti 
Jactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra 
Labitur ripa Jove non probante 
Uxorius amnis. 
269. Regnator; a very happy title in this 
connexion. The sovereign of the gods com- 
missions me whose authority must be obey- 
ed; that sovereign who but for thy effemi- 
nacy would make a regnator hominum, a so- 
vereign of thee. 

269. Torquet sometimes signifies the 
same with regit, or sustinet, as JEn. XII. 
180. 

tuque indite Mavors 
Cuncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub numine 

torques. 
271. ^uidstruisl This very Carthage shall 
prove one of the greatest foes to Rome; and 
dost thou assist in its construction, the voice 
of whose posterity shall be Carthago deleta 
sit. 

271. Teris is a word that implies sloth 
and remissness, as in Sallust: Ibi triennio 
frustra trito. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



287 



attende ad Ascaninm cres- 
275 conte,n » ct ll( l s P es h*re- 
dis Iiili, cui imperium Ita- 
lise et Komana terra de- 
bentur. Talibus verbis locu- 
tus Mercurius fugit aspec- 
tum humanum in medio ser- 
mone, et proeul abiit ex 
oculis in levem aerem. At 
281 ver ^ -^ neas stupefactus vi- 
su, obmutuit, et capilli pne 
horrore arrecti sunt, et vox 



Ascanium surgentem, et spes haeredis Iiili 

Respice: cui regnum Italiae, Romanaq; tellus 

Debcntur. Tali Cyllcnius ore locutus, 

Mortales visus medio sermone reliquit, 

Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram. 

At ver6 JEneas aspectu obmutuit amens: 

Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 

Ardet abire fuga, dulcesque relinquere terras, 

Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque Deorum. 

Heu! quid agat? quo nunc reginam aiiibire furentem stetit in gutture, Cupit ex- 

Audeat affatu? quae prima exordia sumat? ire fugieudo et deserere 

1 , l , j. -j.. .,. gratam regionem, territua 

Atq; animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit llluc; £ ant0 moni g, et j ussu 1)e0 . 

In partesq; rapit varias, perq; omnia versat. 286 rum. Heu! quid' facial? quo 

Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est. alloquio audeat eireumvc- 

Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat, fortemque Cloanthum: ^^^^S&Si 

Classem aptent taciti, sociosque ad litora cogant, et nunc hue, nunc illuc dis- 

Arma parent; et, quae sit rebus causa novandis, 290 trahit animum, et trahit iu 

Dissimulent: sese interea, quando optima Dido 

Nesciat, et tantos rumpi non speret amores, 

Tentaturum aditus, et quae mollissima fandi 

Tempore, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocyus omnes £g* ** 

Imperio laeti parent, ac jussa facessunt. 

At regina dolos (quis fallere possit amantem?) 

Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros, 

Omnia tuta timens: eadem impia Fama furenti 

Detulit armari classem, cursumque parari. 

Saevit inops animi, totamq; incensa per urbem " 

Bacchatur: qualis commotis excita sacris 

commodissima: quce via negotii conficiendi tutissima. Celeriter omnes obediunt laeti mandato, 
et exequuntur jussa. Sed regina prsesensit fraudem (quis possit decipere amantem?) et cognovit 
prima tumultum f'uturum, metuens omnia vel tutissima. Eadem Fama nuntiavit amanti, classem 
instrui, et pai'ari discessum. Furit impos mentis et inflammata bacchatur per totam urbem; 
qualis Baccha incitata quaasatis simulacris, 



diversas partes, et volvit per 
omnia. Hoc consilium visum 
est melius ponderanti. Vo- 
cat Mnestbeum, et Serges- 



„ ut instruant clas- 
2"5 S em secreto, et congregent 
socios ad litus, et pneparent 
arma: et celent, quse sit cau- 
sa mutandarum rerum: in- 
terim, dum bona Dido igno- 
rat, et non suspicatur ab- 
3Q0 rumpi tantos amores, se 
qusesiturum aditus, et quse 
tempora loquendi erunt 



NOTES. 



277. Mortales visus reliquit. That is, says 
Servius, Aut oculis se JEnese sustulit, aut 
humanam reliquit effigiem quam sumpserat 
utab JEnea posset videri: quod melius. It 
is proper to take it in this last sense, to 
avoid a tautology in the following words, — 
ex oculis evanuit. 

277. Medio sermone. This is, before JE- 
neas had time to make his reply; for sermo, 
says the same critic, est confabulatio duorum 
•vel plurium, a conference between two or 
more persons. 

288. Mnesthea. A Greek accusative for 
Mnestheurn. The critics on style have ob- 
served, that Virgil, when he mentions the 
ancestors of three noble families of Rome, 
turns Sergius, Memmius and Cluentius, 
which might have degraded his verse too 
much by their common and familiar use, 
into Sergestus, Mnestheus, and Cloanthus. 
We find in our English writers, says Mr. 
Addison, how much the proper name of 
our own countrymen pulls down the lan- 
guage which surrounds it, and familiarizes 
a whole sentence. 



289. Cogant; ut aptent, ut cogant. So in 
Eel. Tityre coge pecus. 

290. Arma parent. Arma here signifies 
stores, necessaries, conveniences. 

291. Optima. She is still, in the esteem 
of JSneas, the excellent Dido, though, com- 
manded by Jupiter, he must desert her. 

293. §>u<e mollissima fandi Tempora. As 
well knowing nothing is more true than that 
maxim in Terence, Heaut. II. 3, 323. In 
tempore venire omnium rerum primum est. 
To this purpose, says Cicero, Lib. II. ad 
Fain. Ep. 16. permagni refert, quo tibi hsec 
tempore epistola reddita sit; utrum cum so- 
licitudinis aliquid haberes, an cum ab omni 
molestia vacuus esses. Itaque ei praxepi, 
quern ad te misi, uttempus observaretepis- 
tolse tibi reddendo. Nam quemadmodum 
coram qui ad nos intempestive adeunt, rao- 
lesti sxpe sunt; sic epistolae ofFendunt, non 
loco redditx. 

301. Commotis sacris. Upon the moving 
of the sacred symbols. Commovere sacra, 
according to Servius, was a phrase used by 
the Romans, to signify the opening of the 



288 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



quando orgia triennalia sti- Thyas, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho 

mutant earn audito Baccho. r\ • i 1 n'.\ 

etCith J eronmvitateamnoc: r 0r ^ ,a ' "octurnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron. 

tumo tumultu. Denique ul- 1 andem his JLneam compellat vocibus ultro: 

tro alloquitur iEneam his Dissimulare etiam sperasti, pernde, tantum 

verbis: Etiamne, 6 perfide, p QSse n f tac i lusque me a decedere terra? 

sperasti posse celare tantum VT ' l , * 

crimen; et tacitus abire e Nec te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam, 

mea regione? Nee te amor Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? 

noster, nee te dextra olim Q uin etiam hybcrno moliris sidere classem, 

(lata, nee Dido retmet pen- .> ... J A ., .. 7 

tura crudeli morte? Imo kt means properas Aquilonibus ire per altum, 

etiam struis classem hyema- Crudeli s! Quid? si non arva aliena domosque 

li tempore, et properas na« Ignotas peteres, et Troia antiqua maneret; 

vigare per mare inter medi- J * J * 

oa Aquilone3, crudelis! Quidr si non qusereres regionem externam et sedes incognitas, sed si 

vetus Troja staret; 



&5 



310 



NO 

solemnities of particular Pagan divinities 
on their high festival days, when their sa- 
- cred symbols were removed from their 
temples, in order to be carried about in 
pompous procession. Hence that expression 
of Plautus in Pseudolo: Scis tu profecto, 
mea si commovissem sacra, quo pacto et 
quantas soleam turbas dare. This was par- 
ticularly the practice in celebrating the or- 
gia or mysteries of Bacchus; the statues of 
that god were removed from his temple, 
and carried about in procession by his fran- 
tic votaries; to which rite Horace alludes, 
1. Carm. XVIII. 11. 

non ego te, candide Bassareu, 

Invitumquatiam. 
Some, by commotis sacris, understand the 
brandishing of the thyrsi, or sacred spears; 
others, the beating of the cymbals. But all 
come to the same sense. 

302. Thyas. A bacchanal, from Svv, to 
roar about with frantic wild disorder. 

302. Trieterica. The mysteries of Bac- 
chus, which were celebrated every third 
year: 

Ismarix celebrant repctita triennia Bac- 
chs. Ovid. Met. 

And elsewhere, 

Tertia qu<e solito tempore bruma refert. 
They were instituted in memory of the 
three years' expedition of Bacchus to India. 

303. Nocturnusque. They were celebrated 
in the night time, and were therefore called 
Nyctelia. 

303. Cithcsron. A mountain near Thebes 
in Baeotia; according to some, a part of 
mount Parnassus, sacred to Bacchus; for 
the two tops of mount Parnassus were dedi- 
cated, one to Bacchus, the other to Apollo, 
according to that of Lucan, Lib. VIII. 

Parnassus gemino petit sethera colle, 

Mons Phoebo, Bromioque sacer. 
Whither the Bacchanals used to be called 
by loud sounds, which they believed to pro- 
cecdfrom Bacchus himself. 

304. Compellat. Nothing is more remark- 
able in Virgil thaw the delicate choice and 
propriety of his words, whereof we have 
particular examples in Iris introducing his 



TES. 
speeches with terms adapted to the nature 
and strain of the discourse. Thus when Ju- 
no attacks Venus like an enemy with a sly 
malicious design, the word is aggreditur, 
verse 92. When Mercury falls upon JEneas 
in severe reproachful language, invadit is 
used, verse 265. And here, when Dido 
throws out accusations against .flLneas for 
stealing away from her like a thief, a term 
is used that is applied to a criminal when 
arraigned before a judge; His JEneam com- 
pellat vocibus. This observation, though 
perhaps not always, yet will generally hold. 

305. Dissimulare. Ruaeus, who is fond of 
reducing every thing to system, tells us 
that Dido's speech consists of three parts. 
1. The proposition,- that iEneas would not 
privately desert her coasts. 2. The confir- 
mation, including five reasons: their love; 
the pledge of the right hand; pity for one 
who must die if he leaves her; the incle- 
mency of the season; an argument from the 
greater to the less. You would not sail even 
for Troy at a time so tempestuous, much 
less for arva aliena et domos ignotas. 3. The 
peroration, in which she importunes him by 
every thing most sacred and dear. She re- 
minds him of her benefits, of the hatred of 
her citizens, and of the country round; of 
the loss of her modesty and reputation. She 
exhibits her solitude and danger; and ap- 
pears willing to concede any thing if iEneas 
will but stay. She would not be so desolate, 
si quis mihi, isfc. 

305. Etiam. This particle has here a par- 
ticular force and significancy; as if she had 
said, Did you not only form so base a de- 
sign, but even hope to conceal it from me? 

309. Hyberno sidere may either mean in 
general during the winter season, as sidere 
is used Geor. L $hio sidere terrain, vertere 
— conveniat; or it may refer to the constella- 
tion Orion, to whose influence the storms 
are ascribed, verse 52. 

Dum pelago desxvit hyems,- et aquosus 
Orion. 

310. Mediis Aquilonibus. The north wind 
was quite contrary to iEneas, as he was to, 
sail from Africa, 



JENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



289 



Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor? an cl » s se peteretur d te 

Mene fugis? per ego has lachrymas dextramque IS&^Z^'t, 

tuam, te, 3 1 4 te per has lachrymas et dex- 

(Quando aliud mihi jam misery nihil ipsa reliqui) 
Per connubia nostra, per inceptos Hvmenaeos; 
Si bene quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quicquam 
Dulce meum: miserere domiis labentis, et istam, 
Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. 
Te propter Libycae gentes, Nomadumq; tyranni 
Odere, intensi Tyrii: te propter eundem 
Extinctus pudor, et, qua sola sidera adibam, 
Fama prior: cui me moribundam deseris, hospes? 
Hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat. 



teram tuam (siquidem ipsa 
nihil aliud reservavi mihi 
jam miserse) per conjugium 
nostrum, per nuptias incho- 
atas: si bene merui quic- 
quam de te, aut si quic- 
quam meum fuit gratum 

^* u tibi: miserere domus mece 
cadentis; et, si quis adhuc 
aditus est precibus, pre- 
cor depone hoc consilium. 
Propter te populi Libya? et 

324reges Numidarum oderunt 



Quid moror? an mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 
Destruat? aut captam ducat Getulus Iarbas? 
Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset 
Ante fugam soboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula 
Luderet ^Eneas, qui te tantum ore referret; 

Non equidem omnino capta aut deserta viderer. 330 perest de con juge. Quid ex- 
pecto? an at Pygmalion frater diruat muros meos? aut Iarbas Getulus trahat me captivam? Sal- 
tern si ante fugam aliqua proles mihi suscepta fuisset de te, si parvulus aliquis JEneas mihi lude- 
ret in aula, qui te tantummodo vultu reprtesentaret; equidem non plane viderer decepta aut 
derelicta. 



me, et Tyrii infensi sunt 
mihi: propter eundem te 
pudor periit, et prima fema, 
per quam unicam attinge- 
bam astra: cui relinquis me 
morituram, 6 hospes? siqui- 
dem hoc unum nomen su° 



NOTES. 



316. Per inceptos Hymen<zos. Qui novitate 
sunt dulces. Servius. 

320. Nomadum. See the note on verse 40. 

320. Tyranni. The ancient Romans used 
the words tyr annus and rex promiscuously, 
as iEn. VII. 266. 
Pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse ty- 
ranni. 

322. Pudor, et, qua sold sidera adibam, 
fama. This is that female virtue which ex- 
alts the' sex to the stars, and wherein con- 
sists the true honour, the loss of which is 
irreparable. Plautus emphatically calls it a 
maid's portion: Non ego illam mihi dotem 
duco esse, quae dos dicitur: sed pudicitiam, 
et pudorem, et sedatum cupidinem, Amp. 
II. 209. So Terence: Turn praeterea, quae 
secunda ei dos erat, periit, pro virgine dari 
nuptum non potest. Ad. III. 2, 48. On this 
account the epithet vilis, despicable, is gi- 
ven to Europa after the loss of her honour: 
Vilis Europa — quid mori cessas? 
' Hor. Carm. III. Ode XXVII. 57. 

328. Ante fugam soboles. The ancient ma- 
nuscripts read s-uboles; and Pierius in this 
place quotes two examples from ancient 
monuments where it is so written; agreea- 
bly to the etymology of the word, which is 
derived from subolescere. 

328. Parvulus. This argument, says Dr. 
Trapp, if not immodest, may be thought 
indecent and improper; and it is so, accord- 
ing to our manners; but we must consider 
the difference of custom and conversation 
in different a^es and countries. 



329. .Qui te tantum ore referret. Some an- 
cient copies read qui te tamen, an expres- 
sion full of love, implying, that, however 
desirous Dido was of having offspring by 
iEneas, she would not indulge that desire, 
if the son should not resemble, and be the 
image of, the father. Some explain the 
words as they are commonly read, qui te 
tantum, &c. as if Dido meant that she did 
not wish the son to resemble iEneas in his 
mind, in his cruelty and hard-heartedness, 
but only in his person and features, qui re- 
ferret te tantum ore, non moribus; but this 

sentiment, though suitable enough to th^t 
fury and despair of mind into which she is 
wrought up afterwards, yet can by no means 
agree with the present strain of her dis- 
course, which is full of tenderness, soft ad- 
dress, prayer, and moving expostulation: 
therefore the juster sense is, that, if she 
could not enjoy his person, it would have 
been some alleviation of her distress, had 
she but been possessed of a son by him, to 
set his dear image always before her eyes. 

330. Capta aut deserta. Ruaeus translates 
capta by decepta, betrayed, seduced; but 
this is a harsh expression, that must have 
irritated iEneas, instead of moving his com- 
passion, which is the point she labours in 
this first speech. And therefore capta must 
be taken to refer to what she had said, 
verse 326. 

aut captam ducat Getulus Iarbas. 

In order tp paint her distress to iEneas in. 
the more lively colours, she represents him 



2P 



290 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Sic locuta fuerat. Ule jussn Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebat 

f«I i e| C *uLmrcl>cS L . umina ' et obnixus curam sub corde P^emebat. 
<rarWmanimo.Tand®m^- Tandem pauca refert: Ego te, qu3e plurima iando 
posuit hiec pauca: Ego, 6 Enumerate vales, nunquam, regina, negabo 
regina, nunquam negabo tep romeritam: nec me mem inisse pigebit Elisse; 335 
meruisse de me multa, qu« ^ . , . . * °. ' 

loquendo potes enumerarcr Dum memor ipse mei, dum spintus hos reget artus. 
nec me pcenitebit recordari Pro re pauca loquar. Nec ego hanc abscondere furto 
Ehsse: quaiuliu ipse recor- Speravi. ne nno;e, fuaram; nec coniuecis unquam 
dabor mei, dum animarao-n' . 'r*.i i/L • r j • 

vebit ista membra. Dicam Praetendi taedas, aut haec-in foedera veni. 
pauca pro statu rei. Nec Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 340 

ego speravi tegere silentio hanc fugam, ne fingas id tibi; sedetiarn nunquam praetexui faces ma- 
I'itales, aut veni hue ad has nuptias. Si fata permitterent me transigere vitam 



NOTES. 



as the person on whom she depended for 
protection; and, now that he was going- to 
abandon her, considers herself as quite 
helpless, forlorn, deserted, left a prey to 
her enemies, and already made their cap- 
tive. This is the dreary image that haunts 
her disturbed fancy by day, and her dreams 
by night, verse 466. 

semperque relinqui 

Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata vi- 
de tur 
Ire Viam, et Tyrios deserta queer ere terra. 
333. Ego te, quae. Ruseus dissects this re- 
ply of iEneas. He says it has three parts. 
1. A confession of benefits received, for 
which he engages to be ever thankful. 2. 
A denial that his flight was intended to 
have been by stealth, and that there could 
be any breach of faith, as their union had 
never been ratified by any solemn nuptial 
ceremonies. 3. He excuses himself, by ob- 
serving his first intention was to have re- 
built the demolished Troy, but the gods 
directed him to go to Italy. He observes, 
that if she, obedient to the gods, settled 
Carthage, why should she be displeased if 
others, in the same spirit of piety, settled 
Italy; that he had been warned by the ghost 
of his father and the vision of Mercury to 
hasten to Ausonia, and prepare a kingdom 
for Ascanius. Ruseus justly adds, We must 
confess, that excepting the commands of 
the gods, the whole address is excessively fri- 
gid. Spence offers a pleasant vindication of 
this inanimate speech: " A good-natured 
critic, that was not satisfied with the rea- 
sons given, might well say, that Virgil pro- 
bably had others in reserve, had he lived to 
finish the work. 

437. Nec ego hanc abscondere. This is an 
answer to the first part of her charge: Dis- 
simulare etiam sperdsti, &c. 305. 

338. Nec conjugis unquam Praetendi tadas, 
refers to her second charge: Nec te noster 
amor, nec te data dextera quondam. I never 
celebrated the nuptial rites with you, 
or coloured over our loves with the name 
of marriage. This, the poet had told us be- 
fore, was the specious pretext which Dido 



herself framed, in order to excuse her 
frailty: 

Conjugium vocat, hoc prxtexit nomine 
culpam. Verse 127. 

340. Me si fata meis, &c. This passage 
furnishes the critics with a specious handle 
to condemn ..Eneas of monstrous ingratitude 
and insensibility. Was it not enough for 
him, say they, to let Dido know he was 
forced by the Destinies to go elsewhere, 
without insulting her with an open declara- 
tion that he preferred other objects to her? 

Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 

Auspiciis, et sponte me a componere curas, 

Urbem Trojanam primum dulcesque me- 
orum 

Relliquias colerem, &c. 
But we shall not think JEneas so much to 
blame if we consider the true meaning of 
his words, which in short is this: Dido had 
urged him to stay; he replies, it was not in 
his power, because the Destinies opposed 
it; in proof of which he gives her to under- 
stand, that, if they had left him to his own 
choice, he would never have quitted his 
native country, he would have rebuilt Troy 
that now lay in ashes. This is not to say, 
that, If I had been at my liberty, I would 
have forsaken you, and gone home to repair 
Troy; but, I would never have formed any 
other design than that of rebuilding my na- 
tive city, and of recovering my country 
from desolation, had not the same Desti- 
nies that now force me to quit Carthage, 
compelled me first to leave my country. It 
is the same reason with what he pleads in 
his own behalf when he sees Dido in the 
infernal regions: 

Per sidera juro, 

Per Superos, et si qua fides tellure sub 
ima est, 

Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 

Sed me jussa Deum, qua: nunc has ire per 
umbras, 

Per loca senta situ cogunt, noctemque pro- 
fundam, 

Imperiis egere suis— — - 
What makes the objection appear the more 
specious is, that Virgil uses colerem for cc- 



^.NEIDOS LIB. IV. 



291 



mefi voluntatc, ct constltu- 
ere negotia nieo arbitratu, 
primo venerarer Trojanata 
urbem et dulces rcliquias 
meorum, et starent nU;.\ pa- 
0^5 latia Priami, ct maim Coh- 
didissem victis Pergama ca- 
duea. Sed jam Grynxus 
Apollo magnam Italian, 
Lycia oracula ltaliam impe- 
raverunt me quserere: hie 
est amor, b.xc patria. Si mu- 
350nimenta Cartbaginis, et vi- 
sus Libycx urbis retinet te 
Phcenissam: quae demum est 
f/fo'invidia, qvodTvojaxu se- 
deant in Ilalica terra? licet 
nos quoque quxrere regna 
« e c externa. Umbra aspera An- 
chisse solicitat me in somnis, 
quoties nox tegit terras hu- 
midis tenebris, quoties luci- 
da sidera oriuntur. Solicitat 
me puer Ascanius, et inju- 
ria facta dilecto capiti ejus, 
360 quern privo regno ltalise'et 
terris fatalibus. Nunc etiam 
nuncius Deorum, missus ab 
ipso Jove (attestor utrum- 
que Deum) portavit .ejus 
364 J ussa P er ' evem aerem: ip- 
se vidi Deum in luce perspi- 
cuk ingredientem muros, et 
excepi his auribus vocem ejus. Cessa commovere et me et te bis questibus: non sponte peto 
ltaliam. Talia loquentem Dido jamdiu infensa intuetur, rotans hue illuc oculos: et totum JEne- 
am circumspicit oculis tacitis, et sic irata loquitur: Nee tibi mater est Dea, nee Dardanus auctor 
familix est, 



Auspicus, et sponte men componere curas; 
Urbem Trojanam primum dulcesque meorum 
Relliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, 
Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis. 
Sed nunc ltaliam magnam Grynxus Apollo, 
ltaliam Lyciae jussere capessere sortes: 
Hie amor, hsec patria est. Si te Carthaginis arces 
Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis: 
Quae tandem Ausonia Teucros considere terra 
Invidia est? et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 
Me patris Anchisae, quoties humentibus umbris 
Nox operit terras, quoties astra ignea surgunt, 
Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago: 
Me puer Ascanius, capitisque injuria chari, 
Quern regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 
Nunc etiam interpres Divum, Jove missus ab ipso, 
(Testor utrumq; caput) celeres mandata per auras 
Detulit: ipse Deum manifesto in lumine vidi 
Intrantem muros, vocemque his auribus hausi. 
Desine, meque tuis incendere, teque querelis: 
ltaliam non sponte sequor. 
Talia dicentem jamdudum aversa tuetur, 
Hue illuc volvens oculos, totumque pererrat 
Luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur: 
Nee tibi Diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, 



NOTES. 



luissem; but many instances might be ad- 
duced where the imperfect of the subjunc- 
tive has the signification of what is called 
the plusquamperfect; and that it is so here, 
appears both from the sense, and from its 
being joined with posuissem in the follow- 
ing line. 

341. Auspiciis. By my own inclination. It 
was the custom of the ancients to do no- 
thing of moment without auspices being 
first taken. These might or might not agree 
with the will of the party concerned. 

344. Recidiva, that is, says Servius, Post 
casum restituta. 

345. Grynceus Apollo. This epithet is given 
to Apollo from Gryna, the original name of 
Clazomene, a city in -ZEolia, near which 
was a grove called Grynxum, where Apollo 
had an oracle of great antiquity. 

346. Lyciae sortes. Lycia was a country in 
Asia Minor, to which belonged the city Pa- 
tara, where the same god had another fa- 
mous oracle mentioned above, verse 143. 
This and some other oracles were called 
Sortes, lots: either because they determin- 
ed the consumer's lot, whether prosperous 
or adverse; or rather because the response 
of the god was gathered from drawing lots, 



throwing dice, or some such contingent 
methods, which were believed to be under 
the direction of the god. 

350. Et nos fas, &.c. i. e. Fas sit et nos 
queerer e, let us be allowed. If we make it, 
fas est, as Ruseus seems to understand it, 
the meaning will be, Besides, it is our du- 
ty, or it would even be impious in us not to 
go in quest of a foreign kingdom. For fas 
signifies what is right, or a duty towards 
the gods, as jus does what is right and fit 
in respect of men. 

356. Interpres Divuin. Mercury, who in 
Greek is called 'R^y^g, from 1^/u.nvivg, an in- 
terpreter. 

359. Vocemque his auribus hausi. This is 
a pleonasm common in most languages, 
which adds strength to the affirmation. So 
Terence, Hec. 111.3,3. Partim qux per- 
spexi his oculis, partim quae accepi auri- 
bus. 

362. Jamdudum. See the note on the first 
verse of this book. 

365. Nee tibi Diva parens. Here Dido 
grows outrageous, and, finding JEneas deaf 
to all prayers and entreaties, breaks forth 
into the most bitter invectives. She first re- 
calls all the fine things she had said of him 



292 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



o perfide; sed Caucasus hor- Perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens 
£5 S&SfcSfi Caucasus Hyrcwreoue admorunt ubera tigres. 
buerunt tibi ubera. Quid Nam quid dissimulo? aut quae me ad majora reservo: 
enim dissimulo? aut quaj Num fletu ingemuit nostro? num lumina flexit? [est? 
graviora expecto? An ge- Num i ac hrymas victus dedit? aut miseratus amantem 
muit ob fletura meum? an -. .. ' r •> • T 

obvertit ocuios? an emol- Quae quibus anteteram: jam jam nee maxima Juno, 
litus fudit laehrymas, aut Nee Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis. 
misertus est amantis? Qme Nusquam tuta fides. Eiectum litore, egentem 

quibus prseferam? nunc „ ^ . . . J . ". 

nunc neque maxima Juno, fcxeepi, et regni demens in parte locavi: 

nee pater Satumius videt Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 375 

hsec justis oculis. Nujiibi Heu! furiis incensa feror. Nunc augur Apollo, 

SrexpuUunfT'Jltot; Nunc Lyci* sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso 

jegenum; et stulta constitui Interpres Diviim fert horrida jussa per auras. 

eum in parte regni: servavi Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos 



380 



SSSL XuT^apLrTnflL- Sollicitat. Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello. 
mata a furiis. Nunc Apollo I, sequere Italiam ventis; pete regna per undas. 
vates, nunc oracuia Lycise, Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 

nunc nuncius Deorum, mis- 
sus ab ipso Jove portat per aerem dura mandata. Quasi ver6 is esset labor Deorum, et ea cura 
vexaret eos tranquillos. Neque te retineo, neque refuto qua dixisti. I, pete ventis Italiam, qusere 
regna per mare. Equidem, si justi Dii possunt aliquid, 



NOTES. 



before in the fondness of her affection; and 
instead of 

Credo equidem, nee vana fides, genus esse 
Deorum, 
boldly asserts, 

Nee tibi Diva parens, generis nee Darda- 
nus auctor, &c. 

367. Caucasus. An inhospitable mountain, 
dividing Scythia from India: it lies between 
the Caspian and Euxine seas. 

367- Hyrcanceque tigres. Hyrcania was a 
country in Asia, anciently a part of Parthia, 
lying between Media to the west, and Mar- 
giana to the east, having the Caspian sea 
on the north; its modern name is Tabrestan, 
and it is under the dominion of the Per- 
sians. This country is infested with pan- 
thers, leopards, tigers, and other wild 
beasts. 

369. Num Jletu ingemuit? Here, says 
Wharton, is a charming instance of the po- 
et's exquisite art. He makes Dido in the 
height of her passion turn suddenly from 
addressing JEneas in the second person to 
speak of him in the third: 

Genuit te cautibus — num fletu ingenuit? 
She turns to him again, 

Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello, 

I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per 
undas. 
Again she flies to the third person: 

«' Now great Apollo warns him to retire." 
369. Num luminajlexit? refers to ilk jfo- 
%>is monitis immota teneb at lumina. 

373. Nusquam tuta fides. Neither among 



men, says Ruxus, who violate faith at ran- 
dom, nor among the gods, who suffer it to 
be violated with impunity. 'Fides here may 
signify trust; and then the meaning will be, 
No where, either in heaven or earth, in 
gods or men, can one securely trust. Turne- 
bus explains it, Non tutum est quemquam in 
ftdem recipere, It is not safe to take any one 
under your protection, since even the ship- 
wrecked, outcast iEneas, whom I so kindly- 
received, has proved ungrateful and perfi- 
dious. 

376. Nunc augur Apollo , &c. refers to 
what jEneas had said above, verse 345. 

Sed nunc Italiam magnam Grynseus A- 
pollo, 

Italiam Lycix jussere capessere sortes. 
And verse 356. 

Nunc etiam interpres Diviim, &c. 

381. I, sequere Italiam ventis; pete regna 
per undas. This Quintilian gives us as an in- 
stance of the ironical style. Nothing is more 
in the character of an injured lover, than 
thus to order him to do the very thing that 
is most contrary to her inclination. Servius 
too observes, that she commands it in a 
way that implies dissuasion, by mentioning 
the winds and waves, terrible names, that 
served to remind him of his danger, and by 
using the word sequere? as if Italy fled from 
him. 

382. Mediis scopulis may be meant of those 
rocks that are in the midway between Afri- 
ca, Sicily and Sardinia. 

382. Spero equidem. Pitt has given the 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 293 

Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido spcro te luittrum poenas in 

S«p. vocaturu m . Sequar atris ignibus absens: "• ^S^TSS. 

Et, cum ingida mors anima secluxerit artus, 385 ncm . p er sequar tenigrisig- 

Omnibus umbra locis adero: dabis, improbe, poenas: nibira licet absens: et post- 
Audiam, et haec manes veniet mihi fama sub imos. 2« a ™ JSK^Wf s fP»*» ve - 

rit corpus ab aiunia, adero 
umbra cunctis locis: solves mihi pueuas, 6 fmprobe: audiam, et hse<? fama panarum tuarum vc- 
niet ad me apud inferos protuudos. 



NOTES. 



true spirit of Virgil in his translation of this 
passage: 

May every god thy crime provokes 

Reward thy guilt, and dash thee on the 

rocks; 
Then shalt thou call amid the howling- 
main 
On injur'd Dido's name, nor call in vain: 
For wrapt in fires I'll follow through the 

sky, 
Flash in thy face, or glare tremendous by. 
When death's cold hand my struggling 

soul shall free, 
My ghost in every place shall wait on thee: 
My vengeful spirit shall thy torments 

know, 
And smile in transport in the realms be- 
low. 
383- Supplicia hausurum scopulis. So Ci- 
cero, in one of his orations, says, Luctum 
nos hausimus majorem, ille animi non mi- 
norem. Perhaps the word haurire, to drink 
in, here used, has an allusion to the death 
she hoped he would undergo, namely, that 
of drowning; which was reckoned the pe- 
culiar punishment reserved by heaven for 
perfidious lovers, as in Ovid. Epist. Did. ad 
Mn. 57: 

Nee violasse fidem tentantibus jequora 
prodest: 

Perfidiae poenas exigit ille locus; 
Prsscipue cum lxsus amor, quia mater 
amorum 
Nuda Cytheriacis edita fertur aquis. 
383. Hausurum, for hausturum. So Ovid. 
2. Amor. 10. Eleg. 
Equora perjuro naufrago ore bibas. 

383. Dido, is the Greek accusative, go- 
verned by vocaturum; it is put for Didonem. 

384. Sequar atris ignibus absens. Ater sig- 
nifies sometimes fierce, cruel, as Georg. IV. 
407, atraque tigris. Atris ignibus refers to 
the known representation of the Furies, 
who were armed with torches, which Ci- 
cero explains of the stings and galling tor- 
ments of a guilty conscience. See iEn. III. 
331. The meaning therefore is, that the re- 
membrance of Dido, whom he had aban- 
doned, though absent, would still haunt his 
guilty mind like a grim Fury. This satisfac- 
tion she would have while in life: and then 
in the next words, Et cumfrigida mors, &c. 
she rejoices at the thought of being disen- 
gaged by death from the shackles and en- 



cumbrance of a body, when her gho.-'.t 
should be at liberty to range over the uni- 
verse, and pursue him wherever he might 
chance to go. Servius, however, explains 
atris igtiibus of the black or dreary flames of 
Dido's funeral pile. To take absens, with 
Dr. Trapp, and some others, for mortua, as 
we say of a person when dead, he is gone, 
seems forced and unnatural; besides that it 
makes Virgil guilty of mere tautology in 
the following line. 

385. Et, cumfrigida mors, &c. The same 
sentiment is thus expressed bv Horace, 
Epod. V. 

Quin, ubi perire jussus expiravero, 

Nocturnus occurram furor; 
Petamque vultus umbra curvis unguibus, 

Quae vis Deorum est Manium; 
Et inquietis assidens praecordiis, 

Pavore somnos auferam. 

386. Omnibus umbra locis adero. — Manes 
veniet mihi sub imos. The ancients observed 
a threefold distinction in the Immortal part 
of the human nature, viz. the phantom or 
shade, umbra, which commonly frequented 
the place where the body was interred, or 
haunted those abodes to which it had been 
accustomed in life; the manes, which roved 
about the infernal regions; and the spirit, 
which returned to heaven, its original ha- 
bitation, according to those verses ascribed 
to Ovid: 

tumulum circumvolat umbra, 
Orcus habet manes, spiritus astra petit. 
And this furnishes us with a sufficient an- 
swer to Mr. Bayle's criticisms If, says he. 
Dido's ghost was to be every where with 
iEneas, what need was there that she 
should wait in hell for the news of his mis- 
fortunes? See Bayle's Diet, in Cleonice. 
The answer is, that whilst her umbra or 
shade haunted iEneas over the earth, her 
manes remained in hell, expecting and 
wishing to hear bad news of him. 

387. Manes veniet. Minelius thinks the 
poet has respect to the hapless en%l of A- 
neas, who is said to have been drowned in 
the river Numicius, in his war against the 
Rutuli. It is moreover said, that the weight 
of his armour preventing his body from ri- 
sing, he was considered by the crowd as 
snatched to the heavens $ und accordingly 
deified. 



294 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

His prolatis interrupit me- His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras 

ftSfiSsrs^SdSrs^p* fu s u ' s , et i ue ex ocuiu avenit et aufert > 

aufert ex aspectu, relin- Lmquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem 

quens JEneam metu tar-Dicere. Suscipiunt famulae, coliapsaque membra 391 

dan tem dicere multa, et pa- Marmoreo referunt thalamo, stratisque reponunt. 

rantem dicere multa. Susti- . . „ , . \ , " "«««».. 

nent earn famulse: et repor- At puis iEneas, quanquam lenire dolentem 

tant in marmoreum cubicu- Solando cupit, et dictis avertere curas; 

!um membra defecta,locant- Multa ge mens, magnoq; animum labefactus amore: 

que ea in lecto. At puis JE- T a r\' A v i • • - 

xleas quamvis optet conso- Jussa tamen Divum exequitur, classemque revisit. 396 

lando placare mcerentem, Turn vero Teucri incumbunt, et litore celsas 

et pellere curas sermonibus,i) ec i ucun t toto naves: natat uncta carina; 

multum semens, et concus- r? i r . . i_ i • 

sus animo ^j&Zer amorem: Frondentesque ferunt remos, et robora sylvis 

tamen observat jussa Deo- Infabricata, fugse studio. 400 

rum, et repetit classem. Migrantes cernas, totaque ex urbe ruentes. 

IZL^perl^T detra: Ac veluti ingentem formic* farris acervum 

hunt altas naves e toto li- Cum populant, hyemis memores, tectoque reponunt: 

tore: natant unctse naves: it nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbas 

r^Sel^euSaT^vtConyectant calle angusto: pars grandia trudunt 405 

adhuc informia, desiderio Obnixse trumenta humeris: pars agmina cogunt, 

fugiendi. Videas eos exeun- Castigantque moras: opere omnis semita fervet. 

%?£*&£££& Q» is tib i T c > Did - ' ce ™ nti ,. talia s r ensus? , . 

mic», quando depr»dantur Quosve dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere late 
magnum cumulum frumen- Prospiceres arce ex summa, totumq; videres 410 

ti, providse in hyemem, et Misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus xquor? 
seponunt in latebns; nigra ^ 

turba incedit/>er agros, et subvehunt prsedam angusto tramite inter herbas: partim obnixae hu- 
meris propellunt magna grana: i)artim colligunt turmas, et accelerant morantes-: omnis semi- 
ta fervet labore. Quis tunc sensus erat tibi, 6 Dido spectanti talia? aut quos emittebas gemitus, 
cum ex alta arce spectares litora undique sestuare, et aspiceres coram oculis totum mare tur- 
bari tantis clamoribus? 

NOTES. 

395. Multa. An adjective for an adverb, again to their cells full loaded, like soldiers 

398. Uncta; with pitch, or some similar reaping the spoils of an enemy: 
unctuous fluid. Convectare juvat prsedas, et vivere rapto. 

399. Frondentes remos. Not fashioned or JEn. VII. 749. 
dried, but fresh from the woods and exhi- We may observe in what strong language 
biting leaves; for though Dido calls the this simile is conveyed: Populant ingentem 
season winter, v. 309. it is evident the acervum — reponunt tecto— it nigrum cam- 
spring was opening. JEn. 5. 46. pis agmen — prsedam convectant — pars tru- 

402. Ac veluti, cum formica, &c. These dunt grandia frumenta — obnixae humeris. 

little insects are very fit examples of labour, All this shows how, by the force of expres- 

assiduity, and foresight: sion, by elegant figures, and proper images, 

Parvula (nam exemplo est) magni formi- the lowest subjects may be raised to true 

ca laboris sublimity. 

Ore trahit quodcunque potest, atque ad- 405. Calle. Cat lis is a path hardened by 

dit acervo the foot, and particularly by the foot of 

Qiiem struit; haud ignara ac non incauta wild animals; from callus, hard, or harden- 

futuri. Hor. Sat. Lib. I. 1, 33. ed. 

This comparison, Fulvius Ursinus observes, 405. Trudunt obnixa humeris. By this the 

Virgil had imitated from the fourth book poet gives us a lively idea of both their eager- 

of Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautics. De la ness and strength, which Pliny observes to 

Cerda is so enraptured with it, that he cha-1- be surprisingly great, considering the small 

lenges all Greece to equal it. Trappjudi- size of the animal: Si quis comparet onera 

ciously observes, that it is better as a de- corporibus earum, fateatur nullis portione 

scription than as a simile. The hyemis me- vires esse majores. This circumstance of 

mores, especially, ill agrees with the ap- their shoving forward the larger grains with 

pi'oach of spring. their shoulders, the same writer confirms 

405. Convectant. This word represents even in Virgil's own words: Major a avers at 

those little animals trudging often back- postremis pedibus moliuntur, humeris ob- 

ward and forward, and returning again and nixse. Nat. Hist. Lib. XI. cap. 30. 

407. Moras; for morantes. 



JLNEIDC6 LIB. IV. 



295 



Improbe amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis? Improtie amor, quid non co- 

Ire i.erum in lachrymas, team tentare precando g^7™"de3^ 
Cogitur, et supplex animos submittere amon: atf lachrymas: rursusoppug- 

Ne quid inexpertum, frustra moritura, relinquat. 415 "are JEneam preoandoj et 
Anna, vicles toto properari litore: circum S^ori^T omS 

Undique convcnere: vocat jam carbasus auras, quicquam intentatum, ante- 

Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas. quam frustra moriatur. An- 

Hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem, 419 J*£^r£^£ 

Et perlerre, soror, potero. Miserae 1k)c tamen unum que co u e cti sunt: jam vela 
Exequere, Anna, mihi: solam nam perfidus ille inyitant ventos, et nauta hi- 

Te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus; lares addiderunt puppibus 






lares addiderunt 
coronas. Ego, si 
prresentire tantam calamitatemj possem etiam earn sustinere. Tamen, 6 Anna 
mihi misers; nam perfidus ille solebat te solam revereri, etiam tibi committere secretos sensus 



potuissem 
fac ktud solum 



NOTES. 



412. Improbe amor, Zsfc. The same apos- 
trophe is made to avarice, iEn. III. 56. 
quid non mortalia pectora cog-is, 
Auri sacra fames! 
The epithet improbus signifies fierce, unre- 
lenting, uncontrollable, outrageous, and vi- 
olent to that degree as to hesitate at no- 
thing; as will appear from the manner in 
which it is applied elsewhere: to assidu- 
ous, indefatigable labour, Geor. I. 145. 
labor omnia vincit 
Improbus. 
To a wolf raging forhis prey, iEn. IX. 62. 
ille asper, et improbus ira, 
Sxvit in absentes. 
To cruel, adverse fortune, iEn. II. 79. 

nee, si miserum fortuna Sinonem 
Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque impro- 
ba finget. 
To the violence and impetuosity with which 
a huge stone tumbles down a precipice, 
iEn. XII. 687. 
Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus 
actu, 
which answers to Homer's \aoc avaz<T»s-. 

413. Ire in lachrymas — tentare precando co- 
gitur. As he had used the word cogis, verse 
12, so here he repeats the same word, and 
shows the constraining power of love in 
Dido's conduct: cogitur, she is forced, in 
spite of her pride, her i*esentment, her re- 
solutions, her imprecations. 

414. Animos. Some read animum, but 
animos is more elegant; it implies that love 
gets the better of all her other passions, 
particularly her indignation, her pride, her 
keen resentment, as we have. said. For so the 
word animos is used: Vince animos, iramque. 

415. Frustra moritura. Interpreters are 
divided about the meaning of the word frus- 
tra in this place; Servius joins it with inex- 
pertum, that she might leave nothing unat- 
tempted, though in vain, since she was de- 
termined to die. But it is more like a lover 
still to entertain some glimmering hope, so 
long- as her object is within reach: where- 
fore we would rather take it in the same 
sense with bishop Douglas: 



Lest she unwer, but cause, her death par* 

vayit, 
Her list na thing behind leif unassayit. 
Frustra is used the same way by Cicero. 

416. Anna. How affecting this speech! — 
She states to Anna the sad prospect of the 
departure of JEneas. She begs her to have 
an interview with him, particularly as she 
was high in his esteem and the deposit of 
the secrets of his soul. She presses her to 
urge on him that she had never done an in- 
jury to him, or his.; that the present season 
of the year was entirely inauspicious for 
sailing, and that she asked not marriage, 
but merely a little delay that she might 
learn by degrees to bear his loss. 

417. Carbasus, plural carbasa, f. & rij. pro- 
perly, very fine linen: here it means can- 
vas, such as is used for the sails of a ship. 

418. Puppibus — imposuere coronas. It was 
the custom of the mariners to deck the 
sterns of their ships with garlands, both at 
setting sail, as here, and at landing, as 
Geor I. 303. 

Ceu presssc cum jam portum tetigere ca- 
rina, 

Puppibus et l?eti nautae imposuere coronas. 
The reason why they thus adorned the 
sterns was, because there was a chapel in 
honour of the gods Patxci, whose statues 
were erected on the sterns, as the patrons 
and protectors of the ship. Hence says Per- 
sius, Sat. VI. 30. 

Ionio jacet ipse in litore, et una 
Ingentes de puppe Dei. 
And Ovid, Epist. Parid. ad Hel. 112. 

Accipit et pictos puppis adunca Deos. 
See Banier's Mvthology, Vol. II. B. VII. 
Ch. 10. 

419. Hunc ego si potui, &c. The sentence 
here is abrupt, and should not, we think, 
be connected with what immediately fol- 
lows. Such a hasty abrupt transition is per- 
fectly agreeable to Dido's present temper 
of mind, and shows the propriety of potero 
being in the future, which is otherwise 
hardly to be justified by any poetical license 
whatever, 



296 



P. VIRGILII jMARONIS 



sola cognoscebas tempora et Sola virimolles aditus et tempora noras. 

==^J^1i2s5 y ' soror > atque hostem su p plex affare su ^ rbum: 

ferocem. Non ego Non ego cum Danais Trojanam exscinderc gentem 
im Green to Aulide Aulide juravi, classemve ad Pergama misi: 4S 



426 



soror, et supplex alloquprc 

hostem 
juravi cum 

evertere Trojanam gentem, Ne ■ Anchisae cineres manesve revelli. 

aut misi naves adversus 1 ro- _, v .. , . . *^ 1 "' 

jam: nee effbdi cineres et^ur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aures? 
umbram patris Anchisse. Quo ruit? extremum hoc misers det munus amanti: 
Cur abnuit excipere rigidis Expectet facilemq; fugam, ventosq; ferentes. 430 

auribus meos sermones? XT l . . l ° . ^' .... 

Qu6 vadit? Concedat ulti- Non J am conjugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro; 
mum hoc munus miserseNec pulchro ut Latio careat, regnumque relinquat, 
amanti: expectet commo- Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori, 
dam tugam, et ventos op-r^,, _/ __ *. . Z 1 .. #• * j i 

portunos. Non jam peto an- Dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. ; 
tiqimm conjugium, quod vi-Extremam hanc oro veniam: miserere sororis: 435 
olavit: nee ut abstineat pul-Q ua m mihi cum dederit, cumulatum morte remittam. 
S.^fe 1e"l«!?TaUbu S orabat, talesque miserrima fletus 
quietem, et moram ad amo- Fertque refertque soror: sed nullis ille movetur 
rem extinguendum; donee Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit. 439 

ISEEflS**^*** obstant: P'acidasque viri Deus obstruit aures. 
cor ab illo beneficinm ultimum: miserere sororis: cum mihi hoc dederit, dimittam ilium ex- 
pletum etiam morte med. Talibus verbis precabatur, et soror miserrima fert ac refert JEnece 
tales fletus: sed ille nullis fletibus movetur, et nulla verba audit exorabilis. Fataobstant, et Deus 
occludit JEnese benignas aures. 



NOTES. 



424. Hostem — super bum. The ancient Ro- 
mans used hostes in the sense of hospes. Hos- 
tis enim apud majores nostros is dicebatur, 
quern nunc peregrinum dicimus, Cic. de 
Off. Eib. I. 12. And Servius tells us that 
some understood the word as here used in 
that sense. 

426. Aulide. Aulis is an island in the Ar- 
chipelago, where the Greeks, in their way 
to the siege of Troy, took an oath never to 
return to their own country till they had 
taken that city. 

427. Manesve. It was a great crime, 
among the ancients, to violate the sepul- 
chres of the dead. 

430. Ventosque ferentes, i. e. Ventosque se- 
cundos, as in Seneca de B. V. c. 21. Nwvi- 
gantem seciaidus et ferens ventus exhilarat. 
So Pliny in his Panegyric says, Venti fe- 
rentes et brevis cursus optentur; and Ho- 
mer uses the expression of qiquv atvst&os. 

431. Antiquum is to be taken in the same 
sense in which antiquius and antiquissimum 
are used by Cicero. So Servius explains 
.^n. 1. 535. 

Terra antiqua, potens armis. 
Antiqua, i. e. nobilis. Or it may signify mar- 
riage, which he (iEneas) deems an obso- 
lete, old-fashioned thing. 

432-Pulchro Latio; Latium, which charms 
and captivates his heart so much. 

433. Tempus inane,- a short space of time, 
merely for his own sake, without requiring 
him to perform his marriage vow. Or tan- 
pus inane may signify a little time, which is 
but just nothing, and which he can easily 
spare. 



434. Bum, mea me, &c. The same senti- 
ment is thus expressed in other words by 
Ovid, Epist. Did. JEn. 179. 

Dum freta mitescunt, et amor: Dum tem- 
pore et usu 

Fortiter edisco tristia posse pati. 
Minelius quotes the proverb, " Nullus enim / 
dolor est, quern non longinquitas temporis 4 
minuat, atque molleat." 

436. §>iiam mihi cum, &c. This is, per- 
haps, the most perplexed verse in the 
whole iEneid. It would be needless to trou- 
ble the reader with the various readings, 
and the various glosses put upon them. Ru- 
xus 5 reading, which is the one now gene- 
rally adopted, is far from being satis- 
factory; chiefly because it is at best but a 
lucky conjecture; and then it makes Dido 
discover to her sister her purpose of killing 
herself, which she appears careful above all 
tilings to conceal from her, verse 447. 

Consilium vultu tegit, ac spera fronte se- 
renat. 
Servius reads, 

Quam mihi cum dederis cumulatam, morte 
relinquam; 
And explains the passage thus: Quod be- 
neficium cum mihi cumulatum dederis, sola 
morte derelinquam: with which favour 
when you have fully gratified me, nothing 
but death shall part us. 

438. Fertque refertque. Non ab JEned, qui 
nihil dicit. The refert cannot refer to yEneas, 
says Servius, because he makes no reply. 

440. Placidasque — obstruit aures, either 
stops his ears, quo minus sintplacidce, or nit 
turd placidas. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



297 



Ac veluti annoso validam cum robore quercum 
Alpini Boreae, nunc hinc, nunc flatibus illinc 
Eruere inter se certant; it stridor, et alte 
Consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes: 
Ipsa haeret scopulis: et quantum vertice ad auras 
jEthereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. 
Haud secus assiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros 
Tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas: 
Mens immota manet; lachrymae volvuntur inanes. 
Turn verd infelix fatis exterrita Dido 
Mortem orat: tsedet coeli convexa tueri. 
Quo magis inceptum peragat, lucemque relinouat 
Vidit, thuricremis cum dona imponeret aris, 
Horrendum dictu, latices nigrescere sacros; 
Fusaque in obsccenum se vertere vina cruorem. 
Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori. 
Praeterea, fuit in tectis de marmore templum 
Conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, 

rem horribilem dictu, sacrum liquorem nigrescere; et vintim 
guinem. Nulli elocuta est hoc prodigium, ne ipsi quidem sorori 
urn primi mariti e marmoi'e, quod venerabatur mirabili 



Et veluti quando Borese Al- 
pini nunc hinc, nunc illinc, 
conantur inter se evertere 
flatibus quercum validam 
antiquo robore; tunc stridor 

445 a ututur > e t trunco profundi 
commoto folia tegunt ter- 
ram: ipsa quevcus hseret ru- 
pibus: et tantum radice pro- 
greditur ad inferos, quantum 
cacumine in coelestem ae- 
rem. Non aliter heros verbe- 

450 ratur hinc atque hinc conti- 
nuis sermonibus, et magno 
animo sentit dolores: animus 
lamen perstat immutabilis, 
inutiles lachrymse defluunt. 
Tunc autem misera Dido 

a H , territa fatis rogat mortem: 
" tsedet earn aspicere concava 
cceli. Ut magis perficiat con- 
silium, et abjiciat vitam: vi« 
dit, cum imponeret munera 
altaribus ubi thus crematur, 

effusum mutare sein fcedum san- 

. Praeterea fuit in sedibus sacrari- 



NOTES. 



441. Ac veluti. 

As o'er th' aerial Alps sublimely spread, 
Some aged oak uprears his reverend head; 
This way and that the furious tempests 

blow, 
To lay the monarch of the mountains low; 
The imperial plant, though nodding at the 

sound, 
Though all his scatter'd honours strow 

the ground, 
Safe in his strength, and seated in the 

rock, 
In naked majesty defies the shock: 
High as the head shoots tow'ring to the 

skies, 
So deep the root, in hell's foundation lies. 

Pitt. 
Tunditur, In this simile, is the happiest 
word the poet could have selected. 

442. Alpini Boreae. The Alps lie north- 
ward in respect of Mantua, and a great part 
of Italy: this expression therefore repre- 
sents the north wind as having his seat in 
those mountains, and thence descending in 
storm and hurricane. 

443. Alte, to some depth, or in heaps. 
Some copies, however, read altce, to agree 
with frondes,- but the former is much more 
elegant than the other reading, or alte for 
diu. 

446. Tantum radice, &c. According to na- 
turalists, who say the length of the root is 
equal to that of the body of the tree. 

Servius. 

448. Persentit,- has a deep or thorough 
feeling. 



449. Inanes, unavailing, both with respect 
to himself and Dido, as they produced not 
the effect she desired, and altered not his 
stedfast resolution. 

451. Call convexa. From this passage it is 
plain, that convexus in Latin has a quite dif- 
ferent signification from convex in English; 
for convexa cceli here can never be opposed 
to concava cceli, because the convex face of 
heaven is to mortals invisible. Convexa cceli 
can signify nothing but the arched or vault- 
ed heaven, cavam cceli convexitatem, as the 
ingenious Dr. Clark explains it. In like 
manner, JEn. I. 310. In convexa nemo- 
rum signifies, in cava convexitate nemorum,° 
in the bosom or under the shelter of the 
bending groves. To confirm this sense of 
the word, we shall only quote one other pas- 
sage, which is decisive, being in a grave 
prose author, where no licentious abuse of 
words can be alleged. It is in the second 
book of Justin, cap. 10. speaking of Xerxes' 
exploits, he says, Et monies in planum du~ 
cebat, et convexa vallium cequabat. 

455. Obsccenem cruorem. Servius explains 
obsccenum by mali ominis; as in the third 
iEneid, Obsccenas pelagi volucres. 

457. Templum. Some explain this of his 
sepulchre, as erections of that kind were 
the first temples among the heathens, who 
usually consecrated the places where their 
ancestors were interred. Others (which 
comes to the same thing) understand by it 
a chapel sacred to his honour; others con= 
elude that it was an image or statue conse- 
crated to him. 



3Q 



298 



P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 



cultu, cinctum vittis albis et Velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. 



festivis foliis. Verba et voces 
mariti appellantis visa sunt 



Hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis 



460 



hinc audiri, cum opaca nox Visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret: 
obtegeret terras: et bubo so- Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo 

&*££££!* *c s ^p e * ae "< et lon ? as in fletura ducere ™ ces - 

trahere longas voces in mo- Multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum 
dwm-fletus. Et prteterea va- Terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem 465 

r:T e :;:zzHiTJz:i n rT s ferus ^, neas: s™^?™ **M 

Ipse crudelis JEneas turbat ^ ola Slbl > semper longam incomitata videtur 
furentem per somnia: et ip- Ire viam, et Tyrios deserta. quaerere terra. 

^"tlpeTK &£*"»? iaum V - eluti dem « ns ,y idet a S mina P «"*eus, 

longum iter incomitata, et Et solem gemmum, et duphces se ostendere Thebas: 
quserere Carthaginenses wAut Agamemnonius scenis agitatus Orestes, 471 

locis desertis. Quemadmo- Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris 

dum rentneus insaniens vi-^v^ r ., . . , . *.. . __. 

det turmas Furiarum, du- ^ um iu ^h ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. 

osque Soles, et duas The- Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta dolore, 

has se oflferre ipsi: vel Decrevitque mori: tempus secum ipsa modumq; 475 

quemadmodum Agaraemno- , .^ 

nis filius Orestes, tarn scepe jactatns in theatris: quando fugit matrem armatam facibus et nigris 

anguibus; et quando Furige vindicfcs stant ad januam. Igitur postquam Dido succumbens dolor* 

susgspit animo furias, et statuit mori: secum ipsa meditatur tempus et modum, 



NOTES. 



459. Velleribus nfaeis, &c. Servius is of 
opinion, that Virgil is here alluding to a part 
of the nuptial ceremonies among the Ro- 
mans, it being customary for the bride, 
when she came to the door of the bride- 
groom's house, which was garnished with 
flowers and leaves, to bind about the posts 
with woollen lists,and wash them over with 
melted tallow, to keep out infection and 
sorcery. Thus, according to him, Dido, in 
building this temple or shrine to Sichaeus, 
lier first lord, had devoted herself to him 
for ever, by performing the same nuptial 
rites towards him as if he had been alive, 
and thereby signified her resolution never 
to marry another. Hence she says after- 
wards, verse 552, 

Non servata fides cineri promissa Sichaeo. 
But the opinion of others is easier and more 
-natural, that it has a reference to the gene- 
ral custom of adorning the door posts of 
temples with fillets of wool and flowers, 
especially on holidays. 

462. Solaque. Some read seraque. Both 
readings are good; since the owl sings late 
at night, and loves solitary trees, towers, 
&c. Blair has the words 

• — - " night's foul bird 

Sits rook'd in yonder spire." 
And Gray, 

** Save that from yonder ivy -mantled tow'r 

The moping owl does to the moon com- 
plain." 
464. Priorum. Some read pionnn; which 
is preferable, both as it is a proper epithet 
of prophets, and u.spr(cdkta implies /jrzorum, 
and renders it superfluous. 

455. Terribili monitu. These prodigies, 



says Mr. Wharton, of the wine turned into 
blood, which Dido secretly observed (a 
very striking circumstance) and of Sichsus' 
voice; of the screams of the owl; the an- 
cient predictions, and her melancholy 
dreams, are admirably calculated to pro- 
duce terror and pity. The circumstance of 
the voice has been finely imitated by Mr. 
Pope, where Eloisa says: 
In each low wind methinks a spirit calls, 
And more than echoes talk along the walls. 
Here as I watch'd the dying lamps around, 
From yonder shrine I heard a dying sound: 
Come, sister, come; it said or seem'd to 

say; 
The place is here, sad sister, come away. 
469. Eumenidum — agmina; troops of fu- 
ries, whereas there were only three, Tisi- 
phone, Megara, and Alecto. 

469. Pentheus was the son of Cadmus, and 
king of Thebes in Bceotia, who, for prohi- 
biting his subjects from the worship of Bac- 
chus, was punished by that god with mad- 
ness. In one of his fits, he offered violation 
to the Bacchanals as they were celebrating 
their orgies on mount Cithseron, for which 
they tore him in pieces, his mother and 
aunts being of the number. This is according 
to the fable in Ovid, Met. III. 700. But 
those, who would see the true history of 
this unfortunate prince, may consult" Bu- 
rner's Mythology. Euripides, in his Baccha- 
nals, brings in Pentheus thus speaking: Ka< 
f/j.v ogotv fx.01 Svu vkm; JWoi, Siv<rag <Te &r)Cag. 
Which is just Virgil's 
Et solem geminum, et duplices se osten- 
dere Thebas. 
471. Orestes. See the note on iEn, III. 33k 



jENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



299 



Exieit, et, mcestam dictis agcressa sororem, *t compelhms verbis tris- 

Consilium yultu tcglt, ac spem frame serenat: g* "J™* •*»--£ 

Inveni, germana, viam, gratare sorori, frontemspc simidatd; Oso- 

Quse mihi redclat eum, vel eo me sol vat amantem. ror, inquit, gratulare sorori: 
Oceani fincm juxta Solemque cadentem, 480 }%£&& 2KS*2 

Ultimus iEthiopum locus est: ubi maximus Atlas Hberabit'ad illo. Prope ter 
Axem huniero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. 
Hinc mihi Massyhe gentis monstrata sacerdos, 
Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi 
Quae dabat, et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, 
Spargens humida mella soporiferumque papaver 
Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes 
Quas velit; ast aliis duras immittere curas, 
Sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retro: 



rainos Oceani et Solem oeci- 
dentem, extrema est regio 
JEthiopum: ubi magnus At- 
las vertit humeris ccelum 
485confixum astris fulgentibus. 
Inde oriunda ostensa est mi- 
hi saga Massylse nationis, 
custos templi Hesperidum.- 
et quse pnebebat cibum dra- 
coni, et servabat sacros ra- 
mos in arbore, fundens li- 



quida mella et somniferum papaver. Hsec pollicetur se carminibus resolvere animos quosyelit? 
altis vcro injicere tristes curas, retinere aquam in fluviis, et retro agere sidera; 



NOTES. 



480. Oceani Jinem. That no circumstance 
of horror might be wanting to introduce the 
fate of this unhappy princess, to prodigies 
succeeds magic: the dismal solemnity and 
infernal religion of which exceedingly 
heighten the terror in the catastrophe of 
this tragedy. By a pretence of endeavouring 
to bring back iEneas, or to cure her own 
love, the queen imposes upon her sister, by 
the same pretence the poet imposes upon 
his reader. The description of the magic 
ceremony and funeral preparation is of a 
piece with the rest; that is, in full perfec- 
tion and never enough to be commended. 

481. JEthiopum. JEthiopia is a vast coun- 
try in Africa, now the land of the Abyssins. 
It lies all within the torrid zone, which is 
the reason of the name, JEthiops being com- 
pounded of the two Greek words a&uv tor,- 
rere, and u± aspectus, because the inhabitants 
are scorched with the heat of the sun. 

48hJHdximus Atlas. The rise of this poe- 
tical fiction is thus delivered by Mela, Lib. 
III. cap. 10. In arenis mons est Atlas, dense 
consurgens, verum incisis undique rupibus 
prxceps. — Qui, quod altius, quam conspici 
potest, usque in nubila erigitur, ccelum et 
sidera non tangere modo vertice, sed susti- 
nere quoque dictus est. 

482. Stellis ardentibus aptum. Aptus here 
signifies fitted, joined, fitly set, spangled, 
studded, or adorned, as the word is used by 
Cicero: Fulgentem gladium e lacunari seta 
equina aptum. In Tuscul. And in the third 
book de Nat. Deor. speaking of the order 
of the stars, he says: Inter se omnia con- 
nexa et apta. It is derived from the old 
word apere, to bind, or join compactly toge- 
ther: 

Sic ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque 

animai 
Discidium fuerit, quibus e sum us uniter 

apH Lucr. &ib. V. 



And again; 

nos nil laedit veste carepe 
Purpurea atque auro signisque ingentibus 

apta. 
484. Hesperidum templi custos. The Hes= 
perides were the daughters of Atlas, who, 
according to the fable, possessed a garden 
wherein grew golden apples, consecrate^ 
to Venus: which apples Hercules carried 
off, having slain the dragon that kept them. 
But in reality they were shepherdesses of 
noble birth, whose flocks bore wool of a 
reddish colour, somewhat resembling gold, 
and which Hercules plundered, havingfir^t 
slain the keeper. The Greek name for 
sheep, ^»\a, signifying also apples, made 
the poets feign that Hercules had stolen the 
apples (mala J of the Hesperides; and 
their keeper's name being Draco, gave 
them a pretence for saying they were lite- 
rally kept by a dragon. 

486. S opor if erumque papaver. As the dra- 
gem was to be continually awake, hence a 
question arises how the priestess came to 
feed him with soporiferous poppy. Some 
will have it that these poppies, with the ho- 
ney, were his proper food, and had no ef- 
fect to lay him asleep; it being observed^, 
that a composition of honey and poppy seed 
dried was among the delicacies used by the 
ancients: Papaveris sativi, tria genera; can- 
didum cujus semen tostum in seounda men- 
sa cum melle apud antiquos dabatur. Plin, 
XIX. 1. Others allege, that it was in order 
to procure sleep to him at certain intervals, 
Perhaps it is only mentioned to show the 
power of this sorceress, that she \vas able 
to lay asleep even the wakeful dragon, 
Lastly, Servius is of opinion that poppy, 
which procures sleep to men, has a contra- 
ry effect on dragons, and keeps those ani= 
mals awake. Others, to avoid this difncul= 
ty, make a full stop at ramos , and connect 
this line with the following. 



300 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et evoeat infcrnas umbras. Nocturnosque ciet manes. Mugire videbis 490 

peltrS'^ofSf t Sub J*®*>» ""am, et descendere montibus ornos. 
montibus. O dilecta soror, Testor, chara, Deos et te, germana, tuumque 
attestor Deos, et te, tuum- Dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artes. 
KS^a;» secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras 
cas artes. Tu tacita, sub Erige: et arma vin, thalamo quae fixa rehquit 
aere, in interiore domo, ex-Impius, exuviasque omnes, lectumque jugalem 
true rogum: et superpone q uo perii supe rimponas. Abolere nefandi 

arma ibnese, qu?e scelera- ^- ,•••.♦,, , 

tus reliquit suspensa in cu- Cuncta vin mommenta jubet monstratq; sacerd* 
biculo, et omnes vestes, et Haec effata silet: pallor srmul occupat ora. 
lectum eonjugaiem in quo ]vj on ta men Anna novis prsetexere funera sacris 

« or » Placet delere omnes - 



Germanam credit: nee tantos mente furores 



pern. 

reliquias pessimi hominis, et 

ita docet saga. Haec locuta Concipit; aut graviora timet, quam morte Sich 

tacet: simul pallor invadit Ergo lUSSa parat. 

vultum. Tamen Anna non a*. ■ * *. f • 1 1 

putat sororem eelare mor- At fegina pyra, penetrah in sede, sub auras 
tem suam sub Ms novis ce- Erecta ingenti, tsedis atque ilice secta, 



505; 



remoniis: nee suspicatur a- Intenditque locum sertis, et fronde coronat 

mmo tantam rabiem! aut ti- p linprp A. <j Iinf , r PV iiv<a<i Pn <!PmnnP r^lirtiim 

met atrocius qiucguam, £.4? e . rea ' su P er exuvlas > ensemque relictum, 
quam in nece Sichcei. Igitur Effigiemque toro locat, haud ignara futun. 
praparat, qua mandata fu- Stant arge circum et crines effusa sacerdos 509 

^»M&£££ Tercentum to^at ore Deos, Erebumque, Chaosque, 

tis, sub aere, in interiore domo: cingitque locum sertis, et coronat funebribus foliis: superponit 
lecto vestes, et ensem relictum, et imaginem JEnece, non inscia futuri casus. Altaria stant ch> 
cum, et saga soluta crinibus tonat ore trecentos Deos, et Erebum, et Chaos, 



NOTES. 



494. Pyram. A pyra was a pile of wood 
for burning dead bodies; from yuf, ignis. 
A rogus -was that pile properly disposed for 
burning. A bustum was the place where 
such piles were burned; or the pile itself 
reduced to ashes, from bene ustum. 

495. Et anna viri. The sword which jE- 
neas had accidentally left in Dido's bed- 
chamber — exuvias ensemque relictum,} 507. 

495. Reliquit. Some, says Ruxus, have 
undeservedly blamed Virgil, that he repre- 
sents iEneas as giving a sword to Dido, a 
hero to a lady; but there is no indication 
that he presented it to her; he merely left 
it in the bed-chamber. 

496. Exuvias; from exuo> signifying spoils, 
garments, &c. 

498. Jubet. Other copies read juvat. As 
it stands, jubet signifies she commands, and 
monstrat implies the reason given for that 
command. 

499. Pallor — occupat ora. Some copies 
read inficit ora: as in Horace, Epod. Od. 
VII. 15. 

Tacent, et albus ora pallor inficit. 

506. Intenditque locum sertis. Either the 
pyre itself, or the circumjacent walls. 

507. Funered. Such as vervain, cypress, 
yew, &c. 

508. Effigiemque toro locat. One of the 
rites of magic was, to prepare an image of 
the person against whom the enchantment 
was designed, either of wax or wool, and 
use it in the same manner as they would 



have used the person himself, had he been 
in their power: 

terque hsec altaria circum 

Effigiem duco. Eel. VIII. 75. 

Limus ut hie durescit, et hsec ut cera li- 
quescit 

Uno eodemque igni: sjc nostro Daphnis 

amore. Ibid. 80. 

508. Haud ignara futuri. The reflecting 
mind is shocked at this deliberate resolu- 
tion and these formal preparation's for self- 
murder. Dido was a heathen; but the 
christian reader, if ever tempted to suicide, 
or urged to a duel, will do well to reflect 
on the awfulness (to use the words of Mr. 
Wilberforce) of " rushing into the presence 
of our Maker in the very act of offending 
him." 

510. Tercentum tonat. Servius tells us, that 
in the sacred rites of Hecate in particular, 
they used to imitate thunder, which gives 
propriety to the word tonat. 

510. Erebumque, Chaosque. Erebus was a 
deity of hell; he married Night by whom he 
had the light and the day. The poets often 
use the word Erebus to signify hell itself, 
and particularly that part where dwelt the 
souls of those who had led a virtuous life. 
Chaos signified a confused assemblage of 
inactive elements, preexisting the forma- 
tion of the world. This idea was first pro- 
pagated among the heathen by Hesiod, and 
probably drawn by him from the Mosaic 
writings. Chaos was invoked as an old, in- 
fernal deity. 



^N'EIDOS LIB. IV 



^01 



L'ergeminamque Hccaten, tria virginis ora Dianx. 
iparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni. 
'alcibus et raessae ad Lunam quxruntur ahenis 
'ubentes herbx, nigri cum lacte veneni. 
Juaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte rcvulsus 
El raatri praereptusamor. 
psa mola manibusque piis, altaria juxta, 
Jnum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, 
loritura, exuta oateeamentis circa ur.um pedem, in • icta, prope altarin. 



et Hccatcc .. tria 

c;ipit.;i virginis Di.itue. A:. 
derat qaoque Betas aqn&s fo- 
wls Averni Et eonquirun 
tur lanuginosa herbs, suc- 
eisse talcums cereis ad Lu- 
nam, cum succo nigri vene- 
ni. Conquiritur ctiam Hij- 
ics, amor equae sub- 
ductus, et evnlsos £ fronte 
puffi nascentis. Ipsa I): ' 



NOTES, 



511. Tergtminamque Hecaten. This god- 
dess was called Luna, the moon, in heaven, 
Diana on earth, Proserpina in hell. Hecate 
was not so properly her name, as an epithet 
given her to denote her hundred various 
qualities, from Uxrcv centum; or because 
she was appeased by a hundred victims. 
The same goddess was also painted with 
three heads, one of a horse, another of a 
dog; and the third of a man. By these some 
understand, the three different phases of the 
moon. 

512. Latices simulatos. In performing 
their religious rites, those materials requi- 
site to the sacred occasion, that could not 
be conveniently procured, were allowed to 
be emblematically represented. Thus when 
animals rare, and not easily procured, were 
appointed to be sacrificed, a substitution 
was sometimes admitted of bread, or wax- 
en images of those animals. 

512, Fontis Aremi. The Avernus is a lake 
in Campania, fabled to be the mouth of 
hell, and thus described, JEn. VI. 237. 

Spelunca alta fuit. vastoque immanis 

hiatu, 
Scrupea, tut a lacu nigro nemorumque te- 

nebris, 
Quam super haud ulls poterant impune 

vol antes 
Tendere iter pennis; talis sese halitus a- 

tris 
Faucibus effundens supra ad convexa fere- 
bat: 
Unde locum Graii dixerunt nomine Aver- 

num. 
According to Virgil, therefore, it was called 
Avernus, quasi a^pgg, because no birds 
could fly over it in safety. The waters of 
this lake are said to have been much used 
by the Latins in magic rites. 

513. Falcibus et meosce ad lunam. The 
dews that were thought to distil from the 
moon upon herbs were reckoned subservient 
to the purposes of magic. Those herbs were 
to be cut with brazen sickles. Hence Ovid, 
speaking of Medea, Met. VII. 228, says, 

Partim succidit curvamine falcis aliens. 
515. ^weritur et nascentis equi, &c. He 
means the Hippomanes, whereof ar^ chief- 



lv two kind?. The fir.^tis described by \\ 
gil, Geor. III. 280. 

Hinc demurn, Hippomanes vero quod no- 
mine dicunt 

Pastores, lentum distillatab inguine virus 
The other is that here referred to, and is 
thus described by Pliny, Lib. VIII. cap. 42. 
Et sane equis arnoris innasci veneficium, 
Hippomanes appellatum, in fronte, caries 
magnitudine, colore nigro,- quod statim, e~ 
dito partu, devorat fosta, autpartum adube- 
ra non admittit, siquis pr?^reptum habeat. 
Oifactu in rabiem id genus agitur. See alsc- 
Aristct. de Animal. Lib. VI. 22. According 
to the account given of it by those ancients, 
it is a lump of flesh that grows in the fore- 
head of a foal just brought forth, which the 
mare presently devours; otherwise she 
loses all affection for her offspring, and de- 
nies it suck. Its being* so greedily sought: 
after by the mother, is the reason why Vir- 
gil here calls it matrix amor, the object of 
the mare's love; and another poet for the 
same reason calls it himdentium dulcetHnes, 
What gave rise to the vulgar opinion of its 
virtue in philtres, was undoubtedly the cir- 
cumstance before mentioned; namely, that 
the mares, from which it is snatched, lose 
all love for their offspring, and become liar- 
dened against them. Aristotle, who gives 
much the same description of the Hippo- 
manes with Pliny, says, that all that is re- 
lated of its pretended efficacy in love po- 
tions is mere fable, invented by old women 
and enchanters. See Bayle's Dissertation on 
Hippomanes. 

517. Mold. The mola was a cake made of 
barley and salt, both of that year's produc- 
tion, wherewith the head of the victim was 
sprinkled; which rite was therefore called 
hnmolatio. 

513. Unum exuta pedem, Cfc. Putting 
herself in the habit of a sorceress, as Ovid 
describes Medea, Met. VII. 132. 
Egreditur tectis, veste s induta recinctas, 
Nuda pedem, nudis humeris infusa capil- 
los. 

518. Imrste recincta. It appears from tho 
passage in Ovid now quoted, that sorcer- 
esses were wont to be loose in th p ir attire 



302 



P. VIRG1L1I MARONIS 



testatur raola et mauibus Testatur moritura Deos, et conscia fau 519 

pus Ueosetastraconcurren- c - j 1 c j 

liaad^mfatumrp^tere^^era: turn, si quod non ajquo foedere amantes 
si aliquis Deus Kquus et Curae numen habet justumq; memorque, precatur. 
memor curam gerit aman- Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem 

S^jMJSSlE C°'?°™ P er *™5 ^ *" « « va quierant 

erat, et corpora fatigata ^Equora: cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu: 
somnnm capiebant in ten-is, Cum tacet omnis ager, pecudes, pictaeq; volucres, 
sylvaeque et aspera mafia Q u3eq; l acus l at £ liquidos, quaeq; aspera dumis 526 
quieverant: quando astral \' ^ . l , ^' r «"*• - 

vertuntur in medio cursu: Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti 
quando omnis campus silet, Lenibant curas, et corda oblita laborum. 
besti«, et versicolors aves, At non i n f e lix animi Phrenissa; neque unquam 

et qua? incolunt late lacus o i • , i • \ . ^+ 

liquidos, et qu» agros mbis oolvitur in somnos, ocuhsve aut pectore noctem 530 
horridos,jacentessub nocte Accipit: ingeminant curse, rursusq; resurgens 
tacita muicebant somno cu- Ssevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. 

ras et corda oblita laborum. c . j \ • • .-r 3 l •. j , * 

Non vero mulcebat cwms Sic adeo insistit, secumque ita coixle volutat: 

Phcenissa animo misera, nee En quid ago? rursusne procos irrisa priores 

unquam resolvitur in som- Experiar? Nomadumq; petam connubia supplex, 535 

3s S$r : ~d«o S ego sum totiea jam dedi S nata raaritos? 

eunt cura, et iterum renas- Iliacas igitur classes atque ultima Teucrum 

cens amor furit, et agitatur magno motu irarum. Sic adeo instat sibi, et sic apud se cogitat: Quid 
nunc faciam? an vicissim contemnenda tentabo primos amatores, ejt supplex flagitabo nuptias 
Numidarum, quos ego jam toties dedignata sum accipere conjuges? An ergo sequar nav^s 
Tiojanas, 



NOTES. 



when they set about their enchantments; 
and therefore all the interpreters trans- 
late recinctce by loose or ungirt, except Ru- 
aeus, who contends that it should be ren- 
dered girt or tucked up. See his note. 

520. Non cequofcedere. Loving not with e- 
qual intenseness, as with Dido and JEneas: 
she loving much, he but little. 

522. Nox erat, &c. Every reader of taste 
must be sensible of the exquisite softness 
and delicacy of these numbers, and that the 
whole description is a most beautiful and 
perfect image of nature. Those trivial ob- 
jections which Dr. Trapp takes so much 
pains to confute, would never enter into 
the thought of any reader who judges can- 
didly and according to nature. It is obvious 
that Virgil never designed this as a de- 
scription of night in general, but of a night 
calm and perfectly serene, in order to set 
off to greater advantage the opposite image 
of Dido's anxiety and disquietude: and in- 
deed nothing could give us a more lively 
idea of her restless situation, than thus to 
represent it in opposition to the great tran- 
quillity and undisturbed repose which 
reigned over all nature besides. She is so 
far from partaking the blessings of sleep 
with the rest of the world, that the silence 
and solitude of the night, which dispose 
others to rest, only feed her care, and swell 
the tumult of her passion. 

527. Sub nocte silenti. The poet here con- 
siders night as a person spreading her dark 



mantle over tl»e earth, as she is often poeti^ 
cally represented. 

528. Curas, et corda oblita laborum. Sunt 
may be understood; or the construction 
may be, they assuaged their cares, and also 
soothed {lenibant) their hearts, forgetful of 
labours. 

531. Rursusque resurgens Scevit amor. This 
represents love as a mighty sea, which had 
been for some time calm, but now begins 
to rise in furious waves, to rack and agitate 
her soul with a variety of tumultuous pas- 
sions: 

Magnoque irarum fluctuat xstu. 

534. En quid ago? Dido in her delibera- 
tions proposes five different measures: 1> 
To apply to former suitors. 2. To commit 
herself openly to the ships and faith of the 
Trojans. 3. To steal away unseen and min- 
gle 'with the crew. 4. To employ the whole 
force of the Tyrians against them, or 5. To 
die. The last measure is approved. 
Die then, as thou deserv'st, in death re- 
pose, 
The sword, the friendly sword shall end 
thy woes, 

534. Rursusne procos experiar. Servius ren- 
ders rursus here by vicissim, Shall I court 
them now in my turn, as they have done me? 
But perhaps it may be taken in the common 
signification thus, Shall I now again make 
my addresses to my former lovers, as I hare 
done already to Mntas? 



JENEIDOS LIB. IV, 



303 



Tussa sequar? quiane auxilio iuvat ante levatos, ct auprema imperia Troja- 

Et ben* .pud memores ve.eris stat gratia facti? 3S3.*iff3 ZEJE 
Quis me autem, fac velle, smetr ratibusq; superbis tos esse subsidio, et quia 

Irrisam accipiet? nescis heu, perdita, necdum 541 gratia illius aritiqui facti ma- 

Laomedontes sends perjuria gentis? 2A& & N S 

Quid turn: sola luga. nautas comitabor ovantes: vie ve n e e <w segni, quis eo- 

An Tyriis, omnique manu stipata meorum rum mihi permittet? et navi- 

Insequar? et quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 545 bus ? dm,ttt * in ' isam? Heu! 

„ * L , . , i • i i. 5 nescisne misera, necdum 

Rursus agam pelago, et ventis dare vela jubebot sentls pe rjum Trojan* gen- 

Quin morere, tit merita es, ferroq; averte dok>rera. tis? Quid turn si hoc acci- 



Tu lachrymis evicta meis, tu prima furentem 
His, germana, malis oneras, atque objicis hosti. 
Non iicuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 
Degere more ferae, tales nee tangere curas? 
Non servata fides cineri promissa Sichseo. 

Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questtfs. 
JSneas celsa. in puppi, jam certus eundi, 
Carpebat somnos, rebus jam rite paratis. 
Huic se forma Dei vultu redeuntis eodem 
Obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa monere est; 
Omnia Mercurio sinftilis, vocemque, coloremque, 
Et crines fiavos, et membra decora juventae: 

nem nuptiarum, in modum ferae, nee tangi talibus curis? Non est servata a me fides jarata 
eineribus Sichsei. Ida irnmittebat e pectore tantas querelas. iEneas jam certus abeundi capiebat 
somnum in altit puppe, jam bene prasparatis rebus. Species Dei redeuntis sub eadem figura 
obtulit se illi per somnum, et iterum visa est ita increpare ilium; simiHs\Mercurio per omnia, 
et vocem, et colorem et flavos capillos, et membra pulchra juventutis: 



dat? an sola fugiendo sequar 
_ , q nautas eovum triumpbantes? 

an cintta Carthagioensibus. 
et omni turba meorum per- 
sequar eos? et iterum tra- 
ham in mare, etiubebo com- 
mittere vela ventis, eos quos 
difficile extraxi ex urbe 
Tyro, Sidonise viand? Mo- 
5 55 reie P otms > ut digna es, et 
expelle ense dolorem. Tu, 
6 soror, commota meis la 
chrymis, tu prima oppres 
sisti amantem bis miseriis, 
et exponis me hosti. Nonne 
fas erat ducere vitam imrau- 



NOTES. 



538. Quiane, for an quia, irony. 

538. Auxilio j wo at ante levatos. Some co- 
pies read exilio, alluding to the hospitable 
reception which Dido had given iEneas and 
his exiled followers; but the other reading 
is more authentic. 

542. Laomedontece,- as much as to say 
fraudulent, perfidious, alluding to the known 

story of Laomedon's having defrauded the 
gods of their promised hire for building 
the walls of Troy. 

543. Ovantes. This is a term applicable to 
mariners in general, who usually set out 
with acclamations of joy: but here k is to 
be considered in that particular light 
wherein Dido viewed them, as triumphing 
over her in their departure. 

545. Insequar. Others read irferar. 
548. Tu lachrymis evicta meis. Her sister 
could not bear to see her pine away in 
mournful widowhood, and therefore had 
dissuaded her from it. See her speech 
above, v. 32. 
Solane perpetua mocrens carpere juventa? 
548. Tu lachrymis evicta. There was 
blame somewhere. Dido, as is common 
with persons in the distraction of grief and 
resentment, throws it at one time on her- 
self, at another on iEneas, now on the gods, 
and now on her sister. 
Sister, 'twas you, first, by my sorrows 

mov'd, 
ExposVl me rashly to the wretch I lov'd. 
, 550. Thalami expertem degere, more fierce. 
Some read expertam, viz. expert am vitam 



thalami, having experienced the wedded 
life. But that the other is the true reading, 
appears particularly from Quintilian, who 
adduces this passage as an instance of that 
sort of figure in language, which, under the 
appearance of pleading for a thing 1 , tacitly 
argues against it. Thus, while Dido here 
seemingly approves a single life, yet, by 
representing it as the condition of a savage, 
degere vitam more fierce, she in fact con- 
demns it, and insinuates that marriage is 
the most perfect society, and distinguishes 
the life of men from that of in social ani- 
mals . 

551. More fierce. There seems to be no 
foundation for referring this, with Servius 
and others, to the female lynx, of whom 
Pliny says: Lyncas, post amissos conjuges, 
aliis 7ion jungi. The expression is general, 
and ought to be so understood. The ifleais 
said to be harsh; but, says Dr. Trapp, I see 
no reason for it, especially considering that 
the queen, while she says so, is very little 
better than fiera, mad, if not wild. 

552. Cineri Sichceo. Employed as an ad- 
jective for Sichceio; unless the reading be 
Sichaei, as in many ancient MSS. 

556. Forma Dei — Mercurio similis. The 
whole current of interpreters make this 
god to be Mercury. But Catrou has ob- 
served, that the expression, omnia Mercurio 
similis, implies that it was another god 
who assumed Mercury's likeness, probably 
Morpheus. 



;04: 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Fili Veneris, inguit, potesneNate Dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos? 560 
rcS^cu^Neci qu f circumstentte deinde pericula, cernis? 
mox te circumstabunt? in- Demens! nee Zephyros audis spirare secundos? 
sane! nee audis ventos pro- IHa dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat, 
^L^S^'-^Certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat sestu. 



moriendi, meditatur anitno 



564 



fraudes et s^vum crimen, et Non fu g is hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas? 
agitatur variis motibus ira- Jam mare turbari trabibus, saevasque videbis 
rum. Nee fugis hinc festi- Collucere faces, jamfervere litora flammis: 
nus, quamdiu potestas est&. ,. . .* . A 

festinandi? Mox videbis ma- Sl . te hls attigent terns Aurora morantem. 

re agitari remis, et spten- Eia age, rumpe moras: varium et mutabile semper 

derefunestisfacibus; mox li- Foemina. Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae. 570 

tora accendinainmis: si Au- n-. v ^ , • . • , . 

rora invenerit te tardantem 1 um . ver ° ^"eaS, SubltlS extemtUS UUlbriS, 

in "his regionibus. Age ergo, Corripit e somno corpus, sociosque fatigat: 
amputa moras: mulier res Praecipites vigilate viri, et considite transtris: 

crKsr^dgfew*"' ^ <** d™ *^ m \^ ab a uo, 

cum nigris tenebris. Tunc r estinare fugam tortosque incidere funes 575 

autcm iEneas territus subito Ecce iterum stimulat. Sequimur te, sancte Deorum, 
sZ!o! r et iSptt sodot Q^^quis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes. 
Expergiscimini celeriter, 6 socii, et sedete in scamnis: explicate vela cito: ecce Deus missus ex 
alto ccelo rursus hortatur celerare fugam, et secare tortos funes. Sequimur te, 6 sancte Deus > 
quicumque es, et rursus Iseti obtemperamus mandatis. 



NOTES. 



560. Nate Dea. This is the second em- 
bassy. He urges the flight of JEneas, from 
the convenience of the season and from the 
dangers which impended. Dido had indeed 
resolved to die, but it was possible, woman 
is so variable, that she might change tier 
purpose, and the day following attack him 
and his fleet with all the violence her Ty- 
rians could employ. 

562. Zephyros— secundos. The Zephyrs 
here are put for any fair wind in general; 
for those wh6 sail from Carthage to Italy 
must be aided by the south wind, not the 
Zephyr or south west. 

569. Varium et mutabile, &c. According 
to Sterling, " Women are iveathercoc£s." 
Dryden considers this a most severe satire 



573. Considite transtris, i. e. Take your 
seats at the oars: for the transtra are the 
rowers' benches. 

575. Tortosque incidere funes. Dr. Bentley, 
in his note on Hor. Carm. Lib. I. 14. 6. 

Ac sine funibiis vjx durare carinae, &c. 
understands by Junes, both in that passage 
of Horace, and in this of Virgil, the anchors, 
and in support of his opinion quotes two* 
places from Lucan: 
Ut tremulo starent contents fune carinze. 

Lib. 11.621. 
Litora curva legit, primisque invenit in 

undis, 
Rupibus exesis haerentem fune carinam. 
Lib. V. 514. 
But, with submission to so great a critic. 



on the female sex; but it is not necessary, funes here we think, can signify nothing but 



with him, to suppose that varium and mu- 
tabile must agree with animal understood. 
Where res is meant the adjectives are often 
in the neuter gender. Dryden supplies the 
word thing himself in his translation. 
Who knows what hazards thy delay may 

bring, 
Woman's a various and a changeful thing. 
Pitt employs the same word, but is certain- 
ly more animated than Dryden: 
E'en now the dread revenge is on the 

wing, 
Rise, prince, — a woman is a changeful 
thing. 
572. Corripit e somno. This is a phrase 
which Virgil seems to have borrowed from 
Lucretius, who has 
Compere ex somno corpus, mutareque 
vultum. 
The word implies great celerity, eager- 
ness, and impetuosity. 



ropes or cables, as is evident from the epi- 
thet tortos, and from the word incidere. Be- 
sides, we have it so explained below, when 
JEneas puts the orders of the god in execu- 
tion, v. 580. 

vaginaque eripit ensem 
Fulmineum, strictoque ferit retinacula 
ferro. 

576. Sancte Deorum. This is after the 
manner of the Greeks, Homer in particular, 
in whom you will find <T«x Sha<yv, and similar 
expressions. But Virgil seems immediately 
to have imitated Ennius, who has Respondit 
Juno Saturnia sancta Dearum. 

577. Ghdscuis es. This mode of speaking 
cannot be considered as confirming the ob- 
servation of CatroU, (see note 556.) for he 
is considered as having given, and the 
Trojans as having obeyed, his commands 
before. Imperioque iterum paremus. 



7ENEIDOS LIB. IV 



;05 



Adsis 6, placidusquc juvcs, et sideracoclo Adsis 6, et nos benignus 

Dextra feras. Dixit: vagin&quc eripit ensem ^S^VuStA 

Fulmineum, s-trictoque ferit retinacula ferro. 580 pit ^ vagina gladiirra coi-us- 

Idem omnes simul ardor habet: rapiuntque, ruuntque: cantem, etstricta acie recat 

Litora deseruere: latet sub classibus aequor. 

Adnixi torquent spumas, ct coerula verrunt. 

Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras 

Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile: 

Regina e speculis ut primum albescere lucem 

Vidit, et aequatis classem procedere velis; 

Litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus: 

Terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum, que re gina Vidit 6 specula 

Flaventesque abscissa comas: Proh Jupiter! ibit 590 diem albescere, et classem 

Hie, ait, et nostris illuserit advena regnis? progredi velis paribus: et 

xt ' j* *. * ** .u n „„„^*„„ animauvertithtora etpoitus 

Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur, vacuos absque rcm ; gibus: 

Diripientque rates alii navalibus? ite: percutiens teretquater ma- 

Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. 594 » u pulchrum pectus, et e- 
Quid loquor? aut ubi sura? qu* raentera insania rautat? %!*,%£& i *££ 

vena, et illuserit nostro regno? Gives non educent arma, nee eum insequentur ex urbe tota, nee 
alii extrahent naves e stationibus? ite celeres, injicite faces, immittite vela, agitate remos. Quid 
dico, aut ubi sum? qme amentia turbat mentem? 



tunes. Idem ardor occupat 
simul omncs: et rapiunt, ct. 
ruunt: reliqucrunt litora: 
mare tegitur sub navibus: 
^g- adnixi convolvunt fluctus 
spumosos, et trajiciunt cce- 
rulea spatia. Et jam prima 
Aurora, descrens croceum 
lectum Titboni, illusti'abat 
terras nova luce: statim at- 



NOTES. 



578. Sidera ccelo dextrajeras, i. e. feras no- 
bis sidera dextra e coelo. 

579. Dextra sidera; propitious, or friendly 
stars. 

580. Fulmineum may either signify pene- 
trating like lightning, or bright and shining. 

582. Litora deseruere: latet. The reader 
here will observe a change of the tense, 
which adds to the force of the description. 
The deseruere marks the quickness of their 
departure, and the; latet cequor sub classibus 
shows them already out at sea, and their 
ships ranged together. 

585. Tithoni croceum y &c. Tithonus was 
the son, or, according to others, the brother, 
of Laomedon, king of Troy, whom the po- 
ets fabled to have been ravished by Aurora, 
on account of his beauty, and endued by 
her with immortality; but, having forgot- 
ten to ask likewise perpetuity of youth and 
beauty, he grew so weak and extenuated 
by old age, that life was a burthen to him, 
and he would gladly have become again a 
mortal. But the goddess, not having it in 
her power to divest him of his immortality, 
had pity upon him, and transformed him in- 
to the grasshopper. See Ovid's Met. 

585. Aurora cubile. " We may observe," 
says the author of Virgil's life before Mr. 
Dryden's translation, " it is an art peculiar 
to Virgil to intimate the event by some pre- 
ceding accident. He hardly ever describes 
the rising of the sun but with some circum- 
stance which fore-signifies the fortune of the 
day. For instance, when JEneas leaves Afri- 



ca and queen Dido, he thus describes the 
fatal morning:" 
" Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cu- 
bile." 
586. E speculis. Speculaxs not only a pros- 
pect from a high place; but the high place 
itself, whence the prospect is viewed. 

586. Albescere lucem vidit; observed the 
light of day begin to whiten. 

587. JEquatis procedere velis. The sails 
were equally distended on either side of 
the sailyard, which denotes that the wind 
blew full and fair with equable motion; as 
iEn. V. 844. JEquatce spirant aur<z. 

587. Classem procedere velis. Let us, says 
Mr. Wharton, admire this fine stroke of 
nature. The queen who had spent the night 
in disquietude, possessed with a thousand 
alarming fears that hej?>lover would leave 
her, rises, at the very first glimpse of day- 
light (~ut primum albescere J and ascends a 
high watch-tower to determine whether 
her fears were well grounded or not. The 
first object that strikes her eye is the navy 
in ill 11 sail; while the harbour was without 
a single ship. 

590. Proh Jupiter! The rage of the queen 
bursts forth into a soliloquy and address full 
of imprecation. Ru?eus says it has seven 
parts. The attentive reader will easily find 
them. 

593. Diripientque rates navalibus? Will not 
others tear and hale my ships from the 
docks, to sail in pursuit of him? 



2R 



306 



P. VIRGILII MARONJS 



Miscra Dido, nunc fata cm- Infelix Dido! nunc te fata impia tangunt. 

Sf/Si car t ra e de e : Tum decuit, cum sceptra dabas. En dextra fidesquei 

bas sceptra tua JEnece. En Quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penates, 

dextra data, et fides: «iQuem subiisse humeris confectum aetate parentem. 

c^SSs^tS™ e»Non potui abreptom divellere corpus, et undis . 60O 

sustentasse humeris patrem apargere* non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 

annis efFcetum. Nonne potui Ascanium, patriisq; epulandum apponere mensis? 

laeerare cotreptum corpus, v erum anceps pugnse fuerat fortune! fuisset. 

et spargere in aquas: nonne ^. •'•'•»<• 

occidere gladio socios, nonne Quern metui moritura? faces m castra tuhssem: 

ipsum Ascanium, et offerre Implessemq; foros flammis: natumq; patremq; 605 

eum m mensa patns come-Q um g enere extinxem: memet super ipsa dedissem. 

dendum? At dubius fuisset c , °. k ,, r • , 

exitus Ulius P ugn»! fuisset. Sol > q ui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras: 

Quem timebam ego moritu- Tuque harum interpres curarum, et conscia Juno, 

ra? immisissem faces in cas- Nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes, 

tra, et implevissem iambus r>. tv ~ i*. • ^ -rv • ^ -r^i- ~ ■. * 

naves: ext.nxissem patrem Et V 1 !'^ ultHCCS, et Dll moiientlS Elisae, 610 

et filium cum gente: ipsa Accipite haec, meritumque malis advertite numen, 
me praecipitassem super il- Et nostras audite preces. Si taneere portus 
ds ^ia^l^ruToperinfandum caput, ac terris adnare necesse est; 
tuque Juno, conciliatrix et Et sic fata Jovis poscunt, hie terminus haeret: 
particeps nuptialium negoti- At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, 6 1 5 

orum: et tu Hecate inclama- 

ta per urbes in triviis nocturnis: et Furiae vindices, et Dii moricntis Didonis; audite haec, et appli- 
cate hue numen meritum a sceleratis, et excipite nostras preces. Si necesse est JEneam, sce- 
leratum illud caput, attingere portus, et appelli terris: et sic voluntas Jovis id exigit, et hie 
terminus slat: saltern agitatus et bello et armis fortis populi, 



NOTES. 



596. Nunc tefata impia tangunt. The Cam- 
bridge edition, on the authority of Probus 
and the Codex Mediceus referred to by Pi- 
erius, reads, Nunc te facta impia tangunt? 
by which the sense is made quite easy; 
whereas one hardly knows what to make 
of the other reading*. 

600. Abreptum divellere corpus; as the 
Bacchanals did Orpheus, according to Vir- 
gil's beautiful description, Georg. IV. 

spreto Ciconum quomunere matres, 
Inter sacra Beum, nocturnique orgia Bac- 

chi, 
Discerptum latos juvenem sparsere per 

agros. 
602. Epulandum apponere; As Progne, to 
be revenged on Tereiis for the barbarous 
treatment of her sister Philomela, served 
up his own son Itys to him at a banquet. 
See Ov. Met. Lib. VI. 

606. Extinxem, for extinxissem; per syn- 
copen. So 682. extinxti for extinxisti. 

606. Memet super ipsa dedissem. What 
reader of taste can avoid admiring this 
beautiful turn of thought. Filled as she was 
with rage, her rage would have found plea- 
sure in the throwing of herself upon the 
burning pile of the son and the sire. She 
hated him to such a degree that she could 
have been content to have burned with 
him. 

607. Sol She invokes the sun, as the nou- 
risher of life which she was about to re- 
sign, or as the great observer of human ac- 



tions, who must observe her hospitality and 
the infidelity and treachery of .Eneas. 

608. Interpres; witness, judge, arbitress, 
says Servius. 

608. Conscia Jimo. The procurer and di- 
rectress of the nuptials, on account of which 
she perished. 

609. Nocturnis. Because the rites of He- 
cate were celebrated by night in a place 
where three ways meet. 

609. Hecate. Who presided over magic 
rites, by which she was about to die. 

609. Ululata. When Pluto had ravished 
Proserpine (the same with Hecate) her 
mother Ceres traversed the earth in quest 
of her, with lighted torches, stopping at 
those places where two or three ways met, 
to invoke her name with doleful outcry. 
Hence it became a custom in her sacred 
rites for the matrons on certain days to go 
about the streets and crossways, filling the 
air with hideous shrieks and bowlings. 

615. At bello audacis. It was an opinion 
very prevalent among the ancients, that 
the prayers of the dying were generally 
heard, and that their last words were pro* 
phetic. Thus Virgil makes Dido imprecate 
upon -Eneas a series of misfortunes, which 
actually had their accomplishment in his 
own person, or in his posterity. 1. He was 
harassed with war in Italy by Turnus. 2. 
He was necessitated to abandon his son, 
and go into Etruria to solicit assistance. 
jEn. VII. 80. 3. He saw his friends cruelly 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. IV. 



cxul t finihus suis\ abstrac- 
tus u complexu Ascanii, im- 
ploret uuxilium, ct ccrnat 
indignas mortca suorum: ct, 
cum submiseril se conditi- 



Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus luli, 

Auxilium imploret, videatquc indigna suorum 

Funera: nee, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae 

Tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur; 

Sed cadat ante diem, mediaq; inliumatus arena. 620 

TT 1 * 

Haec precor: banc vocem extremam cum sanguine desiderata: sed moriatur 

flllldo. ante tempus, et sit inse- 

Tum vos, 6 Tyrii, stirpem et penus omne futurum pultusw? media arena. Haa 

imprecor: emitto htec ul- 



onibus 



pacis onerosac, non 



Exercete odiis; cinerique haec mittite nostro 
Munera: nullus amor populis, nee foedera sunto. 
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor; 
Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos. 
Nunc, olim, quocunq; dabunt se tempore vires, 
Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas 
Imprecor, arma armis: pugnent ipsique nepotes. 
Haec ait: et partes animum versabat in omnes, 
Invisam quaerens quamprimum abrumpere lucem. 
Turn breviter Barcen nutricem affata Sichaei, 
Namque suam patria. antiqua. cinis ater habebat: 
Annam, chara, mihi, nutrix, hue siste sororem: 
Die corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha, 
Et pecudes secum et monstrata piacula ducat. 
Sic veniat, tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. 
Sacra Jovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi, 
Perficere est animus: finemque imponere curis: 

Sichsei, nam nigra humus tenebat suam nutricem in vetere pati'ia : O nutrix dilecta, accerse hue 
mihi Annam sororem. Mone ut festinet aspergere corpus aqua fluminea, et secum adducat 
pecudes ac piacula prsescripta. Sic veniat, et tu ipsa cinge caput sacra vitta. Mens eet mihi ab= 
solvere sacrificia, quse inchoata destinavi Jovi inferno: et ponere terminum miseriis; 



tima verba cum sanguine. 
Vos etiam, 6 Carthaginen- 

625 ses » persequimini odiis suV 
pern ejus etomnem gentem 
futuram; et offerte hsec do- 
na meis cineribus: nulbXs 
amor, nulla concordia sit in- 
ter hos populos. Nascere, 6 
vindex aliquis, e nostris as- 

630 sibus; qui persequaris ferro 
et flamma colonias Troja- 
nas. Nunc, et olim, et quo- 
cumque tempore offerent se 
vires, imprecor litora inimi- 
ca litoribus, maria maribus, 

635 . arma armis: certent etiam 
ipsi posteri. Dixit hsec, et 
convertebat animum in va- 
rias partes, quaeren8 quam, 
citissime abrumpere vitam 
odiosam. Tunc breviter al= 
locuta est Barcen nutricem 



NOTES. 



slain in battle, especially Pallas, JEn. X. 
489. 4. He died before his time, being slain 
by Mezentius, according to the most au- 
thentic tradition, and was left unburied on 
the banks of the Numicus, by whose wa- 
ters his body was at length carried off, and 
never more appeared. 5. The Romans and 
Carthaginians were irreconcileable ene- 
mies to each other; and no leagues, no ties 
of religion, could ever bind the two nations 
to peaee. 6. Annibal was Dido's avenger, 
who arose afterwards to be the scourge of 
the Romans, and carried fire and sword in- 
to Italy. 

620. Cadat ante diem. Not by age, but at 
an immature hour and by violent measures. 

623. Cinerique haec ■mittite nostro. In allu- 
sion to the sacrifices that used to be offered 
to the deadj such as milk, wine, blood, 
fruits, &c. 

625. Nostris ex ossibus ultor. Plainly point- 
ing to Annibal. 

628. Litora litoribus. The shores of Car- 
thage were opposite to the shores of Italy. 
Let the hatred of Carthage oppose itself to 
the hatred of Italy, as shores are opposed 
f o 'shores 



635. Fluviali spargere Ijmphd. The cus- 
tom both of Greeks and Romans was, to 
wash their bodies before they performed 
sacrifice, as has been observed in the note, 
JEn. II. 719. But Servius observes, that 
they only sprinkled themselves with water 
before offering sacrifices to the infernal de- 
ities. Thus, iEn. VI. 230, ifclneas, in per- 
forming the funeral obsequies to Misenus, 
which were always accompanied with sa- 
crifices to the infernal gods, sprinkles his 
followers three times with pure water. 
Idem ter socios pura circumtulit unda, 
Spargens rore levi, et ramo felicis olivse. 
Lustravitque viros. 
And, in the same book, verse 635, before 
he presents his offering to Proserpine, he 
sprinkles his body with fresh water: 
Occupat iEneas aditum, corpusque recenti 
Spargitaqua, ramumque ad verso in limine 

figit. 
638. Jovi Stygio. Jupiter Stygius was one 
of the names given to Pluto, who reigned 
supreme in the infernal regions, as Jupiter 
did in heaven. 



308 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



ctdarc igni bustum Trojani Dardaniiq; rogum capitis permittere flammse. 640 
ducis Siclocuta est Ilia ur- si k m ?radum studio celerabat anili. 
jrebat gressum senih aftectu. . . , & . . ., «* t>. , 

At Dido tremens, et efferata At trepida et coeptis immanibus effera Dido, 
horridis consiiiis, rotans ocu- Sanguineam volvens aciem, maeulisq; trementes 
los sanguincos, et infecta interfusa eenas, et pallida morte futura, 
jnacubs cwca malos tremcn- T . *? A • •". i- ." i2 ^ , ~ 

tes, ct pallens ob mortem Interiora domus lrrumpit hmina, et altos 645 

imnnnentem, ingreditur in- Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemq; recludit 
tcriorem partem domus, Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. 
Sff/ffiSftSgHic P° st 9 uam &** vestes notumq; cubile 
Trojanum, munus nOn com- Conspexit, paulum lachrymis et mente morata, 
paratum in hos usus. Post- Incubuitque toro, dixitq; novissima verba: 650 

paululum illk morata flendo Accipite hanc animam, meq; his exolvite curis. 

et cogitando, abjecit se in Vixi, et quern dederat cursum fortuna, peregi: 

lectum et protulit ba,c ulti- £t • gub t ibit imag0# 

ma verba! Reliquiae dulces, » . q 

dum fata et Dii permkte- Urbem prseclaram statui: mea mcenia vidi: 655 

bant, excipite banc animam, Ulta virum, poenas inimico a fratre recepi: 

et liberate me his curis. Feli h n i m i um felix! si litora tantum 

Vixi, et perteci cursum _ T 7 _ . . . 

quem fortuna mihi dederat: Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra cannae. 
et nunc simulacrum meum Dixit, et, os impressa toro, moriemur inultae? 

descendet illustre sub ter- 
ras. Condidi urbem egregiam: vidi meos muros, vindicavi maritum, exegi poenas ab inimico fra- 
tre. Fortunata, heu nimis fortunata! si tantummodo Trojanae naves non attigissent nostra litora. 
Dixit h<zc } et ore incumbens in lectum: An moriemur inultae? 



NOTES. 



640. Dardaniique rogum capitis. Darda- 
nium caput here signifies no more than 
merely Dardanii, the Trojan; for so the 
word caput is used in other places, as JEn. 
IV. 37. 

Testor utrumque caput. 
And verse 613, 

Si tangere portus infandum caput. 

647. Non hos qucesitum munus in usus. From 
this some infer, that iEneas had made Dido 
a present of that sword; in which sense O- 
vid understands it in the epistle which he 
has written for Dido to iEneas. But, be- 
cause a sword was a very improper present 
from a lover to his mistress, it is more pro- 
bable that it was a present from Dido or 
some other person to iEneas, and that, in 
his hurry to be gone, he had left it with 
other things in his bedchamber, as is said 
above, verse 495. 
Et arma viri thalamo qua; fixa reliquit. 
And 507- Super exuvias, ensemque retictum. 

649. Morata. No circumstance can be 
imagined more pathetic and moving than 
her pausing and bursting into tears at the 
sight of the bed and the Trojan robes, and 
then throwing herself in agony upon the 
well known couch. Her dying speech is the 
triumph of love, glory, and revenge. 

653. Quem dederat cursum fortuna. Not 
which nature or fate, but fortune had given 
her, i. e. she lived as long as she was able 
to enjoy life and be happy. 



654. Magna imago. The question here is, 
why Dido calls her ghost or shade magna, 
great. Turnebus gives a very odd and far- 
fetched account of the matter; it is, says he, 
because ghosts make their appearance in 
the night time, when, to the frighted ima- 
gination of the spectator, the object is mag- 
nified. But is it not more natural to say, that 
Dido here speaks in the swellings of her 
proud, haughty spirit? She speaks the lan- 
guage of majesty, of one conscious of her 
own dignity, who had reigned in glory, had 
founded a flourishing city and kingdom, 
had gained a glorious revenge over her bro- 
ther, and, in short, had been happy in every 
circumstance, but that which her high dis- 
dain would not suffer her to outlive. In this 
situation of mind, what was more natural 
than for her to conceive a ghost, as of a 
great and illustrious rank, that would be 
distinguished, even in the other world, from 
the herd of vulgar souls? 

656. Pcenas inimico a fratre recepi. She 
had both recovered from Pygmalion her 
own wealth, and the treasures for which 
he had murdered Sichaeus. Therefore it is 
with great propriety she uses the word re- 
cepi. in speaking of the revenge she had 
taken on Pygmalion. 

659. Os impressa toro. As Alceste does of 
her bed in Euripides. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. IV. 



309 



660 sed ttunen moriamur, in- 
quit: sic, sic daloe est de- 
scendere ad umbras. Cru- 
delis Trojanus 6 mari vi- 
deat oculis lias flammas, 
ct auferat secum signa nos- 
trx mortis. Dixerat: et in 

""5 medio talium verborum fa- 
mukc vident earn collapsam, 
et gladium sputnantem san- 
guine, et manus eodem tine- 
tas. Clamor spargitur in 
profundam aream: fama fu- 



Sed moriamur, ait: sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras. 

Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto 

Dardanus, et nostrac secum ferat omina mortis. 

Dixerat: atque illam media inter talia ferro 

Collapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemq; cruore 

Spumantem, sparsasq; manus. It clamor ad alta 

Atria, concussam bacchatur fama per urbem, 

Lamentis gemituque et fcemineo ululatu 

Tecta fremunt, resonat magnis plangoribus aether. 

Non aliter quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis 

Carthae-o, aut antiqua Tyros; flammseq; furentes 670 "* P er " ,bem ebntoptam, 
, * . J , x rx domus iremunt gemitu et 

Culmina perq; hominum volvantur perq; Deorum. ullUatu ft?m i narum) a e r s0 . 

nat magnis planctibus. Non 
aliter ae si tota Carthago, 
aut Tyrusantiqua,subverta- 
tur irrumpentibus hostibus; 
675 et si nammte furentes spar- 
gantur per tecta, et Deorum 
ethominum. AudiitAoc soror 
exanimata; et pavefacta fes- 
tino cursu, lacerans vultum 
nnguibus et pectus pugnis, 
680 u * rum I"t inter medios, etin- 
clamat morientem nomine; 
Hoc ipsum fuit, 6 soror? fal- 
lebas me hoc dolo? hoc para- 
bat mihi pyraista, hocignes 
et altaria? Qua de re pri- 
mum conquerar ej*o dere- 
685 licta? an moriens aspernata 
es soi'orem te comitari? si 
me invitasses ad eadem fu- 
nera, idem dolor atque ea- 
dem bora sustulisset utram- 
que gladio. Erexi etiam his 
manibus meis, et voce appel- 
lavi patrios Deos; ut ego inhumana abessem a te sic jacente? Perdidisti, 6 soror, et me, et te, 
et populum, et senes Phoenicios, et tuam urbem. Date, abluam aquis plagas; et, si aliquis ulti- 
mas spiritus adhue vagatur, illam ore colligam. Sic locuta pervenerat ad altissimos gradus, et 
gremio complexa sororem semimortuam, fovebat earn cum gemitu, et abstergebat veste ni- 
grum sanguinem. Ilia conata erigere tardos oculos, deficit iterum: stridet sub pectore plaga in- 
fixa. 



Audiit exanimis, trepidoque externta cursu, 
Unguibus ora soror fcedans et pectora pugnis, 
Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat: 
Hoc illud, germana, fuit? me fraude petebas? 
Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant? 
Quid primum deserta querar? comitemne sororem 
Sprevisti moriens? eadem me ad fata vocasses, 
Idem ambas ferro dolor, atq; eadem hora tulisset. 
His etiam struxi manibus, patriosq; vocavi 
Voce Deos; sic te ut posita. crudelis abessem? 
Extinxti me teque, soror, populumque, patresque 
Sidonios, urbemq; tuam. Date, vulnera lymphis 
Abluam; et extremus si quis super halitus errat, 
Ore legam. Sic fata, gradus evaserat altos, 
Semianimemq; sinu germanam amplexa fovebat 
Cum gemitu, atque atros siccabat veste cruores. 
Ilia graves oculos conata attollere, rursus 
Deficit: infixum stridet sub pectore vulnus. 



NOTES. 



660. Sed moriamur, ait: sic, sic, &c. Now 
she is come to the execution of her despe- 
rate purpose, and the poet has artfully found 
a way to represent her to us in the act of 
stabbing 1 herself, by the very turns of the 
verse; first making a stop at ait, and im- 
mediately subjoining, sic, sic, which sets 
her in our eye plunging the dagger into her 
breast, and thrusting it home with a despe- 
rate kind of complacency: Hoc loco, says 
Servius, intelligimus earn se percussisse, et 
verba sunt ferientis : 

660. Sic, sic. This repetition is peculiarly 
beautiful: 

Die I will; thus, thus I go, 

Thus sink with pleasure to the shades be- 
low. 

669. Ruat hostibus omnis. Virgil is here 
supposed to allude to the sacking and burn- 
ing of Carthage after the three bloody Pu- 
nic wars. 

681. Sic te ut positd. See the note on Mix* 
11.644. SiCfO, xicpositum, CfC 



682. Extinxti. Most of the ancient copies 
read extinxi in the first person, whereby 
Anna turns the reproach from Dido upon 
herself. But Probus,, Servius, Donatus, &c. 
approve the other. 

683. Date, vulnera lymphis abluam. This 
was a rite performed towards the bodies of 
the dead by the nearest relatives. Hence 
the mother of Euryalus regrets that she had 
not shut his eyes, or washed his wounds, 
;En. IX. 486. 

nee te tua funera mater 
Produxi, pressive oculos, aut vulnera lavi, 
Veste tegens. 

684. Si quis halitus errat, ore legam. Virgil 
here is thought to be alluding to a ceremo 
ny observed by the Greeks and Romans; 
when the person was just expiring, the 
nearest relative applied the mouth to his, 
and received his last breath. 

685. Sic fata. She spoke; the words as she 
was going up thf r .tf ps. 



310 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Ter erexit se efFerens etTer sese attollens cubitoque innixa levavit, 690 

ISfctaR^Stf?" rev . oluta toro cst: oculist 14 e ^rantibus, alto 

qucesivit lucem ex alto ccelo,Quaesivit ccelo lucem, mgemuitq; reperta. 
etingemuit post lucem re- Turn Juno omnipotens, longum miserata dolorem, 

pertam. Tunc Juno °mni;Dirncilesque ob i tus I r i m demisit Olympo, 

notens, miserescens lonei -. . . . * . . . i 

ioloris et difficilis mortis, Q"« luctantem animam nexosq; resolveret artus. 
misit Irim e ccelo, qux sepa- Nam, quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat; 69 6 
rarct animam pugnantem et s ec i m i se ra ante diem, subitoq; accensa furore: 
Nam, r quia e 'nec mSTato Nondum ilU flavum Proserpina vertice crinem 
ex natura, neque morte me- Abstulerat, Stygioque caput damnaverat Oreo, 
rita; sed misera ante tem- £ r »o i r i s croceis per ccelum roscida pennis, 
!Xl£5£SS^t»*mo trahens varies adverse. Sole colores, 
ripueratilli flavum capillum, Devolat, et supra caput astitit: Hunc ego Diti 
nee damnaverat ejus caput Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo. 
5g£ ^.'S'&tafe ait, et dextra crinem secat: omnis et una 
Sole mille colores varios,de- Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 
volat per ccelum croceis alis, et stetit supra ejus caput: Ego jussa, oft'ero Plutoni hunc crinem 
sacrum, et tibero te isto corpore. Sic dixit et dextra abscindit crinem: et simul omnis calor eftii- 
sus est> ac vita abiit in aerem. 



700 



705 



NOTES. 



690. Ter sese attollens. How moving- these 
circumstances are of her striving to open 
her eyes, and fainting away again; endea- 
vouring to raise herself and falling back 
again; attempting to speak, but unable. The 
poet reserved his description of the circum- 
stances of her departure to a period of all 
others the most interesting. 

696. Shiia nee fato, meritd nee morte, sed 
ante diem. Servius, in his note on this pas- 
sage, has a long dissertation on absolute and 
conditional decrees, in order to reconcile 
what Virgil says here with that assertion, 
.En. X. 467. 

Stat sua cuique dies, breve et irreparabile 
tempos. 

Omnibus est vita:, &c. 
But, without having recourse to such con- 
founding distinctions, what Virgil calls sua 
cuique dies, is the general period of human 
life, which, at its utmost length, is but 
short, and so fixed by the laws of nature, 
that no man can exceed, or go beyond it. 
But those who fall short of it by violent 
deaths, or by suicide, are said, in his style, 
to die before their time, i. e. an untimely 
death, cadunt ante diem, nor. fato, sed ' imma- 
turd morte. 

698. Nondum, fiavum Proserpina crinem ab- 



stulerat. The ancients had a notion that 
none could die until Proserpina, either in 
person, or by the ministration of Atropos, 
had cut one of the hairs of the head. Hence, 
says Horace, Carm. I. Lib. XXVIII. 19, 20., 
nullum 
Saeva caput Proserpina fugit. 
This hair was considered as a kind of first- 
fruits of consecration to Pluto; much in the 
same way as the hair, which they used to 
crop from the head of the victim before sa- 
crifice, was reckoned the first offering to 
the god. 

705. jRecessit. The misfortunes of Dido 
have been happily exhibited in the popular 
epigram: 

" Infelix Dido, nulli bene nupta marito, 

Hoc pereunte fugis, Zsoc fugiente peris" 
In French, 

Pauvre Didon! ou t'a reduite 

De tes maris, le triste sort? 

L'un en mourant cause ta fuite, 

L'autre en fuVant cause ta mort 
In English, 

Poor Dido! unhappily wed! 

Ill auspices torture the bride; 

Her first lover dying she fled. 

Her last lover flying she died. 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



311 



V. VIRGILTI MARONIS 



^ENEIDOS 



LIBER V 



INTEREA medium ^Eneas jam classe tenebat 



INTERPRE'I'ATIO. 

Interim iEneas jam tenebt 



NOTES. 



In this book the action of the poem, which 
had been retarded for some time by the 
stay of /Eneas at Carthage, begins again to 
move forward. The hero recovers his li- 
berty, shakes off the chains of love, and ex- 
tricates himself from the snare which Juno 
had laid for him. He abandons Carthage, 
and in obedience to the mandate of Jove, 
sets sail for Italy. But a storm obliges him 
to put into Drepanum, a port in Sicily, 
where king Acestes receives him as his 
friend and ally. There he offers sacrifice at 
his father's tomb, and celebrates the anni- 
versary of his death, exhibiting several 
games in honour of his manes: 1. The na- 
val combat: 2. The race: 3. The gauntlet- 
fight: 4. Shooting the bow: 5. Lastly, the 
Lusus Troicus, a sort of cavalcade, where- 
in Ascanius, attended by the flower of the 
Trojan youth, celebrates at his grandfa- 
ther's tomb a kind of mock-fight on horse- 
back. In the mean time, the Trojan women, 
tired with the fatigues of a long voyage, 
set fire to iEneas' fleet, at the instigation of 
Iris, commissioned by Juno. Four ships are 
burned, and the rest saved by Jupiter, who 
sends down a deluge of rain to extinguish 
the fire. The night following Anchises ap- 
pears to his son, and orders him from Jupi- 
ter to leave in Sicily the women and old 
men, and lead with him into Italy only the 
flower of his youth. He also directs him to 
visit the sibyl of Cumx, and beg her to con- 
duct him to the infernal regions and Elysian 
fields, where he resided with the souls of 



the blessed; and was ready to give him a 
view of all his descendants, and to instruct 
him in the wars he had to undergo in Italy. 
-Eneas obeys, and founds a city in Sicily, to 
which he gives the name of Acestes; there 
he settles all those who were unfit for the 
execution of his enterprise. Neptune, at 
the request of Venus, favours -Eneas' navi- 
gation; Palinurus, during the calm, gives 
way to sleep, and is precipitated into the 
sea by the god Morpheus. ^Eneas, after the 
loss of his pilot, takes upon himself the gui- 
dance of the ship. The subject of this book 
is chiefly gay and diverting, as that of the 
former is deeply tragical, and adapted to 
move the passions. The games are princi- 
pally imitated from Homer, who, in the 
twenty-third book of the Iliad, introduces 
Achilles in like manner celebrating various 
games in honour of Patroclus' ghost. These 
diversions the poet has, with his usual judg- 
ment, inserted in the most proper situation, 
between Che fourth and sixth books, the 
subjects of both which are of so grave and 
serious a nature; particularly, by coming 
immediately after the tragical narration of 
Dido's amorous despair and death, they 
seasonably relieve and unbend the mind of 
the reader. 

1. Medium iter. iEneas had not yet ad- 
vanced far from the port of Carthage, 
otherwise he could not have seen the flames 
of Dido's funeral-pile so distinctly; there- 
fore medium is not to be taken strictly, but 
in the same sense as it is used in the third 



312 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



navibus medium iter, cer-Certus iter, fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat: 
&Tft£££££2 Mosnia respiciens, qra jam infelicis Elis* 
urbem, qux jam spiendet ig- Collucent flammis: quae tantum accenderit ignem, 
nibus misers Didonis: Igno- Causa latet? duri magno sed amore dolores 5 

SS^ZSS.°! lut0 ' notumque, furens quid famina possit, 
bi dolores, violato magno a- 1 rls te per augunum 1 eucrorum pectora ducunt. 
-more, et id quod furens mu- Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ulla 
lier potest/acere, cognitum Qccurrit tellus, coelum undique et undique pontus: 
Frojanis, deducunt animos~.,. , ' . ?•,•;• , ^ v , 

Trojanorum b tristia augu- Olh cceruleus supra caput astitit imber, s 10 

ria.Postquam naves attigere Noctem hyememque ferens: et inhorruit unda tene- 

altum mare, nee jam ulla bris. 

terra amplius apparet, sed T , . _. .. . . 

undique caelum et undique J pse gubernalor puppi Palmurus ab alta: 

mare: ecerulea pluvia incu-Heu! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi? 

buit iiii in caput, invehens Quidve pater Neptune paras? Sic deinde locutus, 

SliSiSSte^^^^^^ arma J ubet > validisque incumbere remis: 15 
gubernatorPalinurusexaltaObhquatque sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur: 
puppeearfa?»afcHeu!quareiyi a g nan i me jE nea , non si mihi Jupiter auctor 

SS2w^«W£s£sp* *&> h ° c s P er r em Italiam contin s ere c««o. 

bis, 6 pater Neptune? Sic io- Mutati transversa fremunt, et vespere ab atro 
cutus, deinde imperat eos sumere arma jiautica, et incumbere fortibus remis; et tendit oblique 
vela ad ventum, et talia dicit: Generose iEnea, etiamsi auctor Jupiter mihi promitteret, non spe- 
rarem attingere Italiara hac cceli temperie. Yenti mutati e transverso fremunt, et flant ab obscu- 
ro occidente; 



NOTES. 



book, verse 665, where he says of Polyphe- 
mus: 

graditurque per sequor 
Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua 

tinxit: 
where medium tequor signifies deep water, 
such as it is in the full sea or main ocean. 

2. Certus; eundi, as iEn. 4. 554. 

2. Atros Aquilone. Aquilo here seems to 
be taken for the wind in general, as Mx\. 
VII. 361, quam primo Aquilone reltnquet. Ser- 
vius, however, thinks it refers to the stormy 
north winds mentioned before, 
Et mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per 
altum: 
the effects of which upon the sea were not 
yet quite defaced, the waves still appearing 
black and grim with the sand that had been 
tossed up, and which was not yet settled to 
the bottom. 

2. Atros; the dark waves. Trapp observes 
that the sea is of almost all sorts of colours 
at different times, but blackish if rough and 
not quite stormy. This seems a hint at the 
ensuing tempest. 

7. Triste per augurium. Into dismal presa- 
ges or conjectures. The word augurium oc- 
curs in the same sense in Cicero, Tus. Qu. 
I. 15. Nescio quomodo inhxret in mentibus 
quasi sseculorum quoddam augurium futu- 
rorum, &c. 

8. Nee jam amplius ulla occurrit tellus. The 
preliminary circumstances here mentioned, 



viz. the darkness of the night, the fall of 
rain, with which the Trojans are overtaken 
in the midst of the ocean, where they are 
out of sight of land, and encompassed with 
gloomy sky and raging billows, wonderfully 
dispose the reader for the following de- 
scription of the storm, and add to its ter- 
rors. 

10. Cceruleus imber. See the note on JEn. 
III. 194. 

13. Shtianam tanti. Shiianain is a word 
used by Ennius, whom Virgil sometimes 
imitated, as Quintilian observes, to give an 
air of greater antiquity to his works. 

14. Quidve pater Neptune paras? This 
abrupt apostrophe to Neptune gives us a ve- 
ry lively idea of the pilot's astonishment 
and wonder. 

15. Colligere armajubet. Ruseus translates 
this, jubet eos sumere arma nautica, because 
arma may signify all sorts of instruments; 
but the word colligere seems to restrict ar- 
ma in this place to the sails, wmich sense of 
the word also agrees best with what fol- 
lows, validisque incumbere remis, and obli- 
quatque sinus in ventum: the wind being 
cross to them, it was not proper they should 
spread their sails full, but contract them, 
sail with a side wind, and at the same time 
ply their oars vigorously. 

19. Transversa. A neutral plural for an 
adverb, after the manner of the Greeks. So 
iEn. 9. 125. amnis rauca sonans. 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



313 



Consurgunt venti: atque in nubem cogitur aer. 
Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum 
Sufncimus: superat quoniam fortuna, sequamur: 
Quoque vocat, vertamus iter. Nee litora longe 
Fida reor fraterna Erycis, portusque Sicanos: 
Si modo rite memor servata remetior astra. 
Turn pins jEneas: Equidem sic poscere ventos 
Jamdudum, et frustra cerno te tendere contra. 
Flecte viam velis. An sit mihi gratior ulla, 
Quoque magis fessas optem dimittere naves; 
Quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten, 
Et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa? 
Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi 
Intendunt Zephyri: fertur cita gurgite classis: 
Et tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae. 
At procul excelso miratus vertice montis 
Adventum, sociasque rates, occurrit Acestes, 
Horridus in jaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae: 

provehitur, ac demum lseti applicantur noto litori. At Acestes embus ex alto cacumine montis 
admiratus adventum sociarum navium venit obviam, *erribilis ob jacula, et pellem ursje Libycie: 



20 etai'-rdensaturmnuhes. Nee 
nos possunms obluctari con- 
tra, ac nc progredi quidem: 
obsequamur, siquidcm fortu- 
na vincit; et convertamus 
iter, qu& ?ios vocat. Et puto 
j non procul esse fida rcgnu 

25 Erycis fratris tut, et portus 
Siculos: si modo bene me- 
mor remetior sidera/am ob- 
servata. Tunc pius JEneas 
ait: Certe video ventos pe- 
tcre boc jamdiu, et te incas- 

3q sum contra obniti. Detorque 
iter velis. An ulla terra po- 
test esse mihi gratior, et ad 
quam potius cupiam appel- 
lere naves lessas: quam quae 
servat mihi Trojanum Aces- 
ten, et continet sinu ossa pa- 

35tris Anchisse? Postquam ea 
dicta sunt: tendunt ad por- 
tum, et Zephyri faventes in- 
flant vela: classis velox mari 



NOTES. 



21. Tendere tantum, i. e. quantum adversa 
tempestas valet,- We gain no ground against 
the storm. 

24. Fraterna Erycis. Eryx is said to have 
been the son of Butes and Venus, i. e. as 
some explain it, his mother Lycaste, a Si- 
cilian courtesan, had the name of Venus gi- 
ven her upon account of her extraordinary 
beauty- Virgil, therefore, following com- 
mon tradition, calls him iEneas' brother, 
they being reported to have had both the 
same mother. 

25. Remetior. Measure them over again: 
a term proper to astronomy, which employs 
instruments in measuring the distances, 
heights/ and magnitudes of the stars. 

30- Dardanium Acesten. The accounts gi- 
ven of Acestes' birth and genealogy are so 
various, that we shall not trouble the read- 
er with them. The most probable account 
is that given . by Dionysius Halicarnasseus, 
that Laomedon, being highly incensed a- 
gainst a noble Trojan, whose name was 
Hippotas, put both him and his sons to 
death, and sold his daughters to some mer- 
chants, on condition that they should trans- 
port them into foreign countries. A person 
of quality, whose name was Crinisus, being 
in the ship that carried them, became ena- 
moured of one of them, paid her ran- 
som, and conveyed her into Sicily, where 
he married her. Her name was Egesta. 
Some time after, she bore Acestes, who, 
upon the death of Laomedon, obtained Pri- 
am's permission to return to Troy, where 
he was during the war, contracted intimate 
friendship with JEneas, and returned to Si- 
cily, after the destruction of Troy. The ri- 
ver Crinisus, being afterwards called by the 



name of the king, gave rise to the fabulous 
story of Acestes' birth. See Banier's My- 
thology, Vol. IV. B. VII. c. 9. of the trans- 
lation. The kind attentions of Acestes to 
JEneas so affected the mind of our hero, 
that he built a city in Sicily, and called it 
from Acestes, Acesta. JEn. V. 746. 

34. Et tandem,. Servius will have it that 
tandem here is redundant; otherwise it 
would imply that they had a hard struggle 
to make the coast of Sicily, whereas it is 
said immediately before, 
vela secundi 
Intendant Zephyri; fertur cita gurgite 
classis. 
But had he forgotten that Sicily did not 
contain the port for which they were bound 
at first? that they were long tossed upon 
the boisterous main by cross winds, had 
suffered not a little from the storm above 
described, and were forced at length to put 
into Sicily, because they could not bear up 
any longer against the violent opposition of 
the winds and waves. 

37 • Horridus in jaculis, &c. The word 
horridus is very applicable to the dress and 
equipage in which Acestes is represented, 
namely, that of a hunter, bearing his darts 
and javelins in his hand, and habited in a 
proper manner against the savages of the 
mountains, whereof he was in pursuit: so 
that, however simple and unpolished the 
manners were of ancient times, we need not 
look upon this as the ordinary garb of king 
Acestes^ but only what he had put on for 
that particular occasion. 

37. Ubystidis ursce, i. e. Libycx ursce, of a 
Libyan or African bear. Pliny contends 
that no bears are to be found in Africa, be» 



3S 



314 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



hunc mater TrojannpepcritTroia Crimiso conceptum flumine mater 
mTTZZS veTum ^iQucm genuit. Vcterum non immemor ille parentum, 
trum, gratulatur reversis, etGratatur reduces, et gaza laetus agresti 40 

laitus excipit juxta rusticam Excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis. 

&3&£2%^*^°** Pr im ? stellas or , iente f "s* rat . 

tera dies dara pepulisset Clara dies; socios in ccEtum litore ab omni 

stellas eprimooriente; JEne-Advocat iEneas, tumulique ex aggere fatur: 

as advocat socios in concio- Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine Divum: 45 

nem e totolitoi*e, etexsum- . . ° ° f .. ° . . 

raitate tumuli sic loquitur: Aiinuus exactis completur mensibus orbis; 
Trojani magni, gens e nobili Ex quo relliquias divinique ossa parentis 
sanguine Deorum: compte-Condidimus terra, mcestasque sacravimus aras. 

tur annuus circuitus mensi- T .. . r „ .^*. . 

bus transactis; ex quo man- Jamque dies, ni tailor, adest; quern semper acerbum, 

davimus terra reliquia* et Semper honoratum, sic Dii voluistis, hababo. 50 

ossa divini patris, et dedica- Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si syrtibus exul, 

nmus altaria lunebria. t-t ° ° J 

jam, nisi decipior, adest dies; quern semper existimabo moestum, semper colendum, sic voluistis, 

6 Dii. Ego si hunc diem transigerem exul in syrtibus Gastulis, 



NOTES. 



cause the climate is too hot for them; but 
there are numbers of authorities againstlum, 
particularly that of Herodotus, who says of 
Libya, x.cti ci ktovTc? xcctcc tutu; net, y.ai 01 
ttefxvrtc t£, xa< agy.TQi. They have also lions 
among them, and elephants, and bears. And 
Solinus observes, that the Numidian bears 
excel others in beauty, Numidici ursi forma 
ceteris pr<e$tant: which seems to be the 
reason why Virgil arrays Acestes in the 
fur of a Libyan bear. 

42. Poster a cumprbno stellas oriente fugd- 
r.at clara dies. We shall here set before the 
reader, at one view, the several passages 
which lie scattered up and down in Virgil's 
works, wherein he has described the morn- 
ing; to show the. richness of his imagina- 
tion, and with what variety of beautiful ima- 
ges he -embellishes his style. In the first 
Georgic, both morning and evening are 
thus described, verse 250. 

Nosque ubi primus equis Oriens afflavit 
anhelis, 

.Illic sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper. 
The same thought is thus diversified, v. 
446. 

ubi .pallida surget 

Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 
Again, Geor. IV. 544. 

ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus. 
JEn. III. 521. 

Jamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis. 
Verse 588. 

Postera jamque dies primo surgebat Eoo, 

Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat 

umbram. 
So Mw. IV. 6. 

Postera Phccbea lustrabat lampade terras. 
And verse 129. 

Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit. 
Again, verse 584. 

Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras 
— Aurora. 



iEn. V. 64. 

si nona diem mortalibus almum 
Aurora extulerit, radiisquc retexerit or- 
bem. 
VII. 25. 
Jamque rubescebat radiis mare, et xthere 

ab alto 
Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bieris. 

XI. 182. 

Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam 
Extulerat lucem, referens opera atque la- 
bores. 

XII. 76. 

cum p*imum crastina cqelo 
Puniceis invecta rotis Aurora rubebit. 
Lastly, different from all the rest is that in 
the 113th verse of the same twelfth book: 
Postera vix summos spai'gebat lumine 

montes 
Orta dies, cum primum alto se gfcrgite tol- 

lunt 
Solis equi, lucemque elatis naribus eflftant. 

46. Annuus exactis. It is the opinion of the 
critics that the action of the iEneid compri- 
ses one solar year. This Catrou has labour- 
ed to demonstrate and Wharton to confirm. 

47. Ossa parentis. An amiable instance of 
filiaL piety. The conduct of JEneas with re- 
spect to his father is admirably introduced, 
to remove any unpleasant impressions 
which his amour with Dido might create. 

48. Condidhnus terra. Not the whole body 
as is usual with us, but the reliquix of the 
body after burning, such as the bones, ash- 
es, &c. These were collected and depo- 
sited, sometimes in an urn, at others in a 
tomb, or sepulchre. 

51. Gcetulis. Getulia was a country of Li- 
bya near the Garamantes. It formed a part 
of the kingdom of Masinissa. The country 
was the favourite retreat of wild beasts. It 



iLNEIDOS LIB. V. 



315 



Argolicove mari deprensus, et urbe Mycenae: aut intercept™ mari Argo- 

Annua vota tamen, solemnesque ordine pompas ?2 en t e i^rarem SSEZ 

Exequerer; strueremque suis altaria donis. ta, et solemnes ceremonias 

Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis, iSfaxtantava; et cumularem 

Hand equidem sine memc, reor, sine numine Divutti, SSf^ 011 ^ 8 , muneribu * 

" , l i i . « i iNune hbenter adsumusant* 

Adsumus: et portus delati intramus amicos. 
Ergo agite, et latum cuncti celebremus honorem: 
Poscamus ventos, atque haec mea sacra quotannis 
Urbe vellt posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. 
Bina bourn vobis Troja generatus Acestes 
Dat numero capita in naves: adhibete Penates 
Et patrios epulis, et quos colit hospes Acestes. 
Praterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum 
Aurora extulerit, radiisque retexerit orbem: 
Prima citae Teucri.s ponam certamiga classis. 
Quique pedum cursu valet, et qui viribus audax, 
Aut jaculo incedit melior, levibusve sagittis; 
Seu crudo fidit pugnam committere caestu; 
Cuncti adsint, meritaeq; expectent praemia palmae. 

Ore favete omnes, et cingite tempora ramis. 

serenum, et luce detexerit 
orbem, proponam Trojan is pugnam velocium navium. Et qui valet cursu pedum; et qui incedit 
fidens viribus, aut solertior jaculo, vel levibus sagittis; sive qui audet conserere pugnam duro 
ciestu: hi omnes adsint, et expectent prcemia merita victoria. Favete omnes Unguis, et circundate 
caput ramis. 



te 

cineres et ossa ipsius pa- 
tris, certe non sine consilio 
et sine voluntate Dcorum, 

- n nt puto: et vento impulsi 

"^ ingredimur portus amicos. 
Agite igitur, et omnes latum 
sacrificium peragamus: peta- 
mus ventos ab eo, et ut pa- 
tiatur me urbe condita sin- 
gulis annis persolvere hsec 

55 sacrificia, in templis sibi de- 
dicatis. Acestes oriundus 
Troja donat vobis corpora 
bourn duo numero per naves 
singulas: invitate ad epulas 
Penates, et patrios, et eos 
quos hospes Acestes venera- 

™ tur. Insuper, si nona Aurora 
protulerit hominibus diem 



NOTES. 



is now called Beledulgerid. Some derive its 
name from Beled el jerid, the country . of 
dates, but Dr. Shaw deduces it from Blaid 
el jeride, or the dry country. 

52. Argolicove mari deprensus, Deprensus 
is a term applied to seamen exposed to the 
dangers of the main, as Geor. IV. 421. 

Deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis. 
In the same sense Horace uses the simple 
word prerisus, Carm. II. Ode XVI. 1. 
Otium divos rogat in patenti 
Prensus iEgxo. 
So Ovid. Epist. Did. JEn. 65. 
Finge, age, te rapido (nullum sit in omine 

pondus) 
Turbine deprendi, quid tibi mentis erit? 

52. Et urbe Mycence. Some good manu- 
scripts read, Et urbe My cents. Mycenee was 
a town in Peloponnesus, on the east of the 
Inachus. It was once the capital of a king- 
dom. Virgil certainly refers to it not as it 
existed in the time of iEneas, but in his 
own time. The town was taken by the Ar- 
gives 568 years before Christ, and laid in 
ruins. In the age of the geographer Strabo 
its site was unknown. 

53. Solemnesque pompas exequerer. These 
are terms of exact propriety in this place; 
for pompa signifies properly a funeral pro- 
cession, and exequerer implies I would per- 
form the exequiceor funeral obsequies; the 
chief whereof was that of following the 
corpse to the grave or funeral-pile, as in 
Terence, Funus interim procedit: sequi- 
mur; ad sepulchrum venimus; in ignem 
posita est; fletur. Hence the word ex- 
equi<e, which primarily signifies only the fu» 



neral procession, from sequor, is taken for 
the whole funeral rites. 

54. Suis altaria donis. Such as milk, wine, 
honey, and blood. 

56. Sine mente, sine numine. Mens express- 
ing the mind or counsel, numen, the nod or 
approbation of the Gods. 

58. Latum honorem. The honours that 
were to be paid to Anchises are called 
joyous, because thereby he was to be dei- 
fied: Therefore iEneas addresses him af- 
terwards, Sancte pater. 

59. Poscamus ventos. Of Anchises him= 
self, who is now to be regarded as a god. 

62. Adhibete Penates. As Virgil all along 
has a view of the customs of his country, 
Servius is of opinion, that he is here allu- 
ding to the Roman ceremony called Lecti- 
sternia, or sacred banquets prepared at the 
solemn games for the gods, whose images 
were placed on couches, and set down at 
the most honourable part of the table as the 
principal guests. 

64. Si; absolutely, for when, as soon as. 

66. Ponam. I will institute, appoint, de= 
termine, as the grand master of the games, 

68. Aut jaculo incedit melior. Incedit here 
is used in the same sense with est, but it is 
more poetical, and serves to explain other 
places where it is applied in the same way, 
particularly ^n. I. 20. 

Divum incedo Regina. 

71. Ore favete omnes. Favete ore, or favete 
Unguis, was the phrase used by the public 
crier before the celebration of solemn games 
or sacrifices: and the import of it is, Favour 
us with a religious attention, be watchful 



316 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



Sic locutus, tegit caput Sic fatus, velat materna tempora myrto: 
S^eTfedt^e^tg 00 Elymm fecit, hoc*vi maturas Acestes, 

cestes grandior natu, idem Hoc puer Ascanius: sequitur quos csetera pubes. 
puer Ascanius: quos reliquaHle e concilio multis cum millibus ibat 75 

juventus lmitatur. JEneas ^ t umu i um magna medius comitante caterva. 

cum multis millibus ibat e... _ . ' «.. . . „ , 

concioneadsepirichi-um,me-Hic duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho 

dius in magna turba circum- Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro: 

fusa Illic juxta ritum ef-p urpureosque j ac i t fl ores , ac talia fatur: 

iundit stulans in terram duo <-, ■. t -j. i *• «~ 

pocula puri vini, duo lactis Salve,. sancte parens: iterum salvete, recepti 80 

recentis, duo sanguinis sacri:Nequicquam cineres, animaeque umbraeq; paternae. 
spargitque flores purpureos, N on ii cmt fi nes i ta i os fataliaque arva, 

etprotert talia: Salve, sancte XT . . . x „, 

pater: salvete rursus frustra Nec tecuni Ausonium i quicunque est, quaerere Ty- 

recuperati cineres, et anima, brim. 

et umbra paterna. Nonfas Dixerat haec, adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis 
neLltSm e eugr™ fatXs", Septem ingens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85 

nee Ausonium Tybrim, Amplexus placide tumulum, lapsusque per aras: 

quisquis Me sit. Hsec protulerat, cum serpens lubricus, ingens, eduxit ex intimis penetralibus 
sepulchri septem sinus, septem plexus; tranquille eircumdans sepulchrum, et labens inter 
aras: 



NOTES. 



over your lips that you pronounce no words 
of bad omen, or whereby you may mar and 
profane the sacred ceremonies; let us have 
the concurrence of your prayers to render 
the gods kind and propitious to us: or, last- 
ly, aid us by joining your applauses and joy- 
ful acclamations. But it should be remarked 
that the cry favcte Unguis was not the lan- 
guage of importunity, but of authority. 
Hence Seneca says, Hoc verbum non, ut 
plerique aestimant, a favore, trahitur: sed 
imperatur silentium, ut rite peragi possit 
sacrum, nulla voce mala obstrepente. 

72. Velat materna myrto. This is also ac- 
cording to the practice of the Romans, 
among whom persons of every age and de- 
nomination (here figured by iEneas, Ely- 
mus, Acestes, and the boy Ascanius) who 
appeared at their solemn games, wore gar- 
lands on their heads. 

80. Recepti cineres. Servius makes cineres 
here to signify the same with Anchises 
himself: so nequicquam recepti, according to 
him, means-, whom I in vain saved from the 
dangers of Troy. Others refer it to the histo- 
ry whereof we have taken notice above, 
that Diomedes had carried away Anchises' 
ashes, and delivered them again with the 
palladium to JEneas. 

81. Animceque unnhrxque paterna. Servius 
explains this from Plato and Aristotle, who 
gave to man a fourfold soul: 1. The intel- 
lectual, whereby he thinks and reasons: 2. 
The sensual, which he has in common with 
the brute creation: 3. The vital, or the prin- 
ciple of self-motion, which is to be found 
even in the worms and meanest reptiles: 4. 
A vegetative soul, like what subsists in 
plants and trees. To each soul is assigned a 
shade or image. Others construe these 
words in the genitive case, and join them 
with cineres: Ye srshes of my father's ghost, 



84. Anguis. No animal has been the sub- 
ject of so many poetical descriptions as the 
serpent, and no description has been more 
successful and admirable than that in Mil- 
ton, where the reptile, possessed by the 
great adversary of man, attempted the se- 
duction of Eve: 

■ - ■ ■ ■ not with indented wave 
Prone On the ground as since; but in his 

rear 
Circular base of rising folds, that tow'r'd 
Fold above fold, a surging maze; his head 
Crested aloft, and carbuncle his e) r es: 
With burnish'd neck of verdant gold erect 
Amidst his circling spires, that on the 

grass 
Floated redundant: pleasing was his shape 
And lovely. 
The reader is requested to observe that as 
the devil first seduced the human race in 
the form of a serpent, he has endeavoured 
to wipe away the dishonour by procuring 
to himself adoration under this figure. The 
upper parts of the Egyptian god Typhon 
were human, his lower parts resembled a 
serpent. Serpents were represented as 
coming out of his hands and encircling his 
body. Esculapius is worshipped in the form 
of a serpent, and is called Phoebeius anguis. 
The Serpens Epidaurius once delivered 
Rome, it is pretended, from pestilence. The 
idolaters in the Bacchanalian rites appeared 
crowned with folding- serpents. The genii 
also of any city, country, or tomb, as in the 
case of Anchises, were exhibited in the 
same form. All over India the serpent is 
still in high veneration. A man carrying a 
snake is sure of support and reverence. 

85. Septem ingens gyros. The seven folds 
of the serpent prognosticated, says Servi- 
us, that the wanderings of JEneas were to 
last for seven years. 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. V. 



317 



Cceruleae cui terga notae, maculosus et auro 
Squamam incendebat fulgor: ceu nubibus arcus 
Mille trahit varios adverso Sole colores. 
Obstupuit visu jEneas: ille agmine longo 
Tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens, 
Libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius imo 
Successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit. 
Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores: 
Incertus, Geniumne loci, famulumne parentis 
Esse putet; credit quinas de more bidentes, 
Totque sues, totidem nigrantes terga juvencos: 
Vinaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat 
Anchisae magni, manesque Acheronte remissos. 
Necnon et socii, quae cuique est copia, laeti 
Dona ferunt: onerantque aras, mactantq; juvencos 
Ordine ahena locant alii: fusique per herbam 
Subjiciunt verubus prunas, et viscera torrent. 

Expectata dies aderat, nonamque serena 
Auroram Phaethontis equi jam luce vehebant: 
Famaque finitimos et clari nomen Acestae 
Excierat: lseto complerant litora coetu, 
Visuri ./Eneadas, pars et certare parati. 
Munera principio ante oculos, circoque locantur 
In medio: sacri tripodes, viridesque coronae, 



cui macula; cceruleasillustra- 
bant dorsum, et fulgor an 
ro interpunctus squamas. 
quemadmodum arcus in nu- 

90 bibus concipit mille diversos 
colores, Sole opposito. JE- 
neas videns stupefuctus est: 
ille demum repens longo 
tractu inter pateras pocula - 
que polita, et degustavit ci- 
Q „ bos, et innocuus rediit iterum 
y ^ in profundum sepulcbrum, 
et reliquit aras degustata». 
Tanto magis JEneas perficir. 
sacra inchoata in honorem 
patris: dubitans, an Genium 
loci, au famulum patris exis- 

100 timet earn esse; mactatjuxta 
consuetudinem quinque o- 
ves, et totidem sues, totidem 
juvencos nigros tergoribus: 
et effundebat vinum a pate- 
ris, et appellabat animam 

.magni Anchisre, et manes 

105 e j us emissos ex inferis. Pa- 
riter et socii offerunt laeti 
munera secundum faculta- 
tem qiue est unicuique: et 
onerant altaria, et immolant 
juvencos. Alii disponunt as- 

1 IQrea vasa per ordinem: et 
strati super herba, suppo- 
nunt prunas verubus, et tor- 



Et palmae, pretium victoribus; armaque, et ostro 

rent viscera. Dies optata advenerat, et jam equi Phaethontis advjehebant nonam Auroram sere- 
no lumine: et fama ac nomen illustris Acestce eduxerat vicinos: occupaverant litus hilari multi- 
tudine pa7*ti?n visuri Trojanos, partim etiam parati certare. Primo pramiia statuuntur ob oculos 
et in medio circo: sacri tripodes, et virentes corona;, et palms, dona victoribus destinata, et 
arma, et vestes 



NOTES. 



91. Serpens. Not the noun serpens, but the 
participle from serpo. 

92. Libavitque dapes. Libavit here may be 
taken to signify the same as leviter attigit, 
or degustavit, as the word is used else- 
where, JEn. I. 260. 

Oscula libavit natse. And Geor. IV. 54. 
Purpareosque metunt flores, et flumina li- 

bant 
Summa leves. 

93. Depasta altaria. It is scarcely neces- 
sary to observe with Ruseus that the fire 
consuming- the victims is not here intended, 
for the victims were not yet slain, but Uie 
serpent which feasted on the first offer- 
ings. 

95. Geniumne loci. The ancients had a no- 
tion that there were genii appointed, some 
the protectors of cities and countries, and 
others the guardians of particular persons, 
who did not quit them even after death, 
but attended on them in the other world. 

98. Animamque vocabat: not merely called 
upon his ghost to partake of the repast he 
had prepared for him; but invoked him, as 
a deity, to be propitious to him. 

102. Ahena. Brazen vessels; for washinjr 
*he body, or for boiling meat 



103. Viscera. The joints of meat in gene- 
ral, as i£n. VI. 253. VIII. 180, &c. 

105. Phaethontis equi. Phaethon here is 
put for the sun, in imitation of Homer, who 
calls that luminary Hex<oj tpa&ov, the re- 
splendent sun. 

110. Sacri tripodes. The tripod was a kind 
of three-footed stool or table, on which 
were placed the sacred bowls, and other 
vases, for the libations. It is called sacred, 
on account of its various uses in the cere- 
monies of religion. We learn from several 
passages in Homer, that the Greeks used 
to make presents of tripods to their heroes 
and great men; of which Horace takes no- 
tice, Carm. Lib. IV. Ode VIII. 3. 

Donarem tripodas, przemia fortium 
Graiorum. 

111. Et pahnce, pretium victoribus. The 
palm was the ordinary prize of every con- 
queror at the games; whereof Plutarch as- 
signs this for the reason: that the palm is a 
fit emblem of fortitude, because it is not 
crushed or borne down by any weight, but 
still maintains i 
:ior to oppositioi 



318 P. VIRGILII MARONJS 

intiactx purpura, pondera perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta: 
££& mba "a! !*&* Et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos. 
ludos. Quatuoi- naves, pares Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamma remis 
vastis remis, electie e tota Quatuor ex omni delectae classe carinae. 115 

^S^&hff^Velocett; Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristin, 
tat tbrtibus remigibus cele- Mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi: 
rem Pristin; Mnestheus, in- Ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimseram, 
ouam, mo* italus, a quo no-urbis opus; triplici pubes quam Dardana versu 

mine oritur faimlia Memmii: T ,1 • - ,. 

et Gyas magnam ChimsE- Impelluiit, terno consurgunt ordine remi. 120 

ram, magna mole, opus Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, 
mta^ urbis; quam juve- Centauro invehitur magna: Scyllaque Cloanthus 
nes 1 roiani triphci versu ^ . ^ i „m • r» /^.i 

impeiiunt, cut remi S ur- Coerulea > genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti. 
gunt tripiici Ordine. Et Est procul in pelago saxum, spumantia contra 
Sergestus, a quo iamilia Litora; quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim 125 
aergia trahit nomen, vehi-™ . »m u i i *_* • i ^ 

tur Centauro magna: e t^ luctlbus ' nyberni condunt ubi sidera Con: 
Cloanthus, unde tibi origo Tranquillo silet, iinmotaque attollitur unda. 
est 6 Cluenti Romane, vehi- Campus, et apricis statio gratissima mergis. 

tur Scylla cuiiulea. Procul tj v , • • 1 V. r j ..• *i" 

Himari,adversusspumosumJJ lc viridem .Eneas frondenti ex ilice metam 

litus, est vupes; quiealiquan-Constituit, signum nautis, pater: unde reverti 13& 

do mersa verberatur flucti- Scirent, et longos ubi circumflectere cursus. 

SS^lSf .SS?trSJl*^ loca , so ^ k eunt: ipsique in puppibus anro 

quillo tempore silet, et erigi- Ductores longe efiulgent ostroque decori: 

tur eximmotis aquis, veiuti Caetera populea velatur fronde juventus, 

campus et perfugium gratis- 

simum mergis apricantibus. IHio pater JEneas ponit metam e frondosa dice* quce esset signum 
nautis: a qua scirent redire, et circa quam flectere longos circuitus. Deinde sorte capiunt loca: 
et ipsi duces e puppibus procul resplendent, insignes auro et purpura: reliqui juvenes coronan- 
tur populeis tbliis, 

NOTES. 

114. Certamina remis. Pope considers the agebant. This kind of galley, howeyer, was 

naval course of JEneas no other than an in- not known till long after the time of ^neas: 

genious imitation of the chariot race of Ho- but it was not necessary that Virgil, as a 

mer. He asks, " What is the encounter of poet, should confine himself strictly to the 

Cloanthus and Gyas in the strait between chronology of facts, especially those of an- 

the rocks, but the same with that of Mene- cient date. 

laus and Antilochus in the hollow way. Had 120. Terno ordine. This is a (wemtw, or 

the galley of Sergestus been broken, if the one of those galleys that had three banks 

chariot of Eumelus had not been demolish- of oars, which banks were raised sloping!/ 

ed? or had Mnestheus been thrown from one above another} so that those in the se- 

the helm, had not the other been thrown cond bench rested their feet where those 

from his seat? See. &. of the first were seated. By terno consurgunt 

117. Max Italus Mnestheus. Virgil, to ordine remi, we understand the three banks 
make his court to the noble families of the of oars all rising together to strike the 
Romans, derives their original from Trojans waves, which presents us with a lively 
of some distinction. image. Ruxus, in his note on this passage, 

118. Gyas. Catrou considers it surprising thus distinguishes versus and ordo: the first, 
that Virgil, who marks the origin of three according to him, signifies the series of 
very illustrious families of Rome, the Ser- rowers as they rose slopingly above one 
gians, the Memmians and Cluentines, hath another from the lowest bench to the high- 
omitted the family of the Geganians, who est; the ordines he makes to be the same 
were derived from Gyas. rowers reckoned by their ranks, as they sat 

119. Urbis opus. Meaning either that it on a level one behind another. 

was built by a city, or that it resembled 134. Populea velatur fronde. The reason, 

one: instar urbis. says Servius, why they wore garlands of 

119. Tripiici versu, i.e. a galley consist- the poplar tree, was, that they were fune- 

ing of three series of rowers. Livy u- ral games which they celebrated, and Her- 

ses the word versus in the same sense, cules is said to have brought that tree from 

lab. V. Dec. 5. Regia nave ingentis mag- the infernal regions 
nitudinis, quam sedecim versus reiuorurn 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



319 



Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitcscit: 

Considunt transtris, intentaque brachia remis 

Intend expectant signum: exultantiaque haurit 

Corda pavor pulsans, laudumque arrecta cupido. 

lnde ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba; finibus omnes, 

Haud mora, prosiluerc suis: ferit aethera clamor 

Nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis. 

Infindunt pariter sulcos: totumque dehiscit 

Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. 

Non tarn praecipites bijugo certamine campum 

Corripuere, ruuntque effusi carcere currus. 

Nee sic immissis aurigae undantia lora 

Concussere jugis, pronique in verbera pendent. 

Turn plausu fremituque viriim studiisq; faventum 

Consonat omne nemus, vocemq; inclusa volutant 

Litora, pulsati colles clamore resultant. 

Effu^it ante alios, primusq; elabitur undis [thus Necita auriga immissis jugis 

Turbam inter fremitumq; Gyas: quern deinde Cloan,W«^? n S^vS 

Consequitur, melior remis; sed pondere pinus berandum eguos. Tunc om- 

Tarda tenet. Post hos aequo discrimine Pristis nis syiva resonat plausu c 

Centaurusq; locum tendunt superare priorem. 1 55 

Et nunc Pristis abit; nunc victam praeterit ingens 

Centaurus; nunc una ambae juncHsque feruntur 

Frontibus, et lonerS. sulcant vada salsa carina. 

b abit ante alios, et evadit per 

undas inter freniitum multitudinis: quern deinde Cloantbus sequitur, melius imtructus remis, 
sed navis gravior mole ipsum retinet. Post illos sequali intervailo Pristis et Centaurus conan- 
tur attingei-e priorem locum. Et nunc Pristis prseit; nunc magna Centaurus prjecedit earn vic- 
tam; nunc ambse currunt simul sequatis proris, et longis carinis secant salsos fluctus. 



135 et renitent unetioleo/wnu- 
dos humeros: sedept in 
transtris, et expectant sig- 
num obnixi secundum bra- 
chia remis intenta: et metus 
pulsans, atque arrectum de- 
sidenum gloria;, fatigat cor- 

* ^ da subsultantia. Deinde 
quando clara tuha emisitso- 
num, non est mora, omnes 
e terininis suis proruperunt: 
nauticus clamor pulsat cae- 
lum, fluctus turbatj adductis 

l^g brachiis spumant: pari in>- 
petu imprimunt sulcos in 
aqi/is: et totum mare eru- 
tum remis et rostris trifidis 
aperitur. Non tarn ceteres 
currus invadunt campum iji 
certamine bigarum, et e 

1 50 rumpunt emissi e carcere. 



tremitu hominum, etaccla.- 
mationibus faventium, et li- 
tora volvunt murmur inclu- 
sum: colles icti clamoribus, 
eos remittunt: Gyas primus 



NOTES. 



135. Oleo. Oil was used to lubricate and 
strengthen the limbs. 

137. Haurit corda pavor. Raises such pal- 
pitation in their breasts, as if it would draw 
their hearts out of their bodies. 

141. Adductis lacertis. Dr. Trapp has a 
very just remark on this phrase, and un- 
derstands by it that motion of the rowers, 
when, in tugging at the oar, they draw their 
arms close up to the body. 

142. Infindunt sulcos. Cleave furrows in the 
ocean. 

143. Rostrisque tridentibus. Some editors 
of Virgil, not understanding the meaning 
of rosiris tridentibus, substituted stridentibus 
for tridentibus, not considering that they 
made Virgil write false quantity, the first 
syllable in siridens being always long. But 
the point is explained by ancient medals, 
in some of which may plainly be seen a 
rostrum or beak of a ship with three teeth 
to it. Valerius Flaccus mentions a rostrum 
of the same form: 

Volat immissia cava pinus habenis, 
Infinditque salum, et spumas vomit jere 

tridenti. 
Argon. Lib. I. See also Jkn. VIII. 690. 
144. Non tarn przeipites. This is one of 



those passages wherein Macrobius himself 
owns Virgil to have excelled Homer, his 
great example. And, indeed, nothing can 
be more finely imagined, or represented 
more to the life. 

146. Immissis jugis. The yokes are here 
put for the horses yoked in the chariot. 

147. Proni in verbera pendent. The whole 
of this comparison is exquisitely fine; the 
elegance of the scene proni, &.c. can scarce- 
ly be exceeded or equalled. 

149. Inclusa. Agreeing with litora, put by 
commutation for inclusam, agreeing willi 
vocem. 

155. Superare priorem- Not merely occu^ 
pare, but superare. Their more immediate 
thought was to outstrip each other, yet so 
as to include the most ardent desire of pro- 
ceeding farther. The word superare con- 
veys an elegant insinuation of the eager- 
ness and vehemence of their desires, and of 
the existence of an ambition which knows 
no bounds. 

157. Junctisque frontibus, i. e. they moved 
on together, neither gaining way of the 
other. It is of the same import with cequa- 
tis rostris. an expression he uses afterwards. 



320 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Etjamappropinquabantsco- Jamq; propinquabant scopulo, metamq; tenebant; 
pulo, et attingebant termi- C ^ m pr i nce ps mcdioq; Gyas in gurgite victor 160. 
num; cum Gyas, qui primus T> L r L . n 1 a* 

erat y et victor, taedioLmari Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten: 
hicrepat/w's verbis Menceten Quo tantum mini dexter abis? hue dirige cursum, 
gubematorem navis -ma: Litus ama, et laevas stringat sine palmula cautes: 
%£££%&££. Altum alii teneant. Dixit: sed caeca Menkes 
adhsere litori rupis, et per- Saxa timens, proram pelagi detorquet ad undas: 165 
mitte ut remi radant sinis- Quo diversus abis? iterum, Pete saxa Menoete, 
.SSfcSSKfKS'™ «!*»«*■ °y as --evocabat; et ecce Cloanthum 
ncetes metuens occulta saxa, Respicit mstantem tergo, et propiora tenentem. 
detorquet proram ad undas Ule inter navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantes 
maris. Quorecedis diversus? R dit it lsevum interior, subitusque priorem 170 
iterum revocabat eum Gyas „ . . ' ^ * .. . * 

repetens cum clamore: Pete Praetent, et metis tenet aequora tuta rehctis. 

saxa, 6 MenKte: et interim Turn vero exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens, 

t'em' S™o tb e'? tenltem Nec lachl 7mis caruere genae: segnemq; Menoeten, 

proxima spatia. Ille Chan- Obhtus decorisque sm sociumque salutis, 

thus interior radit sinistiam In mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta. 175 

viam, mter navem Gyse et $p Se ^ubernaclo rector subit, ipse maerister: 

saxa sonantia, et repentinus T i- ° . , ji-^. 

pratergreditur Gyam qui Hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet. 
moddfuerat prior, et tenet At gravis ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est 
sccurum mare metis prate- j am senior, madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes; 
S'a^sTe^TedutSumma petit scopuli, siccaque in rupe resedit. 180 
juvenis, et genaj non carue- Ilium et labentem Teucri, et risere natantem: 

runt lachrymi6, et immemor dignitatis suse et vitse sociorum, dejicit tardum Mencetem ex alta 
puppe pronum in mare. Ipse succedit gubernaculo moderator, ipse magister navis: et hortatur 
nautas, et vertit clavum ad litora metce. Sed Menoetes, postquam gravatus undis segre tandem 
emissus est ex imo fundo, jam senior, fluens humida in veste; conscendit summitatem rupis, 
et sedit in arido saxo. Trojani x'iserunt ilium, et cadentem, et enatantem; 



NOTES. 



159. Metamque tenebant. An English 
reader might be tempted to conclude that 
reaching the goal, the contest was termina- 
ted. — But he is to be informed, that among 
the ancients the meta was commonly a pil- 
lar or cone at the end of the stadium, where 
the chariots turned. The starting points 
were called carceres. At sea, a rock or some 
other prominent object supplied the place 
of a pillar, and received its name, being call- 
ed meta, the goal or turning spot. 

162. Mihi dexter. Mihi here is an elegant 
expletive — as in Geor. III. 16. " In medio 
mihi Catsar erit." 

163. Litus ama, i.e. keep near the shore. 
Horace uses the word in the same sense, 
Lib. I. Ode XXV. 3. 

Amatque janua limen. 
See also the note on JEn. III. 134. 

163. Palmula is properly the broad part 
at the extremity of the oar, that has some 
resemblance to the palm of a man's hand 
when extended. 

163. Lavas stringat cautes. Both in the 
naval and chariot race, the great art lay in 
turning as near the goal as possible; for the 
goal being in the center, the nearer they 
kept to it, the shorter circumference they 
thad to make: but, as this was an enterprise 
of dexterity and danger, the accomplish- 



ment was proportionably honourable. Hor. 
Od. Lib. I. 1. 

metaque fervidis 
Evitata rotis, palmaque nobilis 
Terrarum Dominos evehit ad Deos. 

170. Badit. Milton has ventured to use in 
English the same figure: 

Now shaves with level wing the deep. 

170. Interior, in the inside, i. e. between 
Gyas' ship and the goal, which was on the 
left hand of him who steered the vessel. 

177. Clavumque. The clavus was the rud- 
der or helm of a ship. Cicero says, " Ips/ 
(gubernator) clavum tgpens sedet in puppi*" 
The gubernaculum wis a long, broa/^oar 
fastened to the stern, by which the course 
of a vessel could be directed. It seems to 
have been used sometimes as *n auxiliary 
to the clavus, and sometime? as its substi- 
tute. 

181. Risere. They did l*ugh at his turn- 
bling into the sea and s \nmming, and rident 
they continue their laughter while they be- 
hold him 
From his breast disgorge the brackish 
waves. 
Mr. Addison, haring observed that plea- 
santry or ridiculous images are below the 
dignity of epip poetry, adds, " there is but 
one laugh ip the whole iEneid, and that is 



.ENEIDOS LIB. V. 321 

Et salsos rident rcvomentem pectore fluctus. ctrident rcvomentem epcc- 

Hic laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, tore Balsam aquaro. Tunc 

Serejesto Mnestheoque, Gyam superare morantem. J*"" 8 s ] )es su peiandi Gyara 

o b ■ ^ 1 l ioc tarclantem oita est ultimis 

Sergestus capit ante locum, scopuloq; propinquat: 185 duobus, Sergesto etMnes- 

Nec tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carina: theo. Sergestus anticipat 

Parte prior, partem rostro premit aemula Pristis. spatium, et appropinquat 

. A *j.^ r . . , r rupi: nee tamen ille nrior 

At media socios mcedens nave per ipsos ^ e8t l f tota navi pra , ce ^ nte: 

Hortatur Mnestheus: Nunc, nunc insurgite remis prior est ex parte, et ajmula 
Hectorei socii, Troiae quos sorte suprema 190P"stis urget rostro aSam 

Delegi comites: nunc Mas promite vires, _ ^S ra £***££ 

Nunc animos; quibus in Gaetulis syrtibus nsi, ter ipsos socios, eos hortatur: 

Ionioque mari, Maleaeque sequacibus undis. Nunc, nunc insurgite in re- 

Non jam prima peto Mnestheus, neq; vincere certo: SSSEffiT&KtS 
Quanouam 61 sed superent, quibus hoc Neptune de- comites: nunc exerite illud 

disti. 195robur, illam fortitudinera; 

Extremos pudeat rediisse: hoc vincite, cives, ? u * *»««**,« syrtibus G*- 

_, , ., , r r ,-.„• . tubs, et man lonio, et mfes- 

Et prohibete nelas. OUi certamine summo tis aquis Males. Non jam 

Procumbunt: vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, peto prima loca, ego Mnes- 

Subtrahiturque solum: turn creber anhelitus artus theus ™ d ° vict0 % ne ^ 

. • , ^ , n . ,. . . ___ contendo vincere: T amen o 

Andaque ora quatit: sudor fluit undique nvis. 200 uthmm })ossem , Sed vincant 
Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem. quibus hoc concessisti, 6 

Namque furens animi dum prora. ad saxa subureret Neptune. Pudeat nos ulu- 

T . • . i • . ~ • • ° mos reverti: hoc superate.o 

Interior, spatioque subit bergestus imquo; civeS) et im p ed i te // oc dede- 

Infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit. cus. llli summa contentione 

incumbunt in remos: navis serata tremit magno succussu, et sequor subducitur: tunc frequens 
anhelitus concutit membra et sicca ora remlgum: sudor fluit undique in rivos. Ipsa tbrtuna attu. 
lit viris gloriam cupitam. Nam dum Sergestus ardens animi impellit proram ad scopulos, inter 
seopidos et *Mnestheum, et elabitur spatio angusto; miser adhtesit scopulis protensis sub aqua. 

NOTES. 

on this passage. But this piece of mirth is look and gestures that would accompany 
so well timed .that the severest critic can his voice. Ruxus supposes this break to ex- 
say nothing against it: for it is in the book press a twofold affection of mind: 1. An 
of games, where the reader's mind may be earnest desire of victory. " I do not now con- 
supposed to be sufficiently relaxed for such tend for victory; yet, O how should I re- 
an entertainment." joice to obtain it!" 2. A correcting of him- 

186. Carina. The carina or keel is the self. " Did I say, I contend not for victory! 

lowermost plank in the whole ship, and like even I myself shall conquer if Neptune ap- 

a spine passes from the prow to the stern. prove it." 

190. Hectorei socii. In order to animate 196. Extremos pudeat, t!fc. So Horace: 

them, and gain their good- will, he calls Occupet extremum scabies, mihi turpere- 

them Hectorei — my mates, who are every linqui est." 

one of you as valiant as Hector. 199. Solum. Whatever is spread under a 

193. JMaiexque sequacibus undis. Maiea is thing, as its support or foundation to bear 

a promontory of Laconia, that runs out into it up, is called, in Latin, solum; as the sea 

the sea about five miles; near which sailing is to a ship, the air to a bird on the wing, 

was so very dangerous, that it became a The heaven itself is a solum or sustainer of 

proverb. the stars. 

Maleam legens, obliviscere qu?e sunt domi. Astra tenens celeste solum. 
The epithet sequaces, given to the waves of Ovid. Met. I. 
that coast, paints them as so many fierce 202. Suburget interior, i. e. between Mnes- 
devouring monsters that pursued ships in theus and the goal, fetching a nearer corn- 
order to overwhelm them. pass to the left. See v. 170. 

195. ^uanquam 6! This is an example 203. Spatio iniquo. He had not left himself 

where Virgil is even eloquent in his silence; room enough to steer between Mnestheus 

for the abrupt exclamation is more expres- and the goal, and was therefore forced to 

sive of Mnestheus' mind than any words he run his vessel upon that part of the rock 

could have put in his mouth; especially it which projected farther than the rest, 
must have been so to those who saw the 

2 T 



322 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Rupes coramotse sunt, et re- Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi 205 

S5SSST" p^'SObnixi crepuere, illisaque prora pependit. 
stetit suspensa in scopulis. Consurgunt nautae, et magno clamore morantur: 
Consurgunt nautae, et mag- Ferratasque sudes et acuta cuspide contos 
32£tt££t&£ ^Expediun^fectosque leguntin gurgite remos. 
pcrticas acuminata cuspide: At laetus Mnestheus successuque acnor ipso, 2 10 

et colligunt e man remos Agmine remorum celeri, ventisque vocatis, 
fraetos. At Mnestheus g<m-p rona petit mar i a , e t pelago decurrit aperto. 
successu, veloci impuisu re- Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, 
morum, et invocatis ventis, Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, 
secat undas faciies, et navi- Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis 

gat patent! man. Q,uahs co- ta .. • ^ •• i • ~ . .- 

fumba, cui domus et nidi Dat . te . cto ingentem: mox aere lapsa quieto, 216 

sunt in cavo saxo, repente Radit iter Hquidum, celeres neque commovet alas: 
excita e spelunca fugit in Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis 
^^l^^^S^^^^ illam fert impetus ipse volantem. 
mui suce: mox elapsa in ae- Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220 

rem tranquilium, secat viamSergestum, brevibusq; vadis; frustraq; vocantem 
SSl SEJE^S? Auxilia, et fractis discentem currere remis. 
sa ejus Pristis findit, fugiens Inde Gyan, ipsamque mgenti mole Chimaeram 
extremum spatium assigna- Consequitur; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est. 
pi-o^hlri SSJ2S& Solus jamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus: 225 
primo preterit Sergestum, Quern petit, et summis adnixus vinbus urget. 
connitentem ad versus ru- Turn vero ingeminat clamor, cunctiq; sequentem 
pemvaitam et vada humi- 1^1™^ studiis: resonatque fraeroribus aether. 

ha; frustraque implorantem ° 

auxilium, et tentantem enatare fractis rerais. Deinde consequitur Gyan, et ipsam ejus Chimce- 

ram vastte magnitudinis: vineitur ilia, quia orbata est gubernatore. Et jam unus Cloanthus 

restat vincendus prope ipsum terminum: hunc JMnestheus sequitur, et premit contendens totis 

viribus. Tunc vero invalescit clamor, et omnes favore incitant insequentem, et aer sonat frago- 

ribii3. 

NOTES. 

205. Concussx cautes. This is only saying stone. Latebrosus signifies harbouring, con- 

;a other words, that the galley received a cealing. 

violent shock; since action is equal to re- 217. Radit iter. This line is often quoted 

action. as a most beautiful example in which the 

205. Acuto in murice. Murex properly sig- sound and sense are consonant. Pitt has en- 

nifies the shell-fish of the liquor whereof deavoured to imitate this elegance, and has 

purple colour is made; and hence it is taken well succeeded: 

for the prominence of a rock which tapers Her pinions pois'd, through liquid air she 

into a sharp point like the shell of that fish. springs, 

207. Consurgunt nautx, et morantur. The And smoothly glides, nor 7rwves her levell'd 

rowers, perceiving their error, rise at once, ivi?igs. 

and give over rowing. 222. Discentem. This, Dr. Trapp says, is 

211. Agmine* Continued with regularity, elegant beyond imagination. 

as in troops. 224 Cedit. Ilia or naves understood. 

212. Prona maria may signify sea where 225. Superest in fine, i. e. near the end of 
lie can steer easily, without any molestation the course; having passed the goal, and re- 
or interruption. This is explained by the turning to the port whence they set out:, 
next words, pelago decurrit aperto; he scuds for the prize was to be given, not to himJ 
away on the open sea, with the same easy who first reached the goal, but who first* 
motion as if he was sailing down a river reached the port after having turned the 
along with the stream. goal, as appears from verse 130. 

214. Dulces nidi. The nest here is put for Constituit signum nautis pater; unde re- 

ihe young in the nest, as -Geor. IV. 17. verti 

Dulcemnidis immitibus escam. Scirent, et longos ubi circumflectere cur- 

214. Pumice. The pumex or pumice stone sus. 

is a hard fossil, frequently ejected from vol- Superest may be here taken to signify the 

canoes: it is light, porous, and is in colour same as superat. Thus Cicero says, Majori- 

white, gray, brown, or black. It is used in bus doctrina superfuit. 

polishing wood, pasteboard, metals, and 228. Pesonqtque fragoribus. (ether. This is 



'^ENEIDOS lib. v. 



323 



Illi indignantur, nisi conscr- 
jq vent gloriam propriara, 
et honorem jam compara- 
tum; et vellent pacto niu- 
tave vitam cum victoria. 
Hi animantur successu; pos- 
sunt vinceve, quia videntur 
sibi posse. Et fortasse nie- 



lli proprium'decus et partum indignantur honorem 
Ni teneant, vitamq; volunt pro laude pacisci. 
Hos successus alit: possunt, quia posse videntur 
Et fors sequatis cepissent praemia rostris: 
Ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus 
Fudissetque prcccs, Divosque in vota vocasset: 

Dii, quibus imperium est pelagi, quorum aequoramissent paria praemia, na- 

235 V ' ,JUS ex Jec l ut) victricwubf 
Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum 
Constituam ante aras voti reus, extaque salsos 
Porriciam in fluctus, et vina liquentia fundam. 
Dixit: eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis 
Nereidum Phorcique chorus, Panopeaque virgo; 
Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem 
Impulit: ilia Noto citius volucrique sagitta 
Ad terrain fugit, et portu se condidit alto. 
Turn satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more vocatis, 
Victorem magna praeconis voce Cloanthum 

Phorci, et virgo Panopea; et ipse pater Portunus magna manu impulit navem currentem: ilia 
eelerius vento et pennata sagitta currit ad terram, et immittit se in portum intimum. Tunc 
filius Anchisse, vocatis omnibus juxta consuetudinem, declarat magna voee praeconis Cloanthum 
victorem, 



nisi Cloanthus tendens ad 
mare anibas palmas ma- 
nuian, emisisset preces, et 
Deos invocasset per vota: O 
Dii, quibus est regnum ma- 
ris, quorum decurro spatia; 
240 ego vobis offeram lretus in 
hoc litore ante altaria can- 
didum taurum, voto obli- 
gatus, et projiciam viscera 
in salsos fluctus et effundam 
vina pura. Dixit: et ex inti- 



245 



mis fluctibus audiit eum om- 
nis turba Nereidum, et 



NOTES. 



certainly the true reading, and not clamori- 
bus, as in the Codex Mediceus; for we have 
ingeminat clamor immediately before, and 
resonatque clamoribus makes false quantity. 

231. Possunt. Cloanthum superare; quia 
posse videntur. So Seneca: " Plus incipit ha- 
bere posse, qui plus habet." Lord Lauder- 
dale renders the passage, 

not a man 

But thinks to win, because he thinks he 
can. 

232. Et fors aquatis. Perhaps they had 
both gained prizes by equalling their beaks 
or prows, i. e. by coming both in together, 
so that it could not be distinguished which 
was first. 

237". Voti reus. He is said to be reus voti 
who has undertaken a vow on a certain con- 
dition; and when that condition is fulfilled, 
then he is damnatus voti, or votis, i. e. The 
gods condemn and sentence him to perform 
his vow. Thus, in the fifth Eclogue, v. 80. 
when Virgil says, Damnabis tu quoqne votis, 
the meaning is, You shall hear our prayers, 
and so oblige us to the performance of our 
rvows. 

238. Porriciam for porrd et procul jaciam. 
This word was much used in solemn sacri- 
fices. See Macrobius, Sat. 1. 3. c. 2. Livy 
informs us, (1. 29. 27.) that when Scipio was 
about to sail from Sicily into Africa, he 
threw CporricitJ the crude entrails of a 
slain victim, as was the custom, into the 
sea, and then with a trumpet gave the sig- 
nal for departure . 

238. Vina liquentia. Liquentia means not 
liquid merely, but limpid, clear, pure, fine. 

240. Nereidum. The Nereids were sea- 



nymphs, the daughters of Nereus and Do- 
ris. 

240. Phorcique chorus. Phorcus, or Phor- 
cys, was a sea-god, the son of Neptune, 
and father of the Gorgons. 

240. Panopeaque virgo. She was one of 
the Nereids. Servius says, she is mention- 
ed by herself, as being the only virgin 
among them. 

241. Portunus, one of the sea-gods; a name 
derived from portus, because he presided 
over ports and harbours. 

241. Ipse Portunus impulit. We may ob- 
serve that Virgil neglects no opportunity to 
instruct as well as please his reader. Here 
he observes strict moral decorum in the 
conduct of this first game, giving the vic- 
tory to him who had invoked the gods. 
Then he shows us the rashness of youth, 
punished by disappointment in the charac- 
ter of Gyas, whose temerity and fool-hardi- 
ness make him lose the victory, of which 
he had the fairest prospect at first. Lastly, 
he sets forth iEneas as a pattern of equity 
and liberality, by making him reward Ser- 
gestus for having- saved the galley, since he 
could not give him a prize as one of the 
conquerors. . 

245. Victorem praeconis voce declarat, al- 
ludes to the ancient custom of proclaiming 
the conqueror at the Olympic games 
through all Greece; of which Nepos says, 
Magnis in laudibus fuisse tota Grxcia victo- 
rem Olympic citari. See also Livy, 1. 33. 
18. Vossius says the people are called con- 
cio, because by a herald fconcieturj called 
together; so a herald is called prceco, be- 
cause fpnecietj he calls the people before 
they assemble. 



324 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et coronat ejus caput viridi Declarat, viridique advelat tempora lauro: 
tres°ju^ncos, 1P et Vma^et M ™eraque in naves, ternos optare juvencos, 
magnum talentum argenti Vinaque, et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum. 
possidendum.^r^em/j^mu- Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores: 
SSariwS^fria^ Victori chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circura 
na. Yictori Cloantho chla- Purpura Mseandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit, 251 

mydem auro intextam, cir- Intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida 

ca quam Melibtea purpura Veloces jaculo cervos cursuque fati^at, 
densaexcurntgemmoflexu, . * ... ... L ° ' 1S 

et regius puer Gany?nedes in AcGr s anhelanti similis; quem praepes ab Ida 
ed intextus, ardens, similis Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis. 
anhelanti, persequiturcm-suLon-gevi pa i mas nequicquam ad sidera tendunt 

et jaculo cervos celert-s in«. ? j' •' r '• . l ^ , 

Idasylvosa; quem voians ar- ^ustodes, saevitque canum latratus in auras, 
miger Jovis pedibus uncis At, qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum: 
rapuit ab Ida in sublime. Levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem 

Irustra series custodes ten- T • T-k 1 i ^ • 

dunt paimas ad astra, et la- Loncam, q.uam Demoleo detraxerat ipse 
tratus canum vkletur furere Victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto, 
in aerem. At postea huic Donat habere viro,decus et tutamen in armis. 

M^to.^SiSaSnSt^" i ? & ? i famuli Phe £ eus Sagarisque ferebant 

habendam loricam, compac- Multiplicem, connixi humeris; indutus at olim 

uim hamis et ornatam tripli- Demoleus, cursu palantes Troas asrebat. 265 

ci hcio auri, ut sit ipsi decus 

et armatura in bello: *,<Eneas ipse victor hanc abstulerat Demoleo juxta rapidum Simoenta et 

prope altam Trojam. Vix ministri Phegeus et Sagaris obnixi humeris portabant illam multiplier 

textu densam; Demoleus autem Hid olim armatus agitabat fuga Trojanos vagos. 



2-55 



260 



NOTES. 



251. Maandro duplici. Maeander was a ri- 
ver in Asia Minor, running- between Caria 
and Ionia into the Jigean sea; so full of 
windings and turnings, that it came to be 
used metaphorically for any windings what- 
ever. 

251. Melibaa was a city in Thessaly, at 
the foot of mount Ossa, famous for the dye- 
ing of purple. 

252. Intextusque puer. The description of 
this beautiful piece of tapestry is extremely 
picturesque. The boy panting, the old 
men lifting up their hands, and above all the 
dogs looking up and barking after him, are 
excellently conceived. Dr. Trapp recom- 
mends it to some masterly hand to attempt 
the painting- of it. He did not know that 
the immortal Angelo, with the omission of 
the dogs, has exactly copied Virgil's de- 
scription. The translation of Mr. Pitt is too 
excellent to be omitted: 

There royal Ganymede, inwrought with 
art. 

O'er hills and forests hunts the bounding 
hart; 

The beauteous youth, all worid'rous to be- 
hold! 

Pants in the moving threads, and lives in 
gold: 

From tow'ring Ida, shoots the bird of Jove, 

And bears him struggling through the 
clouds above; 

With outstretch'd hands his hoary guar- 
dians crv, 



And the loud hounds spring furious to the 
sky. 

252. Puer regius. The boy Ganymede, of 
whom see iEn. I. 28. 

252. Ida was a celebrated mountain, or 
more properly a ridge of mountains, in the 
neighbourhood of Troy. It was the source 
of several rivers, as the SimoVs, Scamander, 
Eranicus, &c. It was covered with fine 
woods (hence the epithet frondosa J which 
abounded with game. The elevation of its 
top opened a beautiful view of the Helles- 
pont and the. adjacent countries. 

255. Jovis armiger. Pliny, enumerating 
such things as are proof against thunder, 
mentions the eagle, and assigns this for the 
reason why that bird is called Jove's ar- 
mour-bearer. — Sicut nee e volucribus aqui- 
lam, quaeob hxc armiger hujus teli fingitur. 
Lib. II. cap. 55. 

261- Simoenta. The Simois rose in Ida 
and fell into the Xanthus. It was much ce- 
lebrated by Homer, but is found by modern 
travellers to be but a small rivulet. Some I 
have even disputed its existence. 

265. Demoleus Troas agebat. This is an 
indirect method of celebrating the valour 
of /Eneas; for if Demoleus was able to drive 
whole squadrons of the Trojans before him 
like so many straggling sheep, how great a 
hero must ne be who slew that conqueror 
of those numerous squadrons! 



jENEIDOS lib. V 



Terwa prsemia dat Gyae, 
duos lebetas ex acre, et po- 
cula connata ftrgehto atque 
scabra figuris. Jamquc ade6 
omnes remunerati, et glo- 
270 riautes opibus, incedebant 
coronati rubris vittis circa 
caput: cumSergestus multe 
labore vix extractus e scopu- 
lo, remis amissis, et spolia- 
tus uno remoftim ordine, 
provebebat navem irrisam 



275 



sine trlorir 



Tertia dona fac^ geminos ex sere lebetas, 
Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis. 
Jamque adeo donati omnes, opibusque superbi, 
Puniceis ibant evincti tempora taeniis: 
Cum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revulsus, 
Amissis remis, atque ordine debilis uno, 
Irrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat. 
Qualis sxpe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, 
jErea quern obliquum rota transiit, aut gravis ictu 
Seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator: 
Nequicquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus; 
Parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla 
Arduus attollens; pars vulnere clauda retentat 
Nexantem nodos, seq; in sua membra plicantem. 
Tali remigio navis se tarda movebat: 
Vela facit tamen, et plenis subit ostia velis, 
Sergestum iEneas promisso munere donat, 
Servatam ob navem lsetus sociosque reductos. 
Olli serva datur, operum baud ignara Minervas, 
Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub ubere nati, 

Hoc pius ./Eneas misso certamine, tendit 
Gramineum in campum, quern collibus undiq; cu 
Cingebant sylvae: mediaque in valle theatri 

vem et socios reductos, donat Sergestum promisso praemio. Datur illi serva, haud inseia artis 
Minervie, Cressa secundiim genus, nomine Pholoe, et bini fib'i ad ejus ubera. Pius iEneas dirois- 
so hoc ludo, procedit in campum virentem, quem sylva; in collibus cuvvntis posiice claudebant 
undequaque; et in ima valle erat circuitus theatri, 



Qualis ssepe m- 
terceptus in eminentia vke 
anguis, quem rota serea obli- 
quum trajecit, vel quem\ia- 
tor graviter feriens reliquit 
semimortuum et laceratum 

2gQ saxo: frustra fugiens movet 
corpore longos flexus: parte 
sui ferox, et micans oculis, 
ct sublimis erigens colla si- 
bilantia; pars debilis vulnere 
retardat eum torquentem 
• nodos, et involventem se in 

285 sua membra. Navis tarda 
movebat se talibus remis: ta- 

„ • men vcbs utitur, et intrat 

1 portum velis tumentibus. 
Eneas, gaudens propter na- 



NOTES. 



267. Cymbiaque. The cymbia were oblong 
narrow vessels, in form of a boat, called, 
in Latin, cymba. 

271. Atque ordine debilis uno. Uno ordine is 
not all the oars on one side, as Dr. Trapp 
interprets it, but one tier or bank of oars; 
it being a galley that consisted of three tiers 
of oars, as is said above, Terno consurgunt 
ordine revii. 

273. Vies in aggere. Agger vice signifies pro- 
perly the eminence or highest part of the 
road, which was raised fexaggerebaturj in 
the middle for carrying oft' the rain. 

273. Serpens. Trapp says, " there never 
was a finer simile than this." 

281. Velis plenis, with full sails, to which 
be was necessitated, contrary to the com- 
mon custom; it being usual for those who 
enter the port to let down their sails. 
>v 284. JMinerva. Minerva was invoked by 
fltery artist, and particularly such as work- 
ed in wool and embroidery. It was consi- 
dered the duty of almost every artificer to 
implore her assistance and patronage: 
Hence the poets said, 
Tu nihil invita. dices, facesve Minerva. 
On the contrary, 
Qui bene placarit Pallada, doctus erit. 

285. Cressa f quoad J genus. Cressa, e Cretd. 

285. Pholoe. A female slave, especially a 
"ruitful one, was deemed no mean present by 



the ancients. Sergestes was well rewarded. 
She would be a comforter to him under his 
misfortune. A fine stroke of character in 
iEneas. Catrou. 

287. Gramineum, seems to intend ver- 
dant rather than grassy. Trapp translates 
the passage certainly very feebly, 
" Good iEneas goes 
Into the grassy plain.'* 
Pitt says, 
This contest o'er; with thousands in Ills 

train, 
Mov'd the great hero to a spacious plain. 
High hills the verdant theatre surround, 
&c. 

287. Collibus. A high hill is called mons; 
collis is a low hill, and generally understood 
to be fertile; probably from colo. 

288. Theatri circus erat. The theatre was 
the place at Rome appropriated to scenic 
representations. The Circus was destined 
to the celebration of the Roman games, es- 
pecially the horse races. The Sicilian valleys 
having some resemblance to it, is therefore 
called Circus Theatri. It will be useful to 
the young student to be informed, that the 
Circus, first formed and named by Tarqui- 
nius Priscus, was situated between the A- 
ventine and Palatine hills. It was intended 
for the celebration of the Olympic games, 
and called Circus from circularis. Its form, 



;26 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



290 



295 



quo herosintulitse medium Circus erat, quo se multis cum millions herds 

inter multa millia, et com- r> i- . i- . "v,*" 13 

posito in coetu resedit. line <-°nsessu medium tulit, extructoque resedit. 
invitat valore prxmiorwn a- Hie qui forte velint rapido contendere cursu, 
nimos, qui forte velint cer- Invitat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit. 
%3SZE£S&£t&. U » di 1 ue conveniunt Tcucri, mixtique Sicani: 
jani, et Sicani cum Us mixti: NlSUS et Euryalus, primi. 
primi Nisus et Euryalus. Euryalus forma insignis, viridique juventa; 
^^S|,tS;NiB^. amore. pio pueri: quos deinde secutus 
Nisus, honesto amore pueri: Kegius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores. 
quos deinde sequitur Diores Hunc Salius, simul et Patron; quorum alter Acarnan; 
^ KX ^r'^^lter ab Arcadia, Teges* sanguine gentis. 
qmmtur simul Salius et x um d . uo A rmac ni juvenes, Ely mus Panopesque, 
Patron; quorum alter est Assueti sylvis, comites senioris Acestae. 301 

Acaman: alter ex Arcadia, y[\i\\x pneterea, quos fama obscura recondit. 

e sanguine Tegzei popuh. „ ., / ^ ,.. . , . . 

Postek duo juvenes Siculi, Aneas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus: 
Elymus et Panopes, assueti Accipite haec animis, laetasque advertite mentes: 
sylvis, comites senis Acesta. Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 305 
s=",7 l Qr S 4rr ^IGnossia bina dabo Isevato lucida ferro 

dios JEneas deinde ita locutus est: Percipite hxc animo, et hue applicate laetas mentes. Nullus 
ex hoc numero non recedet remuneratus a me. Dabo reportanda duo tela 



NOTES. 



however, was not perfectly round. It was 
about two thousand feet long- and one thou- 
sand wide. The cavea was the gallery of the 
circus where the people sat in wedges. The 
arena was the middle space of the circus 
where the competitors contended, and was 
usually covered with a fine white or red 
gravel. The euripus was a fosse or cavity 
encircling the arena, and dividing it from 
the cavea about ten feet wide and ten feet 
deep. This was sometimes filled with wa- 
ter. The carceres were places arched over, 
where the chariots were collected before 
the race commenced. The metae were tall 
round stones terminating in three points, 
on each of which was placed an egg. These 
were nearly at the extreme end of the are- 
na; room being left only for the racers or 
chariots to pass beyond them. The spina 
formed a fence which passed the whole 
length of the circus from the carceres to 
the meta, and was usually adorned with co- 
lumns, obelisks, dolphins, statues of the 
gods, &c. 

291. Contendere cursu. The foot race was 
not merely an Olympian exercise; it was a 
frequent military one, and young soldiers 
were accustomed to it for the purpose of 
augmenting their martial strength and agi- 
lity. 

292. Pretits—prcemia. These are not the 
same; prcemia are the rewards themselves; 
pretia their value and dignity. 

294. Nisus et Euryalus. The introducing 
of these two youths in these games pre- 
pares the reader, in some measure, for the 
part they are to fill in the beautiful episode 
in the ninth book. 



296. Amore pio pueri. Pius amor signifies 
a generous, tender, disinterested affection, 
such as that of parents to their children. 
Ruseus renders it chaste; but pius, we think, 
implies a great deal more, and conveys a 
quite different idea. We shall understand 
the force of this fine expression, and how 
justly it is ascribed to Nisus; if we turn to 
the ninth book, where, when Euryalus has 
fallen into the hands of the enemy, Nisus 
calls out to them that he was the offender, 
and obtests them to turn all their fury on 
him, so they would but spare the darling 
boy: 

Me, me: adsum qui feci; in me convertite 
ferrum, 

O Rutuli; mea fraus omnis: nihil iste, nee 
ausus, 

Nee potuit, ccelum hoc et conscia sidera 
testor; 

Tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum. 
298. Salius. Those names are not of the 
poet's own invention: Varro assures us, 
that Salius, in particular, was one of those 
who came into Italy with Evander, and 
there instituted the Salian dance, perform-^ 
ed by persons in armour, in honour <jfl 
Mars. 

306. Gnossia. Gnossus was a famous cityl 
of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The 
name Gnossia tellus is given frequently to 
the whole island. Because Ariadne was 
born here, she was called Gnossis and Gnos- 
sia, and the crown which she received from 
Bacchus, and which was made a constella- 
tion, is called Gnossia Stella- 



jKNELDOS lib. v. 



32: 



Spicula, coelatamque argcnto ferre bipennem: 
Omnibus hie erit unus honos. Tres prsemia primi 
Accipient, flavaque caput nectentur oliva. 
Primus equum pbaleris insignem victor habeto. 
Alter Amazoniam pharetram, plenamque sagittis 
Threiciis; lato quam circum amplectitur auro 
Balteus, et tereti subnectit fibula gemma. 
Tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito. 
Haec ubi dicta: locum capiunt, signoque repente 
Corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt 
Effusi, nimbo similes: simul ultima signant. 
Primus abit, longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus 
Emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocyor alis. 
Proximus huic, longo sed proximus intervallo, 
Insequitur Salius. Spatio post deinde relicto 
Tertius Euryalus. 

Euryalumq; Elymus sequitur. Quo deinde sub ipso 
Ecce volat, calcemque terit jam calce Diores, 
Incumbens humero: spatia et si plura supersint, 
Transeat elapsus prior, ambiguumve relinquat. 
Jamque fere spatio extremo fessique sub ipsum 
Finem adventabant: levi cum sanguine Nisus 
Labitur infelix; caesis ut forte juvencis 



Cnossia rutilantia lscvigato 
ferro, et securim tectum cu;- 
lato argcnto: Hoc pnemium 
erit simile omnibus. Tres 
3 10 primi referent numcra alia, 
et coronabuntur pallida oleA. 
circa caput. Primus victor 
habcat equum decoratum 
phaleris. Secundus phare- 
tram Amazoniam et reple- 
tarn sagittis Tbraciis; quam 
** * 5 latus balteus ex auro circum- 
ambit> et fibula nectit gem- 
ma tereti. Tertius abeat 
contentus hac casside Argo- 
lica. Postquam li£ec dicta 
sunt, sumunt locum: et au- 
320 dito signo statim aggrediun- 
tur curriculum: et relin- 
quunt limen elapsi, similes 
nimbo: simul attendunt ad 
terminum. Primus currit Ni- 
sus, et exilit longe ante om- 
nes socios, velocior et ventis 
325 et alis fulminis. Proximus ab 
eo, sed post longum inter- 
vallum proximus, sequitur 
Salius. Turn spatio post Sa- 
lium relicto Euryalus ter- 
tius. Elymusque" sequitur 
Euryalum. Deinde juxta 
nunc ipsum statim currit Diores, et jam fricat ejus calcem calce, imminens alteri ejus humero: 
et si longius restaret spatium; pi\eteriret eum elapsus prior, aut relinqueret dubium. Jamque 
pene in ultimo curi'iculo positi, etfatigati accedebant ad ipsum terminum: cum miser Nisus cadit 
humido in sanguine, quippe mactatis juvencis, forte sanguis 



NOTES. 



307. Spicula. The spiculum was a kind of 
dart or missive weapon, of about five feet 
and a half in length, tipped with steel of a 
triangular form. It is the same with what 
was otherwise called pilum, a military wea- 
pon used by foot- soldiers, which, in a 
charge, they darted at the enemy. 

309. Fla<v&. This alludes to the conquer- 
ors at the Olympic games, who were crown- 
ed with garlands of olive leaves, which are 
of a colour somewhat pale, inclining to yel- 
low: 

Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit oliv^e. 
Eel. V. 16. 

310. Phaleris. The phalerse were the or- 
naments of horses; particularly the trap- 
pings of the head. r« $axa<>ct, from paw, lu- 
ce o 

m 311. Amazoniam pharetram. A quiver of 
the same form with those which the Ama- 
zons used. 

313. Tereti,- lqng, round, tapering. 

316. Limenque relinquunt. In the Roman 
circus, when brought to its height of mag- 
nificence, the racers started from under a 
kind of portico, whose threshold they over- 
leaped. Hence the word limen signifies the 
starting place. In a temporary circus, such 



as this which is here mentioned, a line 
drawn on the sand served for the barrier. 

316. Corripiunt spatia. The spatia were 
the stages or bounds in racing; so that cor- 
ripiunt spatia signifies precisely in English, 
they start, they snatch the first ground. 

317. Nimbo similes. An elegant meta- 
phor, says Minelius, by which the poet in- 
timates the rapidity of their course. 

317. Ultima signant; that is, ultima spatia 
signant oculis. 

324. Calcemque terit calce. That is, they 
ran side by side; as is plain from the ex- 
pression incumbens humero, Diores leaned 
or pressed on one of Elymus' shoulders. 

325. Spatia si plura super si fit. Dr. Trapp 
interprets this, — Had room more wide been 
given him. But spatia, as has been said al- 
ready, are the stages, or the whole space of 
ground over which they were to run. Vir- 
gil's meaning, therefore, plainly is, that 
they had almost reached the end of the 
race, when Diores overtook Elymus, and 
was so near him, that if there had been 
more ground to run, he would probably 
have gotten the start of him; or at least 
have equalled him, and made it doubtful 
which of them had the advantacre. 



323 .P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

snpcrfiisns madefecerat tor- Fusus humum viridesq; super madefeccrat herbas. 

K?*,^ Hic J uvenis > J. am victo1 ' 0van 5> vestigia presso 331 

toiyionfirmavitpedemcom- Haud tenuit tiiubata solo: sed pronus in ipso 
pressa terra vacillantem.-sed Concidit immundoque firao sacroque cruore. 
P.ouus cecidit in ipsum fi- N Kuryali, non ille oblitus amorum: 

mnmque obscumum sangui- . _ J . ' .. . 

rtemqne satanwn. Non tamen Nam sese opposuit balio, per lubrica surgens; 335 
die oblitus es*JBuryali,rteqiuj Ule autem spissa jacuit revolutus arena. 
amoris: nam surgens in lu- Em i cat Euryalus, et munere victor amici 

brico loco opposuit se balio; _. . ' . , - . 

itle aatem jaciiit snpinus in Pnma tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo. 

densa arena. Exilit Eun a- Post Elymus subit, et nunc tertia palma Diores. 

lus, et victor beneficio amici Hic totum caveae consessum intends, et ora 340 

occupat prmium locum, vo- „ . -or 1 -i 1 ^ 

latque plausu et acclama- Prima patrum magnis Salms clamonbus implet; 
tione tavente. Postea succe- Ereptumque dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem. 
dit Elymus, et mox Diores Tutatur favor Eurvalum, lachrymaeque decorae, 

tertms victor. 1 unc balius ^ . , * J . . 

implet magnis clamoribus Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. 

catum omnem sedentem in Adjuvat, et magna proclamat voce Diores: 345 

raagno tbeatro, et conspec- q u [ subiit palmse; frustraque ad prsemia venit 

turn primorum procerum: TT i ,• • * •• • ■•« j j . V 

et postulat sibi ristitui glo- Ultima, si primi baho redduntur honores. 

riam t'raude ereptam. Favor Turn pater jEneas: Vestra, inquit, munera vobis 

et decens Actus, et virtus Certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet ordine nemo.. 

S^SmS! Me Uceat casus miseren insontis amici. 350 

Juvat eum, et" magna voce Sic fatus, tergum Gaetuli immane leonis 

claraat Diores: qui successit Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis. 

tertius victorise; et frustra 

accessit ad ultimum praemium, si prima gloria restituitur Salio. Tunc pater JBoeas: Vestra 
prcemia vobis stant certa, 6 juvenes, et nemo mutabit ordine vlctoriam. Liceat me misereri casus 
amici insontis. Sic locutus, dat Salio magnam peliem Gtetuli leonis, gravem villis et auratam un- 
guibus. 

NOTES. 

332. Titubata. Titubo, to reel, to trip, is verb to two nouns, though in strictness of 

■a neuter verb; but is here used as a pas- speech it suits only with one of them Im- 

sive one. plet consessum is what any author may say; 

334. Oblitus amorum. Mr. Pope says, " I but implet prima ora patrum, is only to be 

am of opinion, that in this foot race Homer allowed in poetry. Here, again, he seems 

has shown more judgment and morality to have had Lucretius in his eye: 

than Virgil. Nisus, in the latter, is unjust Namque ibi consessum caveai subter et 

to his adversary in favour of his friend Eu- omnem 

ryalus: so that Euryalus wins the race by Scenai' speciem patrum — inficiunt. 

palpable fraud; and yet the poet gives him Lib. IV. 76. 

the first prize; whereas Homer makes 344. Veniens in corpore virtus. Veniensheve 

Ulysses victorious, purely through the mis- has the signification of existens or apparens. 

chance of Ajax and his own piety in invok- It is used elsewhere in the same way, as 

ing Minerva.*' One cannot however but be Geor. I. 29. 

charmed at the manner in whicli Virgil An Deus immensi venias maris, 

keeps up the characters of all the persons And Hor. Art. Poet. 400. 

he introduces; of which this action of Ni- Sic honor etnomen divinis vatibus atque 

sus, in endeavouring to be as serviceable as Carminibus venit. 

possible to his friend, is a beautiful in- 346. Ad pr<emia venit ultima. The firsifl 

stance. three were each of them to have a prizeS 

339. Tertia palma Diores. Palma, the v. 308; so that Diores, who was next to 1 
prize or victory, is here put for the con- Elymus, was entitled to the last prize, if 
queror himself. Salius should be set aside, and Euryalus be 

340. Cavece. The middle part or area in allowed to have the first. 

'.he Roman theatre was called cavea, be- 351. Gcetuli. Getulia (or Beledulgerid) 

cause it was considerably lower than the has been famous for wild beasts, 

other parts. Here the people had their 352. Unguibus aureis. The furs of lions, 

seats, and it was so capacious as sometimes and other wild beasts, were worn in ancient 

to hold eighty thousand men. times by persons of distinction, and the 

340. Conse sum, et ora patrum implet. This claws used sometimes to be gilt for orna- 

: s another instance where Virgil applies one ment and show. 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



329 



Hie Nisus: Si tanta, inquit, sunt praemia victis, 
Et te lapsorum miseret; quae muncra Niso 
Digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam; 
Ni me, quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset? 
Et simul his dictis faciem ostentabat, et lido 
Turpia membra fimo. Kisit pater optimus olli, 
Et clypeum efferri jussit, Didymaonis artes, 
Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. 
Hoc juvenem egregium pracstanti munere donat. 

Post ubi confecti cursus, et dona peregit: 
Nunc, si cui virtus anlmusque in pectore p 'aesens, 
Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis. 
Sic ait, et geminum pugnae proponit honorem: 
Victori velatum auro vittisque juvencum; 
Ensem, atque insignem galeam, solatia victo. 
Nee mora: continuo vastis cum viribus effert 
Ora Dares, magnoque virum se murmure tollit: 
Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra: 
Idemq; ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, nibus. Sic dixit, et propoi 

geminum premium certaminis: victori juvencum tectum auro et tseniis; victo gladium et pul- 
chram cassidem, ad solatium. Nee mora est: statim Dares erigit vultum immani cum robore, 
et attollit se magno cum fremitu hominum: qui solus solebat certare cum Paride: et qniidaSYa 
ad sepulchrum, ubi maximus Hector recumbit, 



Tunc Nisus ait, Si tanta mu- 
ncra dantur victis, et te mi- 
seret eorum qui ceciderunt: 

J 55 q UCe (] a bis digna dona mihi 
Niso, qui meruissem virtute 
primam coronam, nisi ad- 
versa eadem fortuna, qui 
obstitit Salio, mibi quo- 
que obstitisset? Ac simul 

3 gO hffic dicendo ostendebnt 
vultum, et membra fceda- 
ta humido fimo. Pater op- 
timus JEneas arrisit illi: tt 
imperavit clypeum efTer- 
ri, opus Did) r maonis, erep- 
tum a Grascis e portis Nep- 

365 tunodicatis. Donat egregium 
juvenem hoc ir.signi prsemio. 
Deinde postquam absoluti 
sunt cursus, et perfecit re- 
munerationem: Nunc, ait, si 
virtus est alicui et animus 

T70 P r£esens m pectore, accedat, 
et erigat brachia ligatis ma- 



NOTES 
353. Si tanta. The force of the words of 
Nisus is this: I and Salius have both fallen; 
but I first, and he after me, came to the 
goal. If he be rewarded, why should I re- 
main destitute? 

355. Merui laude. Lausheve signifies vir- 
tue or merit; as jEn. I. 461. 

Sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi. 

356. Fortuna inimica tulisset. This, we are 
told by the learned commentators, is by an 
hypallage for tulissem inimicum fortunam. 
But this is such an enormity and perversion 
of all the rules of language, that it ought 
never to be admitted, if it can be avoided. 
Fero signifies often to bear down, to over- 
power, or get the better of, as Eel. IX. 51. 

Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque. 
And why may it not be explained here in 
the same sense? 

358. Risit pater opth '<s. Mr. Addison 
says, there is but one laugh in the whole 
JEneid, and that is when Menoetes was seen 
overboard. This passage looks very much 
like another laugh. 

360. Neptuni sacro. Servius conjectures, 
not improbably, that this is a buckler which 
Pyrrhus had taken from Neptune's temple 
at the reduction of Troy, and that, after the 
death of Pyrrhus, it had fallen into the 
hands of Helenus, who made a present of 
it to JEneas at his departure from Epirus. 

360. De poste refixum. It was usual to fix 
up arms won from the enemy on the door- 
posts of the temples, as consecrated offer- 
ings +o the god's. 



366. Velatum auro. It was customary tp 
adorn the oxen with fillets, and gild their 
horns, both when they were designed for 
sacrifice, and also when they were to be; 
given away as rewards of merit. Of this 
custom mention is made in the Acts of the 
Apostles, chap. xiv. 11 — 13. " And when 
the people saw what Paul had done, they 
lift up their voices, saying in the speech of 
Lycaonia, the gods are come down to us 
in the likeness of men. And they called 
Barnabas, Jupiter, and Paul, Mercurius, 
because he was the chief speaker. Then 
the priest of Jupiter which was before their 
city brought oxen and garlands unto tlje 
gates, and would have done sacrifice with 
the people." 

370. Paridem. Paris, the son of Priam 
and Hecuba, though dissolute and effemi- 
nate in his morals, yet appears from Homer 
to have been naturally strong and valiant, 
and to have always behaved himself well 
in arms, except, as Mr. Pope observes, 
when his spirits were depressed with the 
consciousness of his injustice. He is said to 
have been superior to Hector in the gaunt- 
let fight. 

371. £hto maximus occubat Hector. Dares 
Phrygius writes, that, upon the death of 
Hector, there was a truce for two months 
between the Trojan and Grecian armies; 
during which time, games were celebrated 
by the former at Hector's tomb; and in 
these Dares the combatant had tried his 
skill. 






r 



330 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



pcrcussit Buten illustrem Victorem Buten immani corpore, qui se 
SEJVEuff $&3l A- gebrypi* veniens Amyci de gente ferebat, 
myci, et prostravit eMffi mo- Perculit, et tulva monbundum extendit arena. 
rientem in arena fulva. Ta- Talis prima Dares caput altum in praelia tollit, 375 
lis Dares digit caput altum o sten ditque humeros latos, alternaque iactat 

m prima certamma, et os- _, . . n ■ , , . .* J 

tentat humeros latos, et Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras. 
pomgens jactat brachia al- Quaeritur huic alius: nee quisquam ex agmine tanto 
teriiatim, et verberat icti- Audet adire virum, manibusque inducere caestus. 

bus aerem. Quairitur ai- -r> 1 " • , a! j i nn , 

ter ceriatums cum eo: nee krgo alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palma, 380 
ullus ex tanta turba au- ./Eneas stetit ante pedes: nee plura moratus, 
det se offe'rre huic viro, Turn laeva. taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur: 

et alhirarc exstus marubus. xt .. fa * • i ± j 

Ergolf c u»s,etsperanssupe- Nate P ea > sl nem0 audet se credere pugnae, 

rare omnes victoria, stetit ad Quse nnis standi? quo me decet usque teneri? 

pedes ^nese: s nee diutius Ducere dona iube. Cuncti simul ore fremebant 385 

SS,,r,aS™ eo™!;: Dardanid*, reddique viro promissa jubebant. 

et sic loquitur: Nate dea, si Hie gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes, 

nemo audet contendere me- Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbse: 

^S^ttKSSi nfe,,e > heroum quondam fortissimo frustra, 

ri? imperame abducerepra- 1 antane tarn patiens nullo certamine tolh 390 

mium. Simul omnes Trojani Dona sines? ubi nunc nobis Deus ille, magister 

fremebant, etvolebantpra;.]^- e( , ll ^ C q Uam me moratus Eryx? ubi fama per omnem 

mia reddi viro. 1 unc Aces- * l J r 

tes graviter increpat verbis Entellum, quippe sederat proximus in viridi lecto herbarum: En- 

telle, qui frustv&fuisti olim fortissimus heroum: an permittes tarn patiens tanta prsemia auferri 

sine pugna? ubi nunc est Deus ille Eryx, frustra dictus nobis a te magister tuus? ubi est fama 

aparsa per totam 



NOTES. 



372. Buten. Not that Butes mentioned a- 
bove, who was the son of Amycus, and fa- 
ther of Eryx; for this Eryx combated with 
Hercules, and was slain by him, verse 412, 
consequently his father Butes must have 
been dead long before Dares' days. He 
must therefore have been another person of 
the' same name, who lived in the time of 
Hector; and boasted to be of the race of 
Amycus, like the first Butes. 

373. Bebrycid gente. Bebryciawas the ori- 
ginal name of Bithynia, a province of Asia, 
near the Euxine sea, not far from Pontus. 
Here reigned Amycus, who is said to have 
received no strangers into his dominions, 
but on condition that they would combat 
him with the cestus. He was at last van- 
quished and slain by Pollux, one of the Ar- 
gonauts. 

o77- Ictibus auras. 
Thus glorying in his strength, in open view, 
His arms around, the tow'ring Dares 

threw, 
Stalk'dhigh and laid his brawny shoulders 

bare, 
And dealt his whistling blows in empty 
air. 
We seem, says Trapp, to be within the 
wind of these leaden fists, and are in some 
concern for our own jaws. 

384. Quce Jinis. Virgil loves to use this 

noun as a feminine one. JEn. II. 554. Hac 

^^ttz-^riamifatorii-m- Cicero commonly em- 




ploys it as masculine; usque ad eum jinem, 
&c. 

385. Dona jube; eos, or rather me being 
understood. Command me, goddess-born, 
to take the prize. 

385. Cuncti simul ore fremebant. Never 
was a story more finely wrought than this. 
Boasting and insult receive their chastise- 
ment; an inconsiderate exultation is follow- 
ed with a doleful reverse, ^o a Sicilian, in 
compliment to the hospitable Acestes, the 
victory is given. Commiseration with the 
aged Entellus, pleasure that in so dangerous 
a combat Dares is not killed, astonishment, 
at the aroused vigour which could prostrate 
a bull with a blow, successively occupy and 
entertain the reader. 

386. Reddique jubebant. The word jubeo 
has not always the force of a command, as 
is evident from the common phrase, jubeo 
te sahere. Some will have it to be a mili- 
tary term, and that the soldiers were said 
jubere when they expressed their sentiments 

by loud acclamations. 

386. Promissa. The rewards; they were 
promised to the first at the csestus. They 
are therefore as truly the property of Dares, 
in the opinion of the Trojans, as though 
they had been promts ed to him personally. 

392. Eryx. Eryx was a son of Butes and 
Venus, who, relying on his strength, chal- 
lenged all strangers to fight with him in the 
combat of the csestus. Hercules accepted 



lJS& 




/ENEIDOS LIB. V 



331 



frinacriam, et spolia ilia tuis pendentia tectis? Siciliam, el ilia spolia bus- 

Ille sub hsc: Non laudis amor, nee gloria cesrit g«* J,™ S*"** 

Pulsa melu: sed enim gelidus tardante senccta o95 dis, nee gloria fugatajter ii- 

Sanguis hebet, frigentque effoetae in corpore vires. morem: at vero sanguis tVi- 

Si mihi, qu* quondam fuerat, quaque improbus iste f lu ; s ^J^f *\ ctut ? ■gT 

_, , '-. l , l . r .it • dante, et vires exhausts frl- 

Exultat fadens, si nunc foret ilia juventa; gescmn in corpore. Si mihi, 

Haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque juvenco si nunc mihi adesset ilia ju 



4Q0 ventus, quaj admit olim, et 
qua improbus iste gaudet 
cum confideiuia; accessissem 
ad pugnam, non certe invi- 
tatus praemio et formoso ju- 
venco: nee euro premium. 
Sic locutus, postea projecit 
405 in medium duos cwstus mng- 
ni ponderis: cum quibus E- 
ryx aniens solebat inferre 
manus in pugnam, et cin- 
gere brachia duro corio. Ob- 
stupuerunt animi spectato- 
j IQ rum: tanti erant boves, quo- 
rum septem magna coria ri- 
gescebant plumbo et i'erro 
insuto. Dares ipse obstupe- 
scit prse ceteris, et multum 
abnuit pugnare,- et gene- 
rosus films A'nchisse versat hue illuc et pondus et ipsa ingentia involucra ligaminum. Time 
senex Entellus emittebat-e peetore talia verba: Quid, si aliquis vestrum vidisset crestus, et arma 
ipshrs Herculis, et triste certamen in hoc ipso litore? Eryx frater tuus ferebat olim htee arma. 
Vides adhuc ea fcedata sanguine, et cerebro sparso. 



Venissem: nee dona moror. Sic deinde locutus 
In medium geminos immani pondere caestus 
Projecit: quibus acer Eryx in praelia suetus 
Ferre manum, duroque intendere brachia tergo. 
Obstupuere animi: tantorum ingentia septem 
Terga bourn plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. 
Ante omnes stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat 
Magnanimusque Anchisiades, et pondus, et ipsa 
Hue illuc vinclorum immensa voiumina versat. 
Turn senior tales referebat peetore voces: 
Quid si quis csestus ipsius et Herculis arma 
Vidisset, tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam? 
Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat. 
Sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque infecta cerebro. 



NOTES. 



his challenge after many had yielded to his 
superior dexterity. Eryx was killed in the 
combat, and buried on the mountain where 
he h^d built a temple to Venus. 

394. Sub /uec Sub for ad or post. 

396. Effata. Those females are properly 
effcetie who have borne many children. En- 
tellus intimates that age had reduced him 
to female weakness. 

401. Ccestus. The ccestus was a sort of lea- 
thern guard for the hands, composed of 
thongs, and commonly filled with lead or 
iron, to add force and weight to the blow: 
though others, indeed, will have it to have 
been a kind of whirlbat or bludgeon of 
wood, with lead at one end. But the de- 
scription Virgil gives of these weapons, 
particularly when he calls them immensa 
voiumina vinclorum, 408, and says, 425, 
Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit ar- 
mas, 
agrees to the former idea, and by no means 
to the latter. They were tied about the arm 
as high as the elbow, both as a guard to the 
arm, and to keep them from sliding off. 
Some derive the name from xerav, r. girdle; 
others from cxdo, to kill; which last an- 
swers well enough to the nature of a com- 
bat so cruel and bloody, that Lycurgus 
made a law forbidding the Lacedemonians 
to practise it. 

404. Animi; spectantium understood. 

406. Longeque recusat. Longe here is not 



at a distance, as Dr. Trapp renders it, but 
it has the force of valde, as we often read 
longe falleris, longe aliter evenit, longe mihi 
alia mens est, and the like. 

411. Tristemque pugnam. The combat is 
called tristis, woful, or bloody, because 
Eryx was slain in it by Hercules. The oc- 
casion of the combat is thus related: Her- 
cules having put to death Geryon, king of 
Spain, was returning with his booty, which 
was a herd of fine oxen; and having visited 
Sicily in his way, received a challenge from 
Eryx, king of the island, to fight him with 
the gauntlet. If the victory should devolve 
to Eryx, he was to have Hercules* oxen; 
but, if he should be vanquished, the whole 
island of Sicily was to be Hercules' pro- 
perty. Thus Eryx lost both his life and his 
crown. 

413. Infecta cerebro. It was lately remark- 
ed by a gentleman visiting the British Mu- 
seum, that how great soever the rudeness 
of Indian nations might be, their idols and 
implements of war, there exhibited, amply 
evinced that they had learned to violate the 
two grand principles of mora) law, love to 
God and love to our neighbour. False theology 
and habits of cruelty are usually associates. 
It was congenial with paganism to exhibit 
gauntlets stained with blood and spattered 
with brains; but Christianity turns her head 
from the shocking spectacle with horror 
and aversion. 



332 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

His pugn&vit adversiis mag- His magnum Alciden contra stetit: bis ego suetus, 
EtSSgZ&SXZ S um meli °'' vires sanguis dabat, aemula necdum 4.5 
calidior priebebat robur, et Temporibus gemims canebat sparsa senectus. 
nondum senectus smuia al- Sed si nostra Dares haec Troius arma recusat, 

bescebatsparsautrisquetem- I(l • sedet ^ ne2e pro bat auctor Acestes; 

ponbus capitis. At si Da- ^ n r „ ' *. ., . . * 

res Trojanus recusat arma ^quemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto, 
hsec nostra, ct si id placet Solve metus: et tu Trojanos exue caestus. 420 

pio yEneie, idque probat A- jt^c f a tus, duplicem ex humeris deiecit amictum: 
eestes auctor hujus pu&nx; r , r , J . 

sequaliter pugnemus Uepo- kt magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa, lacertosq; 
no tui causa coria Erycis, Exuit: atque ingens media consistit arena. 
depone timorem: tu quoque Tum satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos, 
auter caestus 1 roianos. Ilaec t^. ., , , *. . . * . _ 

locutus, deponit ex humeris Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis. 425 

geminum amictum: et nudat Constitit in digitos extempld arrectus uterque, 
magnos artus membrorum, Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. 
SSIS^ Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu: 
Tunc pater ^neasfilius An- Immiscentque manus manibus, pugnamq; lacessunt 
chis* extulit caestus aequales, m e , pedum melior motu, fretusque juventa: 430 

&K*S5L*33:Hte> -embriset mole valens; sed tarda trementi 
que stetit erectus in articu- denua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhehtus artus. 
los pedum, et intrepidus e- Multa viri nequicquam inter se vulnera jactant, 
resit brachiainaltumaerem. Multa cavo lateri ingeminant, et pectore vastos 
Retro averterunt ab ictu al- ^ . ** 7 l . . „ j 

ta capita, et miscent manus Dar >t sonitus: erratq; aures et tempora circum 43 o 
manibus, et pro vocantcerta-Crebra manus: duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. 
men. Ille, fortior agilitate s ta t gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem: 
pedum, et defensus mven- -, ° A . JV * ,. . ., ... 

tute: hie, robustus vastitate Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. 
membrorum; sed genua pig r a vacillant trementi, et difficilis anhelitus agitat vasta membra. Illi 
viri frustra inter se minantur multas plagas, multas ingerunt cavis lateribus, et edunt magnos 
sonitus pectore: et frequens manus vagatur circa aures ac tempora, et malse crepitant sub gravi- 
bus ictibus. Entellus consistit gravis, et immotus in eodem statu, tantummodo eludit ' tus cor- 
pore et oculis vigilantibus. 

NOTES. 

414. Alciden. Hercules, though he was litudeof a pitched battle, where the two ar- 
the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, was also mies commonly begin the attack by slight 
styled Amphitryoniades, from Amphitryo, skirmishes, till the whole rage of the war 
Alcmena's husband; and Alcides, from Al- be kindled, and the martial fury of every 
ceus, the father of Amphitryo. warrior roused. 

415. J&mula senectus. Some will have old 429. Pug nam. Some copies have pugnas. 
age to be called emulous, because it is apt 431. Membris et mole. This phrase is 
to envy the strength and. vigour of youth, equivalent to mole membrorum; as, in the 
and emulate their feats in vain. But old age first book, we find molemque et monies for 
may be more naturally styled emulous or molem montium. 

envious, on account of the many evils and 432. Genua labant, &c. Virgil, to repre- 

infirmities it brings along with it, and the sent an old man feeble and panting for 

few comforts it yields; as if it envied men breath, lengthens the verse by the addition 

the enjoyment of life. In the same sense of a supernumerary syllable, giving us a 

Horace calls time envious: proceleusmaticus at the beginning, so that 

Dum loquimur, fugerit invida one is almost out of breath in the very read- 

Mtv®. Lib. I. Ode XL ingof it. 

416. Temporibus. The temples are so 434. Vastos. As vastus is more usually 
called, because on them gray hairs, indica- applied to matter and surface than to sound, 
lors of the flight of time, are first seen. the copies which present us with vasto 

418. Auctor Acestes: because it was by A- agreeing with pectore are here to be pre- 

cestes' persuasion that Entellus engaged in ferred. 

the combat. 438. Exit,- actively for eludet, evitat. So 

426. Digitos, toes, tiptoe. Digitus usually JEn. II. 750. vim viribus exit. 

signifies a finger, but here the toe; for a 438. Tela. Tela, which is derived from 

toe, as the French name it, is really doigt du t»;.j, longe, is applied to missile weapons, 

piiy a finger of the foot. such as darts and arrows, which may be 

429. Pugnamqtie lacessunt,' after the simi-. thrown from a high place to a considerable 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



O J. 



Alter, sictil qui iuvadit ur, 

440 ^ cm mac l ,ln!s » :iUt - ( ! u '' ot,Kl •■ 
<!et in armia montana oasteA* 
la, sic pervestigat dolose 
nunc hos nunc illos aditus, 
et oranein locum, et eum 
premit frustra variis impres- 
sionibus. Entellus insurgent 

445 ostendit dextram, et alte 
erexit: alter celer praevidit 
ietum immissutn a capite, et 
levicorpore elapsus effugit. 
Entellus effiidit impetum in 
auras, et ipse gravis et gra- 
viter pi'ocumbit ultro in ter- 
'^ ram magno pondere: ut ali- 



Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbein, 

Aut mootana sedet circum castella sub armis; 

Nunc hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque pererrat 

Arte locum, ct variis assultibus irriuis urget. 

Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus, et alte 

Extulit: ille ictum venientem a vertice velox 

Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit. 

Entellus vires in ventum effudit, et ultro 

Ipse gravis graviterque ad terram pondere vasto 

Concidit: ut quondam cava concidit, aut Erymantho, 

Aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pin us. 

Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes: 

It clamor ccelo: primusque accurrit Acestes, quando pinus cariosa evulsa 

jEquaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum. radicibus proeumbit, in Ery. 

At non tardatus casu, neque territu. heros: — > - g^ff^ 

Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira: surgunt diverm animis: cla- 

Turn pudor incendit vires, et conscia virtus: 455 mores mittuntur ad coelum: 

Precipitemque Daren ardens agit squore toto; - tSS&B&fi&t 

Nunc dextra. mgeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra. micum sequwvum. Sed heros 

Nee mora, nee requies: quam multa grandine nimbi non tardatus est, nee terri- 

Culminibus crepitant; sic densis ictibus heros 

Creber utraque manu pulsat versatq; Dareta, 

Turn pater tineas, procedere longius iras, 

Et saevire animis Entellum haud passus acerbis 

Sed finem imposuit pugnae; fessumque Dareta 

Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia fatur. 

Infelix! quae tanta animum dementia cepit? 

Non vires alias, conversaque numina sends? 

spissis ictibus heros utraque manu frequens verberat et agitat Dareta. Tunc pater iEneas nOn 
passus est iras progredi ulterius, et Entellum furere animo crudeli; sed indixit finem certaminis; 
et subduxit lassum Dareta, solans eum verbis, et talia loquitur: Infelix! quae tanta insania occupa' 
vit mentem: nonne experiris aliud robur, et mutatos Deos? 



tus Mo casu: redit ardentior 
ad pugnam, et ira revocat 

460 roui)r: pi-seterea pudor et 
fortitudo sibi cognita inflam- 
mat vires: et ardens urget 
toto campo currentem Da- 
reta; nunc dextera, nunc 
idem sinistra ingerens ictus. 

4g5 Nee est mora, nee requies: 
quam spissa grandine crepi- 
tant nimbi super tectis; tam 



NOTES. 



distance. Yet the word is also used for any 
kind of arms. For a. sword, iEn. 9. 747. 
" At non hoc teium, mea quod vi dextera 

versat 
Effugies: neque enim is teli nee vulneris 

auctor." 
Here it is used for cestuses. 
439. Molibus; mounds, men, toils. 
446. Fires in ventum. The apostle Paul 
refers to this waste of unsuccessful blows: 
(I Cor. ix. 26.) So fight I not as one that 
beateth the air. 

446. Ultro. Of his own accord; from him- 
self, not from any stroke of Dares: by the 
natural tendency of his own body; having 
lost his center of gravity. 

447. Ipse gravis graviterque. The ipse gra- 
vis refers to Entellus* natural weight and 
unwieldiness, and the graviter to the vio- 
lence of the shock he had given himself in 
missing the blow aimed at Dares. Homer 
in the same way says, fttyas /u.eyaxccn- 

448. Erymantho. Erymanthus was a fa- 
mous forest in Arcadia, where Hercules 
slew the celebrated boar. 



452. Ab humo attollit amicum. By the laws 
of the combat, if one of the parties fell, his 
antagonist was not to take the advantage 
thereof, but allow him to rise again to the 
encounter. 

455. Virtus. Three of the most powerful 
motives that can fire the human soul afford 
their energies, at the same moment: indig- 
nation, shame, and conscious valour. 

458. Grandine nimbi. The comparisons 
here employed by Virgil are so short and so 
judicious, that the description acquires spi- 
rit by their introduction. Entellus stands as 
a besieged tower, falls like an Eryman- 
thean pine, and rising, deals his blows about 
the hapless Dares, fierce and frequent as 
hail stones. 

463. Fessumque Dareta eripuit. Virgil, who 
mostly follows Homer throughout the 
whole course of these games, has varied 
from him in the event of this combat with 
admirable judgment, and with an improve- 
ment of the moral. He gives his readers 
the pleasure of seeing a proud arrogant 
boaster humbled by an infirm old man, rou« 



334 



P. VIRGILII MARONJS 



Cede Deo. Sic dixit, et Cede Deo. Dixitque, et praelia voce diremit. 
dicendoabmpitpugnam. At A , •„ c ,. ^ , v ," 

fideles socii j5a«?fc* du- Ast ,Ilum fidl aequales, genua aegra trahentem, 
cunt ad naves ilium, trahen-Jactantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem 
tern genua infii'ma, et mo- Q re rejectantem mixtosq; in sanguine dentes, 470 

tantem utrmque caput, etn i j 1 . 

exspuentem ore spissum Duc .unt ad naves: galeamque ensemque vocati 
sanguinem, ac dentes mixtosAccipiunt; palmam Entello taurumq; relirtquunt. 
cum sanguine: et vocati ab Hie victor, superans animis, tauroque superbus: 
££!?££££ En! Nate Dea, vosque hsec, inquit, cognosce Teucri, 
tello taurum et palmam. kt mini quae fuerint juvenili m corpore vires, 475 
Tunc victor, elatus animo, Et qua. servetis revocatum a morte Dareta. 

v3?SmV!«J! " ixit ; et adversi , contra steti f ora i uvenci > 

haec animadvertite, et quale W ul donum astabat pugnae: durosque reducta 

robur mihi fuerit in corpore Libravit dextra. media inter cornua caestus 

juvenili, et e quali morte Arduus, effractoque illisit in ossa cerebro. 480 

enpiatis hberatum Dareta. a , . . M . ... . . 

Sic locutus est, et stetit ad- ^ternitur, exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos 

versus caput oppositi tauri, I.lle super taies effudit pectore voces; 

qui stabat prsemium certa- Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Da 

minis: et sublimis, manu re- /• ' - 

ducta, impegit duros caestus retlS 

inter media cornua, et im- Persolvo: hie victor caestus artemq; repono. 

misit eos in ossa perrupto Protinus iEneas celeri certare sagitta 



cerebro. Sternitur bos, et r •*. *. • r «.% t« *. ■ » A 

orocidit in terram In vitat, qui forte vehnt, et praemia ponit: 



48; 



tremens procidit in terram 

moribundus. Ule super bove Ingentique manu malum de nave Seresti 

profert e pectore talia verba: O Eryx, immolo tibi pro morte Daretis hanc vitam potiorem: hie 
victor depono artem et caistus. Statim JEneas invitat qui forte velint contendere sagittis, et 
proponit praemia: et magna manu attollit malum de nave Seresti: 



NOTES. 



sed by his courage to engage in an unequal 
match: whereas, in the Iliad, the younger 
and stronger of the two combatants van- 
quishes the other; which, not being very 
extraordinary, contributes nothing to the 
surprise or pleasure of the spectators. ' 

467. Cede Deo. Dr. Trapp and others 
would have it to be meant either of Eryx or 
Entellus: but it may rather refer to that 
god by whom Entellus was aided. This 
agrees best with what goes before, 

Non vires alias, conversaque numina 
sentis? 
and is most suitable to the character of the 
pious iEneas. In strictness of speech, in- 
deed, it implies no more than, Yield to rea- 
son, which is«the voice of God in man. 

471. Vocati. Dares and his friends were 
so mortified by the defeat, that they did 
not think of the inferior prize, and would 
have gone away without it, had they not 
been called (vocati) to receive it. 

481. Procumbit humi bos. Servius (if, in- 
deed, that remark be his, which goes under 
his name) calls this an exceedingly bad 
verse, because it ends with a monosyllable: 
Est autem hie pessimus versus in monosyi- 
laba desinens. On the contrary, the verse 
is to be admired for that very thing which 
ne blames. This abrupt ending of the verse 
is like a rub in a person's way; it forces 
him to stop, and dwell upon the object with 
attention. Thus it is in other examples: 



Insequitur cumulo prseruptus aquae mons. 
An. I. 105. 

Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. 
Hor. Art. Poet. 139. 
Ruit oceano nox. 

JEn. II. 250. 
In all which the monosyllable at the end of 
the verse strikes the ear with a full sound; 
whereby the image it is designed to con- 
vey has time to make a strong and lasting 
impression on the mind. Translators have 
often attempted to imitate the beauty of this 
passage. Mr. Pitt has not amiss succeeded: 

The bull, convulsive with the deadly 
wound, 

Groans, tumbles, rolls, and quivers on the 
ground. 

484. Cestus artemque repono. Alluding to 
the custom of the gladiators in after-times, 
who, when their age exempted them from 
practising the art, hung up the arms of their 
profession on the door-posts of Hercules' 
temple. 

487. Ingenti manu. Servius explains it 
■magna multitudine, With a numerous band: 
but we would rather render it simply With 
his mighty hand, because in this Virgil co- 
pies Homer almost word for word. And in 
him Achilles is represented doing all this 
himself, which is here ascribed to iEneas; 
though at the same time it is well enough 
known that what commanders order others 
to do, they are said to do themselves. 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



335 



Erigit; et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam, 
Quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit abalto. 
Convenere viri, dejectamque aerea sortem 
Accepit galea: et primus clamore secundo 
Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoontis: 
Quern modo navali Mnestheus certamine victor 
Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. 
Tertius Eurytion, tuus, 6 clarissime, frater, 
Pandare: qui quondam, jussus confundere foedus, 
In medios telum torsisti primus Achivos. 
Extremus galeaque ima. subsedit Acestes, 
Ausus et ipse man a juvenum tentare laborem. 
Turn validis fiexos incurvant viribus arcus 
Pro se quisque viri, et depromunt tela pharetris: 
Primaque per caelum nervo stridente sagitta 
Hyrtacidae juvenis volucres diverberat auras, 
Et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali. 
Intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pennis 
Ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu. 
Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu 
Alta petens, pariterque oculos telumque tetendit: 
Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro 
Non valuit: nodos et vincula linea rupit, 
Queis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto. 
Ilia Notos atque atra yolans in nubila fugit. 

su. Postek ardens Mnestheus stetit inflexo arcu, dirigens in altum, et simul intendit oculos ac 
sagittam: at miser non potuit attingere ferro ipsam avem: tantiun^ secuit nodos et funes lineos, 
quibus pendebat ab alto malo constricta circa pedem. Ilia avis fugit evolansin ventos et nigras 
nubes. 



et suspendit ex alto malo 
columbam in fune trajecto 

AQO volitantem, ad quam diri- 

4JUg ailt sa gitt:is. Convenerunt 
viri, et asrea cassis exccpit 
sortes conjectas: et faven- 
te clamore primus ante eas- 
terns extrabitur locus Hip- 
pocoontis Hyrt-Acijilii; bunc 

495 sequitur Mnestheus mo- 
do victor in nauticu pug- 
na, Mnestheus coronatus vi- 
ridi olea. Tertius est Eury- 
tion, tuus frater, 6 nobilissi- 
me Pandare: qui olim jussus 
turbare foedus, primus vi- 

500 brasti jaculum in medium 
Grsecorum. Ultimus et in 
profundo cassidis remansit 
Acestes, au9us etiam ipse 
aggredi manu laborem juve- 
num. Tunc viri Mi, unusquis- 

505 *l ue P po se ' curvant robustis 
viribus flexiles arcus, et edu- 
cunt sagittas e pharetris. Et 
sagitta juvenis Hyrtacidie 
prima ferit levem aei*em, 
nervo per crelum sonante: 
et pervenit ad malum, et fi-" 

510 gitur in arbore oppositi ma- 
li. Malus tremuit, et avis ter- 
rita tremuit alis, et omnia 
loca sonuerunt magno plau- 



NOTES. 



488. Trajecto in fune, i. e. in fune trajecto 
per malum; by a rope put through the mast. 

491. Accepit galea. In war and among- sol- 
diers a helmet supplied the place of an urn 
for i*eceiving the lots. 

492 Locus. Not the place where the ar- 
chers should stand, but the order in which 
they should discharge their arrows. Heyne 
says, Primus locus, eleganter pro sorte, et 
acclamatio faventium. 

495. Clarissime Pandare. Pandarus, the 
son of Lycaon, is he whom Homer repre- 
sents as having broken the truce between 
the Greeks and Trojans, when they had 
agreed to put the decision of the war upon 
the issue of a single combat between Paris 
and Menelaus. Juno, not willing that the 
disasters of Troy should come so soon to a 
period, instigated Jupiter to bring about a 
violation of the treaty. Jupiter employed 
Minerva as his agent in that business; and 
by her persuasion Pandarus shot an arrow 
at Menelaus after he had vanquished Paris; 
thus the war was rekindled. See Horn. II. 
IV. 86. The epithet darisshnus is here 
given to Pandarus, as being a distinguished 
archer, insomuch that Homer equals him 
almost to Apolio. He was killed at last by 
Diomede 

505 Malm. The words malusy malum, 



&c. have such a variety of significations, 
that for the amusement and instruction of 
boys at school the following lines may be 
useful: 

Malum, malus, malo mala fit male me 
malo 

Malum malo mala malo quam peti majore. 
Here the sense is perfect, the construction 
classical, and the meaning of every word 
different. Let the pupil find out the im- 
port. 

510. Nodos et vincula linea rupit. Mr. Pope, 
in his comparison between the games of 
Homer and Vh-gii, owns that Virgil has in 
this outdone the original, by the addition of 
two circumstances that make a beautiful 
gradation. In Homer the first archer cuts 
the string that held the bird, and the other 
shoots him as he is mounting. In Virgil 
the first only hits the mast which the bird 
was fixed upon, the second cuts the string, 
the third shoots him, and the fourth, to 
vaunt the strength of hie arm, directs his 
arrow up to heaven, where it kindles into 
a flame and makes a prodigy. Catrou consi- 
ders the arrow on fire as a presage of the 
ensuing accident; the burning of the ships. 
Mr. Wharton thinks it distinctly hints at 
the Tulium Sidus. 



336 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Deinde promptus Eurytion, Turn rapidus jamdudum arcu contenta parato 

£?£ 3SM35£ ?" eIa tenens : fratrem , Eurytio P in vota ™* vit! 

vlt per vota fratrem Pan da- Jam vacuo laetam coelo speculatus, et ahs 
rum.- et contuitu3 columbam Plaudeh tern, nigra figit sub nube columbam. 
jam gaudentem aere libero, Decidit exanimis, vitamque reliquit in astris 
et plaudentem ahs, transfo- A .. .. £ t^ji • 

dit earn inter obscaras nu- Aerns^ hxamque retert delapsa sagittam. 
bes. Cadit mortua, et ami- Amissa solus palma. superabat Acestes: 
sit vitam in astris ctelesti- Q u i tamen aethereas telum contorsit in auras, 
!^am1nn™m n YcesS re- Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem. 
stabat solus amissa vieto- Hie oculis subito objicitur magnoque futurum 
ria; qui tamen evibravit sa- Augurio monstrum: docuit post exitus ineens, 

£** srissas ir^ T rifi , ci c . e , cinerunt , ° mina vates - 

et sonitum arcus sui. Turn Namq; volans hquiuis in nubibus arsit arundo, 
occurrit oculis prodigium re- Signavitque viam flammis, tenuesque recessit 
^Z S ?J~™^.%>™™V* in ventos: cdo ceu s*pe refixa 
plicuit postea, et vates terri- A ranscurrunt, cnnemque volantia sidera ducunt. 
fici declaraverunt tardam Attonitis haesere animis, superosque precati 
prxdictionem. Nam sagitta Trfnacrii Teucrique viri: nee maximus omen 
arundmea volans mflamniata . . . _ ^, , . " 

est inter aereas nubes,etig-- Abnuit jEneas: sed laetum amplexus Acesten 
ne notavit iter, et absumpta Muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur: 
evanuit in leves ventos: Sume, pater, nam te voluit rex ma^nus Olvmpi 
quemadmodum ssepe Stella?™ IM •• j *? * * 

cadentes e cado transeunt, Talibus auspicns exsortem ducere honorem. 
et volantes trahunt post se comam. Siculi Trojanique viri steterunt stupefacti animo, et orave- 
runt Deos: et maximus JEneas non rejecit omen, sed amplexus Acesten ornat eum magnis do- 
nis, et talia dicit: Accipe, 6 pater, nam talibus prodigiis magnus rex coeli voluit te habere hono- 
cem extraordinarium. 



515 



52C 



52,: 



530 



NOTES. 



522. Magnoque futurum augurio monstrum. 
Monstrum signifies any event that happens 
contrary to the ordinary course of nature. 
It is derived from mo?istro, because such 
prodigies were reckoned to be sent from 
heaven, to signify some remarkable future 
event, as this presaged the burning of JE- 
neas' fleet. 

523. Augurio. An augury is properly a 
consultation of birds for ascertaining future 
events. It is here used for any sign or pre- 
sage whatever. 

524 Seraque. Servius explains sera by 
gravia, others by futura, Cerdanus by tarda; 
but we choose rather to understand it in 
the common acceptation, intimating that 
the soothsayers could make nothing- of the 
omen till the event happened; and then, 
when it was too late to prevent it, and the 
ships were actually set on fire, they agreed 
that this must have been the thing signi- 
fied by tlie omen. 

525. Liquidis in nubibus. It Would have 
been a very singular prodigy any way, but 
much more when the air was moist and 
cloudy. 

527. Refixa. Stars loosened from the fir- 
mament. Virgil here follows the notions of 
the vulgar. The apparently falling stars are 
known to be merely vapours ignited by 
some electrical or chemical action. It was 
however sufficient for tire poet, 



Qux, si non cecidit, potuitcecidisse viderh 
530. Nee omen abnuit JEneas. This shows 
that the soothsayers had not yet interpret- 
ed the omen, otherwise JEneas would not 
have embraced it with joy as he here does, 
probably misled by the similitude between 
this presage and that in the second book, 
v. 680. 

534. Exsortem. Ruxus says, extra sortem 
ordinemque propositorum pramiorum. Virgil 
appears to have in view a Grecian custom. 
The Greeks, before the spoils were distri- 
buted among the soldiery, used to select 
some of the most valuable articles, and pre- 
sent them to such whose valour in the 
field had been most distinguished. So JEn. 
IX. 270, 271. 

ipsum ilium clvpeum cristasque ru,- 

bentes 
Excipiam sorte, jam nunc tua praemia., 
Nise! 
Trapp remarks, that one thing particularly 
distinguishes this game from all the rest. 
Here is no mention of the several rewards 
given to the antagonists, excepting the 
first, though they all performed so well— 
and the observation itself contains the rea- 
son. It distinguishes this from the rest of 
the games, and that is reason sufficient: va- 
riety must always be studied by those who 
write to please. 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



337 



Ipsius Anchisae longsevi hoc munus habebis: 
Cratera impressum signis, quern Thracius olim 
Anchisae genitori in magno nuinere Cisseus 
Ferre sui dederat monimcntum et pignus amoris. 
Sic fatus, cingit viridanti tcmpora lauro, 
Et primum ante omncs victorem appellat Acesten. 
Nee bonus Eurytion pradato invidit honori, 
Quamvis solus avem crelo dejecit ab alto. 
Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit: 
Extremus, volucri qui fixit arundine malum. 
At pater ^Eneas, nondum certamine misso, 
Custodem ad sese comitemque impubis Iiili 
Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem: 
Vade age: et, Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum 
Asrmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum, ,um - At P? te . r ^Eneas, ludb 

n ° / j «. • • rrrx nondum dimissis, vocat ad 

Ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis, 550 se Epytiden, custodem et 

Die, ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo comitem pueri Ascanii: et 

Infusum populum, et campos jubet esse patentes. sic loquitur in aurem fide- 

Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum gg; jgSffi g^jg 

Frsenatis lucent in equis: quos omnis euntes secum instructum agmen 

puerorum, et si composuit cursus equorum, hue deducat turmas in honorem avi std, et mon- 
stret se in armis. Ipse imperat populum omnem sparsum recedere £ toto circo, et spatium fieri 
vacuum. Accedunt pueri, et in conspectu parentum emicant aqualiter super equis frsenatis: 



535 Habebis hoc munus ipsius 
senis AncbisiE: poculum coj- 
latum figuris, quod olim Cis- 
seus vex Thracise dederat 
habendum Anchisae patri pro 
magno munere, et quasi pig- 
nus et monimentum sui a- 
inoris. Sic locutus, coronat 

541 caput ejus viridi lauro, et de- 
clarat Acesten primum vic- 
torem ante omnes. Et benig- 
nus Eurytion non invidit 
victorise sibi prselataj, licet 

545 solus dejecisset volucrem ex 
alto aere. Proximus est in 
distributione pnemiorum., 
qui secuit funem: ultimus, 
qui levi sagitta perfodit ma- 



NOTES. 



536. Thracius Cisseus. Cisseus was king 
of Thrace, and, according- to Virgil, the fa- 
ther of Hecuba. 

543. Ingreditur donis. Both ingreditur and 
incedit are military terms, and imply state- 
liness and an air of pride, dignity, or defi- 
ance: as above — aut jaculis incedit melior; 
and a little below — incedunt pueri. In the 
tenth book also, verse 762, they are both 
applied in the same way: 
At vero ingentem quatiens Mezentius 

hastam 
Turbidus ingreditur campo; quam mag- 

nus Orion 
Cum pedes incedit. 

546. Custodem Iiili. Servius quotes Tully 
as having said somewhere that the young 
Romans, during the first year of their bear- 
ing arms, had guardians or military tutors 
allowed them from the public, under whom 
they were trained to military exercises, and 
instructed in the art of war. But because 
lulus is here called impubis, which implies 
that he was not yet of age to bear arms (se- 
venteen years) we are to understand by cus- 
todem a guardian to take care of his educa- 
tion, such a one as Horace speaks of, Art. 
Poet. 161. 

Imberbis juvenis, tandem custode remoto, 
Gaudet equis canibusque, et aprici gra- 
mine campi. 
54?: Epytiden; Periphas, thesonofEpy- 



tus, Anchises* herald, of whom Homer 
speaks, II. XVII. 324. 

547. Fidam ad aurem. He had been one of 
Anchises' most trusty servants, one who 
had grown old in his service: 
7ra.(>x 7ta.T<>i ytgovri 

K»f v&truv, yngaaKt, <pi\a. fein ftySicz ti£ac. 

II. XVII. 

553. Incedunt pueri. This game, common- 
ly known by the name of Lusus Trojce, is 
purely of Virgil's own invention: he had no 
hint of it from Homer. This he has substi- 
tuted for three of his, the wrestling, the 
single combat, and the discus; and, in the 
opinion of a very judicious modern, it is 
worth all those three in Homer. This game 
Virgil added to please Augustus, who had 
at that time renewed the same. Suetonius 
tells us, Trojse ludum edidit (Augustus) 
frequentissime, majorum minorumve pue- 
rorum delectu; prisci decorique moris exis- 
timans, clarae stirpis indolem sic innotesce- 
re, &.c. Suet, in August, cap. 43. Julius Cae- 
sar had also exhibited the same before, as 
we learn from the same author: Trojam 
lusit turma duplex, majorum minorumque 
puerorum. In Jul. cap. 39. 

553. Ante ora parentum. This description 
of a juvenile militia is supposed the most 
laboured and the most perfect of any Vir- 
gil ever wrote. A great critic calls it per- 
fection. 

X 



338 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

omnis juventus Siciliae etTrinacriae mirata frcmit Trojaque iuventus. 555 

I roue plaudit ad mirans eos r\ *u * *■ 

equltantes. Omnibus capilli Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa coronas 
premuutur corona compta: Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro, 
gerunt duas hastas corneas Pars leves humero pharetras: it pectore summo 

citculustortiauripercollum 1 res equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantur 560 
descendit in summum pec- Ductores: pueri bis seni quemque secuti, 
tus. Tunme equitum s^Agmine partito fulgent, paribusque masjistris. 

tres numero, et tres duces .^ . x . & , ' S l & 

obenant: pueri duodecim Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem 

secuti unumquemque du-Nomen avi referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite, 

cem micant agmine dis- p r0 genies, auctura Italos: quern Thracius albis 565 

tmcto, et simuibus ducibus. n r ^ i • i »• • • 

Una est turma pueroyum, Portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia primi 
quam hetam ducit parvus Alba pedis, frontemque ostentans arduus albam. 



Priamus, ferens nomen avi, Alter Atys, genus unde Atti duxere Latini: 

tua mclyta proles, o Polite, r> . / ° ,., ; T ... 

auctura Italos: quem portat Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus Iulo. 

equus Thracius bicolor notis Extremus, formaq; ante omnes pulcher Ililus 570 

candidis, gressus pedum pri- Sidonio est invectus equo: quem Candida Dido 

morum candidi sunt, et en- r?„ • j i • J' 

git frontem candidam. Se- Lsse SU1 dfderat mommentum et pignus amons. 
cundus dux est Atys, a quoCaetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae 

Attii Latini ducunt origi-Fertur equis. 

*£j£& tZ' UltE Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes 575 
liilus, etpra omnibus spee.Dardamdae, veterumque agnoscunt ora parentum. 
tabilis propter pulchritudi- Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosq; suorum 

nem, impositus est equo Si- 
donio: quem pulchra Dido dederat el, ut esset monimentum et testimonium suiamoris. Reliqua 
juventus vehitur equis Siculis senis Acestse. Trqjani recipiunt cum plausu eos de gloria solicitos, 
et laetantur eos videndo, et agnoscunt vultus antiquorum patrum. Postquam Iceti circuierunt 
equitando omnem concionem et conspectum suorum: 

NOTES. 

558. Pars pharetras. These probably were " Before, white spots on either foot ap- 

the leaders who were thus distinguished pear, 

from the rest. On his toss'd forehead blaz'd a silver star." 

558. It pectore siunmo, &c. Pierius as- Is it asked what was the other colour? Ru- 
sures us, that some of the more ancient co- seus says, perhaps reddish, such being the 
pies read, colour of the horse described by Homer, 

Et pectore summo Iliad 23. 455. 
Flexilis obtorti per collum it circulus auri. 568. Genus unde Atti. This Virgil mentions 

559. Flexilis circulus obtorti auri. This is in compliment to Augustus, whose mother 
only a poetical circumlocution for a golden was Attia. M. Attius Balbus married Julia, 
chain. the sister of Julius Csesar, the issue of 

562. Partito; from the obsolete word par- which marriage was Attia, the wife of Oc- 

iio. Ru setts says, that now even partior itself tavius, and mother of Augustus. Thus Vir* 

is used not passively at all but only in an ac- gil, who was a very refined flatterer, sig- 

tive sense. It is possible such passages as nalizes in this game lulus and Atys, that is, 

the following did not occur to his recollec- the founders of his prince's family, both by 

tion. They are both from the orations of the father's and mother's side; andinfeign- 

Cicero: Pes partitur in tria, &c. Paulo se- ingso strict a friendship between them, al- 

cus a me atque ab illo partita sunt. hides to the affinity between the Julian and 

564. Polite; Politus, the son of Priam, Attian families, now reunited in the person 
mentioned to have been slain by Pyrrhus, at Augustus. 

•En. II. 526. 575. Pavidos; divided between the fear of 

565. Auctura Italos. This is generally disgrace and the hope of applause and vic- 
translated, to add to the number; but as au- tory; as Geor. 3. 106. Corda payor pulsans. 
geo signifies likewise to raise the honour, 577 '. Oculosque suorutn. This expression, 
it is obvious which sense is preferable. when well considered, will appear very 

565. Thracius equus. Thracia was a famous beautiful and emphatic. They made the cir- 
country for breeding horses; hence Hesiod cuit of the whole ring of spectators, oculos- 
says fia, ©£»xw? TrahoTgopv, through Thracia, que suorum, and their parent's eyes; as 
the nursing soil of martial steeds. much as to say, their parents were all eye, 

566. Equus bicolor. He was white in the all attention to their motion and whole de- 
brehead and in his fore feet: rneanor. 



^.NEIDOS LIB. V. 



339 



Lustravere in equis: signum clamore paratis 

Epytides longe dedit, insonuitque flagello. 

Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni 

Diductis solvere choris: rursiisque vocati 

Converterc vias, infestaque tela tulere. 

Inde alios ineunt cursus, aliosque recursus, 

Adversis spatiis: alternosque orbibus orbcs 

Impediunt, pugnseq; cient simulacra sub armis. 

Et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt 

Infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur. 

Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta. 

Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque 

Mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 

Falleret indeprensus et irremeabilis error. 

Haud aliter Teucrum nati vestigia cursu 

Impediunt, texuntque fugas et pr«£lia ludo: 

Delphinum similes, qui per maria humida nando 

Carpathium Libycumq; secant, luduntq; per undas 

Hunc morem cursus, atq; haec certamina primus 596 p"iicabiiis turbabat sign a pro- 

Ascanius, longam muris cum cingeret Albam, 

Rettulit, et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos; 

Quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes: 

Albani docuere suos, hinc maxima porrd 

Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem; 

Trojaque nunc pueri, Trojanum dicitur agmen.. 

fluctus. Ascauius, cum circumdaret Albam longam mcenibus, 

dinem decursionis, atque has pugnas; et docuit veteres Latinos eas edere: quo modo ipse puer, 
et cum eo Trojana juventus: eodem modo Albani docuerunt suos posteros: hinc ver6 maxima Ro 
ma accepit et retinuit patrium ludum; et Mi pueri nunc dicuntur Troja, et Trojanum agmen. 



procnl EpytideB dedit para- 
tis signum clamore, el sonuit 
flagello. 1 Hi excurrerunt si- 

580 „!,// pares, deindetres duces 
diremerunt agmen in sepa* 
ratas turmas: ilerumque ad- 
moniti relegemint iter, ct 
immisere hastas inimieas. 
Postea incipiunt alios cursus 

tgr ct alios recursus ex opposilis 
loeis, et implicant alterna- 
tim gyros gyris, et sub armis 
eilunt imnginem certaminis. 
Et modo prsebent terga fu- 
gue, modo con vertunt hastas 
quasi inimici, modo sequalL- 

590 ter incedunt quasi pace 
composite. Que mad mod urn 
Labyrinthus in alta Creta 
dicitur habuisse olim iter 
implexum obscuris parieti- 
bus, et fraudem incertam 
propter mille vias, J)er quas 
error inobservabilis et inex- 



grediendi. Non aliter filii 
Trojanorum impediunt cur- 
rendo cursum, let miscent 
fugas ae certamina ludendo. 

600 Similes delphinis, qui natan- 
do per liquid um mare fin- 
dunt Carpathium ac Liby- 
cum mare, et ludunt inter 

renovavit primus hanc consuetu- 



NOTES. 



580. Agmina terni diductis solvere choris. 
Others read ternis, which makes the sense 
easier. However that may be, the meaning 
appears to be this; that after they had. 
marched round the circus in one body to be 
reviewed by JEneas and the other specta- 
tors, upon the signal given they divided in- 
to three troops, and marched over the plain, 
each troop performing their exercises in a 
different ground. 

585. Simulacra. Virgil uses almost the 
very words of Lucretius, (1. II. 41.) belli si- 
mulacra ciere. 

585. Sub armis is frequently used by Vir- 
gil for armati. 

588. Labyrinthus. The Labyrinth was an 
edifice full of cells that communicated with 
one another, and was perplexed with wind- 
ing avenues, disposed in such a manner as 
to lead backward and forward in a maze, 
and bewilder those who entered into it, so 
that they could not trace their way out. The 
original Labyrinth was in Egypt, a very cu- 
rious work, carried on at the expense of 
many kings, and at last finished by Psam- 
maticus. After this model, Daedalus built a 
Labyrinth of a much smaller size in Crete, 
wherein the Minotaur was shut up. 



590. Shid signa sequendi, &c. Literally, 
whereby error, not to be unravelled and in- 
extricable, frustrated all signs to trace out 
one's way. 

594. Delphinum. The dolphin is an active 
fish; but it requires all the credulity of Pli- 
ny to believe with him, that tantd viexilit, 
ut plerumque vela navium transvolet. One 
could as soon believe with Goldsmith (our 
modern Pliny), that Indians w r ith perfect 
safety will descend the falls of Niagara. 
The comparison of the Labyrinth is taken 
from Homer, that of the Dolphins from Ap- 
pollonius Rhodius. Virgil has certainly im- 
proved upon his originals. 

595. Carpathium. The Carpathian sea, to 
the east of the island of Crete, where is the 
island Carpathus, between Crete and 
Rhodes. 

596. Hunc morem cursits. Other copies 
read hunc morem, hos cursus, which is more 
poetical. 

602. Trojaque nunc. 

The stripling's now 

Troy or the Trojan regiment are called. 
This circumstance, says Pitt, is by no means 
the invention of the poet, but is actually an 
historical fact. Dion Cassius, Tacitus, and. 



340 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Hactenus pugnae edit* sunt Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri. 

^■rte « ic p rimum fortuna fi , dem mutata n .° vavh - 

fidem. Dura per diveisos lu- Dum varus tumulo reterunt solemnia ludis: 605 

dos persolvunt sepulchro Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno 
&WMlt "j a f"> ad classem; ventosque aspirat eunti, 
Trojanas, et adjuvat ventis Multa movens, necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. 
eam descendentem, plurima Ilia viam celerans per mille coloribus arcum, 
parans ; et nondum expleta Nulli visa cito decurrit tramite vir™. 610 

secundum veterem mdigna- „ ... ,. » 

tionem. Ilia virgo festinans Conspicit mgentem concursum: et htora lustrans, 
iter per arcum mille colo- Desertosque videt portus, classemque relictam. 
rum, nulli aspectabilis des- At procu i m sola secretse Troades acta 
cendit perpronam semitam. . *. . , . n . r . 

Videt magnum concursum Amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque protundum 
adludos; et circumiens Hto- Pontum aspectabant flentes: heu! tot vada fessis 615" 
ra, cernit portus vacuos et j? t tantum superesse maris, vox omnibus una. 

naves incustoditas. At lro- TT . .? . . __ . , . r , , 

]8m procul separate in de- Urbem orant: taedet pelagi perferre laborem. 
serto litore plorabant An- Ergo inter medias sese haud ignara nocendi 
chisen amissum, et cunct« Conjicit, et faciemque Deae vestemque reponit. 

te£WSS£?£ F «. R *™> Isma ™ «"J" X Jong^va Doryoli, 620 

nium;heu! totfluctusettan- Cui genus, et quondam nomen, natique fuissent. 
mm maris restare fatigatis! Ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus infert: 
ffigggggftS O miser*, quas non manus, inquit, AchaVca bello 
tur Iris non ignara nocendi 1 raxerit ad letum, patriae sub mcembus: o gens 
immittit se in medium ea- Infelix! cui te exitio fortuna reservat? 625 

rum et exuit formamque et s ep tima post Troiae excidium jam vertitur aestasj 

habitum Dese. Assimilatur r r J J ' 

Beroe uxori grandsevjeDorycli Ismarii, cui fueratolim nobilitas, etfama, et soboles. Sic autem 
immiscet se mediam matribus Trojanorum: O infelices, inquit, quas manus Grxcorum non 
traxere ad mortem, in bello, sub minis patriae! 6 gens infortunata! cui morti reservat te fortuna? 
Jam septiraa sestas transiit ab exitio Troja;; 

NOTES, 

above all, Suetonius, in many passages of 606. Saturnia Juno. Here the poet returns 

their works assure us that this sort of game, to the main subject of his poem. This is 

performed by noble youths of Rome, was the third obstacle Juno raises to hinder the 

called Troja or the game of Troy. The Lit- arrival of iEneas in Italy. Nothing can be 

ter, speaking of Julius Caesar, says, Trojam more natural than the fears of the Trojan 

lusit turma duplex majorum minoruinve, women to embark again, or more politic 

puerorum; and, when speaking of Angus- than for Juno to avail herself of them for 

tus, observes, Trojx ludum edidit frequen- the perpetration of mischief, 

tissime. The justs and tournaments which, 613. Secrete Troades. It was reckoned an 

two or three hundred years ago, were so indecency, among the Greeks and Romans, 

fashionable, it is thought by many, owed for women to be present at the public 

their origin to this Indus Troja, and that shows. Therefore Virgil, who has all along 

toumamenta is but a corruption of Troja- the Roman customs in his eye, represents 

menta. the matrons here apart from the men, de- 

604. Fortuna fidem novavit. Here fortune ploring the death of Anchises by them- 

is considered as a friend, on whom iEneas selves. 

had hitherto depended for favour and pro- 613. Acta, ashore, a pleasant strand; from 

tection; but now she changes sides, breaks «kt», of the same signification. Trapp says, 

her faith, and proves treacherous. ** I do not remember to have met with the 

606. Irim misit. Servius observes, that word in any place but this." Ruseus, howe- 

as Mercury is mostly sent on messages of ver, gives an example from Cicero speak - 

peace, so Iris generally comes on errands ing of the Sicilian shore, Uxorem tot in ac- 

of mischief and contention; whence some to. dies secum habere. Minelius furnishes 

derive her name from E^j-, Discord. She is another from the same author, In acta cum 

employed chiefly by Juno, but sometimes mulieribus jacebat ebrius. 

carries despatches likewise from others of 626. Septima vertitur cestas. The question 

the gods; as in the ninth book, 803. is, how iEneas had spent so long time as 

Aeriam coelo nam Jupiter Irim seven years in so short a voyage. In order 

Demisit, germanae haud mollia jussa fe- to make this out, a French critic gives the 

rentem. following computation. First, he finds from 



.ENEIDOS LIB. V 



341 



Cum freta, cum terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa ex quo tempore vagamur e- 

Suleraq; emenss ferimur: dum per marc magnum KSwJ^tfiST 

Italian) sequimur fugientem, et volvimur unuis. biles, et aidera: ex quo per 

Hie Erycis fines fraterni, atq; hospes Acestes: 630vastum mare quacrimus lta- 

Quis prohibet muros jacere, et dare civibus urbem? 

O patria, et rapti nequicquam ex hoste Penates! 

Nullane jam Trojac dicentur mocnia? nusquam 

Hectoreos amnes, Xanthum et Simoenta videbo? 

Quin agite, et mecum infaustas exurite puppes 

Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago 

Ardentes dare visa faces: hie quaerite Trojam: 

Hie domus est, inquit, vobis: jam tempus agit res. 

Nee tantis mora prodigiis: en quatuor arae 

Neptuno! Deus ipse faces animumque ministrat. 640 cendite funestas naves. Nam 

TT * • r • • -. • umbra Cassandrae vatis visa 

Haec memorans, prima mfensum vi cornpit ignem: est per somnum pr£eb ere 

mihi faces accensas, sAtque, Hie qucerite Trojam, hie est Vobis domus: jam tempus urget rem. 
Nee mora est acllribenda tantis prcosagiis: ecce quatuor altaria posita Neptuno! Ille ipse Deus 
suppeditat nobis animos et faces. Haec dicens, prima per vim rapit funestum ignem: 



fluctibus. Hta est regio Ery- 
cis fratris JEixex, et hospes 
Acestes: quis vetat JEneam 
fundare muros, et dare ur- 
bem civibus? O patria, et 
Dv>5 Penates frustra erepti ab 
hostibus! an deinceps nulli 
vocabuntur muri Trqjac? nul- 
libi aspiciam fluvios Hecto- 
reos, Xanthum et Simoenta? 
Immo agite, et mecum in- 



NOTES. 



history, that Troy was taken in the month 
of May or June. He allows JEneas ten 
months for fitting out his fleet at Antan- 
dros, and makes him set out in the month 
of March of the following year. From that 
time to his arrival in Epirus, he computes 
four years and some months, which he had 
spent in building cities, and establishing 
useless settlements in Thrace and Crete. 
After having staid some time in Epirus, and 
celebrated the Actiac games, lie set out 
thence in the end of autumn of the fifth 
year; and having made a compass almost 
round Sicily, arrived at Drepanum in the 
beginning of the following year. There he 
lost his father in the month of February, 
and, according to the law established among 
the ancients, devoted ten months to grief 
and retirement, without resuming his expe- 
dition before the prescribed time had elap- 
sed. Thus, according to my author, JEneas 
did not set sail from Sicily till the month of 
November, and here the scene opens, and 
the action of the JEneid begins, iEn. I. 34. 

Vix e conspectu, &c. 
Soon afterward, about the middle of the 
seventh year of his voyages, he was driven 
by a storm on the coast of Carthage, where 
he spent three months of winter; and thence 
set out for Italy, in the end of January fol- 
lowing; arrived again in Sicily in the month 
of February, about the end of the same se- 
venth year; spent about one month in cele- 
brating his father's anniversary, and about 
the beginning of the eighth year arrived in 
Italy, in the end of March, or beginning of 
April, when the spring was pretty well ad- 
vanced, as we may gather from those beau- 
tiful lines which paint that season, iEn. VII. 
32. 

V arise circumque supraque 
Assuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo, 
JEthera mulcebant cantu, lucoque vola- 
bant. 
Thus what Berochere says perfectly agrees 



with Dido's assertion in the end of the first 
book; for there it is only tc septima cestas 
ported, which implies only that the seventh 
year was running: but here it is septima 
cestas vertitur; the seventh year is rolled 
away or past. Yet Servius is so dogmatical! 
as to impeach Virgil here of an unpardona- 
ble inconsistency. 

628. Sidera emensce. Before the discovery 
of the mariner's compass, the path of the 
seamen was determined for the most part 
by the sun and stars. 

Still to new lands, o'er floods and rocks 
we fly, 

And sail by every star in every sky. 
628. Per mare magnum,. By magnum here 
Servius understands stormy, high swelling, 
and quotes Lucretius, Lib. II. 1. 

Suave mari magno turbantibus sequora 

ventis. 
629. Fugientem,. Because by how much the 
nearer they approached, by so much were 
the obstructing storms the more severe and 
adverse. Ovid has a Beroe in the third book 
of his Metamorphoses. We may find, says 
Mr. Addison, the genius of each poet dis- 
covering itself in the language of the nurse. 
Virgil's Iris could not have spoken more 
majestically in her own shape; but Juno is 
so much altered from herself in Ovid that 
the goddess is quite lost in the old woman, 

638. Agit res. In some MSS. it reads teni* 
pus agi res; that is, tempus agendi rein, but 
this reading is preferred: tempus agit res, i. 
e. ipsum tempus, ipsa occasio rem urget et 
porro impellit, 8cc. 

639. En quatuor arce. Virgil takes care 
to prepare even the least events in a proper 
manner. These altars, erected to Neptune, 
had already been taken notice of in the af- 
fair of the galleys. Cloanthus had made a 
vow to erect one to Neptune on the shore; 
probably the other commanders had each 
erected an altar for himself. 

Catp.ov. 



342 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



645 



6S0 



eterectiidexteranitenspro-Sublataque procul dextra connixa coruscat, 

*£2£2SS*X£ Et J acit - A T e «* ™ entes ' stupefactaque corda 

da Trojanarnm. Hie una e Iliadum. Hie una e multis, quae maxima natu, 

multis, qua erat annis pro- Pyrgo, tot Priami natorum regia nutrix: 

SS^SaffiSKNoo^W* votes; not , toe Rhosteia, matres, 

mi: NonhaevobisestBeroe, kst Dorych conjux: divini signa decoris, 

6 matres; non uxor Rhceteia Ardentesque notate oculos: qui spiritus illi, 

Doiycli: animadvertite indi- Q ui vu ltus, vocisve sonus, vel gressus eunti. 

cia dmnse pulchntudmis, et 7*- \ , ,/, n .. t P ,. 

oeulos micantes, quis sfc illi *P sa egomet dudum Beroen digressa reliqui 

vigor, quae fades, aut sonus JEgram, indignantem tali quod sola careret 

vocis^^utgressusambulanti. Munere, nee meritos Anchisse inferret honores. 

Egometipsa, jamdm d.gres- „ ff 

sa d JBero'e, reliqui Beroen ^^^^ cridid. 

xgrotantem, et dolentem At matres primo ancipites, oculisque malignis 

quod sola immunis esset talis Ambitus, spectare rates, miserum inter amorem 655 

omen, nee exhiberet Anchi- n , . . . r r • 

S2J digna sacrificia. fee lo- Prasentis terrae fatisque vocantia regna: 
euta est. Sed matres primo Cum Dea se paribus per ccelum sustulit alis, 
caperunt aspicere naves o- Ingentemque fu^a secuit sub nubibus arcum. 

cu is malevohs, mcertse et t> \ . 4 y ' . c 

dubue inter miserum amo- Tum vero attomt* monstns, actaeque furore, 

rem praesentis regionis et Conclamant, rapiuntque focis penetralibus ignem: 660 

regna invitantia per fatum. Pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque 

^^^S^t'd^Conjiciunt: furit irmnissis Vuleanus habenis 

cessu signavit magnum ar- 1 ranstra per, et remos, et pictas abiete puppes. 

cum inter nubes. Tunc au- Nuntius Anchisse ad tumulum cuneosque theatri 

tern stupefactae prodigiis, et 

impulsae furore, vociferantur, et rapiunt ignem ex aris intimis: pars nudant aras, injiciuntque 

frondes et ramos et faces: ignis saevit laxatis habenis, per scamna, et remos, et puppes pictas ex 

abiete structas. Eumelus nuncius defert ad sepulchrum Anchisae et sedes theatri 



NOTES. 



642. Ignem . . . coruscat. Virgil often uses 
this neuter verb in an active sense. iEn. X. 
651. Strictumque coruscat mucronem. iEn. 
XII. 431. Hastamque coruscat. 

645. Pyrgo. A fictitious name. 

646. Non Berbe, C'c. The tendency of this 
speech is not to dissuade the matrons from 
executing Juno's purpose, as it may seem 
at first sight; but on the contrary it is a 
strong incitement to it, by showing them 
that the person who had appeared to them 
in the form of Beroe was really a goddess. 

648. Ardentesque notate oculos, &c. Here 
are four striking characters of divinity men- 
tioned: 1. Beauty, radiant eyes, looks, and 
complexion, as in Venus, 

Rosea cervice refulsit. iEn. I. 406. 

2. A fragrant breath, which perfumed the 
air around them: £>ui spiritus illi; agreea- 
ble to what is also said of Venus, 

Ambrosiseque comae divinum vertice odo- 

rem 
Spiravere. &n. I. 407. 

3. A certain light, majestic motion; of 
which something has been said on that cha- 
racteristic given of the same goddess: 

Et vera incessu patuit Dea. iEn. 1. 405. 

4. Some particular sound, tone, or accent 



of voice, that distinguished them from mor- 
tals, iEnrl. 328. 

Nee vox mortalem sonat: O Deacerte! 

651. Indignantem: Dolentem, irritam, in- 
digne ferentem. 

652. Munere. Among other things, mu- 
nus signifies any public show or solemnity. 

654. Ancipites — malignis. Doubtful, yet 
almost determined. Terence says 
Dum in dubio est animus, paulo momento 
Hue, illuc impellitur. 
657. Secuit sub nubibus arcum. 

The goddess cuts 

Her bow of spacious arch beneath the 
clouds. 
De la Cerda takes Virgil in a geometrical 
sense; a line cuts a circle, and Iris cuts her 
bow by flying through it. 

661. Spoliant aras. They tear off the ri- 
bands, fillets, and sacred leaves, such as 
the olive, laurel, myrtle, rosemary, &c. with 
which the altars were accustomed to be de? 
corated. 

663. Pictas abiete puppes, i. e. pictas pup- 
pesfactas ex abiete. 

664. Cuneosque theatri. The seats in the 
theatre made for the people were called 
cuneiy because they were narrower near the 
stage, and broader behind, in form of a 
wedsre. 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. V. 



343 



Incensas perfert naves Eumelus: et ipsi 
Respiciunt atram in nimbo volitare favillam. 
Primus et Ascanius, cursus ut lxtus equestres 
Ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit 
Castra: nee exanimes possunt retinere magistri 
Quis furor iste novus? quo nunc, quo tenditis, inquit 
Heu miserae cives! non hostcm iniinicaq; castra 
Argivuni; vestras spes uritis. En ego vester 
Ascanius. Oaleam ante pedes projecit inanem, 
Qua ludo indutus belli simulacra ciebat. 
Accelerat simul ^Eneas, simul agmina Teucrum. 
Ast illge diversa metu per litora passim 
Difi'ugiunt, sylvasque, et sicubi concava furtim 
Saxa petunt; piget incepti, lucisque: suosque 
Mutatae agnoscunt: excussaque pectore Juno est. 
Sed non idcircd flammse atque incendia vires 
Indomitas posuere: udo sub robore vivit 
Stupa, vomens tardum fumum: lentusque carinas 
Est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis: 
Nee vires heroum, infusaque flumina prosunt. 
Turn pius jEneas humeris abscindere vestem, 
Auxilioque vocare Deos, et tendere palmas: 
Jupiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum 
Trojanos, si quid pietas antiqua labores 
Respicit humanos; da flammam evadere classi 
.Nunc, pater, et tenues Teucrum res eripe leto: 
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti 
Si mereor, demitte; tuaque hie obrue dextra. 

unt. Tunc pius JEneas ccepit lacerare vestem ab humeius, et invocare Deos in auxilium, et ex- 
tollere palmas m annum: Jupiter omnipotens, ait, si nondum odisti Trojanos omnes ad unum, 
si vetus misericordia tua spectat casus humanos: concede nunc classi evitare incendium, 6 pa- 
ter, et serva ab exitio res angustas Trojanorum: vel, si mereor, tu trade me morti inimico, ful- 
mine, et hie opprime me tua rnanu quod solum restat. 



665 naves esse combustas: ct ip- 
si spectatovea rident nigran- 
tes favilLas volare in ftuno. 

Et primus Ascanius, qucin- 
admodum ketus regebat de- 
cursioncm, eo modocucurrit 
ad castra tumultuantia, fes- 
tinusmequo: etmagistri tu- 

67 1 pefacti non possunt cum reti- 
nere. Ait que, Quis est iste no- 
vus furor? 6 miser* cives? quo 
jam, quo tenditis? non incen- 
ditis hostes, ethostilia castra 

675 Grsecorum; sed spes vestras. 
Ecce ego sum vester Asca- 
nius. Abjecit ad pedes vacu- 
am cassidem, quaopertus in 
ludo ediderat imaginem pug- 
nie. Accurrit simul JEneas; 
simul multitudo Trojano- 

680 rum. Sed illse pr<e timore 
fugiunt quacumque in remo- 
te litora, et clam quserunt 
sylvas, ac rupes cavernosas, 
si alicubi sunt: pamitet eas 
facinoris et vitie; et revocatae 

685 " f urore agnoscunt suos ci- 
ves: et Juno expulsa est ex 
ammo. Tamen flammse et 
incendia non amiserunt 
propterea vim sua?n: stupa 
emittens pigrum fumum aii- 
tur sub ligno humido et spis- 

690 sus ignis absumit trabes, et 
pernicies funditur per totam 
molem: et labor virorum in- 
jectseque undte non profici- 



NOT 

665. Eumelus. Some feeble old man who 
had been standing at the ships with the 
women. 

666. Volitare fain Ham. How fine a con- 
trast between tWe joy and festivity of the 
games, and the confusion, dread and disor- 
der occasioned by the firing of the ships. 
Such oppositions and such variations of the 
scene are some of the greatest beauties of 
poetry. The distant prospect of the smoke 
and flying sparks is most happily conceived. 

667. Primus et Ascanius. How much does 
this action render the character of Asca- 
nius a most interesting one to the reader. 

679. Excussaque pectore Juno est. Juno, the 
cause of their fury, was dislodged from 
their breasts; an allusion to the frantic Bac- 
chanals, who returned to themselves after 
the god with whom they pretended to be 
possessed was driven out of them. 

682. Stupa. A coarse kind of flax or tow 
called oakurn, which is driven into all the 
seams and chinks of a ship, and then laid 
over with hot pitch, to keep out the water. 

683. Vapor, is anv thing exhaling and lost 



ES. 

in air; here it is used for light and flame: 
as in Lucretius: At vapor is quem so! 
mittit, &c. 

685. Abscindere vestem. This sign of ex- 
treme distress was common to the Jews, 
Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, as ap- 
pears from their several histories. 

690. Res eripe leto. One is in great pain, 
lest ^Eneas' whole fleet should be here de- 
stroyed, and consequently an end put to his 
glorious intended expedition; but the poet 

falsis terrorisms implet. 
Jupiter most opportunely sends a shower 
sufficient to quench this alarming fire, and 
makes us easy again. The loss was small: 
only four galleys. Wharton. 

692. Tua hie obrue dextra. 
On me, on me alone thy vengeance shed, 
And with thy levell'd thunders strike me 
dead. 
What a new and most alarming circum- 
stance of horror is this. The tempest black- 
ens in a moment, but who will say for what 
purpose? is it to blast JEneas or to pou; 
torrents which shall extinguish the flames- 



344 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Vix dixerat ca: cum immis- Vix haec ediderat: cum effusis imbribus atra 

p^£ V consuSfneW U ^ Tem P eStaS §ine m ° re fUrU: tQ ™™<\™ tremisCUUt 

aita loca terrarum et cam- Ardua terrarum, et campi: ruit aethere toto 695 

pi riuutiuntur fulmine: im- Turbidus imber aqua, densisq; nigerrimus Austris: 
J^^.^*JR?S»jH*»*J««* super puppes, semusta madescunt 
toto aere: et naves desuper Robora: restinctus donee vapor omnis; et omnes, 
iniplentur, ligna scmiusta Quatuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae. 
humescunt: donee ignis to- At tep ^ neag casu concussus acerbo, 700 

ins cxtiuctus est, et csctcrsc * T i • •_. 

naves receptee stint ab igne, Nunc hue mgentes, nunc llluc pectore curas 

(pjatuor tantiun absumptis. Mutabat: versans, Siculisne resideret arvis 

Sed pater JEneas, perculsus Qbii tus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras. 

fiac tristi calamitate, agita- ,p, . XT , JL, . . „ ,, 

bat anirao magnas cm-as, r ™ senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas 

nunc hue, nunc illuc: deli- Quern docuit, multaque insignem reddidit arte; 705 

berans, an remaneret in a- Haec responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira 

jrns Sicuhs immemor tato- »» A a , r 1 j 

rum, an peteret regiones Magna Deum, vel quae fatorum posceret ordo. 

Italas. Tunc senex Nautes, Isque his jEneam solatus vocibus infit: 

quem Tritonia Pallas unice N ate rj ea) quo f ata trahunt retrahuntq; sequamur. 

mSrvkfcy^eb^ Quicquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. 

responsa, dicebatque, vel Est tibi Dardanius divinse stirpis Acestes: 711 

quid magna ira deomm mi- Hunc cape consiliis socium, et conjunge volentem. 

SSSS^^^XS^ trade ' amis . s ! s su P^ rant ^ navibus > et <i uos 

latus JEneam loquitur his Pertaesum magni mcepti rerumque tuarum est; 
verbis: Fili Veneris, eamus Longaevosque senes, ac fessas aequore matres; 715 
quo fata vocant et revocant. Et qincqiuc i tecum invalidum, metuensq; pericli est, 

Quicquid accidet, omnis tor- at. * 7 r 7 

tuna vincenda est tolerando. Est tibi Trojanus Acestes e divina origine: accipe ilium et volen- 
tem adhibe socium ad consilia. Da illi eos, qui superflui sunt amissis navibus, et quos tsdet 
magni consilii et rerum tuarum: et elige senes grandxvos, et matres lassas navigatione, et quod- 
cunque tecum est infirmum et timens pericula: 



NOTES. 



695. Ardua terrarum. Mountains, high 
places. Such a mode of expression is fre- 
quent and beautiful; as iEn. 2. 332. Angus- 
ta viarum. 724. Opaca locorum. 

697. Semusta, for semiusta; which con- 
traction is necessary for the sake of the 
verse. It is likewise so read in other poets, 
as Ov. Fast. IV. 167. 
Semustamque facem vigilata nocte viator 
Ponet. 
Virgil has found out most elegant terms to 
describe so difficult and unamiable a sub- 
ject as the increase and abating of this 
fire. 

700. Concussus. Struck, perturbated, as 
on a future occasion, 
Multa gemens, casuque anirnum concussus 
amiei. 
702. Versans. In some copies jactajis. 
704. Nautes. The family called Nautia 
was one of the most distinguished in Italy. 
Dionysius Halicarnassus says that the Nau- 
tes, who founded this family, was one of 
the companions of iEneas, and that to him 
was entrusted the care of guarding the 
Palladium. Whether this were true or not, 
Virgil has shown himself possessed of a 



fine talent for courting the attention of the 
great. 

704. Unum quem docuit. Unum here, and 
in many other places of Virgil, has the 
force of praecipuum; as in the second book, 
verse 426. 

Cadit et Ripheus, justissimus unus 
Qui fuit in Teucris. 
706. Responsa dabat; injdicantia vel quae, 
he. The observations of Nautes were re- 
garded, on account of his penetration and 
devotion to the gods, as oracular. 
Hie deo plenus, tacita quem mente gere 

bat, 
Effudit dignas adytis e pectore voces. 

Lucan. IX. 

710. Superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est, 
It is the same sentiment with that of Ho- 
race, Carm. Lib. I. Ode 24. 

Durum, sed levius fit patientia 
Quicquid corrigere est nefas. 

711. Est tibi Dardanius, &c. Acestes 
sprang from the gods, since he was the son 
of the river-god Cvinisus, and one of the 
descendants of Dardanus, who derived his 
original from Jupiter. 

712. Consiliis socium. Other copies rear 
consilii* 



jKNEIDOS lib. v. 



345 



Delige: et his habeant terris sine moenia fessi. 

Urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam. 

Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici: 

Turn ver6 in curas animus diducitur omnes. 

Et nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat: 

Visa dehinc ccelo facies delapsa parentis 

Anchisx, subito tales effundere voces: 

Nate, mihi vita quondam, dum vita manebat, 

Chare magis: nate Iliucu exercite fatis: 

Imperio Jovis hue venio, qui elassibus ignem 

Depulit, et ccelo tandem miseratus ab alto est. 

Consiliis pare, quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes 

Dat senior: lectos juvenes, fortissima corda, 

Defer in Italiam: gens dura, atque aspera cultu, 

Debellanda tibi Latio est. Ditis tamen ante 

Infernas accede domos; et Averna per alta 

Congressus pete, nate, meos. Non me impia namq; liis > q U£E senex Nautes prse- 

Tanara habent tristesq; umbrae; sed amrcna piorum 'g*lfi££5S%2Z 

Concilia, ElySlUmque Colo. Hue casta Sibylla 735 nes, generosissimos animos: 

Nigrantiim multo pecudum te sanguine ducet. gens fortiset aspera moribus 

Turn genus omne tuum, et, quae dentur mcenia, dis- 5EJ*£g ™i Si UZ 

Ces. inferas, et per Avernum pro- 

Jam que vale: torquet medios nox humida cursus, fundum quaere mca coilo- 

quia, 6 fill. Non enim scele- 
ratus Tartarus et mcestae umbrae tenent me, sed habito Elysium, et laetos ccetus bonorum. Casta 
Sibylla hue ducet te multo sanguine nigrarum victimarum. Tunc disces omnes posteros tuos, 
et urbes quae concedentur. Nunc autem vale: nox humida peragit medium eursum, 



et permitte ut illi fatigati 
habeant m-bom in liac pfcgio* 
ne. Vocabunt urbera Ulan. 

Acestam, coneesso ab Jlces- 
720 td nomine. t/Eneah commo- 
tus est talibus verbis amici 
senis: deinde ?crc» distrac- 
tus est animo in omnes cu- 
ras. Et nox nigra occupn- 
bat ccElnm invecta duobus 
_ equis: deinde species Anchi- 
• ^ 3 sx patris delapsa 6 ccelo visa 
est ipsi repente proterreta- 
lia Verba: O fili, mihi magis 1 
chare quam vita, quando vi- 
ta inerat mihi; fdi agitate ea- 
sibus Trojanis: venio hue 
730.i ussu J° v i s > q u * avertit in- 
cendium a navibus tuts, ae 
denique misertus est tui ex 
alto cieIo. Obtempera consi- 



NOTES. 



718. Acestam. This city stood in the 
■western part of Sicily, about five miles from 
the sea coast. It was known also by the 
names of iEgesta and Segesta. 

721. Bigis subvecta. As the ctiariot of the 
Sun is poetically represented drawn by four 
animals; so that of the Moon and the Night 
are said to have had two, and those of a 
black sable colour. Ovid represents these 
lunar animals as horses; Ausonius as hei- 
fers; while others say they were mules; be- 
cause, as the mule cannot produce its kind, 
but is indebted for its being to the horse, 
so the moon cannot shine of itself, but owes 
all its lustre to the sun. The coursers of the 
sun are always horses. 

722. Ccelo facies delapsa parentis. The an- 
cient pagans distinguished between the 
soul and the shade or phantom; the former 
they believed went to heaven, while the 
other had its residence in the infernal re- 
gions. Thus Anchises here descends from 
heaven, viz. with respect to his soul, while 
at the same time, as to his shade, he says, 
verse 734: 

amcena piorum 
Concilia Elysiumque colo. 

See Homer's Odyss. XL 600. 
729. Lectos juve7ies. It ought always to be 
remembered, that the particular design of 



the JEneid is to instruct princes how to 
found colonies. Now one of the most pru- 
dent precautions is to leave behind all who 
are intimidated with the expedition, and 
retain only those who are thoroughly brave 
and are fixed and hearty in the design. 

Catrou. 
731. Ditis tamen ante, &c. This apparition 
of Anchises, and the order he gives his son 
to descend to the infernal regions, are ne- 
cessary preparatives for the sixth book. The 
art of the poet is admirable in thus making 
one event rise out of another, and prepa- 
ring the reader for them: this raises that 
pleasing- suspense, which is the principal 
charm in an epic poem. 

735. Casta Sibylla. The Sibyl has the epi- 
thet of chaste, because these prophetesses 
were virgins. 

736. Nigrantiim pecudum. To the infernal 
deities victims of a black colour were re- 
quired to be offered in sacrifice. See JEn. 
V. 249, and VI. 243. 

738. Torquet medios, &c. This, some al- 
lege, points out the season of the year to 
have been in one of the summer months, 
when the nights are very short, and the 
dawn begins Soon after midnight. Howe- 
ver that may be, it is worth while to mark 
the expression, which is highly poetical. It 
is a metaphor taken from the chariot-races 



2 Y 



346 



P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 



et Sol oriens crudelb 



me £t me saevus equis Oriens afflavil anhelis. 

STKBTSSTiS! Dixe,at > et te,nu:s %jt««w*wii, in auras, r-io 

nuit veluti fumus in levem iEneas, Quo cleinde ruis? quo proripis? inquit. 
aerem. iEneas dcindc ait: Quern fugis? aut quis te nostris complexibus arcet? 
SSaffiSSWSK"* 6 -en,orans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes: , 
bet ab ampiexu nostro? Hso Pergameumque Larem, et canae penetralia Vestae 
dicens, succendit ignem in Farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra. 745 

cmere sepultum: cohtque Extemplo socios, primumque accersit Acesten: 
supplex pio frumcnto et,-.. T ■?■ . . r , *; 

thuribulo pleno Lares Tro--kt Jovls impenum, et chan praecepta parentis 
janoset sacraria albas Ves- Edocet; et quae nunc animo sententia eonstet. 
ta?. Statim advocat socios, Haud mora consiliis, nee jussa recusat Acestes. 

ac primo Acesten: dccla-rp. _ -u _;. • • I 1 J i , „ ^ 

ratque ma.ulatum Jovis, et I ransenbunt urbi matres, populumque volentem 750 
jussa dilecti patris, et quod Deponunt, animos nil magnae laudis egentes. 
jam consilium hareat menti. i ps i transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt 

Nulla est mora in hoc consi- r> u , • •• . j ^ 

Ho, et Acestes non recusat Robora navigns: aptant remosque rudentesque: 
mandata. Addicunt matres Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus. 



urbi, et relinquunt plebem Interea .Eneas urbem desisrnat aratro, 



volentem 



755 



dos ^^« S^aihT 80 ^^! domos ; hoc > Ilium > et h * c loca > Tr °J am 

fieiunt scamna, et reparant in navibus ligna semiusta flammis: accommodant remos et funes: 
pauci qiiidein sunt numero, sed virtus aniens bello. Interim iEneas describit spalium urbis ara* 
tro, et distribuit domos per sortem: imperat boc spatium dici Ilium; et bsec loca, novum Tro- 
jam. 



NOTES. 



in the circus. When the charioteers had ar- 
rived at the goal, they turned round it, and 
returned to the barrier. So here the Night 
was upon her return, after having reached 
her farthest point, the hour of midnight, 
which divides her course in the middle. 

739. Etme scevus Oriens. It was a very an- 
cient and universally prevailingopinion, that 
ghosts and apparitions were only allowed 
to appear in the darkness of the night, and 
were chased away by the dawn. Thus Pro- 
pertius, Lib. IV. 7. 89, makes Cynthia's 
ghost say: 
Nocte vagae ferimur, nox clausas liberat 
umbras; 
Errat etabjecta Cerberus ipse sera. 
Luce jubent leges lethaea ad stagna re- 
verti; 
Nos vehimur, vectum nauta recenset 
onus. 
744. Pergameumque Larem, &c. iEneas is 
said to have introduced into Italy the wor- 
ship of the Penates, Lares, and Vesta; that 
is, the unextinguished fire, whereof men- 
tion has been made above. What the an- 
cients called the Lares were images conse- 
crated to the souls of their deceased ances- 
tors, which every one worshipped in his 
own house by oblations of incense, and 
cakes of fine flour thrown upon the fire. 

744. Penetralia Vestce. This sanctuary, ho- 
ly place, or altar of Vesta, was commonly 
nothing but the hearth or fire-place in the 
apartment where they lodged; and in pri- 
vate houses, as well as public temples, was 
a fire kept always burning in honour of that 



goddess: so that this is only a noble and 
elegant manner of expressing a thing in it- 
self lo w and vulgar. 

750. Transcribunt. This was the proper 
word applied to those whose names were 
enrolled in order to be transported into 
some new colony; and such were called 
Transcripti: hence the word came to signi- 
fy to transfer, as Mn. VII. 422. 

patiere 
— tuaDardaniis transcribe sceptra colonis. 

751. Nil egentes. Nil, or nihil, is frequent- 
ly used both by poets and prose writers for 
lion. 

755. Urbem designat aratro. This refers to 
another custom observed by the Romans, 
who, when they were to build a city, first 
marked out the boundary of it, by drawing 
a furrow with a plough, which they held 
obliquely, so as to make all the clods fall in- 
ward, and lifted the plough over those spa- 
ces where they intended to have the gates, 
which thence were called porta. This fur- 
row measured the compass of the walls. 

755. Urbem. Cicero says, " Segesta est 
oppidum pervetus in Sicilia, quodab JEnea, 
fugiente a Troja, atque in hxc loca veniente, 
conditum esse, demonstrant. Verrina 4. 72. 

756. Ilium. By Ilium here seems to be 
meant the city Acesta or Segesta, mention- 
ed above, verse 718; for there is no men- 
tion in history of any city in Sicily called 
Ilium: probably the meaning is, that iEneas 
called it Ilium at first, but agreed that A- 
cestes should change its name afterwards. 

756. H<ec loca, Trojam essejubet. Both Stra- 



jENEIDOS lib. v. 



347 



Accstcs Trojanus laitatur 
7iovd ditione. Assignat 16- 
runi, ct'ponit leges senibus 
convocatis. Tune tcmplum 
760propinquum sideribua poni- 
tur VencriCypriie in cacu- 
mine lErycis mantis: etsacer- 
dosae sylva late sacra attri- 
huitursepulchroAnchisaj.Et 
jam omriis populus epulatus 
7 e e faersLtpeP novetn dies, et tac- 
• " 5 ta fuerant sacrificia per a- 
ras: cum tranquilli venti 
complanaverunt fluctus, et 
valid us A uster aspirans invi- 
tavit iterum in mare. Surgit 



Esse jubet; gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes, 

Indicitque forum, et patribus dat jura vocatis. 

Turn vicina astris Erycino in vertice ^>edes 

Fundatur Veneri Idaliae: tumuloque sacerdos 

Et lucus late sacer additur Anchisaeo. 

Jamque dies epulata novem gens oninis, et aris 

Factus honos; placidi straverunt aequora venti: 

Creber et aspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum. 

Exoritur procurva ingens per litora iletus: 

Complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur. 

Ipsae jam matres; ipsi, quibus aspera quondam 

Visa maris facies et non tolerabile numen, 

Ire volunt, omnemque fugae perferre laborem. magnus luctus per litora si 

Quos bonus jEneas dictis solatur amicis, 770 » u osa: cives stant completi 

Et consanguineo lachrymans commendat Acestae. 

Tres Eryci vitulos, et tempestatibus agnam 

Caedere deinde jubet, solvique ex ordine funes. 

Ipse caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae, 

Stans procul in prora, pateram tenet, extaque salsos 

Porricit in fluctus, ac vina liquentia fundit. 

Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes: 

Certatim socii feriunt mare, et aequora vervnnt. 

At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curis 
Alloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus: 

abrumpi. Ipse coronatns frondibus concise olivae circa caput 

culum; et projicit viscera in aquas salsas, effunditque vina pura. Ventus exoriens propellit I 
puppe navigantes: socii verbcrant mare certatim, et verrunt ejus planitiem. Venus autem in 
terim agitata curis alloquitur Neptunum, et emittit e pectore tales querelas: 



inter se noctuque diuque. 
Jam ipsa; matres; ipsi, qifi- 
bus conspectus maris vidc- 
batur olim horridus, et vis 
ejus intolerabilis; //// volunt 
proficisci, et pati difficulta- 
tes omnes itineris. Bonus 

776 iEneas solatur illos sermone 
benevolo, et plorans com- 
mendat eos Acestaj consan- 
guineo suo. Postea jubet su- 
os immolare Eryci tres vitu- 

ygQlos, et agnam Tempestati- 
bus; et tunes per ordinem 
erectus longe in prora, tenet po- 



NOTES. 



bo and Dionysius mention two rivers in Si- 
cily, near the city Segesta, called Xanthus 
and Simoi's; and. add, that those names 
were given them by iEneas. 

758. Forum. The forum was of a three- 
fold use: 1. For the administration of the 
laws. 2. As a market place. 3. As an ex- 
change to which merchants resorted. 

758. Patribus. The Roman senators were 
called. Patres, vel atate, vel curce similitu- 
cline, says Sallust; either from their age, or 
to remind them that they were to be fathers 
of the people. 

759. Erycino in vertice. Eryx was the 
greatest mountain in Sicily next to JEtria: 
it overlooked the city Drepanum. On the 
declivity of this mountain was a city built 
of the same name. This mountain was so 
steep that the houses built upon it seemed 
every moment ready to fall. Daxlalus enlar- 
ged the top and enclosed it by a strong wall. 
He consecrated there a golden heifer to Ve- 
nus Erycina, which so much resembled 
life, that it appeared to exceed the power of 
art. 

769. Ire volunt. A faithful and most affect- 
ing picture of human nature. 

772. Tempestatibus agnam. Even the 
winds and storms were deified by the Ro- 
mans, and the victims offered to them were 
lambs or goats. So Horace, Epod. X. 23. 
Eibidinosus immolabitur caper, 
Et agna tempestatibus . 



775. Stans procul inprord. A very ancient 
copy reads celsd in puppi; but, as JEneas was 
going to address the gods of the sea, and 
offer a libation to them, he would naturally 
plant himself on the fore-deck, where he 
could have the fullest prospect of the sea; 
and therefore the former appears to be the 
true reading. The word procul here imports 
that he stood as far as he could from the 
shore, on the very extremity of the head of 
the ship, towards the sea. 

779. At Venus. This complaint of Venus 
to Neptune is very elegant and very artful, 
and what the god answers her prepares the 
reader to expect their happy arrival in Italy, 
and serves to answer an objection that 
might be made, why Juno, who had excited 
so terrible a tempest in the first book, should 
not endeavour to raise another, since she 
now had no time to lose, as theTrojans were 
very near the end of their long voyage. One 
ought to observe with what art the poet 
gives to both these gods those terms and 
manner of speaking that are most proper 
and suited to their characters. The speech 
of Venus is full of sweetness. Neptune in 
his answer seems not to mention any thing 
but what belongs to his empire; one while 
calling Xanthus and Simois to witness how 
much he had done for Troy, another while 
inserting in his speech either the tempest 
which Juno had excited, the birth of Venus 
from the foam of the sea, or the inundation 



348 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Aspera iracundia et insatia- Junonis gravis ira «t inexsaturabile pectus 

bilis animus Junoni 9 cogunt Ct Neptune, preces descendere in omnes: 

mc delabi ad omnes preces, o ? r . r . . . ,, 

6 Neptune. Hanc, nequedi- Quam nee longa dies, pietas nee mitigat ulla; 

uturnum tempus, nee ulla Nee Jovis imperio fatisve infracta quiescit. 

pietas placat; nee quiescit Non me dia de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis 785 

victa jussu Jovis aut tatis. TT . ... ~. J a 

Non sufficit ipsi consump. Urbem odns satis est, pcEnam traxisse per omnem 

sisse intando odio urbem e Relliquias; Trojae cineres atque ossa peremptae 

medio populorum Phrygia, Insequitur: causas tanti sciat ilia furoris. 

^JS^SSTilSilP" mihi » u P^ r Libycistu testis in undis 

sequitur cineres et ossa in- Quam molem subito excierit: maria omnia coelo 790 

terfectte Trojae: noveritipsa Miscuit, jEoliis nequicquam freta procellis: 

causas tanti turons. 1 uipse r • h t • 

testis es> quantam excitave- ™ ™ S ni $ n( J c dUsa tulS * ^ . . 

rit mihi nuper tempestatem Pron scelus! ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis 

in mariLibyco: confuditom- Exussit foede puppes, et classe subegit 

ma maria cum corfc ., frustra Amissa socios • tx l inquere teme . 795 

eonfidens ventis Mollis: au- » :. *, 

sa est hoc in tua ditione. C^uod superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas 

O crimen! en etiam impul- Vela tibi, liceat Laurentem attingere Tybrim: 

sis mulienbus Trojanis in- gj concessa pet0 si dant ea moen i a p arcse . 

cendit foede naves, etcoegit„, .. r ' , . . ,.,.,. 

ches amissa classe relinque- I um baturnius haec domitor maris edidit alti: 

re eas midieresinpevegv'mk Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, 80Q 

regione. Quod spectat «^Tj n de e;enus ducis; merui quoque: saepe furores 
reliqua; precor, liceat J ro- ~ ° ,. ^ i« 

janis committer tibi per Compress**, et rabiem tantam ccehque mansque. 
undas vela .secura, liceat Nee minor in terris, Xanthum Simoentaque testor, 
pervenire ad Tybrim Lau- ^ ne2e m ihi C ura tui. Cum'Troia Achilles 

SS^ >! ^^ P %2EMninja^ sequens impingeret agmina muris, ^ 805 

et fata dant illis eas urbes. Tunc JiUiis Saturni, rector profundi maris, protulit ista: ,0 Venus, 
omnino tequum est te confidere meo imperio, unde accepisti ortum; hoc etiam merui: saepe re- 
pressi furores et rabiem immanem cceli et maris. Nee minor cura est mihi iEneae tui in terris, 
testes appello Xanthum et Simoenta. Quando Achilles persequens turmas Ti-ojauas territas alli- 
debat eas ad muros-, 



NOTES. 



of the Trojan rivers. Thus should the cha- 
racters of all those who are introduced 
speaking be marked in making them say 
what is proper and peculiar to them t and 
in making them appear full of those things 
with which they ought to be more particu- 
larly touched and affected. 

Segrais. 
784. Nee Jovis imperio, Cfc. That is, she 
Still persisted in her opposition to JEneas, 
even in spite of the power of Jove, and the 
decrees of heaven, that had fixed his settle- 
ment in Italy. 

787. Cineres atque ossa peremptce. By this 
she emphatically understands the few weak 
remains of the Trojans that were then steer- 
ing their course for Italy. 

788. Causas tanti, &c. These words tacit- 
ly insinuate that Juno alone knew the causes 
of her resentment, and that no being be- 
sides herself could see the equity of it. 

791. Nequicquam; in vain, because she 
had not accomplished her purpose; for 
both she and JEolus were controlled by Nep- 
tune. 

793. Proh scelus! Most of the ancient co- 



pies read Per scelus, By her wicked insti- 
gation. 

799. Turn Saturnius hcec domitor maris edi- 
dit alti. This line is Cited, because it hath 
a grandeur and boldness suitable to the ri\a- 
jesty of that god whose speech it introdu- 
ces, which makes it worthy of the attention 
of the reader. Saturnius, the son of Saturn, 
is an epithet often given to Jupiter himself. 

800. Cytherea; Venus, so called from Cy- 
thera, an island in the Mediterranean (op- 
posite to Crete), which was consecrated to 
that goddess. 

801. Unde genus ducis. Alluding to the fa- 
bulous account of her birth, which makes 
her to have sprung from the foam of the 
sea; whence she had her name in Greek, 
hfpoSnr), from appog foam. 

801. Merui quoque. I have deserved your 
confidence. 

805. Impingeret. Several ancient copies 
read immitteret; but the far greater num- 
ber have impingeret, which is by much the 
stronger word, and paints the image in 
more lively colours. 



JENEIDOS LIB. V. 



349 



et tradebat morti nmlta mil- 
lia, et fluvii plcni caduvrri- 
bus gemebant, et Xanthus 
non poterat invenire viain 
ct exonerare se in mure; 
oiQtunc ego servavi cavi nube 
-'En cam certantem cum fort i 
Jilio Pelei, nee Diis, nee vi- 



Millia multa daret leto, gemcrentque repleti 

Amnes, nee reperire viam utque evolvere posset 

In mare se Xanthus; Pelidae tunc ego forti 

Congressum .Eneam, nee Diis, nee viribus acquis 

Nube cava eripui; cuperem cum vevtere ab imo 

Structa meis manibus pcrjurae mcenia Trojae. 

Nunc quoq; mens eadem perstat mihi, pelle timorcmjVibus paribus, quamvis op- 

rr> ^ * ~„».,~ «™*»/-l<>«- A.-oi.ni- tarem eruere a fundamentis 

Tutus quos optas portus accedet Aveini. Iuuu i men ta perjure Troje 

Unus erit tantum, amissum quern gurgite quaeret; construct* meis manibu*. 

Unum pro multis dabitur caput. 815 Nuuc etiam restat mihi ea- 

His ubi lata Deae pcrmulsit pectora dictis; ^ era voIunta t s er Z a -ftneam 

xiis ulu iccw x^va- j/vMu»M r 7 depone metum: pervemet 

Jungit equos curri>gemtor, spumantiaque addit seC urus ad portum Avemi, 

Frasna feris, manibusque omnes effundit habenas. quem cupis: unus erit tan- 
Cceruleo per sumraa levis volat aequora curru: tummodo quem requiret 

, . . . ^ , -j u ,~«. „«.; oorv su bmersum man; unicum 

Subsidunt undae, tumidumque sub axe tonanti 820 caput peribit pr0 multis 

Postquam pater JVeptVJW* recreavit his verbis laetum animum Dese, alligat equos currui, et im- 
ponit iis feroeientibus frxna spumantia, et manibus laxat prunes habenas. Volat celer per sum- 
mos fluctus in curru cceruleo, unda; demittunt se, et mare iuflatum complanatur aquis, sub rotis 
sonantibus: 



NOTES. 



808. Pelidx tunc ego forti. This story is ta- 
ken from the twentieth book of the Iliad, 
where JEneas encounters Achilles, and is 
saved from death by the seasonable inter- 
position of Neptune, who screens him with 
a cloud, as here said. But the other circum- 
stances of the dreadful slaughter made by 
Achilles among the Trojan troops, so as to 
choke up the rivers with their dead bodies, 
though Virgil has connected them together, 
yet refer to a different time, and are deli- 
vered in the twenty-first book of the Iliad. 

811. Perjurce mania Trojce. See the note 
on J2n, II. 610. 

812. Mens eadem; not the same purpose, 
as Dr. Trapp renders it; for Neptune had 
not mentioned any purpose, but only set 
forth to Venus how well affected all along 
he had been to her and her son; so that 
mens eadem signifies the same good dispo- 
sition. 

815. Unum pro multis dabitur caput. A 
christian teacher will avail himself of this 
passage, and similar ones in the Roman po- 
ets, for the purpose of impressing on the 
minds of young persons how much the 
scripture doctrine of the substitution of one 
for many incorporated itself with their my- 
thology, their history, and their sacrifices. 
These words are not unlike the speech of 
Otho the emperor in Xiphilin, when he 
slew himself to preserve his army; xotoyeep 
■Tfi g y.f£iT?&v, 8cc. It is far better and more 
just that one should perish or die for all 
than that many should perish for one. The 
same idea Virgil presents us with in the 
case of Mezentius who was saved from 
death by the interposition of Lausus, his 
son, whom >£neas slew: 

tuane hxc genitor per vulnera servor 

Morte tua vivatn? 

" Do I live by thy death? 

Am i saved bvthv wounds 5 '* 



When Entellus struck down the ox he of- 
fered to Eryx: 

— Meliorem animam pro morte Daretis. 
So 

— Fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit. 
Livy represents the Decii as devoting them- 
selves for the salvation of the rest: Of the 
father, who, when the Roman army was al- 
most defeated by the Latins, called for the 
priest, consecrated himself, and then, unum 
pro multis, rusfied on death, he says " Con- 
spectus ab utraque acie aliquanto augustior 
humano visu, sicut ccdo missus piaculum 
omnis Deorum ir?s qui pestem ab suis aver- 
sam in hostes." He was looked on by both 
armies as one more august than a man, as 
one sent from heaven to be a piacular sacri- 
fice; to appease the anger of the gods and 
to transfer destruction from their own army 
to that of -the enemy. These and similar 
passages are of the same import as the 
w r ords of Caiaphas respecting the Lord 
Jesus Christ: " It is expedient that one 
man should die for the people, and that the 
whole nation perish not." — " HE gave his 
life a ransom for many." 

817- Jungit equos curru. Pierius assures 
us that all the ancient manuscripts in this 
place read auro instead of curru, which has 
crept into most of the printed editions. Au- 
ro has greater dignity, and saves the incon- 
venience of a disagreeable repetition, curru 
being found in the next line but one. Be- 
sides, nothing is more common than to put 
the metal for the instrument of which it is 
composed, as Jerrum for a sword; so Virgil 
usus are for a buckler, and auro for a bowl, 
J£n. I. 743. 

820. Sub axe tonanti. Either the axle of 
the chariot of Neptuue, which, impelled 
with great roarings of the waves, seemed 
to thunder; or, the axle of heaven, mean- 
ing heaven itself, which threatened a -tern- 



350 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



nimbi fugiunt toto aere. Sternitur aequoraquis: fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi; 
SSa? B S£-3?2Tu« vari* co-nitum facks: immania cete, 
choms Giauci senioris, et kt senior Glauci chorus, Inoiisque Palaemon, 
Falaemoti filius Inus, et Tri-Tritonesque citi, Phorcique exercitus omnis. 

Sffi t££ It £f Va — The %\ et ,. Melite ' P^opeaque virgo, 825 
Mdite, et virgo l'anopea, Nesaee, bpioque, 1 hahaque, Cymodoceque. 
Nes*e, et Spio, Thalia, etHic patris JEneas suspensam blanda vicissim 
Cymodoce, occupant sinis* Gaudia pertentant mentem: jubet ocyus omnes 
tra shatia. Tunc vicissim . ^ ... r , . ... , . J ,. J 

blanda Itetitia subit animum Attolli malos, mtendi brachia veils. 
iiicertumJEnetejimperatce-Una omnes fecere pedem; pariterq; sinistros, 83C 
leriter omnes malos erigi,e^ Nunc dextros solvere simis; una ardua torquent 
admoven manus ad vela. ^ j ■ r n • i 

simul omnes extenderunt Co . rnua > detorquentque: ferunt sua flamma classeim 
i'unes veil.- et simul laxave-Princeps ante omnes densum Palinurus agebat 
runt modi) sinistros, modo Agmen: adhunc alii cursum contendere iussi. 

uextros sinus veil: simul T " c v ,. .. . ., „.. 

vertunt et obvertunt alta Jam Q» tere mediam cceh nox humida metam 835 

comua antsnnx: venti pros- Contigerat; placida laxarant membra quiete 
peri provehunt classem. Pa- Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae: 

linurus primus ante om-^v i • _.i . • j 1 o u 

nesducebatdensamciassem: Cum Jt : vls aethereis delapsus Somnus ab astns 

alii jussi sunt dirigere cur- Aera dimovit tenebrosum, et dispulit umbras, 

sum ad ilium. Et jam nox Te, Palinure, petens, tibi tristia somnia portans 840 

humida attigerat pene me- j . puppique Deus consedit in alta, 

4mm spatium cceh, remiges ," , V f^.?. r . ,. v -^" av,ail - "* «**•*> 

strati inter dura scamna sub Phorbanti simihs, fuditque has ore loquelas: 

remis permisei'ant membra tranquillo sorano: cum Somnus celer delapsus e sideribus ccelestibus 
discussit aerem obscjirum, et fugavit tenebras; quserens te, 6 Palinure: ferens tibi innocenti 
somnia funesta: et Deus sedit in alta puppe, similis Phorbanti, et protulit ore verba ista: 



NOTES. 



pest and already had begun to thunder, be- 
fore Venus poured out her prayers. 

823. Glauci. Glaucus, according to Ser- 
vius, was a famous fisherman of Anthedon 
in Boeotia, who, having laid upon the grass 
some fishes which he had caught, perceiv- 
ed them to recover their life and motion, 
and throw themselves into the sea. He con- 
cluded that a peculiar virtue existed in some 
of those herbs; and, upon tasting of them, 
he was transformed into a sea-god. See 
this fable explained in Banier's Mythology, 
vol. II. B. 2, C. 8, of the English. 

824. Phorcique exercitus omnis; that is, all 
the Nereids, whom Phorcus the sea-god 
was wont at times to muster. 

827. Vicissim; after the anxiety he endu- 
red on account of the burning of the ships. 

829. Attolli malos. When they arrived in 
the port, they used to take down the masts, 
and raise them up again when they set sail. 

829. Brachia, the sail -yards that stretch 
across the mast like arms. Intendi brachia 
velis is the same as vela intendi or extendi 
brachiis. We may observe, however, that 
the ancient Roman copy reads intendi bra- 
chia remis, which is both easier, and in 
Virgil's style, as above, verse 136, Intenta- 
que brachia remis. 

830. Fecere pedem. Pes here signifies the 
rope by which the sails move, just as the 
<>et move the body. Facere signifies to work, 



or stretch, as facere vela is the same as ex- 
tendere vela. Sinus mean the sails, and comua 
the end of the sail-yards. 

830. Una—pariterque, i. e. They are all at 
work together with equal eagerness, and 
their motions are uniform. 

830. Sinistros, nunc dextros. They tacked 
sometimes to the right, and sometimes to 
the left, that they might sail close by the 
wind as it shifted. 

832. Sua fiamina, i. e: Prosperous gales.. 
It is the same way of speaking with that in 
the second book, verse 396. 
Vadimus immixti Danais haud numine 
nostro. 

838. Somnus. Somnus was the son of Ere- 
bus and Nox, one of the infernal deities, 
and presided over sleep. His palace, accord-' 
ing to some mythologists, is a dark cave 
where the sun never penetrates. At the en- 
trance there are a number of poppies and 
somniferous herbs. The god himself is re- 
presented as asleep on a bed of feathers 
with black curtains. The Dreams stand by 
him, and Morpheus as his principal minister 
watches to prevent the noise from awaking 
him. The Lacedemonians always placed 
the image of Somnus near that of Death. 
See iEn. VI. 893. 

842. Phorbanti. Phorbas was one of the 
sons of Priam. 



iF.NEIDOS LIB. V. 



351 



laside Palinure, fcrunt ipsa acquora classem, 
/Equatx spirant aura:, datur hora quieti. 
Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori. 
Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo. 
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur: 
Mene salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos 
Ignorare jubes? mene huic confidere monstro? 
^Eneam credam quid enim fallacibus Austris, 
Et coeli toties deccptus fraude sereni? 
Talia dicta dabat: clavumque affixus et hscrens 
Nusquam amittcbat, oculosque sub astra tenebat 
Ecce Deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem, 
Vique soporatum Stygia, super utraque quassat 
Tempora; cunctantique natantia lumina solvit. 
Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus: 
Et super incumbens, cum puppis parte revulsa, 
Cumque gubernaclo, liquidas projecitin undas 
Praecipitem, ac socios nequicquam saepe vocantem. 
Ipse volans tenues se sustulit ales in auras. 861 

Currit iter tutum non secius aequore classis, 
Promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur. 
Jamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat, 

parte puppis eftracta et cum gubernaculo, ilium pronum in undas 
tern socios frustra. Ipse alatus et volans sustulit se in levem aerem. 
non minus tutam, et provehitur secura promissis patris Neptuni. 
rupes Sirenum; 



845 



850 



855 



Palinure, ftli Jasi, ip- 
sum mare proveliit naves, 
v.ejjti Hant squabHes, tem- 
gus offertur ad quictem 
Demitte caput, et subtrahe 
labori oculos lassos. Ego ipse 
iinplcbo pro tc tuum offici- 
um tantisper. Cui Palinurus 
respondet vix aperiens ocu- 
los: an vis me ncscire fa- 
ciem tranquilli maris et un- 
darum quietarum? an me fi- 
dere huic monstro? quid e- 
nim committam JEneam au- 
stris dolosis, etiam toties de- 
ceptus fraude aeris sereni? 
Proferebat talia verba; et 
nullatenus deserebat guber- 
naculum, ei affixus et adhe- 
rens; et intendebat oculos 
in sidei'a. Ecce Deus excu- 
tit super gemina tempora ra- 
mum sparsum aqua Lethsea, 
et soporatum virtute Stygia: 
et relaxat obnitenti oculos 
fluitantcs. Vix somnus im- 
provisus occupaverat prima 
membra: et statim Deus su- 
per innitens, impulit, cum 
liquidas, et ssepe imploran- 
Classis decurrit mari viani 
lm6 jam progressa radebat 



NOTES. 



844. JEquatce spirant aura; that is, the 
wind blows directly in the stern, equable 
and uniform, not stronger on one side than 
on the other. 

845. Pone caput. So Siculus, 1. 11, de Ca- 
milla, " etcaptum leto posuit caput." 

848. Satis placidi vultum. Other copies 
read placidum; but the former is much soft- 
er, and more harmonious. 

855. Vique Stygia. By Stygian quality Ser- 
vius understands mortal quality, such as ef- 
fected his death. 

856. Cunctanti: delaying, unwilling to 
sleep. 

856. Natantia lumina. Servius renders na- 
tantia by errantia, reeling; Scaliger by Jlui- 
tantia, because they sometimes shut, and 
sometimes open. But we take the meaning 
of the expression to be this — bedimmed 
with vapours, and those confused images of 
things that play before the eyes of sleepy 
or dying persons, and make them swim as 
it were in a false medium of vision. 

857. Primos artus. Sleep is here repre- 
sented creeping or diffusing itself over the 
several members of the body, and relaxing 
them one after another; so that the primi 
artus are the extremities of the body that 
are apt to be first affected with sleep. 



858. Et super incumbens. Et here has the 
force of cum, as in several places in Virgil. 
For instance, JEn. III. 9. 

Vix prima inceperat aestas, 
Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat. 

860. Nequicquam, in vain, because they 
were all asleep. 

864. Scopulos Sirenum. The poets repre- 
sent the Sirens as beautiful women who in- 
habited steep rocks upon the sea-coast, whi- 
ther they allured passengers by the sweet- 
ness of their music, and then put them to 
death. They are said to have been the 
daughters of the river Achelous and Calli- 
ope. They are generally reckoned three in 
number, Leucosia, Ligea, and Parthenope. 
One of them sang, the second played on the 
flute, the third on the lyre. Homer, who 
relates their fable at full length in the Odys- 
sey, says, it was fated that they should live 
till some person should be able to resist their 
charms; of which being forewarned by 
Circe, Ulysses escaped their fatal snares by 
stopping the ears of his companions with 
wax, and causing himself to be fastened to 
the mast of his ship; upon which they threw 
themselves into the sea in despair, and 
were transformed to fishes from the waist 
downwards. In reality, they were lewd wo- 



352 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS, &c. 



olimasperas et albentes os- Difficiles quondam, multorumq; ossibus albos; 865 

pebantirrequieto mari: cum Cum pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro 

pater iEneas agnovit navem Sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis, 

n^cr^sr^befna^Multa gemens, casuque animum concussus amici: 

earn per undas obscuras, O mmium coelo et peiago confise sereno, . 870 

^nultum gemens, et turba- Nudus in ignota, Palinure, jacebis arena. 

tus animo ob sortem amici: 

O Palinure, aiebat, qui nimis fxdisti coelo et raari tranquillo, jacebis insepultus in ignoto litore. 



NOTES. 



men, -who by their charms enticed men to 

debauchery. Thus Horace seems to have 

understood the allegory, Epist. Lib. I. 2. 23. 

Sirenum voces, et Circes pocula nosti, 

Quae si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bi- 

bisset, 
Sub domina meretrice fuisset turpis et ex- 

cors, 
Vixisset canis immundus, vel arnica luto 
sus. 
The place of their residence was in the 
three small islands called Sirenusae, in the 
Sinus Paestanus, now the gulf of Salerno, in 
the Tyrrhene sea. 

870. Nimium conf.se. JEneas was in a sound 
sleep when this accident befel Palinurus, 



Therefore he speaks only by conjecture 
of the cause of his misfortune, not knowing 
that a god had thrown him into the waves: 
though in truth that is only a poetical way 
of telling us that Palinurus was overcome 
with sleep, even in spite of all his efforts 
to keep himself awake. 

871. Nudus in ignotd. We shall hear more 
of Palinurus in the following book. The 
exclamation of JEneas is natural and affect- 
ing: 
O dear lamented friend! the hero cries, 
For faith repos'd in flattering seas and 

skies; 
Cast on a foreign shore, thy naked body 
lies. 



INTRODUCTION 



TO THE 



SIXTH BOOK. 



FO trie sixth book of the iEneid, we beg leave to prefix a short pre- 
face. The descent of iEneas into hell is confessedly mysterious. The 
pupil reads it usually without satisfaction, and the teacher often tries to 
explain it, without success. Warburton, the memorable author of the 
Divine Legation, has thrown considerable light on this obscure subject. 
His dissertation is too long for insertion, but the subsequent observations, 
which form its substance, deserve a serious perusal. 

He considers the adventure of JErieas to the infernal shades, as no 
other than a figurative description of his initiation into the Mysteries^ 
and particularly a very exact one of the spectacles of the Eleusinian. 

It is necessary before we open Warburton to inform the young pupil 
that the Eleusinia was a great festival observed by several nations, but 
particularly by the people of Athens, every fifth year, at Eleusis in At- 
tica. It was introduced by Eumolphus 1356 years before the christian 
era. More celebrated than any other religious Grecian ceremony, it pro- 
cured to itself the name of pvM£ia, the Mysteries. It was a festival dedi- 
cated to Ceres and Proserpine. If any one revealed the secrets of the 
Eleusinia it was considered by all unsafe to live with him in the same 
house. In many cases such an offender was adjudged to an ignominious 
death. Persons of each sex were admitted to it. Its votaries were con- 
sidered as the peculiar care of the deities, and destined for the first sta- 
tions in the Elysian fields. 

These Mysteries were divided into the lesser and greater. The first 
of these were merely a ceremonious introduction into the latter, which 
were properly the true mysteries. A year after an induction into the 
lesser, the candidates were initiated into the greater in the following 
manner: 

Crowned with myrtle, they were admitted by night into a vast build- 
ing called the mystical temple. Here their bodies were washed and men- 
tal purity inculcated. The holy mysteries were then read from a large 
book which, because made of two stones, was called mrgifi*. These 
stones were cemented together. The priest or priestess who officiated at 
the initiation was called 'isgepavms, Hierophantes, or, a revealer of sa- 
cred things. He or she was commonly a citizen of Athens and invested 
with the office for life. After a few questions had been proposed by the 
hierophant and answered by the candidates, strange and terrific objects 
would instantly appear, flashes of vivid light and the glooms of deepest 

2 Z 



354 

darkness would alternately present themselves. The roar of thunder, 
the howlings of savage and infuriated animals, dreadful apparitions, and 
occasionally the apparent rocking of the whole edifice alarmed the 
trembling spectators. This was called etvro-^ix^ or intuition. The gar- 
ments worn at this period were ever held sacred. The ceremonies com- 
menced on the 15th of September and terminated on the 23d, occupy- 
ing a space of nine days. On the first day the people assembled; on the 
second they bathed in the sea; on the third they offered sacrifices, espe- 
cially a mullet; on the fourth the holy basket of Ceres was carried in so- 
lemn procession, while, on every side, the people cried #*<gs Av>pnTi£, 
hail Ceres. The fifth was called the torch day, the people carrying very 
large torches in commemoration of the travels of the goddess, and of 
her lighting her torch in the flames of iEtna. The sixth day was kept 
in honour of Iacchus who accompanied Ceres in her search for Proser- 
pine. Singing and the noise of brazen kettles were the chief ceremonies. 
On the seventh day sports were celebrated. The eighth was kept in ho- 
nour of iEsculapius who had been initiated into these Mysteries. On the 
ninth two vessels of wine, with many mystic words, were poured one 
towards the east, and the other towards the west when the ceremonies 
closed. Whether as some have thought the mystery lay in their impu- 
rity, it is not easy to say, nor yet how far free masonry may be indebted 
to the Eleusinia for its origin. They were removed from Eleusis to 
Rome during the reign of Adrian, and after an existence of eighteen 
hundred years were abolished by Theodosius the great. 

The reasons which may be collected from Warburton to shov/ that 
the descent into hell was merely an initiation into these Mysteries, are 
such as the following: 

1. The design of the whole JEntid renders it probable. There are 
three species of the epic poem. Its largest sphere is human action which 
can be considered only in a moral, apolitical, or a religious light. Homer 
possessed himself of the province of morality, Milton in later ages 
chose the sphere of religion. The aim of Virgil was a display of a sys- 
tem of politics. He has accordingly given as perfect an exhibition of 
politics in the example of iEneas as did Plato or Tully in precept. He 
has shown his hero in a vast number of important lights, combining at 
once the .Eneid and the Odyssey, the voyagings of Ulysses and the bat- 
tles of Achilles. 

Now, as initiation into the Mysteries was considered as ennobling the 
function and sanctifying the character of a lawgiver and politician; as 
he there was supposed to receive important instructions; as inspiration 
and support in the discharge of official duties were to be obtained from 
the god of the Mysteries; and as all the ancient heroes and lawgivers, 
some say even Agamemnon and Ulysses, had been initiated,' it is rea- 
sonable to suppose so interesting and indeed so essential a ceremony 
would not by our poet be passed over without regard. 

2. Another reason akin to the preceding one is this: there is ample 
reason for believing that Augustus is shadowed in the person of the 
good -^Eneas. This is indeed an idea generally by the learned admitted. 
Now Suetonius (Oct. c. 93.) expressly assures us, that into these Mys- 
teries Augustus was actually initiated. This fabled descent must have 
served therefore the more ingeniously and obviously to designate the in- 
tended .emperor. 



355 

3. The mystic way of speaking adopted by Virgil is such as had been 
used by Orpheus, Bacchus and others. The plain truth was shaded by 
an allegory through which, as through a thin veil, it might be clearly 
discovered. 

4. Euripides and Aristophanes seem to confirm this interpretation of 
descents into hell. When the Eleusinia were celebrated, what articles 
were wanted in the rites were usually carried on an ass; hence the pro- 
verb asinus portat mysteria. Bacchus of himself says, I am the ass car- 
rying mysteries. Hence when the chorus of the initiated appear, the old 
scholiast says, " We are not to understand this scene as really lying in 
the Elysian fields, but in the Eleusinian mysteries" 

5. The parts of the process of this descent confirm the interpretation 
What is the Sibyl, the inspired priestess, the magna sacerdos, but the 

hierophant conducting the initiated through the whole celebration? 

What is the design of the golden bough but to point to the myrtle 
with which the candidate was crowned? Was it Junoni sacer? so was 
the myrtle. Is it lento limine? the branches of the myrtle are tender. 
Do the doves of Venus fly to it and delight to rest upon it, sedibus op- 
tatisP it is because the myrtle is with Venus a favourite tree. Was this 
branch a golden one? a golden bough was literally part of the sacred 
equipage in the shows of the mysteries. 

Possessed of the myrtle crown with a view to an initiation into the 
lesser mysteries, he carries it into the grot of the Sibyl. Dion Chrysos- 
torn describes it as a little narrow chapel: The 

Proculy O procul este, profani, 

is but a literal translation of the formula used by the hierophant or mys- 
tagogue, 

The Sibyl approaching the mouth of the cave directs JEneas to arouse 
his courage: 

Nunc animis opus, JEnea, nunc pectorejirmo. 

The trials were of two sorts, real and imaginary. The former were re- 
served for chiefs and leaders. Of these there were eighty degrees: the 
latter were submitted to by all the initiated. The remarks of Virgil 
on the ghosts seen near the banks of the Cocytus, relate merely to the 
contrivance of ancient legislators to render formidable the circumstance 
of a body being left unburied. Sepulchral rites tend to the prevention of 
private assassinations. The ferryman Charon was a substantial Egyp- 
tian, and as an ingenious writer says, fairly existing in this world. The 
Egyptians carrying their dead over the Nile and through the marsh of 
Acherusia, deposited them in subterranean caverns. The man employ- 
ed in ferrying them across the river was, in their language, called Cha- 
ron. 

Does VirgiPs geography divide the regions into three parts, Piirga* 
tory, Tartarus, and Elysium? the mysteries do the same. 



J56 

As to Purgatory, Plato, where he speaks of what was taught in the 
Mysteries, says, " souls stick fast in mire and filth, remaining in dark- 
ness till a long series of years has purged and purified them. This first 
division contained suicides, extravagant lovers and ambitious warriors; 
among these one of the initiated is found: 

Cererique sacrum Polybocten, 

The introduction of new born infants here was, without doubt, with a 
view to censure and condemn their exposure. For the destruction of 
children, as Pericles finely observed of youth, is like cutting off the 
spring from the year, 

^Eneas comes next to the Gonfines of Tartarus. He is /^through the 
regions of Purgatory and Elysium, but Tartarus he is permitted only to 
see at a distance. The punishments of Tartarus were without end. Cel- 
sus, in Origen, says the Mysteries taught the doctrine of eternal punish- 
ments. The hierophant here more fully avows her office: 

\ Me cum lucis, hecate perfectt, &?c. 

The criminals destined to eternal punishments, are 

■» ' 1. Those who had sinned so secretly as to escape the animadversions 

of the magistrate. 

2. Atheists and the despisers of God and religion. 

3. Those without natural affection to brothers, duty to parents, pro- 
tection to clients, or charity to the poor. 

4. Traitors and adulterers. 

Our hero comes next to the abodes of the blessed. In copying the 
amiable paintings of Elysium, as they were represented in the Myste- 
ries, Virgil has avoided the gloomy picture of Elysium which Homer 
has drawn. We have observed that one of the days of the Eleusinia 
was devoted to games; so in Elysium 

Pars in gramineis exercent membra palcestris 
Contendunt ludo etfulva luctantur arena. 

Perhaps it was with a view to this that the fifth book is employed in the 
games as a prelude to the sixth. In these happy regions a place is given 

1. To lawgivers who brought mankind into a state of society. At the 
head of these is Orpheus, who was not only a legislator but the bringer 
of the Mysteries into Thrace. 

2. Patriots come next, and those who shed their blood for the service 
of their country. 

3. Virtuous and pious priests. 

4. Inventors of arts, mechanical and liberal. 

The order is exact and beautiful. The frst class, heroes and lawgivers, 
founded society. The second, patriots and priests, supported it. The 
third, inventors of the arts of life and the recorders of worthy actions, 
adorned it. In this arrangement Virgil has strictly followed the doc- 
trine of the Mysteries. _ 



357 

Notwithstanding this entire conformity between the poet's scenes and 
those represented in the Mysteries, something is still wanting to com- 
plete the identification, and that is the famous secret of the Mysteries, 
the unity of the, godhead. Till this was understood the initiated 
was not arrived at the highest state of perfection. Musaeus, who had 
been hierophant at Athens, is made to conduct JEneas to the recess, 
where his father's shade opens to him the hidden doctrine of perfection: 

u Spiritus intus alit 
44 Mens, agitat mo'lem." 

" Attend, he cry'd, while I unfold the whole, 
t And clear these wonders that amaze thy soul. 
Then the great sire the scheme before him lays, 
And thus each awful secret he displays: 

Know first, a spirit, with an active flame, 

Fills, feeds and animates the mighty frame; 

Runs through the wat'ry worlds, the fields of air, 

The pond'rous earth, the depths of heav'n; and there 

Glows in the sun and moon and burns in ev'ry star. 

Thus mingling with the mass the general soul 

Lives in the parts and agitates the whole. 

From that celestial energy began 

The low-brow'd brute; the imperial race of man; 

The painted birds who wing th' aerial plain, 

And all the mighty monsters of the main." : — Pitt. 

Stoboeus has preserved a passage from an ancient writer, which most 
admirably explains the exact conformity between death or a real descent 
into the infernal regions and initiation. His words are these: " The 
u mind is affected and agitated in death, just as it is in the initiation into 
" the Grand Mysteries, and word answers tc word as well as thing to 
" thing: For rtMvlxv, is to die, and TstenrS-xiy to be initiated. The first 
" stage is nothing but errors and uncertainties; laborious wanderings, a 
" rude and fearful march through night and darkness, and now arrived 
44 on the verge of death, and initiation, every thing wears a dreadful 
44 aspect: It is all horror, trembling, sweating, and affright. But this 
44 scene once over, a miraculous and divine light displays itself. Shining 
44 plainsand flowery meadows open on all hands before them. Here 
44 they are entertained with hymns and dances, with the sublime doc- 
" trines of sacred knowledge, and with reverend and holy visions. And 
44 now, become perfect and initiated, they are no longer under restraints: 
" but crowned and triumphant they walk up and down the regions of the 
44 blessed; converse with pure and holy men, and celebrate the sacred 
44 mysteries at pleasure." 

The progress completed, ^Eneas and his guide are let out through the 
ivory gate of dreams; for as it is elegantly expressed by Euripides, 

"T^ryes too piKgcc rS B-avdra MYSTHPIA. 
The lesser mysteries of death's a dream. 

The substance of this celebration is a kind of drama of the history oi 
Ceres, which furnished an opportunity to represent the three particulars 
about which the mysteries were principally concerned; 



358 

i. The rise and establishment of civil society. 

2. The doctrine of a future state of rewards and punishments. ' 

3. The error of polytheism and the principle of the unity. 

The legislation of Ceres in Sicily and Attica, in which place she was 
said to civilize the savage manners of the inhabitants, gave birth to the 
first. Her search for her daughter Proserpine in hell to the second, and 
her resentment against the gods, for their permitting or conniving at the 
rape, the third. This view of the famous episode, not only in the view 
of Mr. Warburton, but in the view of every attentive reader not only 
clears up a number of difficulties, inexplicable on any other scheme, but 
likewise exceedingly ennobles the whole poem. Such observations as the 
preceding ought, by every tutor, to be impressed on the mind of the 
student before a single page of the following book be read. 



359 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIJDOS 



LIBER VI. 



SIC fatur lachrymans, classiq; immittit habenas: 

Et tandem EuboYcis Cumarum allabitur oris. 

Obvertunt pelago proras: turn dente tenaci 

Anchora fundabat naves, etlitora curvae 

Praetexunt puppes: juvenum manus emicat ardens 

Litus in Hesperium: quaerit pars semina flammae, 

Abstrusa in venis silicis; pars densa ferarum 

Tecta rapit sylvas, inventaque flumina monstrat. 

At pius ^neas arces quibus altus Apollo 

las ignis latentes in venis lapidis: pars colligit ligna arbontm, qu<t sunt opacas domus ferarum; et 

ostendit repertos fluvios. Sed pius iEneas vadit ad templum altum cui Apollo 



INTERPRETATIO. 

Sic loquitur plorans, et 
permittit navibus cursum U- 
berwn, et demiim appellitur 
litori Eubo'i'co Cumarum. 
5 Nautx vertunt proras ad 
mare: deinde anchora sistit 
naves uncis tenacibus, et 
curvats puppes tegunt ea?« 
tremum litus: prompta tur- 
ba iuvenum exilit in terrain 
Italicam: pars quarit scintil- 



NOTES. 



JEneas visits the Sibyl of Cumae. She 
foretels the adventures he is to meet with 
in Italy; attends him to hell, describing to 
him the various scenes of the infernal re- 
gions; and conducts him to his father An- 
chises, who instructs him in the sublime 
mysteries of the soul of the world, and the 
transmigration, and shows him the glorious 
race of heroes expected to descend from 
him and his posterity. 

1. Sic fatur. This refers to the end of the 
fifth book, O nimium ccelo, life. 

1. Habenas. A metaphor taken from hor- 
ses, signifying the free impetus and course 
of the ships. This figure is by our poet ap- 
plied to fire, iEn. 5. 662. 

Fuerit immissis Vulcanus habenis. 
And to the thriving boughs of a tree, 
Palmes laxis per purum immissus habenis. 

2. Euboicis Cumarum. Euboea is now the 
island of Negropont, in the JEgean sea, ad- 
jacent to Achaia on the east. Thence Me- 
gasthenes, of the city of Chaicis, trans- 
planted a colony into Italy, and built Cumae, 
a town in Campania. 

3. Dente: velmorsu, as in the first iEneid. 
Unco non alligit ancora morsu. 

4. Anchora. From the Greek a/>tu\or, in- 
curvus, crooked. The most ancient anchors 



were made of stone, and sometimes of 
wood, to which a quantity of lead was at- 
tached. In some places they used baskets 
full of stones and sacks filled with sand. Af- 
terwards anchors were constructed of iron, 
and furnished with teeth or flukes, which 
fastening to the bottom of the sea kept the 
vessel immoveable; hence oSovlss, teeth, are 
used for anchors. Every ship had several 
anchors, the largest of which was called 
ieg>a, sacred, and was never used but in ex- 
treme danger; hence the phrase sacram an- 
coram solvere is proverbially applied to such 
as are reduced to their last refuge. In En- 
gland, France, and Holland, they are now 
made of forged iron; but in Spain, and in 
several par^s of the South Sea, they are 
usually made of copper. 

4. Fundabat; founded, moored. The an- 
chor fastening, Jundo maris. 

6. Semina jlammce, sparks. So Lucretius: 
Verum semina sunt ardoris multa. 
So also Homer, Od. 5. 490. a-x^/ucc irvgos, se-* 
men ignis. 

9. Arces. The temple of Apollo was situ- 
ated on an eminence, as Virgil elsewhere 
observes: 

Teucros vocat alta intempla sacerdos. 

9. Quibus altus Apollo preside*. Here was 



360 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



pneest, et ad vastam ppnU jPrgesidet, horrendcXque procul secreta Sibylla, 10 

tus cavcrnam et horrendum * • • . J . 

penetrate Sibyllse, cui Dens Antrum immane, petit: magnam cui mentem animum- 
belius inspirat magnum ani- Delius inspirat vates, aperitque futura. [o^e 

mam et inielligenuam, de- J am subeunt Tri'viae lucos, atque aurea tecta. 

SSS^llr^ffl g«W» ut fa ¥J est > WW Minoia regna, 
templum Dianas. Dxdalus, Prspetibus pcnnis ausus se credere coelo, 15 

sicutfama perhibet, tugiens Insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos, 
ST sTS S cr U ^Z s -ChalcicUca^que levis tandem superastitit arce. 
velocibus, eyasitad frigidum Kedditus his primum terns, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit 
septentrionem per viam in- Remigium alarum; posuitque immania templa. 
S^'W^St 1 " f ° ribus ' letumAndrogeos turn pendens pcenas, 20 
Appulsns primum his terns sacravit tibi remos alarum, 6 Apollo; et fun davit vastum templum 
In portis erat dculpta mors Androgei: deinde Atbenienses jussi in poenaru 



NOTES. 



a temple built to Apollo, in form of a cave, 
that seemed to be hollowed out of the very- 
bosom of the rock. This is not poetical fic- 
tion, but an historical fact. In the inmost 
part of this temple was the Sibyl's grotto. 

10. Horrendceque procul. Servius says pro- 
ad signifies here haud longe; the very re- 
verse of what it commonly signifies: ac- 
cordingly he gives it two etymologies, ei- 
ther quod prtt.oculis est, or quod porro ab'ocu- 
lis est. But it may be understood in its usual 
sense, importing that the very avenues and 
distant approaches to her cell were awful 
and gloomy. It is the particular character- 
istic of this Sibyl that she keeps her con- 
suiters at an awful distance, and fences the 
approaches to her grotto by that solemn 
exclamation, Procul, 6 procul este, profani! 

11. Mentem animumque. By animus Vir- 
gil means the soul in general, by mens the 
understanding or intellectual faculties; as 
Lactantius distinguishes them, L. VII. 
Non idem est mens et animus; aliud enim 
est quo vivimus; aliud quo cogitamus. Nam 
dormientium mens, non animus sopitur: et 
in furiosis mens extinguitur, animus manet. 
Hence the words amentes and dementes are 
used to signify the subversion of intellect. 
So also Catullus; Mens animi tantis fluctuat 
ipsa malis. '* 

14. Dcedalus, an ingenious Athenian ar- 
tist, having put to death his sister's son Per- 
dix for rivalling him in his art, fled to Crete, 
where he soon became obnoxious to king- 
-Minos for assisting his queen Pasiphae in 
carrying on her intrigue with Taurus, and 
was on that account shut up *vith his son 
Icarus in a tower; whence he made his es- 
cape by the help of wings, whereon he flew 
into Sicily, according to Pausanius and Di- 
otlorus, or to Cum a; in Italy, according to 
Virgil and others, where he built this tem- 
*ple to Apollo for conducting him safe in his 
flight. 

16, 19. Enavit — remigium alarum. There 
is such an affinity or similitude between 
sailing or swimming, and flying, that the 



terms which properly belong to the one are 
promiscuously applied to the other. A ship 
is said to fly through the liquid element, JEn. 
V. 219, and the sea is therefore called veli 
volum, I. 224. Mercury is said to swim 
through the air, JEn. IV. 245. And here 
Daedalus on wings swims to the' north, and 
consecrates remigium alarum, those wings 
wherewith he had cut his way th rough the 
air, as oars divide the waves. But what 
gives still a greater propriety to these phra- 
ses, is, that these wings, which Deedaliis is 
said to have made himself, were nothing 
but the sails of a ship, in -which he escaped 
from Crete: he having been the first who 
found out the art of navigating with sails. 
See Banier's Mythology. Thomson in his 
Seasons happily translates remigium alarum, 
oary wings. 

16. Insuetum; or as Horace expresses 
the idea: 

Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera pinnis 
non homini datis. 

17. Chalcidicaque arce, the Cumaean tow- 
er, i. e. some of the high buildings or tur- 
rets of Cumce, so called from Chalcis, a 
city of Euboea, whence came the colony 
that built Cum %. 

19. Immania. Ingentia. 

20. Letum Androgeo. Androgeos, the son 
of Minos, king of Crete, by frequenting 
Athens, and gaining the prize in the public 
games there celebrated, contracted an inti- 
mate friendship with the sons of Pallas, bro-~ 
ther to jEgeus, king of Athens. iEgeus, 
who at that time had not acknowledged 
Theseus, and had no other children, sus- 
pecting Androgeos of having entered into 
a conspiracy with his nephew to dethrone 
him, waylaid him, and employed ruffians to 
murder him. This base assassination Minos 
revenged by making war upon the Atheni- 
ans, by which they were so humbled as to 
beg for peace; which Minos granted, on 
condition that yearly, or, as others say, 
every ninth year, m every seventh year, 
they should pay a tax of seven of their 



3)51 



2c ginne. Hie. adest amor ii 
mis PasiphaSs erpa taurt 



JENEIDOS LIB. VI. 

Cecropidae jussi (miserum) septena quotannis 

Corpora natorum: stat duciis sortibus urna. 

Contra data mari respondet Gnossia tellus. 

Hie crudelis amor tauri, suppostaque furto 

Pasiphae, mixtumque genus, prolesque biformis 

Minotaurusinest, Veneris monimenta nefandae. 

Hie labor ille domiis, et inextricabilis error. 

Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem 

Daedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit, 

Caeca regens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam 

Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes. bilis latyrinthi. NamDseda 

Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro: 

Bis patriae cecidere manus. Quin protinus omnia 

Perlegerent oculis: ni jam praemissus Achates 

Afforet; atque una Phcebi Triviaeque sacerdos, 

Deipbobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi: 

ra, si dolor permisisset. Bis conatus erat exprimere in auro calaraitatem illam: bis mantis pateruaj 
defecerunt. At vero Trojani ulterius perlustrassent oculis omnia: nisi Achates ante pnemissus 
ab JEned ad Sibyllam, rediisset; et cum eo Deiphobse j%'a Glauci, sacerdos Apollinis ac Diana?, 
quae dicit hcec regi: 



2 1 dare singulis annis septem 
corpora I'llionini, ?v.v iniscra! 
adest urna wide Bortes educ- 
tse erant. Cretica insula euii- 
nens mari respondet e re- 
Hie adesl. amor insa- 
■um, 
et Pasiphae supposita pep 
fraud em ct Minotaurus so- 
holes ejus biformis mix to ge- 
nere, monimentum flagitio- 
sse libidinis. Hie adest ilia 

30 difncultas et error Lnexplica- 



lus miserans magnum amo- 
rem filisc regis, ipse expli- 
cuit Theseo fraudes et cir- 
cuitus parietum, dirigens 
~ „ fdo passus ejus incertos. Tu 
etiam,6 Icare, haberes mag- 
num locum in tanta sculptu- 



NOTES. 



young- men, and as many virgins, who were 
chosen by lot to be victims for the preser- 
vation of their country. This is the story to 
which Virgil here refers. 

21. Cecropidae. An ancient name of the 
Athenians, more particularly applied to 
those who were descended from Cecrops, 
its first founder. The honourable name of 
Cecropidae was often conferred as a reward 
for some valorous action in the field of bat- 
tle. 

24. Crudelis amor tauri. Pasiphae the 
daughter of the Sun and Minos' queen, was, 
according to the fable, enamoured of a fair 
bull, and gratified her brutal passion by a 
contrivance of Daedalus, who shut her up 
in a wooden cow, which Virgil expresses 
by supposta furto. From this unnatural mix- 
ture, they tell us, sprang the Minotaur, a 
monster, half man, half bull, that fed on hu- 
man flesh, and devoured the Athenian 
youths, whom Minos shut up in the Laby- 
rinth. But the story, when divested of fic- 
tion, is no more than this; that Pasiphae 
fell in love with a young lord in Minos' 
court, whose name was Taurus, and made 
Daedalus her confidant in the intrigue, who 
kept it concealed, and even lent his house 
to the two lovers. Banier's Mythology. 

27. Inextricabilis error, the Labyrinth, for 
which see the note on JEn. V. 558. 

28. JWagnum reginae am,orem. Theseus, 
son of iEgeus king of Athens, offered to go 
to Crete with the other Athenian youths to 
combat the Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Ari- 
adne, who is here called Regina, the daugh- 
ter of Minos and Pasiphae, fell in love with 
Theseus, taught him how to vanquish the 



minotaur, and gave him a clue which she 
had from Daedalus, whereby he extricated 
himself out of the Labyrinth. By the clue 
we are to understand the plan and whole 
contrivance of the Labyrinth, which Ariad- 
ne had from Daedalus himself, and commu- 
nicated to her lover. 

29. JResofoit, &c. Doubtless the poet 
means that this action of Daedalus was also 
represented on the gates of the temple; and 
therefore resolvit must be in the present 
tense. 

31. Sineret. The particle si is suppressed, 
and the tease changed for si sivisset dolor. 

32. Bis conatus. The sculpture on the 
front of this temple is beautifully imagined. 
The circumstance of the father's endea- 
vouring to carve the death of his son in the 
piece, his hands shaking- and failing him for 
grief, and his being unable to finish the fi- 
gure of Icarus, is inexpressibly tender. 

33. Ovinia. The contraction of two short 
vowels into a long one to make it a spon- 
dee. So JEn. V. 352. unguibus aureis. 

36. Deiphobe. The Sibyls derived their 
name most probably from <riov, JEolice, for 
0sw, Jovisy and £«\w, consilium. They were 
certain women, whose number is unknown, 
who flourished in different parts of the 
world. Plato speaks of one; Pliny of three; 
iElian of four, and Varro of ten; which 
last is the number by the learned universal- 
ly adopted. The most celebrated is said to 
be that to which Virgil here refers, who 
resided at Cumae in Italy. It is reported 
that Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
that to make her sensible of his passion, he 
offered to give her whatever she should 



3 A 



362 



P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS 



Hoc tempus non petit sibi Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit: 

£&£££££ |S£ Nunc * re e e de . ;~ ^ m raact »f juvencos 

cos de armento ac/A«c imlo- Praestitent, totidem lectas de more bidentes. 
raito, et totidem oves elec- Talibus affata jEneam, nee sacra morantur 
w;l; lxt * :itUn '" s , a . cerd08 ^- Jussa viri, Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos. 

locuta ir-neam Ins verbis, „ . V, , .. , . . . 

invitat Trojanos in altum Excisum JLuboicae latus mgens rupis m antrum; 
tempium: et famuli non tar- Quo lati ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum: 
dant exeqiu mandate de so* Unde rimm to tidem voces, responsa Sibyllae. 

crificio. Latus msens rupis Tr , .. ~ v h ~ ' P . 

Cumanse excavatum est in Ventum erat ad hmen, Cum virgo; Poscere fata 
formam antri: quo centum Tempus, ait: Deusi ecce, Deus. Cui talia fanti 
tati aditus et centum portas Ante fores, subito non vultus, non color unus, 

ducunt: unde erumpunt to- XT , , , 

tidem voces, quae sunt res-^ on comptae mansere comae: sed pectus anhelum, 
ponsa Sibylla. Perventum Et rabie fera corda tument; majorque videri, 
erat ad os antri: cum Virgo >j ec mortale sonans: afflata est numine quando 
racSa: e DeuJ, e De\? adest^ m P r opiore Dei. Cessas in vota precesque, 
Cui dicenti talia ante ostia, Tros, ait, iEnea? cessas? neq; enim ante dehiscent 
repente non remansit fades Attonitse magna ora domus. Et talia fata 
™?%,r olSti'td'Conticuit. Gelidus.Teucri.per dura cucurrit 
pectus anhelans, et cor ef-Ossa tremor; fuditque preces rex pectore ab imo: 
feratum intumescit rabie: Phoebe, graves Trojse semper miserate iabores, 
^u e e„s a S:'hult: P arda »=! V* P«dis direxti tela manusque 
ex quo correpta est spiritu Corpus m iEacidae: magnas obeuntia terras 
Deijamprajsente.Dix^we.'Tot maria intra vi dUce te, penitusque repostas 
^SfS^^T^'SS Mass y lum S entes > prsetentaque Syrtibus arva: 60 

tardus es! nam magna ostia antri terrifici non aperientur prius, qnam preces emiseris: et hsec 
locuta siluit. Tremor frigidus subiit in ossa dura Trojanorum; et Rex eorum misit preces ex inti- 
itqo eorde: O Phoebe, qui semper misertus es acerborum casuum Troja?: qui direxisti sagittam 
T rojanam et manum Paridis in corpus Achillis: te auctore ingressus sum tot maria cingentia 
magnas terras, et nationes Massylorum longe remotes, et litora vicina Syrtibus. 



40 



45 



50 



$5 



NOTES. 



ask. The sibyl demanded to live as many 
years as she had grains of sand in her hand, 
but forgot to ask the health, bloom and vi- 
gour of which she was then the possessor. 
The god granted her request, but she refu- 
sed to gratify his passion. She became old, 
hagard, pale and decrepit. She had already 
lived, it is pretended, 700 years when JE- 
neas arrived in Italy, and had then to live 
300 more. The story of Tarquin and the 
Sibylline books is probably entirely a fable. 
46. Deus, ecce, Deus. It is wonderful, says 
Dr. Trapp, that Lord Lauderdale and Mr. 
jDryden in their translations should omit the 
word Deus. The earl of Roscommon, in his 
essay on translated verse, refers to this ad- 
mirable passage: 

Have you been led through the Cumean 
cave, 

And heard th' impatient maid divinely 
rave? 

I hear her now; I see her rolling eyes, 

And panting, " Lo the god, the god, she 
cries." 
Pitt has preserved the spirit of the original: 

I feel the god, the rushing god, she cries. 

49. Major videri. This circumstance of 

the priestess spreading to the sight, and 



growing larger as the inspiration came up- 
on her, is nobly conceived. This is not the 
only place in which Virgil has introduced 
this idea. Tisiphone, a fury, bringing a pes- 
tilence on the earth (see Georgics) like the 
mischief she produced, grew every day 
larger. The face of Alecto grew broader 
and wider as Turnus gazed upon it. Fame, 
already described in the story of Dido's 
passion, continually increased, though small 
at first, until her head reached the clouds. 

51. Cessas. Terence has a similar con- 
struction, cesso pulsare ostium vicini. 

52. Dehiscent. The doors and inlets of the 
sacred temples were so constructed* that 
none could look in, or, without special per- 
mission, enter. Such was particularly the 
case as to the places of the oracles. Hence 
the fragment Servius produces: Trahit hoc 
de matris deCim templo quod non manu, sed 
precibus, aperiebatur. 

53. Attoyxiice domxis, struck with the god, 
as in Horace, Attonitus vates, Carm. III. 
Ode XIX. 14. 

57. Paridis direxti tela; Directed his arrow 
to wound him in the only place where he 
was vulnerable, viz. the heel. See the, note- 
on iEn. III. 321. 



JENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



363 



in 



Jam tandem Italise fugientis prendimus oras. 
Hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta. 
Vos quoque Pergameae jam fas est parcere genti, 
Diique Deaeque omncs, quibus obstitit Ilium, ct 

gens 
Gloria Dardaniae. Tuque 6 sanctissima vates, 
Praescia venturi: da (non indebita posco 
Regna meis fatis) Latio considere Teucros, 
Errantesque Deos, agitataque numina Trojae. 
Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templa 
Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phcebi. 
Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris. 
Hie ego namque tuas sortes, arcanaque fata 
Dicta mese genti ponam; lectosque sacrabo 
Alma Tiros: foliis tantum ne carmina manda; 
Ne turbata yolent rapidis ludibria ventis: 
Ipsa canas, oro. Finem dedit ore loquendi. 
At Phoebi nondum patiens immanis in antro 
Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit 
Excussisse Deum: tanto magis ille fatigat 
Os rabidum,fera cordadomans, fingitq; premendo. 80 " e . confusa evolent in ludi- 

,y. . . ' , . . t>. n» r bnum rapidorum ventorum: 

Ostia jamque domus patuere ingentia centum precor te> \ 0i[lmve tu i psa . 

Sponte sua, vatisque ferunt responsa per auras: Sic fecit finem loquendi vo- 

O tandem ma^nis pelagi defuncte periclis! c f- At Sibylla in gens, non- 

° r ° " dum patiens Phcebi, forit in 

caverna, tentaris an possit expellere e pectore magnum Deum: ille tanto magis exagitat os ra- 
bidum, subigens pectus efferatum, et opprimendo accommodat ad or acula prefer enda. Et jam 
centum magna: portse antri apertae sunt motu proprio, et emittunt in aerem hxc responsa Si- 
bylla: O qui evasisti magna pericula maris. 



Nunc dcMiique attingimus 
Ktora Italise rcct-demis. llac- 
tenus calaraitas Trojanorum 
nos persecuta fuerit. Nunc 
sequum est vos etiaio ignos- 
ccre Trojause genti, 6 Dii, 
ct Deae omnes, quibus adver- 

t)a sabatur Troja et magna glo- 
ria Troadis. Ettu, o »ancti3- 
sima Sibylla, prafcvidens fu- 
turum, permitte Trojanos, 
et Deos vagos, et numina 
Trojae jactata, sedere in La- 

70 tin: non peto regna non de- 
bita meis tatis. Tunc statuam 
Phoebo et Dianse templa e 
marmore solido, et dies fes- 
tos de nomine Phoebi die 
ios. Magnum etiam sacra 
rium expectat te in regnis 

75 nostris. Ego enim ilfic recon- 
dam tua oracula, et secreta 
fata deelarata meae genti; et 
dedicabo tibi viros electos, 
6 alma: tantummodo noli in- 
scribere carmina frondibus, 



NOTES. 



61. Italia fugientis; because, the nearer 
they came to it, still new obstructions arose 
that barred the access to it, as if it had fled 
from them. 

62. Hac tenus; that is, thus far, and no 
farther. 

63. Fas est may mean, it is permitted, or 
it is just: it here seems particularly to in- 
tend the former; as if he should say " We 
have already suffered as much as fate de- 
creed; and therefore those gods who have 
hitherto been our enemies are now at liber- 
ty to spare us." 

7L Te quoque, Sec. This alludes to the 
sanctuary in the temple of Jupiter Capito- 
linus, where the Sibylline books were kept 
in a stone chest under ground; fifteen per- 
sons, called the Quindecemviri, being ap- 
pointed to take care of them, and consult 
them in affairs of state. 

73. Lectosque sacrabo viros. They are 
called lecti viri, because those ministers 
were always chosen from the body of the 
patricians, which gave them an exorbitant 
power in the management of affairs; for it 
was easy for them to make the Sibylline 
books speak whatever they wished. 



74. Foliis ne carmina manda. Pliny tells 
us, Lib. XIII. cap. 11. that, before the use 
of paper was known, it was customary to 
write on the leaves of the palm tree. 

76. Finem dedit ore loquendi. Some say this 
sentence is intentionally introduced, be- 
cause the mind continued its meditations 
and prayers after the tongue has ceased. 
Ruxus however says, Ego tamen hie poe- 
tx diligentiam desidero; and Trapp, I veri- 
ly believe that Virgil stopped at ipsa canas 
oro, and some foolish grammarian foisted 
in that fiztfuem dedit, Sec. 

77- Nondum for non. 

78. Bacchatur. After the manner of Bac- 
chanals. 

79. Excussisse Deum.. Excutio is properly 
said of horses when they throw their riders; 
and the other expressions, fatigat os rabi- 
dum, domansferacorda, and fingit premendo, 
are all metaphorical, and literally denote 
the manner of breaking and taming those 
animals when they are unruly and impatient 
of the bit. So also verse 100. 

ea frxna furenti 
Concutit, et stimuloa sub pectore vertit 
Apollo. 



64 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Sed majors expectant te i?i Sed terra o:raviora manent. In ree:na Lavini 

terra. 1 rojyui pervement ad n 1 -i • -u v. j 

i-e R niiniLivinifi n ,,cjicchaiic Dardamda venient, mute hanc de pectore curam: 
soiicitudinem e corde: sed Sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, 
cupieut quoque non ed per- £ t Tybrim multo spumantem sane-uine cerno. 

multo sangtuBe.Nondeerant Defuennt: alms Latio jam partus Achilles, 
tibi SimoYs, nee Xanthus, Natus et ipse Dea: nee Teucris addita Juno 
SSjf^pS^e^Usquam aberit Quem tu supplex in rebus egenis 
Latio, ipse etiam Alius Dea;: Quas gentes ltaliim, aut quas non oraveris urbes? 
et JanoinfestaTrojunis non Causa mali tanti conjux iterum hospita Teucris; 

aberit ullo loco Quem tu , Exter ni que iterum thalami. 

quas nntiones Italorum, et „, l . s •• 

quas urbes non implorabis A u ne cede malis; sed contra audentior no, 
supplex in rebus extremis: Quam tua te fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis, 
Causa tantarumcalamitatum Q uod m \ n \ m ^ reris Qraia pandetur ab urbe. 

ent rursus I roiams eon ux J; ... .- ,.■*-, o«i ,, 

hospitio excipiens eos, et Tallb « s ex ad y to c ' ictls Cumaea Sibylla 
rursus peregrins; nuptiae. Horrendas canit ambages, antroque remugit, 
Tu noli frangi calamitatibus: Qbscuris vera involvens: ea frsena furenti 

sed contra resiste audacior, ^ , , -ah 

quam tua fortuna te per- ^oncutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo. 
xiattetesse. Prima salutis via Ut primum cessit furor, et rabida ora quierunt; 
apeyietur tibi ab urbe Gra- l nc ipit ^Eneas heros: Non ulla laborum, 

ca, quod non mitas. Taubus /X . * c • r 

verbis Cumaa Sibylla canit e ° v » r 5°» nova mi facies Mopmave surglt: 

iccessu terrifieas ambages, Omnia praecepi, atque ammo mecum ante peregi. 

et reboat e caverna, obte-Tj num oro; q Ua ndo hie inferni janua regie 106 

gens vera obscuris: sic Apol- 
lo regit babenas, et agitat stimulos sub ejus corde. Statim atque furor excessit, et os efferatum 
siluit; heros JEneas ccepit loqui: O virgo, nulla species laborum occurrit mibi nova et improvises 
prsesensi et mecum prius mente confeci cuueta. Unum precor: quandoquidem fertur hie esse 
porta regis inferni, 



85 



90 



9 5 



100 



NOTES. 



84. Lavini. Some read regna Ldtini, the 
dominions of Latinus, to which JEneas was 
to journey. 

88. Nan Simo'is, &c. Here the prophetess, 
to prepare JEneas to meet the worst, or ra- 
ther the poet, to do the more honour to the 
valour of his hero in vanquishing- such pow- 
erful opposition, gives a terrible represen- 
tation of that war with which he was to be 
harassed in Italy; comparing it with the 
Trojan war, both as to similitude of places, 
persons, and causes. Thus the Xanthus and 
Simois are the rivers Tiber and Numicus, 
Turnus is Achilles, and Lavinia a second 
Helen. 

90—91. Addita aberit. Trapp thinks there 
is great elegance and irony in these words, 
which he conceives he has in some mea- 
sure infused into ins translation. How far 
he has succeeded or degraded his author's 
sense, let the reader judge. He renders the 
passage, 

" Nor any where will Juno fail to attend 

The Trojans." 

None but an author knows an author's 
cares, 

Or fancy's fondness for the child she 
bears. 
93. Conjux iterum hospita. As the rape of 
Helen, the wife of Menelaus, by Paris, 
whom she had lodged in her house at Spur- 
ia, was the cause of the Trojan war, so 



shall Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, who 
shall receive JEneas under his hospitable 
roof, be the cause of a second war, by es- 
pousing /Eneas after she had been promised 
to Turnus. 

97. Graid ab urbe. Referring to Pallan- 
teum a Grecian city, or more properly a 
citadel erected by Evander on Mount Pala- 
tine, from whence its name appears to ori- 
ginate. Virgil says it was so called from 
Pallas, the grandfather of Evander: 

posuere in montibus urbem 

Pallantis proavi de nomine Pallanteum. 
JEn. VIII. 54, 55. 
Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, 
a city of Arcadia. 

98. Adyto. The innermost recesses of her 
cell, which it was lawful only for the priest- 
ess to approach. 

99. Ambages. Circuitous, ambiguous, from 
ambi, around, and ago, I move. 

103. Non xdla laborum, &c He speaks 
like a wise man long practised in misfor- 
tunes, and who had gained so much expe- 
rience of the calamities of life, that no dis- 
aster could befal him for which he was not 
fortified and prepared. 

105. Praecepi. Some read percepi. It means 
the same with pvttr.idi, antecepi, I have an- 
ticipated them from the monitions of Hele- 
nus, /En. III. 441. and of Anchises. 



JE.NEIDOS LIB. VI. 



365 



Dicitur, et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso; 
Ire ad conspectum chari genitoris, et ora 
Contingat: cloceas iter, et sacra ostia pandas. 
Ilium ego per tlammas et mille sequentia tela 
Eripui his humeris, medioque ex hoste recepi: 
Ille meum comitatus iter, maria omnia mecum, 
Atque omnes pelagique minas ccelique ferebat 
Invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae. 
Quin, ut te supplex peterem, et tua limina adirem, 
Idem orans mandata dabat. Natique patrisque, 
Alma, precor, miserere: potes namq; omnia; nee te 
Nequicquam lucis Hecate prsefecit Avernis. 
Si potuit manes arcessere conjugis Orpheus, 
Threicia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris: 
Si fratrem Pollux alterna morte rede mit, 
Itque reditque viam toties: quid Thesea, magnum nec frustra Hecate prcepo- 
Quid memorem Alciden? et mi genus ab Jove summo. suit te sylvis infernis. Si Or- 
pheus potuit evocare urn- 
bram uxoris, adjutus cithara Thracia et chordis sonantibus: si Pollux eripuit fratrem alterna 
morte, et toties it reditque per illam eamdetn viam: cur proferam Theseum; cur magnum 
Herculem? mihi etiam origo est a supremo Jove, 



et obscura palus \cln iron 
te exnndantc; liccat mihz 
ire in conspectum et vultuin 
dilecli patris: nionstra iter,ei 

110 aperi sacras portas. Ego his 
humeris servavi ilium inter 
flammas et mille spicula in- 
sequentia, et extraxi e mr- 
diis hostibus: llle secutus est 

[l^meum iter et omnia maria 
mecum; atque tolevabat orft- 

» nes minas et cceli et maris, 
quanquam infirmus, supra 
robur et conditionem senec- 
tutis. Proeterea ipse rogar-s 
me, simul dabat jussa ut 
convenirem te supplex, et 

120 venirem tuam domum. O al- 
ma, precor, miserere filii et 



NOTES. 



107. Palus Acheronte refuso, is not the lake 
or river Acheron itself, for that is supposed 
to run in hell under ground, but the lake 
A vermis, which was fabled to arise from 
the overflowing- of that infernal river, as is 
implied in the word refuso. 

107. Refuso,- rejiuente et restagnante; im- 
petuously dashed and rebounding-. 

108. Ire ad conspectum. The first argu- 
ment ^£neas employs is founded chiefly on 
filial affection. " I rescued him from the 
flames of Troy. He has been my companion 
in painful voyages. He enjoined me, O Si- 
byl, to implore thy assistance!" A second is 
taken from her power, potes namque omnia; 
thy power is unlimited. A third from the 
examples of Orpheus and others who had 
descended into the shades and returned. 
Why might he not share the same privi- 
lege, since he could claim a divine original 
as much as they. 

117. Alma is derived from alendo nourish- 
ing; hence such phrases as alma Ceres, al- 
ma Parens, but it is often among the La- 
tins used for pura, pure, as lux alma. It is 
here so employed in relation to the virgin. 

118. Lucis. The lake of Avernus, near to 
which is the entrance into hell, was on eve- 
ry side embosomed with thick woods. 

119. Si potuit, cJc. See a beautiful de- 
scription of the descent of Orpheus to hell, 
Geor. IV. 454. 

120. Thre'icid. Orpheus was aThracian. 

120. Fidibus. Fides, the chords of a harp, 
is a word not derived, as Festus supposes, 
from the concords they produce by a sort 
of mutual g-ood faith among themselves, 
but from the Greek tppifcs, of the same 
meaning. 

121. Sifratr&n Pollux. Castor and Pol- 



lux had the same mother, Leda; but Jupi- 
ter being the father of Pollux, he was im- 
mortal; whereas Castor, being only the son 
of Tyndareus, was subject to mortality. Up- 
on the death of Castor, Pollux, from his 
great affection to him, shared with him his 
immortality; so that they lived, by turns, 
one day in heaven, and the other in hell. 

122. Quid Thesea, &c. Theseus and Piri- 
thous, two intimate friends, are fabled to 
have made a descent to hell, thence to car- 
ry off Proserpine; but they were seized by 
Pluto, who gave Pirithous to be devoured 
by Cerberus, and bound Theseus in chains, 
where he remained till he was set at liber- 
ty by Hercules. Aulius Gellius, Lib. X. 
cap. 16, tells us, that Hyginus charged Vir- 
gil here with inconsistency in reckoning- 
Theseus among those who had returned 
from hell; whereas he says of him in this 
same book, that he was doomed to dwell in 
hell for ever, verse 616, 

sedet, seternumque sedebit, 
Infelix Theseus. 
But this refers to Theseus' ghost or manes, 
and the punishment inflicted on him after 
death; whereas jfcneashere speaks of what 
he had accomplished in his lifetime. 

122. Thesea. A Greek accusative. 

123. Alciden. Hercules, the son of Jupi- 
ter and Alcmena, was called Alcides from 
Alceus, Amphitryo's father. He descended 
into the infernal regions, and thence car- 
ried away Cerberus, even in spite of Pluto 
himself. 

123. Et mi genus, &c. Both by the father'.-, 
Side, being descended from Dardanus the 
son of Jove, and by the mother, the son of 
Venus the daughter of Jupiter, 



366 



V. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Talibus verbis precabatur, Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat. 

libyfe ge q^ P irinoq^ Tunc sic °?. a loc * ui vat . es: Sate anguine Divum, 125 
create sanguine Deorum. Tros Anchisiade: facilis descensus Averni: 
Trojane fib Anchisae: facilis Noctes atque dies patet atri janua Ditis: 

SU*38?ii& l 3SS£Sr 1 revoc \ r ? Sradum, superasque evadere ad auras, 

est din noctuque; sed refer- Hoc opus, hie labor est. Pauci, quos aequus amavit 

re pedem, et redire ad ae- Jupiter, aut ardens evcxit ad aethera virtus, 130 

K^K^™" geniti, potuere. Tcnent media omnia sylvs, 

rum .fiiii, quos Justus Jupi- ^ocytusque sinu labens circumfluit atro. 

terdilexit, vei quos genero- Quod si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido est, 

sa virtus extulit ad caelum, Bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre 

id potuerunt. Sylvae occu- r n , J ° ' . . • , , ° , , • 

pant omnia intervalla, et l artara; et msano juvat mdulgere labon: 135 

Cocytus fluens nigris flexi- Accipe quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca 

bus circumcingit. Si tamen Aureus et foliis et lento vimine ramus, • 

tantus amor et tantum desi- T • • c ,. . , J 

deriuminestanimo, prater- Junom interna dictus sacer: hunc tegitomms 
navigandi bisfluvios Stygios, Lucus, et obscuris claudunt convallibus umbrae. 
et videndi bis nigrum Tarta- Sed non ante datur telluris operta subire, 140 

S^l^^^Auricpmos qudm quis decerpserit arbore fetus. 
prius perficienda sunt. Ra-Hoc sibi pulchra suum ferri Proserpina munus 

mus aureus et frondibus et eortice flexili, qui dicitur dicatus Proserpinse interna, latet in urn- 
brosa arbore: hunc omnis sylva occultat, et umbne obscurarum vallium absconduut. Sed non 
conceditur intrare loca secreta terrse, priusquam aliquis evulserit ex arbore aureum ramura. 
Jussit pulchra Proserpina ferri ad se suum 



NOTES. 



134. Bis; twice, i. e. now and when you 
actually die. 

135. Tartar a. Tartarus, plural a, orum, 
is a word derived from TtxgTxgi&iv, to trem- 
ble, or from rxgxrluv, to perturbate. It was 
the region of hell where the most guilty 
are confined. It was surrounded with a bra- 
zen wall. Its entrance was concealed by a 
cloud three times more gloomy than the 
obscurest night. Virgil, indeed, attributes 
to it three impenetrable walls, and engirds 
it with the terrific waters of the Phlege- 
thon. The entrance is by a lofty tower 
whose gates are supported by columns of 
adamant which, without Pluto's leave, nei- 
ther gods nor men can open. 

137. Aureus ramus. This is reckoned a 
mere fiction of Virgil's own invention; but 
probably it veils some historical fact, or 
refers to some fabulous tradition, though it 
is not easy to find it out. Servius thinks it 
alludes to a tree in the middle of the sacred 
grove of Diana's temple, not far from Ari- 
tia, in Italy; where, if a fugitive came for 
sanctuary, and could pluck off a branch 
from this tree, he was permitted to fight a 
single combat with the priest, and, if he 
overcame him, to take his place. A modern 
critic, who takes JEneas' descent to hell 
for an allegorical representation of what 
passed in the Eleusinian mysteries, by the 
golden bough understands the wreath of 
myrtle with which the initiated were 
crowned at the celebration of the myste- 
ries. See Warburton's Divine Legation of 
Moses, vol. 1. p. 200. Besides the above ex- 
plication drawn from Servius, there are in 



the same author two others not so common- 
ly noticed, though they are at least as much 
to the purpose. We shall just mention them 
for the reader's amusement. The first is, 
that by this golden bough is to be under- 
stood virtue, which Pythagoras and his fol- 
lowers represented by the Greek T, the fi- 
gure in which trees shoot up their branch- 
es. It is called golden on account of its ex- 
cellency; and is the passport to the infer- 
nal regions, because it triumphs over death 
and hell, as in v. 129. 

Pauci quos—ardcns evexit ad zethera 
virtus, 
Diis geniti, potuere. 
Others, he tells us, by the golden bough 
understood riches, which are the great 
bane of mortals, and hasten their journey 
to the other world. 
Aurum, quo pretio reserantur limina Di- 
tis. 
138. Junoni infernce. As Pluto is styled Ju- 
piter Stygius, so Proserpine is called Infer- 
nal Juno. 

141. Auricomos. Either golden fruit beau- 
tified with golden leaves, or the golden 
bough itself which, budding from the tree, 
might be called its foetus. The first sense 
is most generally received: 

. " The first pluck'd off, 

Still other gold succeeds, another twig 
With the same vegetable metal blooms." 

Trapp. 
One pluck'd away, a second branch you 

see, . 
Shoot forth in gold, and glitter through 
the tree. Pitt. 



jENeidos Lib. vi. 367 

Instituit. Primo avulso non deficit alter Mud donum: Uno dcccrpto 

Aureus; et simili frondescit vbga metallo. ^^^S: 

Ergo alte vestiga ocuhs, et rite repertum 145 \\ rae tallo. igitur quaere iL- 

Carpe manu: namq; ipse volens facilisq; sequetur, /wmerectis oculis, etinven- 
Si te fata vocant; aliter, non viribus ullis £* *^-™Tl jU > xU \ ?'~ 

_ r . ' . ,, r tum: nam ipse sponte et fa- 

Vincere, nee duro potens convellcre terro. c il^ ce^et tibi evellenti, si 

Praeterea jacet cxanimum tibi corpus amici, fata vocant te ad inferos,' 

Heu nescis! totamque incestat funere classem; 1 50 » Uo( l ui n0 » P°. teris iUum su- 

_. /* .... * perare ullo robore, nee am- 

Dum consulta petis, nostroque in limine pendes. putare duro ferro. Prate- 

Sedibus nunc refer ante suis, et conde sepulchro. rea cadaver amici exanime 

Due nieras pecudes: ea prima piacuia sunto. > ce * tibi » heu >gnoras id! 

cv j n i e. • :~ ,:„ .,:.,; et funestat morte totara 

Sic demum lucos Stygios, regna myia vivis classem-. dum requiris res- 

Aspicies. Dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore. l55ponsa, et suspensus hares 

iEneas mcesto defixus lumina VUltU ad januam meam. Prius de- 

Ingreditur, linquens antrum; cscosque volutat CSSSS? £&f%2& 

Eventus animo secum: cm ficius Achates uuc ad aram victimas ni- 

It comes, et paribus curis vestigia figit. gras: hse prima: sint expiati- 

Mult, inter sese vario sermone serebant: 160°°- ^J**}*^ 

Quern socium exanimem vates, quod corpus human- acC essamviventibus. Sic\o- 
Diceret: atq; illi Misenum in litore sicco, [dum cuta est, turn ciauso ore ta- 

Ut venere, vident indi^na morte peremptum; cuit - Mn . ess *&*<$**** .«- 

... ' ... s 5 *• n vernam incedit vultu tristi, 

Misenum JEohden, quo non praestantior alter fj gens OC uios in terram,- et 

iEre ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu. 165volvit secum mente casus 
Hectoris hie matmi fuerat comes: Hectora circum obscures: cuifidelis Achates 

t-,^ .. , -, . . x .* it comes, et fi git pedes a?i- 

Et htuo pugnas insigms obibat et hasta. _ tatus s ; m iii bu jr ci &s. Ja £ a _ 

Postquam ilium victor Vita Spoliavit Achilles, bant inter se plurima vario 

Dardanio iEneae sese fortissimus heros colloquio: scilicet, quem so- 

Addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus. 170 ^ £JKJ£g 

Sed turn forte cava, dum personat aequora concha landum. At illi postquam 

Demens, et cantu vocat in certamina Divos; peryenere ad mos, aspiciunt 

in litore arido Misenum oc- 
cisum miseranda. morte: Misenam filium JEoli, quo non erat alter aptior ad incitandos tuba vi- 
ros, etinflammandam pugnam sonitu. Hie fuerat socius magni Hectoris, juxta Hectora circumi- 
bat pugnantes conspicuus tuba et hasta. Ex quo victor Achilles privaverat vita Hectora, heros 
generosissimus adjunxerat se socium JEnese Trojanq, non secutus viliorem domiaum. Sed mo- 
do, dum forte inconsultus sonat per mare concha excavata, et sonitu lacessit Deos ad certa- 
men; 

NOTES. 

150. Incestat; from in, neg. and castus t mistich Virgil is said by some to have ad- 
chaste. Incestare is to pollute, dishonour, de- ded in the mere heat of his fancy, while he 
file. With many of the heathens, as with was reciting this book to Augustus, having 
the ancient Jews, a place was thought de- first left the verse imperfect. Others tell 
filed, that had not by some ceremony been us that there is an old tradition that when 
purified, in which a dead body had lain. Eros, Virgil's secretary, was reading the 

152. Sedibus suis, the earth, which is the following hemistich to his master, 

proper habitation of the dead. iEre ciere viros, 

160. Serebant. Some copies have ferebant; that the poet instantly added in a kind of 

but Virgil is thought here elegantly to al- enthusiasm, 

hide to the etymology of the word senna, - Martemque accendere cantu. 

from sero, to sow. 167 Liiuo. The tuba was straight, the 

164. Misenum JEoliden. Misenus, the son comu curved, the lituus between the two, 
ofJEolus: this is only a figurative genealo- It resembled a straight walking staff with 
gy; as we call warriors sons of Mars, so a bended head. The stick of an augur was 
Misenus, who excelled in blowing the called a lituus. 

trumpet, which is a wind instrument, is 171. Concha. Shell trumpets were in use 
called a son of the god of the wind. before those instruments began to be fashi- 

165. Martemque accemiere cantu. This he- oned of brass. 



368 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Triton invidus, si sequum est ^Lmulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum est, 

S^^KflJ£wS£* ltcr saxa virum spumosa immerserat unda. 

nera circumventum inter Ergo omnes magno circum clamore fremebant: 17$ 

scopuios. Igitur omnes cir- Praecipue pius iEneas. Turn jussa Sibyllae, 

*Zi£SS5K 1 £&tort mora, festinant flentes; aramque sepulchri 

neas. Deinde, exequuntur <-ongerere arbonbus, coeloque educere certant. 

mandata Sibyllae plorantes, Itur in antiquam sylvam, stabula alta ferarum: 

nulla mora est; et conten- p r0C umbunt piceae: sonat icta securibus ilex, 180 

aunt accumulare ex arbon- ^ r . . _ . **^a, 

bus atque eiigere ad ccelum * raxineaeque trabes: cuneis et fissile robur 

rogum sepulchralem. Eunt Scinditur: advolvunt ingentes montibus ornos. 

in sylvam veterem, profun- Necnon ./Eneas opera inter talia primus * 

da latibula ferarum; piceae u . . r .. S . 

cadunt, ilex resonat percus- Hortatur socios, panbusque accingitur armis. 

sa securibus, et trunci frax- Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat, 185 

inei roburque fissile frangi- Aspectans sylvam immensam, et sic oreprecatur: 

tur cuneis: volvunt e monti- o; ,• .,, , r 

bus magnas ornos. JEneas bl nunc se nobls ll } G aureus arbore ramus 
quoque inter tales labores Ostendat nemore in tanto: quando omnia vere 
primus incitat socios, et in- Heu nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est. 

struitursimilibusinstrumen- ir;, r „ n e * *. * • iv _,i\ 1 ' 1 i^.^ 

tis. interim ipse meditatur Vlx ea fatus e . rat ' gemmae cum forte columbs 190 

hxc suo cum animo mcesto, Ipsa sub ora viri coelo venere volantes, 

intuens ingentem sylvam; Et viridi sedere solo: turn maximus heros 

fe t ™r™ t SS. 8 °S^Mater n as agnoscit aves, l*tusque precatur: 

se nobis in tanta syha: si- Jc-ste duces, o, siqua via est: cursumque per auras 

quidem, o Misene,' Sibylla Dirigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacat 195 

mmis^ver^ dixit punctate R amus humum: tuque 6 dubiis ne defice rebus, 

quandi X du» U columb* forX I)iva parens. Siceffatus, vestigia pressit, 

volantes per aerem vene- Observans quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant. 

runt in ipsum conspectum p aS centes illse tantum prodire volando, 

hominis, et steteruntin vin- ^ » . ' ... „ A __^ 

di terra! Tunc maximus be- Quantum acie possent oculi servare sequentum. 200 
ros agnoscit volucres matris suce, et gaudens orat: O vos estote duces, si est aliqua via: et ex 
aere dirigite iter meum in sylvam, ubi ramus pretiosus inumbrat terram fcecundam: et tu, 6 Dea 
mater, ne desere me in rebus incertis. Sic locutus continuit pedem, explorans quse dent indicia, 
quo pergant ire. Idas pascentes coeperunt tantum progredi subsiliendo, quantum oculi sequen- 
tium poterant observare visa acutissimo. 

9 NOTES. 

173. Triton was the son of Neptune and so called because it was built in the form of 

Amphitrite, or, according to others, of the an altar. 

nymph Salacio, half man, half fish. He 182. Ornos. The difference between the 

was Neptune's trumpeter. genius of Virgil and Statius has been ob- 

173. Si credere. This mode of expression served on this occasion. To make the fune- 

is not intended to intimate any doubt. It ral pile of Archemorus, Statius proceeds 

amounts to the same with cequum est credere, minutely and at length to describe the dif- 

or dignum est creditu. It is common in our ferent sorts of trees that were employed, 

author. So 1. 4. 742. Si quid pia numina while Virgil preserves his accustomed preg- 

possunt. Si bene quid de te merui, v. 317. nant brevity, sensible that he had not lei- 

and in many other places where no doubt is sure to dwell on this subject merely for the 

at all intended. Thus in the sacred writings; sake of a florid description. Tasso has in 

" If there be any consolation in Christ, if this very particular unwisely imitated Sta- 

any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the tius. 

Spirit, if any bowels and mercies, fulfil ye 184. Armis. Meaning axes, wedges, le- 
my jov. If there be any virtue, if there be vers, and whatever was necessary for cut- 
any praise, think on these things." Philip- ting down wood. Thus the utensils of the 
plans, chap. 2. baker are called JEn. I. 181. Cerealia arma. 

177. Festinant. Festinare is here used ac- 193. Maternas aves. Doves, sacred to Ve- 

tively as in I. 4. Deus sethere missus ab alto nus, the mother of iEneas, on account of 

festinare fugam. their fecundity. 

177- Aramque sepulchri, the funeral pile, 199. Pascentes volando; flying, and then 

alighting to feed. 



jftNEIDOS LIB. VI. 

Incle ubi venero ad fauces gravcolentis Avertii; 
Tollunt se celcres, liquidumque per aera lapsae, 
Seclibus optatis gemina super arbore sidunt, 
Discolor unde auri per ramos aura reiulsit. 
Quale solet sylvis brumal i frigore viscum 
Fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos, 
Et croceo fcetu teretes circumdare truncos. 
Talis erat species auri frondentis opaca 
Ilicc, sic leni crepitabat bractea vento. 
Corripit extemplo /Eneas, avidusque refringit 
Cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllse. 
Nee minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri 
Flebant, et cineri ingrato suprema ferebant. 
Principio pinguem tsedis et robore secto 
Ingentem struxere pyram: cui frondibus atris 
lntexunt latera, et ferales ante cupressos 
Constituunt, decorantque super fulgentibus armis. 
Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis 



3(j9 

Deindc postquam pervem'- 
runt ad os i'cetidi Avcrui; at- 
tollunt se veloccs, et elapsse 
per aerem tcnuem sistunt 
grato loco super gemina ar- 

205 n0l ' e > node splendor auri 
dissimilis eoloris emieuit in- 
ter ramos. Quale viscum, 
quod propria arbor non pro- 
ducit, solet hyberno tem- 
]>ore in S}lvis virescere fo- 
liis reccntibus: et cingere 

210ramusculo fulvo ramos cir- 
borum rotundos. Talis erat 
forma auri pullulantis in 
densa ilice, sic lamina slri- 
debat tlulci vento. ./Eneas 
statim accipit ramwn, et cu- 

2 j c pidus decerpit lentiorem, 
dei'ertque in domum Sibyl - 
lae. Interea Trojani non 
segnius plorabant in litore 



Misenum, et parabant ulti- 
ma officio, cadaveri mcesto. 

hxpediunt: corpusque lavant trigentis et unguunt. p r imd erexerunt magnum 
Fit gemitus: turn membra toro defieta reponunt, 220 bustum e tadis pinguibus et 
Purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota, ^ ue l cu fls ?* : ™jus latera or- 

/--.••• x n • i • r nant ramis funestis, et in 

LonjiciunL Pars ingenti subiere feretro, paHe ante riore collocant fu- 

Triste ministerium; et subjectam more parentum nebres cupressos, et desu- 
Aversi tenuere facem: congesta cremantur Pf °™£ nt &r ™\l splcnden- 

° € tujus. Pars adhibent aquam 

calidam, et x-osa serea ebullientia ex igne: et eluunt unguuntque cadaver frigentis. Fit complo- 
ratio: deinde collocant in lecto membra deplorata; et superaggerunt vestes purpureas ac leg- 
mina oonsueta. Pars supposuere se magno feretro, quod est triste officium: et retroversi por- 
rexere suppositam facem, ex consuetudine majorum: comburuntur accuraulata 



NOTES. 



204. Discolor. It varied its hue, according 
to the different light in which it was seen; 
and the leaves, mingling their green shade 
with the lustre of the gold, produced the 
variegated colour here described. 

205. Viscum. The misletoe is a kind of 
shrub, of a glutinous nature, that grows on 
several trees, chiefly those of the oak kind? 
the winter is the proper season of its pro- 
duction: the outside of it is of a yellow co- 
lour like gold. Pliny, who gives a descrip- 
tion of it, Lib. XVII. cap. 44, says, it grows 
out of the excrement of the birds that alight 
on those trees, to which those words of 
Virgil refer, ghiod non sua seminat arbos. 
Of this plant or shrub the Druids made 
great use in their religious ceremonies. See 
Banier's Mythology. 

This is one of those plants which Lin- 
naeus calls parasites. Pliny is totally mista- 
ken as to the mode of its production. Birds 
are indeed the planters, but they accom- 
plish the work by carrying the berries, of 
which many of them are fond, from tree to 
*.ree. 

213 Cineri ingrato. His ashes or remains 
were insensible of all the honours confer- 



red upon them, and therefore ungrateful. 
Or it may be rendered mournful, unjoyous.,, 
a task ungrateful to perform. The descrip- 
tion of this funeral informs us of most of 
the R.oman ceremonies observed in burying 
the dead. 

215. Ingentem pyram. The larger and 
higher the funeral pile was raised, it was 
reckoned so much the more honourable . 
Therefore it was said before, cceloque edu^ 
cere cert ant. 

215. Frondibus atris, of yews, pines, and 
such other trees as are of a sable hue, and 
are therefore used in funeral obsequies. 

216. Cupressos. The cypress was added to 
the funeral pile, either, according to Varro, 
because its strong scent prevented any noi- 
some smell from the dead body; or as be- 
ing a fit emblem of death, because, when 
it has been cut down, it never grows again. 

224. Aver si tenuere. They turned away 
their faces to signify how loth they were to 
part with their friend; and that their grief 
would not allow them to look upon his pale 
and lifeless body, that was now going to be 
reduced to ashes. 



3 B 



370 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



nnmera thuris, et carnes, Thurea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo. 225 

Ssr&srSifiaJJK Post ? ua . m <^ «*»*'' et ? amma f i uievit > 

ct flamma defecit; irriga- Relhquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam: 
verunt vino reliqnias et fa-()ssaque lecta cado texit Chc-rinaeus aheno. 

villas siccus: et Choi-mams w t ios & cilXUmtulit Ullda, 

mclusit vasculo sereo ossa _ , r . r ,. . ,. n „^ 

collect* Mem circumiit terSpargens rore levi et ramo fehcis ohvae: 230 

socios aqua piaculari, asper- Lustra vitque viros, dixitque novissima verba. 

|ens tenui rore cum ramo At pius ^ neas intend mole Sepulchrum 
iertuis olece: et expiavit vi- T l n . r M , 

ros, et protulit voces ulti- Imponit, suaque arma viro, remumque, tubamque, 
mas. Sed piusiEneas statuit Monte sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo 
tumulum magna molis, et in Dicitur, aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen. 235 
eo propria viri ilhus arraa, „. . N * c ., n 

etremum, et tubam, sub Hls actis, propere exequitur praecepta Sibyllae. 
oicelso monte, qui nuncap-Spelunca alta fuit, vastoque immanis hiatu, 
peiiatur ex illo Misenus, et Scrupea, tuta lacu nierro nemorumque tenebrisj 

servat perpetuum nomen m ^ i_ i 11 *. • v i *. 

stecuia Hisperfectis,impletQ uam super haud ullae poterant impune volantes 
ceieriter jussa Sibylla. Fuit Tendere iter pennis: talis sese halitus atris 240 

caverna profunda, patens Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat; 
X?& SS£*&£V*to locum Graii dixerunt nomine Avernum. 

rum: super quam nulla a-Quatuor hie primum nigrantes terga juvencos 
ves poterant tutd facere iter alis: talis vapor erumpens ex nigris ostiis extollebat se ad curvatu- 
ram creli: unde Grseci appellaverunt locum nomine Avernum. IlDc primo statuit ad aras qua- 
tuor juvenco§ nigros secundum terga, 



NOTES. 



225. Dapes; that is, the fat and other 
parts of the victims that were consecrated 
to the gods. 

225. Fuso crateres olivo. To the celestial 
gods they made only libations, but to the 
infernal deities they offered whole goblets. 

229. Circumtulit. The construction is cir- 
cumtulit se, which originally signifies no 
more than to go round or make the circuit; 
but because the priest used to go round the 
whole company, when he sprinkled them 
with the aqua lustralis, or holy water, it 
came to signify to purify: As in Plautus, 
Amp. Ac. II. Sc. II. 144. S>uin tu isthancju- 
bes pro' r Cerita circurnferri? Why don't you 
order her to be sprinkled with, holy water, 
to drive the demon out of her? 

231. Novissima verba. It is unnecessary 
to state to the readers the rites of the an- 
cients at their interments, as they are so 
happily and amply described by Virgil. The 
novissima verba, however, it may be obser- 
ved, consisted in thrice repeating the word 
vale or ilicet, quasi ire licet: 
" Conclude the rites and speak the last 
fare-well." 

233. Imponit sua anna, &c. That is, he 
orders his tomb to be carved and adorned 
with these devices: 1. His arms, to repre- 
sent a warrior: 2. An oar, to show he had 
died in a naval expedition: 3. A trumpet, 
to mark his office. 

234. Nunc Misenus. This mountain, which 
is situated in the kingdom of Naples, is to 
this day called monte JMiseno. How must a 
Roman (says Addison) have been pleased 
that was well acquainted with the capes 



and promontories, to see the original of 
their names, as they stand derived from 
Misenus, Palinurus and Cajeta? that could 
follow the poet's motions, and attend his he- 
ro, in all his marches, from place to place. 
A town of the same name stood on the pro- 
montory, at the west of the bay of Naples, ' 
which had a very capacious harbour. At 
this place Augustus and several of the Ro- 
man emperors generally kept stationed one 
of their fleets. 

236. Prxcepta SibylU. Particularly the in- 
junction, 
Due nigras pecudes, ea prima piacula 
sunto. 
Tibullus refers to the same custom: 
Interea nigras pecudes promittite Diti. 

241. Convexa. Meaning a hollow space; 
as has been observed on the word before. 
See iEn. I. 314. 

243. Hie primum. Ruxus observes, that 
several things here deserve attention. 1. 
The priestess is the sibyl herself, like the 
sorceress, JEn. IV. 509. 2. The place for the 
sacrifice was the cave in which it was 
thought was the aperture leading to hell. 
3. The time of sacrificing was the night, v. 
252. 4. The victims were black on account 
of the shades of Tartarus. These were al- 
ways of an equal number. Equal numbers 
were acceptable to Pluto, as were unequal 
ones to the powers above. A barren heifer 
was sacrificed to Proserpine, because she 
had no offspring by Pluto. 5. The throw- 
ing of voine on the forehead of the victims 
This was to prove them. If they were unaf- 
fected by the dashing of wine upon them 



jENEIDOS lib. VI. 



371 



Constituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos: 

Et summas carpcns media inter cornua setas, 

Ignibus imponit sacris libamina prima, 

Voce vocans Hecaten, coeloq; Ereboq; potentem 

Supponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem 

Suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam 

^Eneas matri Eumenidum magnseque sorori 

Ense ferit; sterilemque libi, Proserpina, vaccam. 

Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras, 

Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis, 

Pingue superque oleum fundens ardentibus exds. 

Ecce autem, primi sub lumina Solis et ortus, 

Sub pedibus mugire solum, et juga coepta moveri 

Sylvarum; visaeque canes ululare per umbram, 

Adventante Dea. Procul 6, procul este profani, 

Conclamat vates, totoque absistite luco. 

Tuque invade viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum: 

Nunc animis opus, ^Enea, nunc pectore firmo. 

Tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto: 

Ille ducem haud timidis vadentem passibus aequat 

Dii, quibus imperium est animarum, umbrseque si- ° ate - f™*- Sibylla exciamat; 

1 * . 9fi i Long ;e, longe recedite, o 

lentes; . _ ^ * 04, profani, et exite e tota syl- 

Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte silentia late, va. Et tu ingredere viam, et 

extrahe gladiura e vagina: nunc opus est fortitudine, nunc animo constanti, 6 iEnea. Hoc solum 
locuta, infert se furens in profundum speluncse: ille JEneas passibus non timidis assequitur eun- 
tem. O Dii, qnibus est potestas in animas, et vos umbra mutce; et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca 
undique tacita per noctem, 



ct sacerdos eftundit vinum in 

245 ca l H, t eontm: et seoans in 
medio cornuum summos pi- 
los injicit eos in sacras 11am - 
mas, quasi primitias saerifi- 
cii: appellans clamore lleca- 
ten potentem in epoetin- 
feris. Alii suffigunt cultros, 

250 et excipiunt in poculis san- 
guinem calentem. Ipse JE- 
neas ceedit gladio agnam ni- 
gra pellis matri Furiarum et 
magna; ejus sorori, et vac- 
cam infoecundam tibi, 6 Pro- 

cy r t serpina. Deinde facit noctur- 
na sacrificia regi inferno, et 
offert super altaribus tota 
corpora taurorum, et super- 
fundcns etiam oleum visce- 
ribus incensis- Ecce autem 
circa Iucem et ortum primi 

260 Solis, ccepit terra reboare 
sub pedibus, et culmina syl- 
varum cceperunt agitari: et 
canes visa sunt allatrare per 
noctem, appropinquante He- 



NOTES. 



they were deemed unfit for sacrifice. 6. The 
bristles and hairs, which were plucked and 
thrown into the fire, to indicate that the 
victim was devoted, or as in Homer, Iliad 
3. 274. were distributed to the persons 
standing- around, to intimate that they were 
all witnesses of the ceremony and interest- 
ed in its result. 7- The voice uttered on the 
occasion, which was confused and tumul- 
tuous. 8. The ministers who slew the vic- 
tims. These carried each an ax with him. 
See ; £n. II. 224. 9. The blood; this was re- 
ceived into bowls and afterwards sprinkled 
round the altars. 10. The viscera-, these 
were burned. They were also called exta, 
because they were the parts quce tnaxime 
extant aperto pectore. 

245. Summas carpens 3 &c. Before the sa- 
crifice, it was customary for the priest to 
pluck off some of the roughest hairs grow- 
ing- between the horns of the beasts, which 
he threw into the fire as the first offerings 
to the gods. 

247. Voce vocans Hecaten. Servius says, 
they used to invoke that goddess, not by 
words, but certain mystic, inarticulate 
sounds, representing the baying of dogs, 
the hissing of serpents, &c. 

248. Supponunt cultros. This was a term 
adapted to the sacrifices, in which all harsh 
words, and such as were of bad omen, were 
carefully avoided; and therefore mactare 
was used instead of ccedere. Dr. Trapp, in 
translating this phrase, has chosen a very 



unhappy idea, which would have been pro- 
digiously shocking to a Roman ear. 

250. Matri Eumenidum; That is, Night, 
who is said to have brought forth the Fu- 
ries to Acheron, which, in the poetical 
style, signifies that night or darkness is the 
mother of horrid shapes, visionary forms, 
and apparitions. 

250. Magnceque sorori t her great sister 
the Earth, night being only the shadow of 
the earth. 

253. Solida viscera. 'Servius explains vis- 
cera to signify all the parts between the 
bones and the skin; so that this sacrifice 
was what was called holocaust, or whole 
burnt offering. 

258. Procul 6, procul, &c. This was the 
solemn preamble with which the celebra- 
bation of the sacred mysteries used to be 
ushered in; and by it the profane, or unini- 
tiated, were debarred from access to such 
holy rites. 

258. Profani. Persons not initiated in 
these sacred rites, or disposed to deride 
them. 

260. Invade viam. This expression is em- 
phatic, and denotes the difficulty of the en- 
terprise: Set on the formidable way. 

265. Chaos. The chaos is properly a rude 
and shapeless mass of matter, and confu- 
sed assemblage of inactive elements. This, 
as the poets supposed, preexisted the for- 
mation of the world, and from which the 
universe was formed. Thjsdeorine wasfr 



372 



P. VIUGILII MARONIS 



sit mild Heitura nan-are res Sit mihi fas audita loqui: sit niimine vestro 
auditas: sit licitum per divi- 
nitatem vestram. exponere 



auditas: sit licitum per <^ Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas. 



270 



res tectas profunda terra et Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram, 
obscuritate. lncedebant suli Pcrque domos Ditis vacuas, et inania regna. 

£S£8ptfSS?,!££ Q uale p« int ; e r tam , Lun r - b '«f| *■»** 

et inania regna Plutonis. -^ st lter in sylvis: ubl CCEium condldlt umbra 
Quale est iter in sylvis, ad Jupiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. 

Lunam dubiam, sub luce ; Vestibulum ante ipsum primisq; in faucibus Orci, 
exigua: quando aer occultat T - . ft i» ? 

caligine ccelum, et nox b- L,uctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae: 
scura eripuit rebus colorem. Pallentesq; habitant Morbi, tristisq; Senectus, 275 
Ante ipsum vestibulum et in Et me tus, et malesuada Fames, et turpis Egestas, 

pruno adituinterorum, Lue-rr, M ., . r x t i_ 

tusetCuncvindicesfixerunt r \ eiTlblles visu formse: Letumque, Laborque: ^ 
cubilia: habitantque Morbi Turn consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis 
pallidi, et messta Senectus, Gaudia, mortiferumque adverso in limine Bellum, 
et Metus, et i ames suadens r- • -c -j ^i i • ta* j- j 

mala, et Paupertas infamis, *e ( rreiqj Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia demens 
spectra horrida aspectu: et Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. 281 

Mors, et Labor: deinde j n me dio ramos annosaque brachia pandit 
bomnus frater Mortis, etxTi , • j o ' • • ' V * 

Gaudia animi seelerata, et u ^«s opaca, mgens: quam sedem Sommavulgo 
in limine opposito Bellum Vana tenere ferimt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. 
raortifemm, et ferrea cubicula Furiarum, et Discordia insana implicata taniiis sanguinolentis 
circa capillos anguineos. In medio vestlbulo ulmus magna, umbrosa, explicat ramos et brachia 
Vetera: aiunt vulgo Somnia inania occupare hunc locum, et ipsa sedent sub omnibus frondibus. 



NOTES. 



established by Hesiod, from whom it lias 
been adopted by succeeding* poets, and it 
is probable it was drawn from the account 
of Moses. It was copied from the annals of 
Sanchoniathon whose age is fixed antece- 
dent to the sieg'e of Troy. Chaos was 
deemed one of the oldest of the gods, and 
invoked as one of the infernal deities. 

270. Luce maligna. Envious light, that 
shines so faintly, as if it grudged one the 
happiness of enjoying it. 

273. Vestibulum. The vestibule was the 
space or area before the gate, that divided 
the house from the highway. In this infer- 
nal vestibule he imagines the various cala- 
mities of human life to have their fixed re- 
sidence. 

274. Cur<e. This groupe of allegorical 
personages is deservedly admired. Pitt has 
selected some figures personified by Spen- 
ser, which are quite picturesque: 

By that way's side there sat infernal Pain, 
And fast beside him sat tumultuous Strife; 
The one in hand an iron whip did strain, 
The other brandished a bloody knife, 
And both did gnash their teeth, and both 
did threaten life. 

But gnawing Jealousy out of their sight 
Sitting alone, his bitter lips did bite; 
And trembling Fear to and fro did fly, 
And found no place where safe he shroud 

him might; 
And over them sad Horror, with grim hue, 
Did always soar and beat his iron wings. 



Virgil seems to have had an eye on a pas- 
sage in Lucretius: 

Turpis enim Fama et Contemptus et acris 
Egestas 

Semota ab dulci vita stabilique videntur; 

Et quasi jam Leti portas cunctarior ante. 
276. Malesuada Fames. Because famine 
is a strong incentive to vice. Ruxus, howe- 
ver, has well observed, that fames might 
signify not merely want of bread, but ava- 
rice; that aurisacrafames, which is the 
fruitful source of so many natural and mo- 
ral ills. 

278. Turn consanguineus Leti Sopor. By 
Sopor, here perhaps the poet designed we 
should understand the lethargy of the mind, 
or that inconsiderateness and insensibility 
whereby men are lulled asleep in the paths 
of vice and error; in which light it is fitly 
joined with the mala Gaudia mentis, the 
criminal joys of the mind, which are the 
source of that fatal security. 

279- Adverso in limine Bellum. Here ano- 
ther moral lies obvious to observation: 
War, the iron beds of the Furies, that is, 
the racking torments of a guilty conscience; 
Discord, and all those boistei'ous deformed 
passions that unhinge the mind, and over- 
turn the peace and happiness of human so- 
ciety, represented by the Hydras, Harpies, 
and other monsters here mentioned; and 
with great propriety placed in the opposite 
threshold, confronting the guilty joys of the 
mind. 



jENEIDOSLIB. VI. 



373 



Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285 E< preterea spectra plurima 
Centauri in foribus stabuUnt, Scyllaque bilormes, g£*E3. »X » 
Et centum geminus Briareus, ac uellua Lcrn» tormes, et Briareus oentu- 

Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimsera: plex, ct Hydra Lemae albi- 
Gorgones, Harpyisq; et forma tricorporis utnbra^ l-jj-^^atajj. e- 

JIarpyix, et species umbrae 
tricorporis. Hie iEneas cap- 
t.ns repentino mctu educit 



290 



Corripit hie subita trcpidus formidine ferrum 
/Eneas, strictamque aciem venientibus often. 
Et, ni docta comes tenues sine corpore vitas 
Admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formse, 
Irruat, et frustra ferro diverberet umbras. 
Hinc via Tartarei quae fert Acheronlis ad undas. 
Turbidus hie coeno vastaque voragine gurges 
iEstuat, atque omnem Cocyto eructat arenam. 
Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat 
Terribili squalore Charon: cui plurima mento 
Canities inculta jacet, stant lumina flamma, 
Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictus. 
Ipse ratem conto subigit, velisque ministrat, 
Et ferruginea subvectat corpora cymba, 

Jam senior; sed cruda Deo viridisque senectus. 

to canities neglecta, ocuh 
plenl sunt igne, vestis sordida nodo ligata pendet ex humeris. Ipse impellit cymbam pertici, 
et adjuvat ve>is, et transportat umbras corpora m nigra cymba, jam senex; sed senectus robusta 
et vegeta est, utpote Deo. 



gladium, et intentat venien- 
tibus strictam Wins acumen. 
Et nisi sapiens eomes docu- 
295 isset, animas eas leves vagari 
sine corpore sub inani simu- 
lacro figurte, irrumperet, et 
frustra teriret umbras gladio. 
Inde incipit iter quod ducit 
ad aquas Acherontis interni. 
Ille gurges turbidus cceno et 



300 



vasta voragine, exundat, et 
exonerat omnem arenam in 
Cocytum. Charon, vector 
tremendus horribili squalore 
tenet has aquas et hos flu- 
vios: huic multa est in men- 



NOTES. 



286. Centauri stabulant. The Centaurs 
were fabled to be monsters, half men half 
horses; therefore the word stabulant is 
properly said of them. In fact, they were a 
people in Thessaly, who first broke horses; 
and the ignorant populace, seeing- them at 
a distance, took the man and horse to be 
but one animal. 

286. Scyllaque. See IEn. III. 424. 

287". Briareus, a giant who is feigned to 
have had a hundred hands and fifty heads. 
He was called by men JEgeon, and by the 
gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and 
Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, 
Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated 
himself next to him, and so terrified the 
conspirators by his fierce and menacing 
looks, that they desisted. He also assisted 
the giants in their wars against the gods. 

287. Bellua Lernce, a snake bred in the 
lake of Lerna, which Hercules destroyed. 
It had seven, or, according to others, fifty 
heads; and no sooner was one cut off than 
another grew in its place. 

288. Chimara, a monster that vomited 
flames; it had the head of a lion, the breast 
of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. It was 
slain by Bellerophon mounted on the horse 
Pegasus. Those who would see all these 
fables explained, may consult Banier's My- 
thology, which is the best and completest 
system extant of the kind. 

289. Forma tricorporis umbra. Geryon, 
king of Spain, is feigned to have had three 
bodies, because he reigned likewise over 



the three islands adjacent to Spain, namely, 
Majorca, Minorca, and Yvica. 

292. Tenues sine corpore vitas. Vitas, lives, 
because immortal; yet only tenues, feeble, 
because separated from the body, and jus; 
freed from the danger of wounds ano 
death. . 

298. Has aquas el jlumina. Milton has gi- 
ven a very fine description of the infernal 
rivers that are mentioned here, and in other 
passages of this book; distinguishing them 
by their different qualities, according te 
the etymology of their names; 

Bend 
Four ways their flying march along the 

banks 
Of four infernal rivers that disgorge 
Into the burning lake their baleful streams: 
Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate; 
Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep; 
Cocytus, nam'd of. lamentation loud 
Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phle- 

gethon, 
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with 

rage. 
Far off from these a slow and silent stream., 
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls 
Her wat'ry labyrinth, whereof who drinks, 
Forthwith his former state and being* for 

gets, 

Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and 

pain. Par. Lost, B. II. 573. 

300. Stant lumina flamma. His eyes all 

flame, stand glaring; i. e. they stand out 

glaring so full of flame. Or may not the 



374 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Omnis turba currebat hue H uc omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat; 305 

SZ&SSXEt&Z Matres > at 1 ue viri > defunctaque corpora vita 
torum privata luce, pueri, Magnanimum herourn, pueri innuptaeque puellae, 
et puellie innupta, et juve- Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum: 
"r F t"S ra tr"S;Q uam ™ lta ^» sylvis autumni frigore primo 309 

qukm mult» frondes excus- Lapsa cadunt iolia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto 
ise cadunt per sylvas primo Quam muitae glomerantur aves y ubi frigidus annus 

SS!?"SSS? SiVC qukm Trans pontum fugat, et terris immittit apricis. 

JAUltse volucres congregan- - , r °. /. . ^ 

tur ad terram ex alto mari, ^tabant orantes pnmi transmittere cursum, 

quando tempestas hyberna Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore. 

pellit eas ultra mare, et mit- Navita sed tristis nunc hos, nunc accipit illos: 315 

tit in plazas calidas. Stabant A , , . , N ,/ 

precantes, ujtprimi trajice- Ast allos l ? n g e summotos arcet arena. 

rentspatium,etextendebantiEneas (miratus enim, motusque tumultu) 

manus desiderio rip^e oppo- Di c a j t v i r ~ qVL ^ vu j t concursus ad amnem? 

sitae. Sed vector asper nunc ^ • , <f . x •> . ,. . 

accipit hos, nunc illos; pro- ^ uld Y e petuirt animae? vel quo discnmine ripas 

cul autem a ripa expellit Hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt? 320 

alios. JEneas inquit (nam Olli sic breviter fata est loneraeva sacerdos: 

obstupuit et commotus est a„„u;„a ~ . * tv * «.: • 1 

hoc tumultu) Die, 6 virgo, Anchisa generate, Deum certissima proles, 

quidsi^nificat^afrequentiaCocyti stagna alta vides, Stygiamque paludem, 

ad fluvium? et quid poscuntDii cujus jurare timent et fallere numen. 

Patht°ece q dSriS H ^ c ° mnis > 1 uam ce ™ is > ™ P s inhumataque turba 

tllse secant remis aquas pal- es t* 325 

lidas? Sic antiqua vates bre- Portitor ille, Charon: hi, quos vehitunda, sepulti. 
viter locuta est ilk: MiAn- iST ec r i pas datur horrendas, nee rauca fluenta 

criis3C CGTtissirn.9. sonoips — 

Deorum, cernis stagna pro- Transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt. 
funda Cocyti, et paludem Centum errant annos, volitantq; haec litora circum: 
Stygiam, cujus Dii metuunt Turn demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt. 330 

jurare et violare dmmtatem. ° r 

fixe omnis turba, quam vides, est egena et insepulta: vector ille, est Charon: hi, quos portat 
unda, sunt sepulti. Nee permittitur trajicere ripas horribiles et fluctus sonantes, antequam ossa 
reposita sint in tumulis. Vagantur per centum annos et volitaut circa has ripas: tunc denique 
recepti transmittunt fluvios desideratos. 

NOTES. 

sense be, " his eyes are motionless;" "his nity, and, if they violated that sacred oath, 

eyes stand fix'din flame?" were deprived of their divinity, and exclu- 

312. Terris apricis. Lands exposed to the ded from nectar and ambrosia, for fnine 

sun. • years, say some, for a hundred years, say 

316. Ast alios, &c. Namely, those whose others. The reason assigned for their con- 
bodies remained without burial. ferring this honour on Styx is, that her off- 

321. Longava sacerdos. Servius tells us, spring, Victory, Strength, &c had given 

that Apollo, out of his great affection to the the gods signal assistance against the Ti- 

Sibyl, promised to grant her any favour she tans. 

should ask: upon which she took up a hand- 325. Inops inhumataque est, Servius ex- 

ful of sand, and asked to have her life pro- plains this to mean that they had not either 

longed to a length of years equal to the a real or imaginary sepulture. Inops, says 

number of grains contained in that mass of he, is sine terra or humatione; for ops is ter- 

sand. This request she obtained, on condi- ra. A French expositor, without so much 

tion, however, that she should quit the refining, understands by inops turba, the 

island of Erythraea, where she then lived, poor, who were not able to pay their fare, 

and repair to Cumae, there to spend the re- 330. Exoptata revisunt. The whole ima- 

mainderof her days. He adds, that she con- ginary world is divided by Virgil into five 

tinued to live there till she suffered the ut- parts: 

most decay of nature, and retained nothing 1. The previous region; the mere suburbs 

at last but the voice. Ovid makes her say of of the realms of death. Here were two 

herself, that she had already lived seven kinds of beings; the miseries of mankind; 

generations: war, discoi'd, rage, &c. and imaginary ter* 

nam jam mihi ssecula septem rors, as gorgons, harpies, &.c. 

Acta vides. 2. The Styx, or water to be passed. Here 

324. Dii cujus jurare, &c. This river was is Charon and souls contending, supplica- 

held in such high veneration by the gods ting, &c. 

above, that they used to swear by its divi- 3. The bank and its vicinity, or the other 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



375 



3-5 



Filius Anchisae stetit, et 
continuit gressum, agitans 
plurima, ct miserans animo 
eorum sortem acerbam. Vi- 
dct illic tristes, ct privatos 
honorc sepulture, Leucas- 
pim, et Orontem ducem Ly- 
cix classis: quos e Troade 
navigantes per maria procel- 
losa Auster demcrsit simul, 
sepeliens in aquis et navem 
et homines. Ecce Palinurus 



Constitit Anchisa. satus, et vestigia pressit, 

Multa putans, sortemq; animo miseratus iniquam 

Cernit ibi moestos, et mortis honore carentes, 

Leucaspim, et Lyciae ductorem classis Orontem: 

Quos simul a Troja. ventosa per aequora vectos 

Obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemq; virosque. 

Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat: 

Qui Libyco nuper cursu. dum sidera servat, 

Exciderat puppi, mediis effusus in undis. 

Hunc ubi vix multa moestum cognovit in umbra, 340 gubernator ferebat se ad 

Sic prior alloquitur: Quis te, Palinure, Deorum 

Eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit? 

Die, age: namque mihi fallax haud ante repertus, 

Hoc uno responso animum delusit Apollo; 

Qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat 

Venturum Ausonios: en haec promissa fides est? 

Ille autem: Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit, 

Dux Anchisiade; nee me Deus aequore mersit. 

Namque gubernaclum multa. vi forte revulsum, 

Cui datus haerebam custos, cursusq; regebam, 

Praecipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera juro, 

Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem; 

Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, 

Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. 

Tres Notus hybernas immensa per jequora noctes 

mersit me mari. Nam forte eadens prseceps, abstuli mecum gubernaculum multo pondere ab- 
ruptum, cui commissus custos adhserebam, et quo moderabar cursum. Testor maria aspera, 
me nullum habuisse tantum metum pro me, quam ne tua navis, destituta gubernaculo, et privata 
gubernatore, submergeretur, si tanti fluctus tumescerent. Auster validus sustentavh; me tres 
noctes asperas super 






eum: is qui nuper in naviga- 
tione, dum observat astra, 
ceciderat e puppe, lapsus in 
medias aquas. Postquam JE- 
neas difficile eum agnovit ob 

„ . spissas tenebras, ita alloqui- 

ti '* 5 tur prior: O Palinure, quis 
Deorum abstuli t te nobis, et 
obruit sub medio mari? Die, 
age: nam Apollo non prius 
inventus mihi mendax, hoc 
solo responso decepit men- 

350 tern meam; quando prcedice- 
bat te futurum esse salvum 
per mare, et perventurum 
ad litus Italicum: an ilia est 
fides promissorum! Ille au- 

o extern respondit: O dux, nix 
Anehisse, nee oraculum 
Phosbi decepit te, nee Deus 



NOTES. 



side of the Styx. Here is the receptacle of 
infants, the place of suicides, the fields of 
mourning 1 for such as have died for love, 
and a fine champaign country for the souls 
of departed warriors. The whole of this re- 
gion is called Erebus. Hence were two 
passages, one on the right to Elysium, 
and one on the left to Tartarus. 

4. The Tartarus, or place of punishment. 
In this horrid part are two sorts of souls; 
such as have shown their impiety and re- 
bellion towards the gods, and such as have 
been vile or mischievous among men. 

5. The place of the blessed, or Elysium. 
Here are the men who have died for their 
country, those of pure lives, poets truly in- 
spired, the inventors of arts, and all who 
have done good to mankind. Here are no 
particular districts for these. All have the 
liberty to traverse the delightful region 
where and whenever they please. 

The whole five of these divisions were 
called Orcus. The three on the other side 
the river, Acles. In each of these last was a 
judge; Minos for Erebus, Rhadamanthus 
for r .-.rtarus, and JEacus for Elysium. Plu- 
"o and Proserpine, who had their palace at 



the entrance of the road to Elysium, presi- 
ded as sovereigns over the whole subterra- 
nean world. See Polymetis, Dialogue 16. 

334. Leucaspim. No more is known of 
Leucaspis than that he was one of the com- 
panions of JEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene 
seas. 

334. Oro7item. His death is recorded, iEn, 
1. 117. 

337. Palinurus, JEn. V. 855. This inter- 
view with Palinurus is not only very affect- 
ing in itself, but is of use to make us ac- 
quainted with what became of him after 
his loss. The pilot of such an expedition is 
a character of consequence. Though there 
is something a little unnatural in the thought, 
it reflects praise on the fidelity of the pilot 
who when he falls brings his helm along 
with him. 

338. Libyco cursu. In sailing from Africa, 
first to Sicily, and thence to Italy; for it was 
not in the Libyan but the Tyrrhene sea that 
he perished. 

353. Spoliata annis. Anna may here sig- 
nify the whole tackle and accoutrement? 
that belong to a ship, whether for use. 
steerage, defence, or ornament. 



376 



P. VIRGIUI MARONIS 



fluctibus, per vastum mare: Vexit me violentus aqua: vix lumine quarto 
Siet t&l&SfSt*"*** It a lia m , summa sublimis ab „nda. 
latim adnatabam ar/ terrain, Paulatim adnabam terrae, et jam tula tenebam: 
et jam attigeram tuta loca.- Ni gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum, 
msinatioinhuman aal ) P etii S -p rensantem eunds manibus rapita aspera m0 ntis, 
set ierro, me gravatum ob .„ . . n . l \ n , 

vestemhumidam,apprehen- * erro mvasisset, prasdamque ignara putasset. 06 1 

'icntcm curvis manibus aen- Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti. 
t;i cacumma rupis; et nm Q UOf \ te per coeli iucundum lumen et auras, 

111 ft] CS*4!V\ G\!stl 111 'A SS(2t ?)1& • ' 

essfe pr«dam. Nunc fluctus P e y genitorem oro, per spem surgentis Iuli; 

tentent meum cadaver, et Eripe me his, invicte, malis: aut tu mihi terrain 365 

venti jactant ad htus. Id ve- j n j j ce nam q Ue potes; portusq; require Velinos: 

ro precor te, per eratam lu- ■ A J L \ / l . \*wt\< 

eem cceli et aerem, per pa- Aut tu » Sl <l ua vla est ' Sl quam tlbl Diva creatriX 

trem, per spem Ascanii Ostendit (neque enim, credo, sine numine Divum 

crescentis: libera me his Flumina tanta paras Slygiamque innare paludem) 
mans, u dux invicte: vel tu |-» , . * /. ° x . n " j y 

impone mihi terram, quan- Da dextram misero, et tecum me tolle per undas, 
doquidem potes; etpete por- Sedibus ut saltern placidis in morte quiescam. 37 i 

turn Velinum: vel tu praebe Talia fatus erat, coepit cum talia vates: 

ESES&tMa-tJ'^ h - c - ? ™™^ tihi tam dira c «pido? 

ut saltem post mortem qui- lu Stygias mhumatus aquas amnemque severum 
escam in tranquillis sedibus: Eumenidum aspicies? ripamve injussus abibis? 375 
si est aiiquis modus, si Dea Desine fata Deum flecti sperare precando. 
mater tua tibi monstravit „ . ,. , *. . . \ 

aliquem; non enim, ut exis- ^ ec * cape dicta memor, dun solatia casus, 
timo, suscipis trajicere tan- Nam Lua finitimi, longe lateque per urbes 
"ianf'^ue 1 u^^te^e" Prodi S iis acti ccelestibus, ossa piabunt, 379 

orum. a Taifa^Mociitus ^rat Et statuent tumulum, et tumulo solemnia mittent: 
cum Sibylla incepit talia: iEternumque locus Palinuri nomen habebit. 
Paliuure, unde est tibi desi- His dictis curse emotae, pulsusque parumper 
^^dS!™?4I%:Corde dolor tristi: gaudet cognomine terra. 

gias, et fluvium terribilem Furiarum? aut exibis in ripam alteram sine jussu Deor-um? Cessa spe- 
rare fata Deorum posse mutari orando. Sed accipe memor meet verba, ad solatium acerbas cala- 
mitatis. Nam vicini Lucania populi, coacti monitis ccelestibus, placabunt ossa tua longe et late 
per urbes, et erigent tibi sepulchrum, et ferent munera sepulchro: et locus servabit perpetuum 
nomen Palinuri. Curse ejus sedatoe sunthis verbis, et dolor tantisper ejectus est e mcesto corde: 
Icetatur ob terram sui nominis. 



NOTES. 



355. Lumine quarto, die quarto. So Cicero, 
pro Rabirio. Si te secundo lumine hie offen- 
dero, moriere. 

358 Tuta. Loca or litora understood. 

359. Gens crudelis. Meaning- the people of 
Lucania. This country was situated be- 
tween the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and 
bounded by Picenum, Pucetia, and the 
country of the Brutii. It was a country fa- 
mous for grapes. It is now called Basilicata, 
and forms a part of the kingdom of Naples. 

361. Priedamque. Me esse requires to be 
supplied. They thought me as much their 
prey as though they had found a ship- 
wreck. 

365. His malis. To have the body unbu- 
ried was considered a great calamity, as it 
subjected the soul to a hundred years' de- 
tention on the banks of the Styx, and made 
the final passage into Elysium slow and em- 
barrassed. 

365. Terram injice. It was considered a 
great crime not to throw dust upon the bo- 
dy. It appears, in case a dead body was 
discovered, to have been the custom of the 
Greeks and Romans not to dig a grave and 



bury it, but to raise over it a small mound 
of earth. The act of doing this was called 
injectio terr&. 

366. Portus Velinos. He points to the place 
where his body lay to save JEneas the toil of 
searching after it. Velia, whose port was 
here referred to, is a maritime town of Lu- 
cania. The port in its neighbourhood was 
called portus Velinus. 

371. Sedibus placidis. Palinurus' life had 
been full of labour and toil, and therefore 
there is a particular emphasis in his beg- 
ging for rest now at least, in the regions of 
the dead. 

374. Severum. Called severe, because, al- 
though the intention of the ancients in re- 
presenting the spirit of an unburied body as 
unhappy, and the neglecting the rites of 
sepulture as a great crime was good, as it 
inspired respect for human remains, yet 
surely it was hard that an individual on the 
margin of the Styx should suffer for a cir- 
cumstance which no virtue could have a- 
voided. 

383. Gaudet cognomine terrd. Servius says 
that the Lucanians, distressed with a pes ■ 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



377 



iter 



Ergo iler inceptum peragunt, fluvioq; propinquant. Igitur perficinqt 

Navita quos jam inde ut Styeia. prospexit ab unda 385 Jhoatum, et acccdunt f 
t, r* J . 11 • numen. Quos quando ve 

Per taciturn nemus ire, peclemque advertere ripac; 
Sic prior aggreditur dictis, atque increpat ultro; 
Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad fiumina tendis, 
Fare age, quid venias; jam istinc et comprime gres- 

sum. 
Umbrarum hie locus est, Samni, Noctisq; soporae: 
Corpora viva nefas Stygia vectarc carina. 391 

Nee vero Alciden me sum lsetatus euntem 
Accepisse lacu; nee Thesea, Pirithoiimque: 
Diis quanquam geniti, atque invicti viribus essent. 
Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit, 
Ipsius a solio regis traxitque trementem: 
Hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti. 
Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates: 
Nullae hie insidiae tales, absiste moveri; 
Nee vim tela ferunt: licet ingens janitor antro 
JEternum latrans exangues terreat umbras; 
Casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen. 
Troius ^Eneas, pietate insignis et armis, 
Ad genitorem, imas Erebi descendit ad umbras. 
Si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago,' 
At ramum hunc (aperit ramum qui veste latebat) 
Agnoscas. Tumida ex ira turn corda residunt. 
Nee plura his. Ille admirans venerabile donum 
Fatalis virgx, longo post tempore visum? 
Cceruleam advertit puppim, ripaeque propinquat. 

nuam patrui sui. JEneas Trojanus, illustris pietate et fortiiudine, descendit ad patrem suum in 
profundas umbras. Si te nulla species tantoe pietatis commovet, saltern agnosce nunc ramum; et 
ostendit ramum qui tegebatur veste. Tunc corda Charontis quieverunt ab ira tumida. Nee plura 
his dicta sunt. Ille admirans munus venerabile fatalis rami, quod videbat post longum tempus., 
appellit nigram navera, et accedit ad ripam. 



in- 
ad 
quanuo vec- 
tor jam inde ab aintie Stv- 
gio vidit ambulare per syl- 
vam silentem, et admo- 
vere pedem ad litus; sic 
primus adoritur eos verbis^ 
et ultro increpat: Quicunque 
es, qui accedis armatus ad 
fluvios nostros, age, die cur 
venias: et jam ex isto loco 
siste gradum. Hscc sedes est 
umbrarum, Somni et Noctis 
somniferae; non licet vebere 
cymba Stygia corpora viven- 

395 tia. Nee ver6 gavisus sum 
me transmisissejterbanc pa- 
ludem Herculem hue veni- 
entem; nee Theseum, et Pi~ 
rithoiim: quamvisorti essent 
Diis, et insuperabiles robore. 

4qq Ille manudeduxit in catenas 
infernum canem e solio ipsi- 
us Plutonis, et traxit euro 
trepidantem: Hi aggressi 
sunt extrahere reginam e- 
lecto Plutonis. Adversus 
hsec ita locuta est breviter 

405 Sibylla Apollinea: Nulljehic 
sunt insidise tales, desine.tur- 
bari, nee arma ista minan- 
tur vim: per nos licet, ut 
magnus cuslos in antro sem- 
per latrans terreat umbras 

. ■, ^ incorporeas; licet, ut Pro- 
serpina puiliea teneat ja- 



NOTES. 



tilence, and consulting an oracle, learned 
that their inhumanity to Palinurus was the 
cause, on which they built a tomb or ceno- 
taph to his memory, on tlve promontory 
south of the city, and gave to the promon- 
tory itself his name. 

392. Nee sum latatus. The fable says, 
that, when Hercules descended to the in- 
fernal regions, Charon was terrified at the 
sight of him, and forthwith admitted him 
into his boat; for which act of rashness he 
was bound in chains by Pluto for a whole 
ye ar. 

394. Diis quanquam, geniti. Hercules was 
the son of Jupiter; Theseus was fabled to 
be the offspring of Neptune; and Homer 
makes Pirithous the son of Jupiter and JDia 
the wife of Ixion. 

395. Tartareum custodem. The dog Cer- 
berus had been dragged by Hercules from 
the very throne of Pluto, whither he had 
fled for shelter. 

397. Dominam Mistresses and wives 



are often called domince. See Horace, Me 
dulcis domince JMusa, &c. 

398. Ampkrysia vates. That is, the priest- 
ess or prophetess of Apollo, who is called 
Pastor ab Amphrjso, from Amphrysus, a ri- 
ver in Thessaly, near which he had kept 
the flocks of Admetus, when banished by 
Jupiter from heaven for putting to death 
the Cyclops, the forgers of Jupiter's thun- 
derbolts. 

401. JEterniim. To increase the horror 
the whole line consists of spondees. 

402. Patrui. Pluto was both the husband 
and uncle of Proserpine; for she was the 
daughter of his brother Jupiter by Ceres. 

402. Servet limen. Ruseus explains servart 
limen, by januam clausam tenefe t to keep 
the door shut. Some consider the sibyl as 
saying, Proserpine may even stand at the 
door without danger from the pious JEneas. 

409. Fatalis virg<e> the rod or bough that 
was the pledge or signal of fate, which 
showed the person licensed by heaven to be 
admitted to the infernsft regions. 



3 C 



378 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Deimie ejicit alias animas, l n de alias animas, quae per juga longa sedebant, 

fi&TJSLS S£:? etwbat ' laxau ' ue *? ros: f 1 " 1 " 1 ^"f'V" 

simul admittit in cymbam Ingentem yEneam. (jremuit sub pondere cymba 
magnum jEneam. Cymba Sutilis, et multam accepit rimosa paludem. 414 

compactilis gemuit sub one- Tandem trans fluvium incplumes vatemq; vkumq; 

re, et btbit per nmas mul- T c ... . A ' . . . A ^' H> 

turn aquie. Denique trans- Informi hmo glaucaque exponit in ulva. \ 
mittit ultra fluvium salvos Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci 
.^neam et Sibyllain in focdo p e rsonat, adverso recubans immanis in antro. 
hmo et vi rid i herba. Magnus ,, • , ., . ,, . , . 

Cerberus sonat per banc re- Cul vates > norrere videns jam colla colubns, 
gionem latratu e tribus gut- Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 
turibus erumpente decum- Obiicit: ille fame rabida tria emttura pandens, 

bens vastus in spelunca op- ^ ••«.!• . . • . * -. 

posita. Sibylla animadver- Compit objectam, atque immania terga resolvrt 
tens coda Cerberi jam riges- Fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro. 
cere serpentibus, projicit Occupat ./Eneas aditum, custode s^epulto, 
!3eS|» p^r.Evaditque celer ripam irremeabilis und*. 
tis. Hie aperiens tria guttu- Continuo auditae voces, vagitus et ingens, 
ra, pr<e fame furiosa, devo- Infantumque animae flentes in limine primo: 

rat hanc projeetam, et pro- 
stratus Immi deficit vastis membris, et quantus est porrigitur per totam speluncam. Custode 
sopito, JEneas occupat introitum, et pervadit promptus ripam fluvii, unde non reditur. Statim 
voces audita? sunt, et magnus vagitus, et anjmse infantum plorantes sub primis portis, 



420 



425 



NO 

412. Alveo. Not of the river but of the 
boat. 

414. Sutilis. As leathern boats were first 
in use, some take the word sutilis in that 
sense, but Servius explains it in the sense 
of 'frail patched. Sutilis, however, may the 
more properly be understood as meaning 
leathern, because the boat intended only for 
the use of ghosts might well be frail and 
light. 

416. Ulva. A marsh loving herb, without 
a name. 

417. Cerberus. Cerberus was the dog of 
Pluto. He had fifty heads, according to He- 
siod, and three according to the other my- 
cologists. He was stationed at the entrance 
of hell as a watchful keeper, to prevent the 
living from entering the infernal regions, 
and the dead from escaping from their con- 
finement. It was usual for those heroes who 
in their life time visited Pluto's kingdom, 
to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus 
with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep 
with his lyre.- Heixules dragged him from 
hell when he w r ent to redeem Alceste. 

420. Medicatis frugibus. Either poppy 
seeds, or other soporiferous ingredients 
made up with honey. 

427. It\f antum, &c. The wailing's of those 
infant ghosts, considered only in a poetical 
light, are very properly disposed of in the 
entrance to Pluto's kingdom, since they 
cast a melancholy gloom over the scene, 
and excite such tender passions in the mind 
of the reader as prepare him for relishing 
the beauties of so grave and solemn a re- 
presentation. But some critics, not content 



PES. 
with considering Virgil as a poet, whose 
province it is to represent objects not mere- 
ly as they are in nature, but as they are 
most apt to strike the imagination, arraign 
him on the head of his (neology, and are 
shocked at his placing infants, who had ne- 
ver sinned, in this state of suffering. But 
it is not easy to see why those cries and la- 
mentations should be so shocking, since, 
from what appears, they are nothing but 
the language of the tender infant state, and 
the natural expressions of their discontent 
for being snatched away from the breast 
by a violent untimely death. As for the no- 
tion of suffering what is called positive pu- 
nishment, it has no warrant from the poet; 
unless it is from what Anchises says to JE- 
neas in general, that all underwent purga- 
torial punishment, before they were admit- 
ted into Elysium: Quisque suos patimur 
manes, inde per Elysium mittimur: but 
those punishments, he tells us, were pro- 
portioned to every one's stains and pollu- 
tions: Alias panduntur inanes suspense ad. 
ventos: aliis sub gurgite vasto infectum 
eluitur scelus, aut exuritur igni: whence 
he leaves us to infer, that, if the souls of 
infants had any share in those painful pur- 
gatories, it could be but very gentle, as 
their stains were so light and superficial. 
After all, even if this representation were 
much more unreasonable than it appears to 
be, Virgil would no more be accountable for 
it, than a poet of any other nation or per- 
suasion, for delivering the doctrines or opi- 
nions of any particular sect, such as he 
found them, 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



379 



Quos dulcis vitae exsortes, et ab ubere raptos 

Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo. 

Hos juxta, falso damnati crimine mortis. 

Nee ver6 hx. sine sorte datae, sine judice sedes. 

Quscsitor Minos urnam movet: ille silentum 

Conciliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina discit. 

Proxima deinde tenent moesti loca, qui sibi letum 

Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi 435 

Projecere animas. Quam vellenr aethere in alto 

Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores! 

Fata obstant, tristique palus inamabilis unda 

Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet. 

Nee procul hinc partem fusi monstrantur in omnem 

Lugentes campi: sic illos nomine dicunt. 

Hie quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit, 

Secreti celant calles, et myrtea circum 

Sylva tegit; curse non ipsa in morte relinquunt 



quos dies funcsta cripuir, 
privatos jiicuncla vitft ft. ab- 
stractos ab ubere, et demisit 
4 JO morti immature. Juxta hos 
aunt, qui addicti sunt morti 
ob injustam calunmiam. Ncc 
vei-6 assignantur ilia; sedes 
absque sorte, absque judice. 
Minos inquisitor agitat ur- 
nam: ipse cogit cuetum um- 



brai'um, et discntit vitain 
scelera. Deinde tristes occu- 
pant vieina loca, qui innocen- 
tes intulerunt sibi mortem 
propria manu, et pertaesi la- 
minis prodegerunt animas. 
Quam vellent nunc in supe- 
44 1 ris auris tolerare et pauper- 
tatem et labores difficilcs! 
Fata id probibent, et palus 
odiosa implicat tristibus a- 
quis, et Styx novies eircum- 
flua detinet- Nee longe bine 
ostenduntur patentes in omnem partem campi lugentes: ita appellant illos nomine. Hie occults 
semitx abscondunt eos quos durus amor absumpsit crudeli veneno, et sylva myrtea undique te- 
git eos, nee solicitudines deserunt post ipsam mortem. 



NOTES. 



430. Falso damnati crimine mortis. Here 
again our criVxs are scandalized to find, 
that Virgil has given a place, among other 
sufferers in his purgatory, to persons un- 
justly comtemned, and whose innocence 
had been oppressed by calumny. An inge- 
nious modern author (Warburton, in his 
Divine Legation of Moses, V; I.) in parti- 
cular, looks upon this as the most perplex- 
ing difficulty in the whole JEneid. But there 
is nothing in this either so shocking or per- 
plexing, as not to be easily explained on the 
principles of that philosophy which is here 
delivered; for, if none were to be admitted 
into Elysium till they had undergone purga- 
torial punishment, then why not these as 
well as others? It is true they were inno- 
cent of the crime for which they had been 
unjustly condemned to death; but it follows 
not that they were therefore quite faultless: 
they must have had other stains and corpo- 
real pollutions, and, till these were purged 
away, they could not have access to the 
Elysian fields, according to the doctrine of 
the Platonic philosophy. 

431. Sine sorte. Servius takes sorte for a 
sentence, appointment, or destination; in 
the same sense as the word is used JEn. I. 
138. 

Non illi imperium pelagi, saevumque tri- 

dentem, 
Sed mihi sorte datum. 

432. Minos, a famous king of Crete, who 
governed his people with great justice, and 
was the founder of wise laws: hence feign- 
ed by the poets to be first judge in hell. 



432. Urnam movet. He shakes the urn 
which contains every one's sentence; that 
is, in other words, he determines every 
one's doom, and destines ail to their proper 
stations. It is an allusion to the custom of 
the Greeks, who used two urns, into one or 
the other of which the judges threw their 
calculi, sortes, or suffrages, according as 
they were disposed to condemn or absolve 
the culprit So Horace, Carm. II. 3. 25. 
Omnium 
Versatur urna; serius, ocyus, 
Sors exitura. 
And Carm. III. 1. 17. 

iEqua lege necessitas 

Sortitur insignes et imos: 

Omne capax movet urna nomen. 
436. Sham vellent, l!?c. Plato compares 
the self murderer to a soldier who, without 
commission from his general, deserts his 
post. Virgil is thought by some to have in- 
serted this stricture on the crime of suicide 
in order to lessen the glory of Cato, the il- 
lustrious enemy of the Caesars. 

439. Novies. Either many times, a certain 
for an uncertain number, or literally nine 
times. So Pope, in his ode on St. Ceci- 
lia's day: 

Thus song could prevail, 
O'er death and o'er hell, 
A conquest how hard and how glorious; 
Though fate had fast bound her, 
With Styx nine times round her, 
Yet music and love were victorious. 
443. Myrtea Sylva. Becatise the myrtle 
was sacred to Venus. 



380 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

His locis videt Phsedram, et His Pbaedram Procrinq; locis, moestamq; Eriphyleti 
12222SS&Z ?udelis "*« ™nstnmtem vulnera cemit, 446 

t'«?pto»kcriMifciifiHo,etEvaci-Eva(menque, et Pasiphaen. His Laodamia 

nen,et Pasiphaen Laodamia It comes; et, juvenis quondam, nunc foemina, CaeneuSj 

SS5?2l3EEI lnr,0s el ta«««m fato reyoluta figuram. 

fffimina et reversa in anti- inter quas Phcenissa rccens a vulnere Dido 450 

quam for mam per ^ fatum. Errabat sylva in magna: quam Troius heros 

Inter quas Phoenicia Dido Ut p r i mum j uxta s tetit, aernovitque per umbram 

rccens postvul nus sibimflic- ,-., r J . . ° . * * 

turn vagabatur in magno ne- Obscuram; qualem primo qui surgere mense 

more. Ut primvimTrojanus Aut videt aut vidisse putal per nubila lunam; 

heros stetit prope, et agnp- Demisit lachrymas, dulcique affatus amore est: 455 

vit earn inter tenebras oh- . r .. -.. . J «i • 

scuras; qualem aUquis videt Intehx Dido: vcrus milu nuntius ergo 

autputat vidisse Lunam ori-Venerat, extinctam ferroque extrema secutam? 

ri inter nubes ineunte men- Funeris heu tibi causa fui! per sidera iuro, 

se; effudit lachrymas, et pro? T)i , ■ . c 1 \ ,, . J . 

suavi amore locutus est: Mi- 1 ei . SU P eros ? et S1 q ua fides tellure sub ima est, ■ 

sera Dido! ergo verus nun-Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 460 

cius ad me venerat, te mor- Sed me iussa Deura, quae nunc has ire per umbras, 

S^gfftffiSESl^ loc : a senta sit « c °S unt noctemque profunda™, 

mortis. Juro per astra, per Imperiis egere £iiis: nee credere quivi, 
Deos, et si aliqua est fides Hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem. 
SStft!^: Siste gradum, teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostra. 465 

Sed mandata Deorum, qux Quern lugis? extremum fato quod te alloquor, hoc est. 
cogunt im nunc ire per has Talibus JLiieas ardentem et torva tuentem 
rim bras, per loca horrida 

squalore et tenebras profundas, expulerunt me auctoritate sua. Nee potui credere me tibi alla- 
turum esse tantum dolorem abitu meo. Contine gressum, et ne subducas te conspectui raeo. 
Quern fugis? hoc est ultimum tempus, quo tecum loquor per fatum. iEneas mulcebat verbis ta- 
libus animum irataj et aspere intuentis, 

NOTES. 

445. Phxdram. Phaedra was the daughter vered the place where her husband lay con- 
of Minos, and wife of Theseus. She became cealed. Thus he was forced to the war, and 
enamoured of her stepson Hippolytus; but there perished by an earthquake, as he was 
finding 1 him callous to all her solicitations, fighting- valiantly. The son Alcmaeon re- 
she accused him to her husband of having venged the father's death, by killing Eri- 
made an attempt upon her honour. The- phyle. 

seus, too hasty in believing her calumnious 447. Evadnen. Evadne was the wife of 

report, put Hippolytus to death; and Phae- Capaneus, who threw herself on her hus- 

dra no sooner heard the intelligence, than band's funeral pile, and was consumed with 

she was stung with terrible remorse, and him. 

hanged herself at last in despair. 447. Pasiphaen. See the note on v. 24. 

445. Procrin. Procris was the daughter of 447. Laodamia. The wife of Protesilaus, 

Erechtheus, king of Athens, and* wife of the first Greek who was killed in the Tro- 

Cephalus. She lost her life by being weakly jan war. When she received the melancho- 

jealous of her husband; for, having watch- ly intelligence of her husband's death, no- 

ed him in the woods, where he was accus- thing would satisfy her but to have a sight 

tomed to hunt, she overheard him in the of his ghost, and, the gods having- granted 

heat of the day invoking the cold breeze, her desire, she breathed out her soul in fond 

and still repeating to himself Aura, tieni; embraces of the phantom, 

by which she imagined he was calling upon 448. Cceneus. The story of Cseneus is the 

his mistress, and was coming forth from following: She was a Thessalian woman 

her place of concealment, in order to make who had been abused by Neptune. Sheob- 

the discovery, when Cephalus happened to tained from the god power to change her 

see the bushes move, and taking her for sex, and to become invulnerable. She also 

some beast of prey, slew her unwittingly changed her name and was called Caeneus. 

with a javelin. In the wars of the Lapithae against the Cen- 

445. Moestamaue Eriphylen. Eri phyle was taurs she offended Jupiter, and was over- 

the wife of Amphiaraus, the prophet of Ar- whelmed with a large pile of wood, and af- 

gos. He, foreseeing that he should die if terwards changed into a bird, 

lie should go to the Theban war against 462. Senta. Sentis is a thorn; so called 

Eteocles, sought to conceal himself; but because sentitur, it is felt as soon as touch- 

Eriphyle, bribed by Polynices, the brother ed. 

of Eteocles, with a gold necklace, disco- 466. Extremum; for the last time: I am 



ANEIDOS LIB. VI 



381 



Lcnibat dictis animum, lachrymasque ciebat. 

Ilia solo nxos oculos aversa tenebat: 

Nee magis incepto vultum sermone movctur, 

Quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautcs. 

Tandem proripuit sese, atque inimica refugit 

In nemus umbriferum: conjux ubi pristinus ill* 

Respondet curis, aequatque Sichaeus amorem. 

Nee minds jftneas casu percussus inic|uo, 

Prosequitur lachrymans longe, et miseratus euntem so licitudine, et a-quat amo 

Inde datum molitur iter: iamq; arva tenebant [est. rem ejus. Nihilominus JE. 

Ultima, quse bello clari secreta frequentant. 

Hie illi occurrit Tydeus, hie inclytus armis 

Parthenopaeus, et Adrasti pallentis imago. 

Hie multum fleti ad superos, belloque caduci 



*t conabcilur ei tnovcro la- 
chiymas. Ula int'ensa tenc- 
bat oculos dofixos in terrain. 

470 Ncc magis movetur .■rciiti 
flum facicm ah usque princi- 
pio sermonis, quam si slot 
lapis duras, aut rapes Mar- 
pesia. Denique abstulit sc, 
et tugit inimica in sylvam 

A 7- umbrosam: ubi prior mari- 
tus SichaNis respondet il 



morte, longe sequitur eun 
tern plorans, et miseretur 
480 ejus. Inde persequitur iter 
concessum: et jam attige- 



rant campos extremos, quos 
Dardanidx: quos llle omnes longo online cernens, se paratos incolunt vki in- 
Ingemuit: Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochum- signes bello. Hie occurrit 
oue illi Tydeus, hie Partheno- 

* ' pseus illustris armis, et urn*- 

bra Adrasti pailidi. Hie Trojani valde deplorati inter vivos, etoccisi in praeliis. Quos omnes ille 
vjdens longa serie suspiravil: et Glaucum, etMedonta, et Thersilochum, 



NOTES. 



not permitted now to stay longer in the 
shades, and when I die, my department in 
the subterranean abodes will be with war- 
riors, not with lovers. 

471. Dura silex. Dr. Samuel Johnson has 
the following' judicious observations on the. 
silence of Dido ; "When Ulysses visited 
the infernal regions, he found, among the 
heroes that perished at Troy, his competi- 
tor Ajax who, when the arms of Achilles 
were adjudged to Ulysses, died by his own 
hand in the madness of disappointment. He 
still appeared to resent as on earth his loss 
and disgrace. Ulysses endeavoured to pa- 
cify him by praises and submission, but A- 
jax walked away without reply. This pas- 
sage has always been considered as emi- 
nently beautiful; because Ajax, the haugh- 
ty chief, the unlettered soldier, of unshaken 
courage, of immoveable constancy, but 
without the power of recommending his 
own virtues by eloquence, or enforcing his 
assertions by any other argument than the 
sword, had no way of making his anger 
known, but by gloomy suUenness and dumb 
ferocity. His hatred of a man whom he con- 
ceived to have defeated him only by the vo- 
lubility of tongue, was therefore naturally 
shown by silence more contemptuous and 
piercing than any words that so rude an 
orator could have found, and by which he 
gave his enemy no opportunity of exerting 
the only power in which he was superior. 

" When iEneas is sent by Virgil to visit 
the shades, he meet* with Dido, queen of 
Carthage, whom his perfidy had hurried to 
the grave. He accosts her with tenderness 
and excuses, but the lady turns away like 
Ajax in mi ite disdain. She turns away like 



Ajax, but she resembles him in none of 
those qualities which might give either 
dignity or propriety to silence. She might 
without any departure from the tenor of 
her conduct have burst out, like other in- 
jured women, into clamour, reproach, and 
denunciation; but Virgil had his imagina- 
tion full of Ajax, and therefore could not 
prevail on himself to teach Dido any other 
mode of resentment." Rambler, No. 121. 
471. Marpesia cautes. A rock of Parian 
marble; from Marpesus, a mountain in the 
island of Paros, one of the Cyclades, 
famed for its white marble. 

479. Tydeus, &c. Here are mentioned 
some of the leaders in the Theban war, 
which was fought about thirty years before 
that of Troy. Tydeus was the father of the 
famous Diomede, and was killed by Mena- 
Hppus the Theban, at the siege of Thebes. 

480. Parthenopccus, was the son of Melea- 
ger and Atalanta: he went to the Theban 
war, when very young, and is said to have 
died at the siege of Troy. 

480. Adrasti. Adrastus was fatherinlaw 
to Tydeus and Polynices, who, having lost 
a numerous army, was forced to raise the 
siege of Thebes, and hasten back into his 
own country. In allusion to this, his ghost 
is called pale, paleness being the compa- 
nion of flight and fear. 

481. Caduci, fallen, dead; from Cado. 
hence cadavera and caducum in Horace, 1. 3. 
4. 44. 

482. Dardanidcc; occurrunt illi understood. 

483. Glaucumque . Glaucus was the son of 
Hippolochus, and grandson of the famou? 
Bellerophon. He, with Sarpedon, com- 
manded the Lycians in the war of Trov. 



382 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ires filios Antenorfs, et Po- Tres Antenoridas: Cererique sacrum Polybceten, 
Jybceten sacerdotem Cere- u^ ._• \- J ,„ 

ris, et Idseumadhuc currus Maeumque, etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. 486 
adhucarma tractantem. A- Ch cumstant animae dextra laevaque frequentes. 
nimse pluriraae circumsls- Nee vidisse semel satis est: juvat usque morari, 
S^NerScit'VJit ?t confer* gradum, et vcniendi discere causas. 
semel JEneam: delectat ip- At Danaum proceres, Agamemnoniaeq; phalanges, 
sas remanere diu, et ad- Ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, 490 

SSFSJME&f J^ nti ^P^ «*<«« P«« 'ertere terga, 

Sed duces Grajeorum, et ^ eu quondam petiere rates: pars tollere vocem 

turmseAgamemnonis,qaan- Exiguam: inceptus clamor frustratur hiantes. 

doviderunt^neametarma Atque hic p ri amiden laniatum corpore toto 

splendentia inter tenebras; r\ •• i u • *• i i ,• 

eceperunttremere magno ti- Ueiphobum vidit, lacerum crudeliter ora; 49 5 

more: pars obvertere dor- Ora, manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis 

sum, quemadmodum olim Auribus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares. 

cucurrerunt ad naves: pars xr- j s . . ,. 

emittere parvam vocem, Vlx a ?e° agnovit pavitantem, et dira tegentem 

clamor inceptus fallit hian- Suppliciaj et notis compellat vocibus ultro: 

tes. AtquehicyiditDeVpho-Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, 
bum, fi hum r nam i, discern- r\ : ± j i i •„ •> Z\ 

turn omnibus membris, im- J* "js tarn crudeles optavit sumere poenas? 50 1 

maniter laceratum circa os: Cui tantum de te licuit? Mihi fama suprema. 



circa 



os, et utramque ma- Nocte tulit, fessum vasta. te caede Pelasarum 
££ toHhTS ^$5 Procubuisse super confuse stragis acervum. 
truncatum indecoro vulnere. A unc egomet tumulum Rhoeteo m litore manem 505 
Itaque difficile agnovit tre- Constitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi, 
££&& eT^lrr Nomenet arma locum servant. Te, amice, nequivi 
quitur eum voce cognita: O Conspicere, et patria decedens ponere terra. 
Befphobe bellicose, soboles Atq; hie Priamides: Nihil 6 tibi, amice, relictum estt 
c nobili sanguine Teucri: Omnia Deiphobo solvisd, et funeris umbris: 510 

qms ausus est exigere de te r 

tarn dirum supplicium? cui tantum licuit contra te? Rumor pertulit mihi, te ultima nocte Trojae 
lassum multa strage Grsecorum obiisse super cumulum confusorum cadaverum. Tunc ego ipse 
erexi tibi in litore RhcEteo sepulchrum vacuum, et appellavi ter magno clamore animam tuam: 
locus servat nomen et arma tua. Non potui, 6 amice, te videre, et abiens tumulare in patria 
teilure. Turn vero filius Priami dixit: Nihil pnetermissum est a te, 6 amice: omnia exhibuisti 
officia Deiphobo, et umbras cadaveris. 

NOTES. 

484. Tres Antenoridas: whose names are when alive. Ausonius represents Deiphobus 
recorded by Homer, II. XL 59. Polybus, as saying, " Proditus ad paenam sceleratae 
Agenor, and Acamas. fraude Lacenae, et deformato corpore Dei- 

485. Idteumque. Idaeus was Priam's cha- phobus. Non habeo tumulum, nisi quern 
rioteer. II. XXIV. 470. mihi voce vocantis, et pius iEneas, et Maro 

494. Laniatum corpore toto De'iphobum. composuit.". 

Deiphobus was the son of Priam, and mar- 497. Inhonesto; base, dishonourable. So 

ried Helen after the death of Paris. What Terence, 

the poet here says of his body being thus Illumne, obsecro, inhonestum hominem. 

cruelly mangled, is agreeable to what we 505. Rhateo. Rhoeteum and Sigeum were 

read in Dictys Cretensis, Lib. V. Mene- the two promontories of Troas running in- 

laus Deiphobum, quern, post Alexandri in- to the Hellespont. In the former was the 

teritum, Helenae matrimonium intercepisse sepulchre of Ajax, in the other that of A- 

supra docuimus, exsectis prim 6 auribus, chilles. But as these places, when iEneas 

brachiisque ablatis, dein naribus, ad post- fled, were in possession of the Greeks, Ru- 

remum truncatum omni ex parte, foedatum- <eus is of opinion that Rhoeteum is here 

que summo cruciatu necat. And here we used for the whole of the shore, 

may observe, that Virgil's representation of 510. Funeris umbris. Funeris may be taken 

Deiphobus' mangled phantom is according for the corpse or dead body itself; as the 

to the philosophy of Plato; who teaches word is also used, JEn. IX. 491. 

that the dead retain the same marks and Quae nunc artus, avulsaque membra, 

blemishes on their bodies, which they had Et funus lacerum, tellus habet? 



.ENEIDOS LIB. VJ. 



38: 



Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacxnae Sed sors meactpernicioRiun 

His mersere mails: ilia h*c monimenu reliquit. fejSEEJSSffi 

Namque ut supremam falsa inter gauaia noctem ilia reliquit/m/»h«c insignia. 

Egerimus, nosti: et nimium meminisse necesse est: Scis enim quomodo tradux 

Cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit 

Pergama, et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo. 

Ilia chorum simulans, Evantes orgia circum 

Ducebat Phrygias: flammam media ipsa tenebat 

Ingentem, et summit Danaos ex arce vocabat. 

Turn me confectum curis, somnoque gravatum 

Infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque jacentem 

Dulcis et alta quies, placidaeque simillimamorti. 

Egregia interea conjuxarma omnia tectis 

Emovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem. 

Intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pandit. 

Scilicet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti, 

Et famam extingui veterum sic posse malorum. 

Quid moror? irrumpunt thalamo, comes additur una 



515 erimus ultimam noctem in. 
falsa lxtitia; et oportct not' 
nimis recordari: quando e- 
quus fatalis venit aceensu 
super alta Pergama, et gra- 
vidus induxit in utero mili- 
tes armatos. Ilia fingens 

520 choreas, ducebat circa sacra 
Bacchi fceminas Phrygias 
furiosas: ipsa in medio attol- 
lebat magnam tsedam, et ex 
alta arce invitabat Graecos. 
Tunc funestus lcctus tene- 

coehat me fatigatum curis et 
obrutum somno: etjucunda 
ac profunda quies, sjmilisque 
morti tranquillse, oppressit 



Hortator scelerum bolides. Dii talia Graiis 

Instaurate, pio si poenas ore reposco. 

Sed te qui vivum casus, age, fare vicissim, 

Attulerint: pelagine venis erroribus actus? 

An monitu Divum? an quae te fortuna fatigat, 

Ut tristes sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires? 

Hac vice sermon um roseis Aurora quadrigis 

culum: additur simul iis comes Ulysses incitator criminum. Dii reddite talia Grsecis, si imprecor 

us supplicia justo ore. At age, die vicissim, quinam casus te adduxerint huc^ viventem: an venis 

pulsus erroribus maris, an jussu Deorum, an aliqua alia sors te adigit, ut venias in sedes moestas 

absque luce, et ad loca tumultuosa? In hac vicissitudine coiloquii Aurora 



digna uxor aufert arma om- 
nia domo, et subtraxerat ca- 
530piti meo gladium fidelem. 
Vocat Menelaum intra do- 
mum, et aperit januam. 
Nempe existimans hoc mag- 
num fore doraum amauti 
?narito, et sic infamiam vetc- 
„ _ ris malitise posse deleri. Quid 

** Af^tinnn fp2 ii'rnnnt in r>nKi_ 



detineo te? irruunt in cubi- 



NOTES. 



511. Laccence. Lacaena was an epithet ap- 
plied to any female native of Laconia. A- 
mong others it was used for Helen. 

516. Gravis. As in the second JEneid: 
Foeta armis 
Uterumque armato milite complent. 

517- Orgia. These were festivals in ho- 
nour of Bacchus. They are the same as the 
Bacchanalia, Dionysia, &c. and were cele- 
brated by the ancients to commemorate his 
triumphs in India. The worshippers imi- 
tated in their dress and actions the poetical 
fictions respecting Bacchus. Some rode on 
asses, others drove goats to slaughter; all 
exhibited the actions and* gestures of 
drunken persons. The air was filled with 
the hideous exclamations, Evoe! Bacche! 
Io! Io! Iacche! Iobacche! Evohe! They were 
first established in Greece, then introduced 
into Tuscany, and finally into Rome. They 
contributed so much to the corruption of the 
morals of the people, that they were at 
length banished from Rome by a decree of 
the senate. 

524. Capiti subduxerat etisetn. The ancient 
warriors were, wont to lay their swords un- 
der their pillows, when they went to sleep. 

529. bolides This is a reproachful name 
given to Ulysses, which insinuates that he 
v/asnot the son of Laertes, but of Sisyphus, 



the son of iEolus, with whom his mother 
Anticlea is said to have been intimate. 

535. Quadrigis. The morning is repre- 
sented drawn by a chariot with two horses.; 
but here, being put for the sun, she is drawn 
in a chariot with four horses. 

5S5. Aurora quadrigis medium trajecerat 
axem. Servius explains this to mean mid- 
night, when the sun, designed here by Au- 
rora, has finished the half of his course in 
the lower hemisphere; and there is the 
same distance of time to his rising on the 
other hemisphere as from his setting. But 
Ruaeus and others properly take it for mid- 
day, for understanding which, we are to 
observe, that the time appointed for per- 
forming the preliminary rites, and visiting 
the infernal mansions, called here datum, 
tempus, was a day and two nights, as we 
learn from Plutarch's treatise concerning 
the Genius of Socrates. Now iEneas had 
spent the night before his descent to hell 
in offering sacrifices to Pluto, verse 252. 

Turn Stygio Jovi nocturnas inchoataras. 
He entered on his journey the next morn- 
ing about sunrise, verse 255. 

Ecce autem primi sub lumina soils et or- 

tus. 
And now, having wandered through so 
many regions, he may well be allowed to 



384 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

lubicundis equisin aereo de- Jam medium aethereo cursit trajcccrat axem, 
cui-su jam tra-^ierat medium Et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus. 

caelum: et forte traduceret „ , , ... . A . «. om ,, 

in udibus omne tempus con-Sed comes admonuit breviterque affata Sibylla est: 

cessum. Sed comes Sibylla Nox ruit, jEnea, nos flendo ducimus horas. 

admonuit, etbreviu-r locuta H j c i ocus est partes ubi se via findit in ambas. 540 

est: (J irmea, nox apnrone- ,-^ V%^j* • ■, ... 

rat, nos traducimus boras Dextera, quae Ditis magm sub moema tendit: 
htgendo. Hie est locus, ubi Hac iter Elysium nobis: at laeva malorum 
via secat se in duas partes. Exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit. 
552*5*iS*2?aSS Deiphobus contra: Ne s*vi, magna sacerdos: 544 
Plutonis: per hanc iter est Discedam: explebo numerum, reddarque tenebris. 
nobis ad Elysium: at sinistra \ decus, i, nostrum: melioribus utere fatis. 

!?KJ3SI^CK TMt »^ eftktus ' et in verbo vestigia torsit. 

ta. Contra Deipbobus ait: Respicit iLneas subito; et sub rupe sinistra 

Ne irascare, 6 magna vates: Moenia lata videt; triplici circumdata muro: 

^c "™eS£Q u * rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis 5Sf> 

I, nostra gloria, i; sequere ± artareus Phlegetnon, torquetque sonantia saxa. 

fata feliciora. Hoc solum lo- Porta ad versa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnse; 

cuius eat, et in ipse » sermone vis ut nulla v i rum non i ps i exscindere ferro 

denexit gressum. ./Eneas re- ~ ,. , . r • 

spexit statim; et sub rupe ^oelicolae valeant: stat terrea turns ad auras: 

sinistra cernit spatiosam ur- Tisiphoneque sedens, palla. succincta cruenta, 55 5 

bem, emctam tubus muns: Vestibulum insomnis servat noctesque diesque. 

quam 1 artareus rhlege- TT . ,. • • , l L 

Aon, rapidus fluvius, circuit Hinc exaudin gemitus, et seeva sonare 
ignibus torrentibus, et vol- Verbera: turn stridor ferri, tractaeque catenae, 
vit saxa sonantia. Porta op- Constitit jEneas, strepitumq; exterritus hausit: 
T£3^ ££*£&' ^elerum fecies, 6 virgo, effare, quibusve 560 
ita ut nullum robur homi- Urgentur poems? quis tantus plangor ad auras? 

num, non ipsi superi pos-sint evertere earn ferro. Turris ferrea surgit in altum: et Tisiphone 
sedens, cincta pallio sanguinolento, custodit limen vigil et noctu et diu. Hinc cceperunt audirl 
gemitus, et resonare ci*udeles ictus: prseterea stridor ferri et tractorum vinculorum, JEneas 
stetit, et stupefactus attendit ad strepitum. Qu» sunt illic species criminum, die, 6 virgo, aut 
quibus suppliciis eruciantur? unde tantus planctus surgit in auras? 

NOTES. 

have spent the half of a day; reserving the the same minds before they returned into 

evening, and part of the following- night, new bodies, had to undergo a certain num. 

for a survey of the Elysian fields: and thus ber of years of purification. Explebo nume- 

he will return to his associates in the se- ruin, that is, I will depart and fulfil the years 

cond night after he had left them. of purgation which are in these shades ap> 

536. Medium. Minelius says that the de- pointed me. 
scent of j£neas and the rites attending it oc- 3. The more true sense, as Ruxus thinks, 

cupied a space of twenty-four hours. The is, I will depart: suffer me however to finish 

ceremonies commenced in the night. At the number of periods which I purposed my 

sunrise the ground shook and the journey speech to Mneas should contain, and which I 

was begun. The morning was occupied in terminate by saying, I decus, I nostrum, &c. 
passing the Styx. At the season of midday Dismiss thy wrath replied the pensive 
JEneas passed Erebus and Tartarus. The shade, 

sibyl at length admonishes him, because But one word more, I then rejoin the dead, 
the day was declining, to hasten to Ely- 552. Adamante columns. Not for orna- 

sium, and hold converse with Anchises. ment, but to express hardness and strength. 

545. Explebo numerum. Ruxus has an in- Adamant was a term proverbial with the 

genious note on this passage. Many and not Greeks and Romans for expressing strength 

very judicious interpretations are given and durability. 

here. The following appear among the most 553. Vis ut nulla, cjfe. By this Virgil in- 
correct: timates, that the pains of Tartarus were 

1. The mofe simple and obvious sense is, everlasting, and that neither gods nor men 
/ will retire and fill up the number of the could release the prisoners who were once 
crowd which I left that I might address thee. condemned to that place of torment. This 

2. The more learned sense is that derived is exactly conformable to Plato's doctrine 
from the philosophy of Plato, who taught 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 385 

Turn vates sic orsa loqui: Dux inclyte Tcucrum, Tu » c Vatesaic («pit loquj: 
Nulli fas casto sceleratum insistere limen: ^J™ *J J**£ 

Sed me, cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, bhe nortam impiany sed 

Ipsa Deum poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit. 565qu»udo Hecate pcaeposuit 
Gnossius h*c Rhadamanthus habet durissima Wg^SSfl^SS&SaK 
Castigatque, auditque dolos: subigitque tateri ta a DHs, ct duxit me per 

Quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inani, omnia. Rhadamanthus Ct$. 

Distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem. tensis . obtine . t hoc saevissi- 

_ . N . . . \ n ,. ...mum imperium: et nnnit, 

Continuo sontes ultnx accincta ilagello 570 etau dit fraudes, et eogit fa- 

Tisiphone quatit insultans: torvosque, sinistra tcri qu^eumque facinora pa- 

Intentans anerues, vocat aemina sseva sororum. trata unnsquisquc per vi- 

_„ in,- D • i j- tain nrotuht usque ad tar- 
1 um demum horrisono stndentes cardine sacra dam morte m, gardens vana 

Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis simulatione. Statim Tisi- 

Vestibulo sedeat? facies quae limina servet? 575 P h ° ne vmdex .»"?*$» fla S r .° 

^ . *. ,. -.. i . j,.„ verberat reos llludens, et si- 

Quinquaginta atns immanis hiatibus hydra nktrk manu incutiens SJBVOS 

Saevior intus habet sedem: turn Tartarus ipse serpentes, appellat erude- 

Bis patet in praeceps tantum, tenditque sub umbras, 'em tffrbara sororum. Tunc 

Quanta, ad *thereum cceli suspectus Olympum. %8S3SS*2528Z. 
Hie genus antiquum terrae, Titania pubes, 580 p er git Sibylla.- Vides, quale 

Fulmine deiecti, fundo volvuntur in imo. sateltttium sedeat in vesti- 

Hie et Aloidas geminc,, immania vidi J-^J- %££*£& 

Corpora: qui manibus magnum resemdere coelum i ntus habet sedem, horribi- 

Aggressi, superisque Jovem detrudere regnis. lis quinquaginta faucibus. 

Prreterea ipse Tartarus bis 
tantum descendit in profundum, et extenditur sub umbras, quantus est prospectus inde ad tethe- 
reum cceli Olympum. Illic juventus Titania, antiqua soboles Terra?, prostrati fulmine versantur 
in imo fundo. Illic vidi quoque geminos filios Aloei, vasta corpora: qui susccperant evertere 
manibus magnum cadum, et expellere Jovem e regnis supernis. 

NOTES. 

566. Rhadamanthus was the brother of On a sudden open fly 

Minos, king of Crete; and both were sons With impetuous recoil, and jarring sound, 

of Jupiter by Europa. Th' infernal doors; and on their hinges 

568. Furto inani. All secret clandestine grate 

acts of vice go under the name furtum, Harsh thunder. Par. Lost, B. II. 879. 
theft. Thus the adulteries of Mars are 576. Hydra. A celebrated monster, which 

called dulcia furta, sweet thefts. The epi- infested the neighbourhood of the lake 

thet inani, means unprofitable, unavailing; Lerna. It was vanquished by Hercules, 

because, in however great secrecy commit- Juno jealous of his glory sent a sea crab to 

ted, they were known to the gods. bite his foot, but it did not prevent his sue- 

571. Shiatit insulta?is. The construction cess. The new enemy was soon despatched,, 

may be insultans sontes, as well as quatit son- and placed by Juno among the co.nstella- 

tes; for insulto often governs the accusative; tions. See JEn. 8. 300. 

as Sallust says, Multos a. pueritid bonos in- 579. JEthereum Cceli Olympum signifies 

sultaverat. the highest pinnacle of heaven, where the 

572.Agminasava sororem. The Furies gods sat enthroned, 
were three in number; Tisiphone, the minis- 579. Suspectus here seems to be a sub- 

ter of plagues and diseases on the human stantive, and the sense that Tartarus is as 

race. She was represented with a whipin her deep as from the surface of the earth or 

hand, and serpents hanging from her head, from that of Tartarus itself to the heaven is 

Alccto is described with flaming torches, high. 

breathing war and vengeance. Megcera is 580. Titania pubes, the race of the Titans, 

employed by the gods to punish the crimes i. e. the giants, who were the sojis of Titan 

of mankind by visiting them with inward and the Earth. 

torments, diseases and death. They may 582. Aloidas, the two giants, Otus and 

be called agmina, troops, either on account Ephialtes, whom Neptune begot on Iphime- 

of their complicated rage; or perhaps, as dia, the wife of Aloeus. Homer makes 

Ruseus (or La Rue) conjectures, these them nine cubits broad, and nine ells high, 

three were the principal ones, and had ma- when they were but in the ninth year of 

ny others in subordination to them. their age. See the explication of this fable 

573. Turn, demum horrisono, &c, This in Banier's Mythology, 
verse is finely imitated by Milton: 

3 D 



386 P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 

Vidi etiam Saimonea sol- Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas, 5.85 

h££i A?™nPs T »™ flammas Jovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi. ■ 

vis et tonitru coeli. Hie Quatuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans, 

veotus quatuor equis et qua- Per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem 

£?5?Sl2SS£SS; Jbatovans, DMmque sibi poscebat honorem: 

et per mediam urbem Eli- Demens! qui mmbos et non lmitabile fulmen 590 

dis, et exigebat sibi ouitum Mre et cornipedum cursu simularat equorum. 

divinura: insanus! qui imita- At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum 

batur curru sereo et impetu ^ *1 .■ , *.„ c r 

equorum nimbos et tonitru Contorsit (non llle iaces, nec fumea tsedis 

non imitabiie. Sed pater om- Lumina) praecipitemque immani turbine adegit. 594 

nipotensvibrayit fulmen per ^ ec non et Tityon, terrae omniparentis alumnum, 

opaca nubila (non die qui- ^ J r . . » 

dem faces et lumina fumida ^ernere erat: per tota novem cui jugera corpus 
tsedarum, ut Salmoneus) et Porrigitur; rostroque immanis vultur obunco 
vasto turbine prostratum l mm0 rtale jecur tundens, foecundaque pcenis 

(ransfixit. Videreeratetiam * r . . J ;. . ,. / r , . "•• 

Tityum filium t.errse omni- viscera, nmaturque epulis, habitatque sub alto 
parentis: cujus corpus ex- Pectore: nec fibris requies datur ulla renatis. 600 

tenditur per tota novem ju- 
gera; et immanis vultur fodicans adunco rostro jecur perpetuumet viscera fecunda ad peenas 
scrutator ea ad cibum, et manet intra prqfuudum pectus: nec ulla quies permittitur fibris re*- 
pullulantibus. 



NOTES, 



585. Salmonea. Salmoneus was the son of 
JSolus (not the king of the winds, but ano- 
ther of that name), who reigned in Elis. 
He framed a bridge of brass, over which 
he drove his chariot, impiously boasting, 
that, by the rattling of the wheels, and 
prancing of his horses' hoofs, he imitated 
the thunder of Olympian Jove, who was 
highly honoured at Elis. At the same time, to 
counterfeit his lightning, he hurled flaming 
torches at his subjects, ordering every one 
to be put to death at whom he brandished 
his torch. 

585. Dantem peenas. The reason of this 
phrase is, because poena properly signifies 
satisfaction. 

595. Tityon. Tityus was the son of Jupiter 
and Elara. When Jupiter found his mother 
with child by him, he shut her up in the 
bowels of the earth for fear of Juno, whence 
Tityus, issuing forth in a gigantic form, 
was deemed to be the son of the Earth: 
therefore Virgil calls him alum?ius terras, 
Earth's foster-child. For offering violence 
to Latona, Apollo shot him to death with 
his arrows. Homer describes him of the 
same dimensions, and has him punished in 
Tartarus after the same manner with Vir- 
gil, Odyss. XI. 576. The moral of this, and 
of the other fables here mentioned, is finely 
explained by Lucretius, Lib. III. 991. 
Atque ea nimirum qusecunque Acheronte 

profundo 
Prodita sunt esse, in vita sunt omnia no- 
bis, &c. 
For the sake of the English reader we shall 



give the passage in Mr. Dryden's transla- 
tion: 

The dismal tales that poets tell 
Are verified on earth, and not in hell; 
No Tantalus looks with a fearful eye, 
Or dreads th' impending rock to crush. 

him from on high. 
No Tityus, torn by vultures, lies in hell, 
Nor could the lobes of his rank liver swell 
To that prodigious mass, for their eternal 

meal. 
But he's the Tityus, who, by love op- 

press'd, 
Or tyrant passions preying on his breast, 
And ever anxious thoughts, is robb'd of 

rest. 
The Sisyphus is he, whom noise and strife 
Seduce from all the soft retreats of life, 
To vex the government, disturb the laws; 
Drunk with the fumes of popular applause, 
He courts the giddy crowd to make him 

great, 
And sweats and toils in vain to mount the 

sov'reign seat. 
For still to aim at power, and still to fail, 
Ever to strive, and never to prevail, 
What is it but, in reason's true account, 
To heave the stone against the rising 

mount? 
595. Omniparentis, foodful, allnursing: 
she was represented by the Diana Multi- 
mamma, thus characterized by Milton: 
Common mother, 
Whose womb unmeasurable, and infinite 

breast, 
Teems and feeds all. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



3§7 



CurcommernoremLapithas, 
Ixiona, et Pirithoiim? super 
quos nigrum saxum jamjam 
lapsurum et simile cadenti 
impendet. Fulcra aurea 



Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona, Pirithoiim que.? 

Quos super atra silex jamjam lapsura, cadentique 

Imminet assimilis. Lucent genialibus altis 

Aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratx 

Regifico luxu: Furiarum maxima juxta 6O5 splendent mi^tisleGtis altis, 

* 1 . •, 1 •> • etconvivia purata ante ora 

Accubat, et manibus prolnbet contingere mensas, cwm abundantia regali: max- 
Exurgitque facem attollens, atque intonat ore. ima Furiarum aecumbit 

Hie quibus invisi fratres, dum vitamanebat, prope,etvetattangeremen- 

t» 1 . + r i» sas manibus, et surarit eri» 

Pulsatusve parens, et fraus mnexa clienti; gen3 & cem ; et V0t 4 ratur 

Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, 610 ore. Mic, ii quibus fratres 

Nee partem posuere suis, quse maxima turba est; odiosl fuerunt, dum vita du^ 
Quique ob adulterium c*si, quique arma secuti ^US^tufS; 

Impia, nee venti dominorum tallere dextras, aut qui soli incubuerunt opu 

Inclusi poenam expectant. Ne quaere doceri 614 bus partis, nee dederunt 

Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit I )artem . efln/wsui s» qustur- 

3 K . l ... ,.. ba maxima est; et qm occisi 

baxum mgens volvunt aln, radnsque rotarum sunt pr0 pter adulterium, et 

Districti pendent: sedet, aeternumque sedebit qui secuti sunt bella injusta, 

Infelix Theseus; Phle^vasque miserrimus omnes nectimuerunt vioiare fidem 

A , * , °* i * , datam dommis: ilh inclusi 

Admonet, et magna testatur voce per umbras: expectant supplicium. Ne 

Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere Divos. 620 petas doceri quale suppii- 

cium expectent, aut quis mo- 
dus et quse sors damnaverit eos. Alii versant magnum saxum, et pendent distenti radiis rotarum? 
Miser Theseus sedet et perpetud sedebit; et Phlegyas miserrimus admonet omnes, et testatur 
irragno clamore inter tenebras: Discite totits admoniti sequitatem, et non spernere Deos. 



NOTES. 



601. Lapithas, Ixiona. The Lapithae were 
a people in Thessaly, of dissolute morals, 
over whom reigned Ixion, the son of Phle- 
gyas, admitted to intimate friendship with 
Jupiter in heaven, which he forfeited by 
attempting to debauch Juno. Jupiter, know- 
ing his intention, substituted a cloud in the 
room of the goddess, and contented him- 
self at first with dismissing Ixion from the 
court of heaven, andf degradisg him again 
to earth. But Jupiter, understanding that 
the fool made his boast every where that 
he had been honoured with Juno's bed, 
hurled him down to Tartarus, where he or- 
dered Mercury to bind him to a wheel en- 
compassed with serpents, which he was 
doomed to turn without intermission. 

601. Piritho'iimque. Pirithous was the son 
of Ixion. See the note on verse 122. 

602. Jamj am, &c. Dr. Trapp says there 
is a wonderful elegance in the 

— — *- yamjam lapsura, cadentique 

Imminet assimilis. 
By that syllable que, which would be redun- 
dant were it not for the elision by imminet. 
The first, to express the tiling described, 
seems tumbling down upon the second. 

603. Genialibus, d generando, or d genio 
vit<£ et let kiae preside. 

609. Pulsatusve parens. The crime of par- 
ricide is so horrid and unnatural, that he 
would not suppose any of the human race 
guilty of it, but puts the case only of those 
who had heaten a parent. 

609. Fraus innexa clienti. Who had twist- 
ed or woven arts of deceit against a client, 



whose claim to the faith and protection of 
his patron was reckoned sacred among the 
Romans, like that of a child from a parent. 
Hence, among the laws of the twelve ta- 
bles, it was enacted, If any patron shall de = 
fraud his client, let him be accursed; Pa- 
tronus, si clienti fraudemfecerit, sacer esto. 

617. Sedet, aeternumque sedebit. How this 
is consistent with what is said above of 
Theseus' having returned from hell, see in 
the note on verse 122. 

618. Phlegyasque, &c. Phlegyas was tine 
father of Ixion, and king of the Lapithae. 
His daughter Coronis was ravished by A- 
polio, and he, in revenge, burned his tem- 
ple; for which impiety the god thrust him 
down to Tartarus. 

Some join Phlegyas with omnes, all the 
impious, such as the Phiegyae are said to 
have been, a people whom Neptune de- 
stroyed for their piracies and other crimes. 

620. Discite justitiam moniti. This is the 
great moral of all those infernal punish- 
ments, that the example of them might de- 
ter from vice, and stimulate to virtue. It 
has been objected, however, that Virgil 
makes Phlegyas deliver this admonition 
(or sermon, as they call it) preposterously, 
and out of season, since his audience could 
not be the better for it, there being no room 
left for their repentance. But not to enter 
here on that question, whether Virgil, Pla- 
to, or any of the ancients, taught that the 
punishments of the other world were abso- 
lutely eternal, on which the objection turns; 
this at least may be said, that, if it was o£ 



:388 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



liio prodidit pntriam pecu- Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem 

ma, et ei nnposuit. tyran- t r '^ * *.* n •„ 

num ferocem: tulit ct Imposuit: fixit leges pretio atque refixit. 
sugtulit leges pretio. Hie ag- Hie thalamum invasit natae, vetitosque hymenaeos. 
gressus est pudicitiam filivc, r \usi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti. 
SfE&SStS&ZZ Non, mihi si lingux centum sint, oraq; centum, 625 
executi consilia. Si essent ? errea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas, 
mihi centum lingua et cen- Omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possira. 

;s? s^hS^ss Q ** c uW dkta ded « ph » bi i ™s*™ sace i- d ° s: 

species criminuta, nee enu- ked jam age, carpe viam, et susceptum perfice munus: 

merare omnia nomina sup- Acceleremus, ait. Cyclopum educta caminis 630 

piiciomm. Postquam long*- Moenia conspicio, atque adverso fornice portas: 

va vates Apollnns protulit TT , . r > i r 

htee verba, ait; Nunc au- Haec ubi nos prgecepta jubent deponere dona. 

tem age, ingredere viam, et Dixerat: et pariter gressi per opaca viarum 

perfice inccptum officium: Corripiunt spatium medium, foribusq; propinquant. 

properemus. \ideo muros ^ ^ jn t« v • ^ 

fabricatos in fornacibus Cy- Occupat iEneas adit.um, corpusque recenti 635 

elopum, et portas sub oppo- Spargit aqua, ramumque adverso in limine figit- 
His demiim exactis, perfecto munere Divae, 



sito fornice: ubi Diino% ju- 



bent deponere munera de- r^ 

cerpta ex arbore. ,SVdocuta ^evenere locos laetos, et amcena vireta 
fuerat: et pariter ambuian- Fortunatorum nemorum, sedesque beatas. 

tes per tenebrosa spatia viarum invadunt medium iter, et appropinquant portis. iEneas occupai 
aditum, et aspergit corpus recenti aqua, et affigit raraum in opposito limine. Denique his abso- 
lutis, persoluto munere Proserpina, pervenerunt ad loca lata, et prata jucunda, et sedes beatas 
svlvarum felicium. 



NOTES. 



no profit to the ghosts in Tartarus, it may 
'nowever be useful to those who are clothed 
■with flesh and blood, to whom it is commu- 
nicated by the poet, and for whom, no 
doubt, it was designed; only he gives it 
greater weight and solemnity, by putting it 
in the mouth of a guilty wretch pining un- 
der the severe sentence of the gods, than 
if he had delivered it in his own person. 

621. Vendidit hie auro patriam. Hence the 
excellent old verse, 

Curs'dbe the wretche that's bought and 
solde, 

And barters libertie for golde; 

For he who selles his single righte 

Would selle his countrie if he mighte. 
Servius says that Curio is hinted at in these 
lines and Mark Anthony in the preceding. 

622. Fixit leges, enacted laws; a meta- 
phor borrowed from the Roman custom of 
engraving the laws on tables of brass, and 
fixing them up in a public place to the view 
of all the people; and therefore, when those 
laws were abrogated, they were said refigi, 
to be unfixed or taken dow?*. 

624. Ausoque potiti. Dr. Trapp thinks auso 
here may be for pramio usi, by way of sar- 
casm; they have their reward, meaning 
now in hell. But the sense commonly given 
is much easier, and besides contains this 
moral, that, however successful men are in 
villany, they are not the less odious to the 
gods. 

629. Susceptum perfice munus. By these 
words some understand, Finish the offer- 



ing you have undertaken; making it refer 
to the offering of the golden bough which 
iEneas was to deposit in Proserpine's pa- 
lace; in which sense the word occurs, verse 
637. Perfecto jnunere divce. 

630. Cyclopum, &c. See the note on JEn. 
III. 569. To the Cyclops is ascribed the art 
of forging iron, and fortifying cities; so that 
the expression denotes these walls to have 
been of iron, and strongly fortified. 

631. Mcenia. The palace of Pluto and 
Proserpine- 

636. Spargit. Either because polluted by 
the sight of Tartarus, or, because a sacred 
offering was made to Proserpine. Ablution 
attended all sacred rites. 

638. Locos Icetos. The Elysian fields, ac- 
cording- to some, were in the Fortunate 
Islands on the coast of Africa, particularly 
in the Canaries. Others place them in the. 
island of Leuce. Virgil finds them in Italy, 
Lucian near the moon, and Plutarch in the 
center of the earth. 

638. Vireta. Places ever verdant, abound- 
ing- with flowers, plant's and trees. 

639. Sedesque beatas. " The ancients ne- 
ver failed more than in making a heaven. 
They had scarcely any thing in the old phi- 
losophy that held firmly against the fears of 
death, and therefore the notions which 
even the Romans had of it had something 
very gdoomy in them." . S pence. 

How grateful ought we to be that we en- 
joy a gospel in which life and immortalitv 
are brought to light! 



3$9 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 

Largior hie campos aether et lumine vestit 

Purpureo: Solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. 

Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, 

Contendunt ludo, et fulva luctantur arena: 

Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt 

Necnon Threicius longa cum veste sacerdos 

Obloquitur numcris septem discrimina vocum: 

Jamque eadem digitis, jam pectine pulsat eburno 

Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles 

Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis: 

Ilusque, Assaracusque, et Trojae Dardanus auctor 

Arma procul, currusque virum miratur inanes. ., 

Stant terra defixae hastae, passim que soluti 

Per campos pascuntur equi: quae gratia currum 

Armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentes 

Pascere equos; eadem sequitur tellure repostos. 

Conspicit ecce alios dextra laevaque per herbam 

Vescentes, laetumque choro paeana canentes, 

Inter odoratum lauri nemus: unde superne 

Plurimus Eridani per sylvam volvitur amnis. 

Hie manus, ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi: 

Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat: 

Quique pii vates, et Phoebo digna locuti: 

Inventus aut qui vitam excoluere per artes: 

Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo: 

lauri: unde magnus Eridanus decurrit per sylvam apud superos, 

tando pro patria tulerunt vulnera: et qui sacerdotes Tpuri fueriint, dum vita durabat: et qui vates 

pii, ac locuti res diguas Apolline: aut qui ornaverunt vitam humanam per artes repertas d se: 

et qui reddiderunt alios memores sui, Us benefaciendo. 



640 Hlc aer ambit n^ros libe- 
rior et luoe purpurea: et 
incolx cognoscunt suum So- 
lem et sua astra. Pars exer- 
cent corpoi'a in herbosis lo- 
cis, certant luriis, et luctan- 

,., tur in arena fulva. Pars agi- 

«'* 5 tant saltationes pedibus, et 
canunt cantilenas. Vates e- 
tiam Tbracius cum veste 
longa canit numeris septem 

> discrimina sonorum: et so- 

649 nat eadem, modo digitis, mo- 
do plectro eburneo. Hie est 
vetusta propago Teueri, so- 
boles clarissiraa, heroes 
magnanimi, nati temporibus 
felicioribus: et Ilus, et Assa- 
racus, et Dardanus fundator 
Trojx. Miratur procul ar< 

655 ma et currus virorum vacu- 
os. Hastae sunt fixse in terr-t, 
et equi liberi pascuntur pas- 
sim in campis: amor cur- 
ruum et armorum qui fuir 
viventibus, studium quod 

660-f'"* a l en di pingues equos; 
idem manet Us deposilis sub 
terra. Ecce videt alios ad 
dextram et ad sinistram 
epulantes super gramine, et 
cantantesin chorolcetas can- 
tilenas, in odorifera sylva 
Hie turba est eorum, qui cer- 



NOTES. 



645. Longa cum veste. Orpheus is repre- 
sented in a long robe, both as a priest and 
musician, both those characters being thus 
distinguished in ancient times. 

646. Obloqidtur numeris, &c. He speaks in 
numbers the seven distinctions of sounds, 
or the seven notes of his music. Obloquitur 
expresses the perfection of his music, since, 
the nearer it comes to the voice, it is the 
more perfect. 

646. Septem, discrimina vocum, because 
the harp or lyre was furnished at first only 
with seven strings, to which two were ad- 
ded afterwards. 

650. Ilusque, &c. These were the first 
kings of Troy, from whom Virgil all along 
makes the Romans to be descended. Ilus 
and Assaracus were the sons of Tros, who 
was the s,on of Erichthonius, whose father 
was Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra. 

657- Paana. A Paean was a hymn; of two 
kinds. The one used to be sung before bat- 
tle, in honour of Mars; the other after, in 
honour of Apollo. The name Psean was 
used as a surname of this latter god. It is 
derived from rata, ferio, because Apollo 
smote and killed the serpent Python. The 
exclamation Io Pxan was used in speaking 



to other gods, and often as a demonstration 
of joy. 

658. Superne. Servius understands by su- 
perne, upward, to the other world; but, as 
we have only his bare word for it, it is bet- 
ter to take it in the common acceptation, 
unde denoting the place in general, and su- 
perne the quality of the ground being raised 
high. 

662. Pii Vates. Vates may mean either pro- 
phets or poets, who all pretended to be in- 
spired, and were therefore called Va- 
tes, prophets. The ancient poets were the 
only divines who taught the knowledge of 
the divine nature, and delivered the sub- 
lime doctrines of religion in verse. Hence 
the expression Phcebo digna locuti, who 
taught such useful doctrines of religion and 
morality as were worthy of the god to 
whose inspiration they laid claim. 

664. ghcique sui memores, &c. This head 
includes all who have been public spirited, 
lovers of their country, and the common be- 
nefactors of mankind; for whom Cicero says 
a peculiar place is reserved in heaven. Sed 
quo sis, Africaoe, alacrior ad tutandam 
rempublicam, sic habeto; omnibus qui pa- 
triam conservarint, auxerint, certum esse 
in coelo definitum locum ubi beati asvo sero = 
piterno fruantur, &c Som. Scip. 



390 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Capita ho: um omnium cow- Omnibus his ni vea. cin^untur tempora vitta. 665 

SrS«l^'ftS r UOa "''C^fusos sic est affata Sibylla, 
locuta est, pr« ceteris Mu- Musaeum ante omnes; medium nam plurima turba 
*a;um; nam magna turba Hunc habet, atque humeris extantem suspicit altis: 

%S£Z£S22£& » idte - fe . Uce 4 s •£**• ««»«* r 7 e v ?? s; - 669 

humeris: O anirn® fortuna-Qu* regio Ancnisen, quis habet locus? llhus ergo 
tae, et tu optime yates.- dici- Venimus, et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnes. 
te, quae regio, quis locus te- ^tque j iu i c reS p 0nsum paucis ita reddidit heros: 
venimus hue, et trajecimus Nulli certa domus: lucis habitamus opacis, 
magnos fluvios inferorum. Ripar unique toros et prata recentia rivis 
Tunc hsros sic dedit ei res- i nc olimus: sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675 

mTSrK et facili jam tramite sistam. 

mum: habitamus in sy Ms Dixit: et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitentes 
umbrosis, et incolimus her- Desuper ostentat: dehinc summa cacumina linquunt. 
t£S££J5&52!i At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti 
cupiditas animi sic jubet, Inclusas animas, superumque ad lumen ituras, 680 
conscendite hunc collem; et Lustrabat studio recolens: omnemque suorum 
SdU^fcO* S^KS*"* recensebat numerum, charosque nepotes, 
incessu, et desuper ostendit Fataque, fortunasque virum, moresque, manusque. 
eampos amoenos: Deinde de- Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit 
scendunt ex alto vertice. Pa- Mne % n . a lacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685 

ter autem Anchises in pro- _ __ ' • i . ^ • j- 

funda valle viridi circumspi- Effusaeque gems lachryrme, et vox excidit ore: 
ciebat animas separatas et Venisti tandem, tuaque expectata parenti 
reversuras in lucem superi- y ic j t j ter d urum pietas! datur ora tueri, 

S?etSr^oyoiebat Nate, tua, et notas audire et reddere voces! 

omnem multitudinem suo- Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, 69p. 
rum: et dilectos posteros, et Tempora dinumerans: nee me mea cura fefellit. 
fata, et fortunas, et mores, ^ * , . , , 

et facta hominum illorum. Quas ego te terras et quanta per sequora vectum, 
Et quandoille vidit iEneam Accipio! quantis jactatum, nate, periclis! 
ex adverso venientem per Q u £ m metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent! 
herbas; laetus prctuht ambas 

manus, et lachrymre fluxerunt per genas, et vox exiit ex ore: Venisti denique, et tua pieta§ 
eerta patri superavit iter difficile! 6 fili, permittitur aspicere vultum tuum, et accipere ac red- 
dere voces tamiliares! Certe numerans tempora, cogitabam animo et existimabam ita fore: et 
mea solicitndo non decepit me. Ofili,/>er quales terras et per quanta maria jactatum, et quantis 
^ericuiis agitatum ego te audio! quam timui ne regna Africse tibi obstarent aliquantum! 

ftOTES. 

667. Musteum ante omnes. Mussus was the Elysian fields, without supposing- him 

the disciple of Orpheus, some say his son; dead several years before he was born, 

others make him the son of E.umolphus. 670. Ergo. This particle has the force of 

We know little more of him than that he a noun; constructed with a genitive its sig- 

was an Athenian, and an heroic poet, who nification resembles that of the Greek 

flourished under the reign of Cecrops the hix.ee. 

second, a considerable time before the de- 673. Domus,- nostrum understood, 
structionof Troy. Some fragments of verses 676. Super ate; surmount, traverse. Supe- 
are extant under his name, which Sea- rare montes is to climb or pass over a hill; 
liger prefers to those of Homer, though it is super are amnes etjlumina, to cross rivers. 
probable they are the forgery of later ages. 687. Expectata. Some learned men read 
Here some have raised a very foolish objec- spectata. The reading is good; it corre- 
lion against Virgil, for not giving Homer spondsjwith cognita, perspecta, probata. 
the chief place among the poets in Elysium, 688. Ora tueri. The interview is very af- 
:-ather than Muszeus; and they can find no fecting, and the view iEneas is favoured 
better reason for this omission, than that with of his posterity artfully conceived. 
the Roman poet envied the Greek, and, 694. $>udm metui. It is a fine idea that 
from a spirit of jealousy, grudged him his Anchises should be anxious for JEneas at 
due honour. But thev might have assigned Carthage. It hints at the future enmity that 
a much wiser reason, namely, that Virgil should exist between these powers, and ex- 
saw it would have been absurd, since he emplifies the observation of C<elius, 1. W, 
could not have made iEnea-s see Homer in c. 9; 

Curse non ipsa in morte relinquunt. 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. VI. 391 

Ilic autem: Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago 695 ^Enewvero au; Tua, dpa- 

Saepius occurrens hsec limina tendere adegit. ter, tua mcesta umbra mc- 
Stent sale Tyrrhene classes, ba jungere dextram, g ™ tS^Jt^ 

Da genitor: teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro. stant mmariTyroheno, Per 

Sic memorans, largo iletu simul ora rigabat. mitte *»**»*» ° pater, permit- 

Ter conatus ibi eollo dare brachia cireum; 700 It^SfS 

Ter irustra comprensa manus efiugit imago, Sic loquens, simul madefk- 

Par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno. ciebat vultum copiosis la- 

Interea videt jEneas in valle reducta chrymis. Ter conatus erat 

„ . . , . W/ ^ . lmpncare braclna colloems.- 

beclusum nemus, et VirgUlta sonantia sylvis, ' ()/ * t er umbra frustra compre- 

Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui pramatat, amnem. hensa elapsa est e manibus, 
Hunc circum innumerae erentes populique volabant. sim , i ! is v ^ ntis . levibus > et si- 

A . . . 7% , . ° * ■* ' * A mulinra fugaci somno. Inte- 

Ac veluti in pratis, ubi apes aestate serena rea jE nca * cernit in valle 

Floribus insidunt variis, et Candida circum secreta sylvam separatam, 

Lilia funduntur: strepit omnis murmure campus. et frutices sonantes per syl- 
Horrescit visu subito, eausasque requirit ^ HO ^.^f^X 

Inscius iEneas: quae sint ea flumma porro, sedem. Gentes et populi in- 

Quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. numeri volabant circa hunc 

Turn pater Anehises: Anim*, quibus altera &to &g-gS?£r£Z 

Corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fiuminis undam te, apes adherent diverts 

Securos latices et longa oblivia potant. 7 1 5 floribus, et vagantur circa 

Has equidem memorare tibi atq; ostendere coram, *! b \ u !! a : ^ om J? 5s ca ™ pus 
Jampndem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum: rus m - statim obstupet ; as- 
Quo magis Italic tandem laetere reperta. pectu, et petit causas: qui- 
O pater, anne aliquas ad coelum hinc ire putandum est na ? n er S° ""J ilh fluv "> aut 

o li' 1 •* j _• wc^ qumam homines occupave- 

Subhmes animas? iterumque ac tarda reverti 720 } lnt ripas tanta mnhhu \ Une . 
Corpora? quae lucis miseris tarn dira cupido? Tunc pater Anehises ait:A- 

Dicam equidem, nee te suspensum, nate, tenebo;, ™ ms ? <l uibus alia corpora 
Suseipit Anehises, atque ordine singula pandit. £t Sril £Z^%t 

Principio crelum, ac terras, camposque liquentes, res tutos ad aquas Lethasi 

fluvii. Ego certe jamdudum opto enarrare tibi, et coram monstrare illas, et enumei*are sobolem 
illam meorum: ut magis gaudeas Italiam demum inventam fuisse a te. O pater, ait vEneas, an 
existimandura est animas aliquas illustres hinc redire in lucem, et reverti rursus in pigra cor- 
pora? quodnam est miseris tam insanum vitse desiderium? Responded Anehises; O nate, equidem 
dicam, nee te relinquam dubium. Et szcexplicat singula per ordinem. Prim.6 spiritus fovetin= 
tu3 cdum, terram, spatia aquea, 

NOTES. 

705. Lethaum. Lethe was qne of the ri- ses, is only his image (caUed idolum or si- 

vers of hell whose waters the souls of the mulacrum), which the poets feigned to be 

dead drank, after they had been confined a in the infernal regions, while at the same 

certain space in Tartarus. It had the power time the soul was in heaven among the 

of making them forget whatever they gods. 

had done, seen, or heard before, as the 724. Principio ccelum, &c. Here Anehises 

name implies; x»9>?, oblivion. explains the whole system of the infernal 

713. Shiibus altera fato corpora debentur. regions, according to the principles of the 

He says, such as were destined to re- Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy. The 

turn to other bodies; for some were ex- same sublime principle is expressed in other 

cepted from that transmigration, those es- words, Geor. IV. 221. 

pecially who, for their sublime virtues, Deum namque ire per omnes 

were admitted to the society of the gods, Terrasque, tractusque maris, ccelumque 

and translated into the starry mansions: in profundum. 

which number was Anehises himself, to Hinc pecudes, armenta, viro.s, genus omne 

whom we see JEneas paying divine honours, ferarum, 

as to one who lived among the gods, and Quemque sibi tenues nascentem arcessere 

whose soul was released from the infernal vitas. 

regions. JEn. V. 99. Scilicet hue reddi deinde, ac resoluta re- 

animamque vocabat ferri 

Anchisse magni, manesque Acheronte re- Omnia: nee morti esse locum; sed viva 

missos. volare 

What JLneas therefore here converses with Sideris in numeriuri, atque alto succedere 

under t\\e appearance of his father Anchi- coelo, 



392 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et lucidum globum Lunae, et Lucentemque globum Lunae, Titaniaque astra 725 

^ffSSKSSS*** i ntus al *> totam i ue infusa p er artus 

totam illam moiem, et mis- Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miseet. 
cet sc cum magno ilh cor- Inde hominum pecudumq; genus, vitaeq; volantum, 
S^et^d/m^fvtp W* marmorep fert monstra sub aequore pontus. 

av4um, et monstra qure mare Ig^eus est OlllS Vigor, et COelestlS OHgO 730 

fert sub poiita planitie. Inest Seminibus: quantum non noxia corpora tardant, 
illis animis vis ignea, et ori- Terrenique hebetant artus, moribundaq; membra, 
go ccelestis; quatenus corpo- TT . * , . ,' j : 

ra noxia non gravant, et ar- Hinc metuunt cupiuntq; dolent gaudentqj neque auras 
tusterrenimembraquemor-Respiciunt, clausae tenebris et carcere caeco. 

talia non retundunt vim il- Q um et supremo c £ m ] um ine vita reliquit: 735 

lam. nine anxmce timent et xt _ 1 • r *« \ 

desiderant, moerent et ls&- Non tamen omne malum miseris, nee funditus omnes 
tantur: nee suspiciunt cce- Corporeae excedunt pestes; penitusque necesse est 
lum inciusaj in tenebris et Multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris. 
t:Z:"uJ^?:*rS° exercentur prcnis, veterumque malorum 
cessit: non tamen omne ma- Supphcia expendunt. Aliae panduntur inanes 740 

lum, nee omnes corpore® Suspensae ad ventos: aliis sub gurgite vasto 

^*^ss&i Infc ^ ,m eluitur scelus ' aut e * uritur igni - 

ut multa vitia diu cortglutinata Us adhuc adhserescant admirabili ratione. Ideo cruciantur pce- 
nis, et persolvunt supplicia prseteritarum noxarum. Aliss suspensae exponuntur levibus ventis: 
aliis crimen, quo sunt mfectse, lavatur sub immenso lacu, aut absumitur flammis. 



NOTES. 



- 725. Titaniaque astra. In this expression 
the sun is included, they being^all globes 
of fire that shine with their own light: 
whereas the moon is mentioned by itself, as 
being lucens globus, which, in Senilis* opi- 
nion, signifies shining with a borrowed 
light; just as patens intimates a thing that 
opens at times, in contradistinction to patibi- 
lis, that is always open. Farther, the stars 
are called Titanian, from Titan, the name 
given to the sun, Mn. IV. 119. The Titans, 
particularly Hyperion, being famous astro- 
nomers, as we learn from Diodorus and 
Pausanias, might give the poets a pretence 
for feigning that they were translated into 
the bodies of the sun and stars after their 
death. Dryden conjectures that it should 
read Titanaque astra. 

726. Spiritus intus alit. " Both stoics and 
Platonics held the world to be alive, though 
sometimes it be mentioned as a sentient 
animal, sometimes as a plant or vegetable. 
But in this, notwithstanding what has been 
surmised by some learned men, there seems 
to be no atheism. For so long as the world 
is supposed to be quickened by elementary 
fire, which is itself animated by soul and di- 
rected by understanding, it follows that all 
parts originally depend upon, and may be 
reduced to the same indivisible stem or 
principle, a supreme mind; which is a con- 
current doctrine of the Pythagoreans, Pla- 
tonics and Stoics. There is, according to 
these philosophers, a life infused through 
all things. The ttvq vosgov, xvg te^vocov, an in- 
tellectual and artificial fire, an in wafrd prin- 



ciple, animal spirit, or natural life producing 
and forming within as does art without; re- 
gulating, moderating, and reconciling the 
various motions and qualities, and parts of 
the mundane system. By virtue of this life 
the great masses are held together in their 
orderly courses as well as the minutest par- 
ticles governed in their natural motions, ac- 
cording to the several laws of attraction, 
gravity, electricity and magnetism. It is 
this gives instincts; teaches the spider her 
web and the bee her honey." 

Ber kiefs Siris. p. 133. 

The doctrines taught in the Eleusinian 
mysteries here begin to be opened. 

733. Bine metuunt cupiuntque, Ifc. Into 
these four general heads the passions are 
commonly divided by the philosophers, 
namely, Grief and Fear, Joy and Desire; 
the first two having for their object present 
or future evil, and the last two present or 
future good. See Cicero's Tusc. Quest. 
Lib. IV. cap. 6. 

739. Exercentur peenis. These chastise- 
ments ai»e of three kinds, according to the 
nature of the stains and pollutions with 
which the souls were infected. If their de- 
filements were slight and superficial, they 
were bleached away in the wind, or wash- 
ed out in the water; but those of a deeper 
dye were burned out by fire. As these three 
elements, air, water, and fire, are of a pu- 
rifying nature, they have been figuratively 
used by all writers, as fit emblems of mo- 
ral purification. 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



393 



745 



Onmes patimur, unusquia- 
que suos ullores. Deiiule in- 
ducimur in spatioaura Elysi- 
um, et puuci olitineraua lx- 
tos campus: quando longa 
dies confectis sputiis tern* 
porum delevit congenita* 
sordes, ac reliquit puruin 
; sensum ccelesiom, et sim- 
750 P-' cem filgovem ignis. Post- 
quam verterunt rotam per 
mille annos, Deus vocat 
eas omnes magno numcro 



Quisque suos patimur manes. Exinde per amplum 
Mittimur Elysium, et pauci laeta arva tenemus: 
Donee longa dies perfecto temporis orbe 
Concretam exemit labcm, purumque reliquit 
JEthereum sensum, atquc aurai simplicis ignem. 
Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, 
Lethaeum ad fluvium Deus evocat agmine magno 
Scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant, 
Rursiis et incipiant in corpora velle reverti. - 
Dixerat Anchiscs: natumque, unaque Sibyllam, 

Conventus trahit in medios turbamque sonantem: ad a ™. ner " ob,ivionis: nem P e 

.— , , . , , * j- .. ut ohhtx prxtentorum rcne- 

Et tumulum capit, unde omnes longo ordine possit tant superiorem eurvaturam 
Adversos legere, et venientum discere vultus. 7S5mundi, et incipiant velle ite- 
Nunc a^e, Dardaniam prolem quae deincle sequatur rum rehire in corpora. An 
Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, 
Illustres animas, nostrumque in nomen ituras, 
Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo. 
Ille, vides? pura. juvenis qui nititur hasta, 
Proxima sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras 

jEthereas Italo commixtus sanguine surget 

inquit Anc fuses, explicabo 
verbis, quis honos aliquando secuturus sit sobolem Trojanam, qui posteri destinentur ex Italica 
familia, nobiles animas, et successuras nostro nomini: et tibi aperiam tua fata. Yidesne? Ille ju- 
venis qui insistit hastse nitidse, occupat sorte spatium proximum lumini, primus crumpet in ae- 
rem ecelestem mixtus Italo sanguine, 



cbises hcec dixerat: et ducit 
filium ac simul Sibyllam in 
medios ccetus turbamque 
frementem: et conscendic 
760 c °N em s un( l e possit consi- 
derare longa serie omnes 
sibi obversos et intueri vul- 
tus venientium. Age modb, 



NOTES. 



743. Quisque suos patimur. The construc- 
tion is this: Omnes patimur Manes; quisque 
patitur sicos. This passage has greatly per- 
plexed the commentators; we shall give 
what we take to be the sense of it in a few 
words. We are to observe then, that pati 
Manes is the same as pati supplicium per 
Manes: as in the third book, verse 583, per- 
ferimus immania mo?istra signifies, we suf- 
fer from horrid prodigies. Again, as the 
ghosts and manes of the dead were believed 
to haunt and disturb the living from whom 
they had suffered any grievous injury, 

Etcum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 

Omnibus umbra locis adero; dabis, im- 
probe, poenas: 
the word Manes came to signify the Fiends, 
Furies, or tormenting demons of the other 
world. As Georg IV. 489. 

Ignoscenda quidem, possent si ignoscere 
Manes. 
Or, which comes much to the same thing, 
we may understand by Manes, the stings 
and fierce upbraidings of a guilty consci- 
ence. These are the Manes which every 
heinous offender carries about with him, 
and by whose means he becomes his own 
tormentor. Thus Ausonius: 

tormentaque sseva gehennse 

Anticipat, patiturque suos mens conscia 

Manes. 
743. Manes. This is a name generally ap- 
plied by the ancients to the souls when sepa- 



rated from the body. They were classed 
among* infernal deities, and supposed to' 
preside over graveyards. They were wor- 
shipped, particularly by the Romans, with 
great solemnity. Some derive the word 
from Mania, the supposed mother of dread- 
ful deities; others from man are, quod per 
omnia ?ethera terrenaque manabant, because 
they filled the air, and were intent, particu- 
larly at night, to molest mankind. Some 
say manes comes from manis, an old Latin 
word, which signifies good or propitious. 

745. Donee longa dies. Dr. Trapp and 
others think that the order of this passage 
is inverted, and that it ought to stand thus: 
Quisque suos patimur Manes, . donee longa 
dies, &c. putting exindeper amplum, &c. in 
a parenthesis. The only plausible sense that 
donee, as it now stands, can have, is what 
the ingenious editor of the Dauphin's Vir= 
gil has given; this is, to take donee for quan- 
do, on the authority of Horace's donee gratus 
eram tibi,- but the learned doctor very well 
observes, thai donee, though sometimes put 
for quando in the sense of cum, is never put 
for it in the sense of ' postquam. 

747. Aura'i simplicis ignem. By ignis here 
we may understand the soul, which, ac- 
cording to the Platonists, was thought to 
be of a fiery quality, — igneus est ollis vigor, 
Ver. 730, as being a ray of the divine bright- 
ness, — divinte particulum aura, Hor. Serm. 
II. Sat. II. 79. So that aura'i simplicis ignem, 



3 E 



394 P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 

Sylvius, nomeu Albanum, Sylvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles: 
SrtSKESS: S g uem tibi long*vo serum Lavinia conjux 

pariet tibi seniori, yWwrwn Ed ucet sylvis regem, regumque parentem: 765 

regem et pattern regum: aUnde genus longa nostrum dominabitur Alba, 
quo familia nostra regnabit pimus ille p rocas Trojanse gloria gentis; 
Albie longse. Hie vicinus ,, ' . 7 , ' J . , & . to v* 

/™*c,e«* Procas, honor Tro-Et Capys, et Numitor: et qui te nomine reddet, 

jana nationis: Deinde Ca- Sylvius iEneas; pariter pietate vel armis 769 

pys, et Numitor, et iEneas Eg^-e^ius, si unquam resrnandam acceperit Albam. 

oylvius, qui referet te no-«^.°. • * „ ^ • i 

mine; aqualiter illustris ar-Qui juvenes quantas ostentant, aspice, vires! 

mis et pietate, si tandem all- At qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu; 

guanclo accipiat regendam Hi tibi Nomentum, et Gabios, urbemque Fidenam; 

Albam. Qui luvenes vide u . r „ ,, . . _ ., . * ,-w. 

quantum prse se ferant ro- Hl Col latin as imponent montibus arces, 774 

bur! At qui habent caput Pometios, Castrumque Inui, Bolamque, Coramque. 

einctum corona civili quer- Haec turn nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. 

atoN^ireiSaS;Q»in et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet 

et urbem Fidenam: hi arces Romulus, Assaraci quern sanguinis Ilia mater 

Coilatinas, PomeUam, et Educet. Viden* ut geminae stent vertice cristae, 

cZSThS' lltS B 1 Et pater ipse suo superto jam signet honored 780 

dabuntur illis, jam sunt ter- En hujus, nate, auspicns ilia mclyta Roma 

ra; absque nomine. Quin Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo, 

etiam Romulus Martins, Septemque nna sibi mui>0 circumdabit arces, 

quem pariet mater Ilia ex ^ \. ^, ;■ ,. _ . . 

stirpe Assaraci, adjiciet se Felix prole virum: quahs Berecynthia mater 

socium avo. Videsne, ut Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, 785 

du« cristae surgant ex ejus Lseta Deiim partu, centum complexa nepotes, 

capite, et ut pater Deorum .- ,. - r , lt , 

jam insigniat eum suo splen- Omnes coehcolas, omnes supera alta tenentes. 

dore? Ecce, 6 fili, famosaHuc, geminas hue flecte acies: hanc aspice gentero, 

ilia Roma hujus ducfeu sequa-^ 

bit dominationem suam terris, et animos coelo; et una cinget sibi muro septem montes. Fortu- 

nata sobole civium; qualis mater Berecynthia vehitur curru per urbcs Fhrygias, coronata tur- 

ribus, gaudens proles eorum, amplexa centum nepotes, omnes incolas coeli, omnes obtinentes' 

spatia alta et superiora. Hue, hue obverte geminos oculos: cerne hanc nationem, 

NOTES, 

will signify the soul, that fiery active prin- 780. Pater ipse. Meaning- either Mars the 

ciple, in its simple uncorrupted purity; aura father of Romulus, who made him partaker 

signifying* not only air, but brightness, of the honour of himself and of the gods, or 

splendour, as aura auri, JEn. VI. 204. rather Jupiter, pater superum, who adorned 

763. Postuma proles, in this place, cannot him with his own honour, 

signify what we call in English a posthu- 784. Berecynthia mater. A surname of Cy- 

mous child, as is plain from the next words, bele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, 

quemtibi longxvo educet. Sometimes it is the where she was particularly worshipped, 

same with postremus, and that must be the See JEn. III. 111. 

sense of it here. 788. Hanc aspice gentem. " Here is apar- 

767 . Proximus ille, Procas He appeared ticular beauty which I do not know that any 

next in Elysium, not that he was about to one has taken notice of. The list which 

succeed to Sylvius in actual life. Virgil has here drawn up was, in general, 

772. Umbrata civili tempora quercu. The to do honour to the Roman name, but more 

civic crown was conferred on one who had particularly to compliment Augustus. For 

saved a Roman citizen in battle. It was of this reason Anchises, who shows iEneas 

oak, because, says Servius, by the fruit of the most of the rest of his descendants in 

that tree, in ancient times, human life was the same order in which they make their 

sustained. appearance in the world, breaks his method 

777 . Avo comitem, &c. That is, Romulus, for the sake of Augustus, whom he singles 

the son of Mars and Ilia, shall join his out immediately after having mentioned 

grandfather Numitor, and reestablish him Romulus, as the most illustrious person 

on the throne, of which he was disposses- who was to rise in that empire which the 

sed by his brother Amulius. other had founded. He was impatient to 

779. Cristae. These crests were usually describe his posterity raised to the utmost 

made of horsehair, so called from their re- pitch of glory, and therefore passes over all 

semblance to the comb of -a cock. the rest to come at this great man, whom 



JENEIDOS LIB. VI, 



395 



Romanosque tuos. Hie Csesar, et omnis Iiili 
Progenies, magnum coeli ventura sub axem. 
Hie vir, hie est, tibi quern promitti saepius audis, 
Augustus Caesar, Divum genus, aurea condet 
Saecula qui rursiis Latio, regnata per arva 
Saturno quondam: super et Garamantaset Indos 
Proferet imperium: jacet extra sidera tellus, 
Extra anni Solisque vias, ubi coeli fer Atlas 
Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. 
Hujus in adventu jam nunc et Caspia regna 
Responsis horrent Divum; et Maeotica tellus, 
Et septemgemini turban t trepida ostia Nili. 
Nee vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit; 
Fixerit asripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi 
Pacarit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu. 
Nee qui pampineis victor jugaflectit habenis 
Liber, agens celso Nysas de vertice tigres. 

derit cervam seneis pedibus, aut pacaverit sylvas Erymanthi, 
Bacchus, qui victor regit currum habenis pampino vestitis, 
Nysa?. 



efc Romanes tuos. Hie est 
ijqq Csesar, et omnis proles Iiili, 
exitura sub magnum axem 
coeli. Hie est Hie vir, quern 
sajpe audis promitti tibi, Au- 
gustus Caesar, filius Deorum: 
qui instaurabit iterum aurea 
Sieculaper Latium, per loca 
•795 olim gubernata a Saturno: et 
propagabit imperium ultra 
Garamantas atque lndos: si- 
ta est ilia terra ultra sidera., 
ultra iter Solis et anni, ubj 
Atlas ccelifer versat hume- 
_ nn vis coelum confixum stellis 
° u ^ ardentibus. In ejus expecta- 
tione jam nunc et regna 
Caspia, et terra Mseotica, 
trepidant ob oracula Deo- 
rum: et septem ostia NiU 
stupefacta commoventur. 
805 Nee certe Hercules pera- 
gravit tot terras: licet oeci - 
et arcu terruerit Lernam. Neque 
knpeJlens tigres ex alto cacumine 



NOTES. 



by this means he implicitly represents as 
making the most conspicuous figure among 
them. Thus is the reader hindered from 
drawing a parallel which would have been 
disadvantageous to him had he been placed 
after Pompey and Caesar, who each of them 
eclipsed Augustus in military glory. 

Guardian, No. 138. 

792. Diviim genus. This is to flatter the va- 
nity of Augustus, who, from the time he 
deified Julius Caesar, his father by adoption, 
assumed the title of the son of a god, Divi 
filius, as appears from ancient inscriptions. 

792. Aurea condet sacula. This refers to 
the universal peace which Augustus esta- 
blished in the empire, A. U. C 725, 

794. Garamantas et Indos. As these two 
people are joined together, it is probable 
that they are both to be understood of A- 
frican nations, most of Africa having been 
subdued by Augustus; and that the Indians 
here are the Ethiopians, who were called 
Indians by some ancient writers, as Ruaeus 
shows in his note on Geor. II. 171. This 
agrees best with the following description 
of their country. 

795. Jacet extra sidera tellus, &c. Sidera, 
in this place, are not the stars or constella- 
tions in general, but the particular signs of 
the zodiac; as is explained in the next 
words, extra anni solisque vias; which de- 
scription agrees with Africa, the country 
here spoken of which is extended beyond 
the tropic of Cancer to the north, and the 
tropic of Capricorn to the south. 

796. Ccelifer Atlas. A mountain in the 
north of Africa. The ancients, who knew 
little of the interior of Africa, supposed the 



mountain to extend itself the whole depth 
of the country. 

798. Caspia regna. Meaning Asia itself, 
which includes the Caspian. 

800. Turbant has, in this place, the signi- 
fication of turbantur, as in Lucret. Lib. IL 
125. Corpora quae in solis radiis turbare vi- 
dentur. So also Tacitus says, Si una alte- 
rave civitas turbat. 

802. JEripedem cervam, a hind wkh bra* 
zen feet and golden horns, in Maenalus, a 
mountain of Arcadia, which Hercules is 
said to have outrun and taken, but not put 
to death, because it was sacred to Diana; 
though Virgil seems to intimate that he 
killed, at least pierced it with his spear or 
arrows, by using the vrovd jixerit. But Ser- 
vius, to reconcile Virgil to mythology, in- 
terprets fixerit by statuerit, stopped its ca- 
reer. 

802. Erymanthi pacarit nemora, that is, 
subdued the wild boar, which infested the 
forests of Erymanthus; this fierce savage 
Hercules took alive, and carried to Eurys= 
theus. 

803. Lernam, the fens of Lerna, between 
Argos and Mycenae, where he slew the fa- 
mous hydra. 

805. Nys<£. History mentions several pla- 
ces of this name, all of them sacred to Bat- 
chus. 

805. Agens tigres. Plutarch, in his Treatise 
of Superstition, writes, that the tigers are 
transported with fury at the sound of tabrets 
and drums, so as to be ready to tear one 
another; which is perhaps the reason why 
those animals were given to Bacchus, the' 
god of fury and enthusiastic rage- 



396 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



810 



Et aclhuc dubitamus seter- Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis? 
Et$3£*£12l2i£ Aut metus Ausonia prohibetconsistere terra? 
terra ltaiica? Qtds ver6 pro- Quis procul llle autem ramis insignis ohvae, 
cul iile speetabilis ramo oli- Sacra ferens? nosco crines incanaque menta 
v», portans sacras res? ag- Re ~ is R oma ni; primus qui legibus urbem 
nosco capulos et barbam ca- .„ °, ,. ^ ., r . n 

nam regis Romani: qui pri- * undabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra 
musfirmabit urbem legibus, Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, 
missus in ampium cegnum Qtia qui rumpet patriae, residesque movebit 

a parvis Curibus et terra t. i, • L . / . % , ,. 

paupere. Cni postea succe- Tullus in arma viros, et jam desueta triumphis 
det Tullus, qui turbabit pa- Agmina. Quern juxta sequitur jactantior Ancus, 815 
cem patriae, et excitabit ad Nunc quoque jam nimium sraudens popularibus auris. 
bella cives quietos et exerci- » r > .m ' . J . 9 rr , 

tum desultum vincendi. Vls e * Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam 
Quem prope sequitur Ancus Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos? 
jactantior, et jam nunc ni- Consulis imperium hie primus, saevasque secures 

F^uftS&Sg A S ci P iet ' natosc l ue P^er, nova bella moventes, 820 

Tarquinios, et animam gio- Ad poenam pulchra pro libertate rocabit. 
riosam Bruti vindicis, et fas- Infelix: utcunque ferent ea facta minores, 
SK^cSS Vincet amorpatri* laudumque immensa cupido. _ 
et. secures severasret pro ho- Quin Decios, Drusosque procul, saevumque secun 
nesta libertate pater adi get Aspice Torquatum, et referentem signa Camillum. 

ad suppliciumrilios parantes 
novum bellum, miser: quomodocumque posteri accepturi sint hoc factum, amor patrise supera- 
bit et immensum desideriura glorise. Prseterea vide longe Decios et Drusos, et Torquatum ssevi- 
entem securi, et Camillum reportantem vexilla. 



NOTES. 



809. Incanaque menta. In here increases 
the signification of cana, and signifies ex- 
ceedingly hoary. The person here designed 
is Numa Pompilius, who was a peaceful 
monarch, and therefore distinguished by 
the olive bough, a badge of peace; and his 
hoary hair denotes his great age, he having 
lived fourscore years, whereof he reigned 
forty-three. 

818. Ultoris Bruti, the asserter of public 
liberty, and avenger of Lucretia's violated 
honour. 

818. Fascesque receptos. By fasces receptos, 
Dr. Trapp understands the power of fasces 
taken from the kings, and transferred to the 
consuls; but this is straining the word re- 
ceptos- It seems more proper to take it in its 
ordinary sense, signifying that the power 
was recovered, and again put into the hands 
of the people, from whom it had been ex- 
torted by tyranny and usurpation. History 
particularly informs us, that the consuls 
were obliged to bow their fasces to the as- 
sembly of the Roman people, as an acknow- 
ledgment that the sovereign power was 
theirs. Virgil, in this and some other parts 
of the book, declares his patriotism and re- 
publican principles as openly as he durst 
with safety, especially when we consider 
that this was one of the three books which 
he read before Augustus himself. 

820. Natosque pater, &c. When the two 
sons of Brutus were found privately ca- 
balling against the public liberty, and using 
their interest to have the banished Tarquins 



recalled, the father, who was then consul, 
not only ordered them to be put to death, 
but himself looked on and saw the sentence 
put in execution. See Livy, Lib. II. 5. 

822. Infelix, &c. This sentence is capable 
of a double meaning, according to the point- 
ing. Most interpreters join infelix with the 
words that go before; others construe infe- 
lix with utcunque ferent, &c. which is the 
way St. Augustine explains them. 

824. Decios. Three of the family of the 
Decii are famous for having devoted their 
lives for their country. 

824. Drusosque. Drusus was the surname 
of the Livian family, of which was Livia 
Drusilla, the wife of Augustus. There were 
two of the name of Drusus who signalized 
themselves at Rome. The first defeated 
Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal. The 
second was the son of Livia, the wife of 
Augustus, and made war very successfully 
in Germany. 

824. Sucvumqus securi Torquatum. This 
was Manlius Torquatus, who commanded 
his own son to be put to death, for fighting 
the enemy contrary to orders, notwith- 
standing his acquisition of the honours of 
victory. 

825. Referentem signa Camillum. When 
the Gauls had destroyed the Roman legions, 
possessed themselves of the city, and laid 
siege to the capitol, Camillus, who was 
then in exile, came upon them unawares^ 
and cut them all in pieces. 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



397 



Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, 826 IHac autcm anirajc, quas vi- 

Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, 

Heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae 

Attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt! 

Aggeribus socer Alpinis, atque arce Monoeci 

Descendens; gener adversis instructus Eois. 

Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella: 

Neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires. 

Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo: 

Projice tela manu, sanguis meus. 

Ule triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho 

Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis. 

Eruet ille Argos, Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, 

Ipsumque iEaciden, genus armipotentis Achillei; 

Ultus avos Trojae, templa et temerata Minervae. 

Quiste, magne Cato, taciturn; autte, Cosse, relinquat? lTt cu^um adaitumCapito- 

Quis Gracchi genus? aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, Hum, clarus ob interfectos 

Achivos. Ille destruet Ar- 
gos, et Mycenas Agamemnonis, et ipsum nepotem iEaci, sobolem bellicosi Achillis: ultus avos 
suos Trojanos, et templum Minerva violatum. Quis omittat te indictum, 6 magne Cato: aut te, 
o Cosse? Quis familiam Gracchorum? aut duo fulmina belli, 



des splendere in armis sequa- 
libus, Concordes nunc, et 
dum teguntur his tene- 
bris: heu! si pervenerint 

g2Q a{ l lucem vitae, quantum 
bellum, quantas pugnas et 
clatles inter se excitabunt! 
socer descendens e montibus 
Alpinis et rupe Monoeci: ge- 
ner adjutus orientalibus po~ 
pulis oppositis. O pueri, ne 

835 assuefacite animum tantis 
bellis: neve convertite in vis- 
cera patriae firmum ejus ro- 
bur. Et tu prior, tu abstine, 
qui trahis origin em e ccelo: 
rrojice arma e manibus, 6 

840 <7 m san S u i s meus es - IHe su- 
bacta Corintho victor impel- 



NOTES. 



830. Arce Monoeci. The town of Monaco, 
built on a promontory on the coast of Ligu- 
ria, where the maritime Alps begin to rise. 
The place is well fortified by nature, and 
had formerly a temple to Hercules Monce- 
cus, who is said to have reigned there. 

831- Gener adversis instructus Eois. Pom- 
pey, whose auxiliary troops were chiefly 
Asiatics, situated to the east in respect of 
Rome. 

833. Neu patriae, &c. Nothing is more re- 
markable than the artful composition of this 
verse, which conveys to the ear the sound 
of tearing and rending it is designed to ex- 
press. 

834. Tuque prior, &c. Here Virgil shows 
the delicacy of his judgment in expressing 
his abhorrence of the civil war, and 
glancing a reproof to Caesar, with such art- 
ful address, as leaves not the least room for 
Augustus to take offence. 

836. Ille triumphata, &c. This refers to 
Mummius, who subdued and triumphed 
over Achaia, and by a decree of the senate 
razed the city of Corinth, for having offered 
violation to the Romans, in the sacred cha- 
racter of their ambassadors. See Liv. Epit. 
Lib. II. 

838. Eruet ille Argos, &c. Aulus Gellius 
tells us, that Virgil was censured by Hygi- 
nus, for confounding events that were en- 
tirely different, and supposing the war with 
Achaia and that with Pyrrhus to have hap- 
pened at the same period, and been carried 
on by one and the same person; whereas 
the war with Pyrrhus, here called JEacides, 
was conducted by M. Curius, and that with 



the Achaians many years after, by L. Mum- 
mius, Noct. Att. Lib. X. cap. 16. But this 
objection falls to the ground, only by making 
the ille here refer to a different person from 
the other, in the former verse. 

838. Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas. 
The best interpreters understand by these 
words the power of Greece in general; and 
by 

839. JEaciden, they understand, not Pyr- 
rhus, to whom Hyginus and Gellius refer 
it; for the power of Greece, that is, the 
kingdom of Epirus, was not overthrown in 
his time; but Perses, or Perseus, king of 
Macedonia; who may likewise be called 
iEacides, being descended from Achilles, 
the grandson of JEacus, as in Propertius: 

Et Persen proavi simulantem pectus A- 
chillis. 
He was routed and led in triumph by Pau- 
lus iEmilius, whereby the power of Greece 
was quite broken. 

841. Magne Cato, M. Portius Cato, the 
censor. 

841. Cosse. A. Cornelius Cossus, the dic- 
tator, who slew Volumnius, the king of the 
Veientes, and consecrated his spoils, the 
second spolia opima since the founding of 
Rome, to Jupiter Feretrius. 

842. Gracchi genus. Tiberius Sempronius 
Gracchus, who triumphed over the Celti- 
beri, having destroyed three hundred of 
their cities. He married Cornelia, the 
daughter of Scipio Africanus, by whom, 
among other children, he had the two fa- 
mous brothers Tiberius and Caius Grac 
chus . 



398 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



r^° S T ihv£!° n a e nt ^m^ Ct °" Sci P iadas ' cladem Libyae? parvoquc potcntem 
""Turn? Fabricium? vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? 
suli Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii? Tu Maximus ille es, 
me Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. 
*£Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, 



res Libyse? 

te gloriosum Fabricium? 

aut te seminantem in sul- Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii? Tu Maximus ille es, 845 

eo, 6 Serrane? Qu6 

abripitis fatigatum, 6 

bii? tu es ille Faluns Maxi 

mus, qui solus nobis reparas *>redo equidem: vivos ducent de marmore vultus; 

rempublicam cunctando. A- Orabunt causas melius; coelique meatus 

&&&S3&3: D^cvibent radio, et S ur S entia sidera dicent: 

mata: excident e marmore l u regere imperio populos, Romane, memento: 

vivos vultus; melius agita- Hae tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem, 

&S5&£S£E Pa £ ere sub i ecti ?> et debellai : e s «p e . rbos -. 

cabunt ortum astrorum: tu, bl . c P at er Anchises; atque haec mirantibus addit: 
liomane, memineris guber- Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 855 

naregentesramauctoritate: ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes. 

hae erunt artes tuse: et sta- tt;1 „ r» n V 

tuere conditiones pacis, et H . lc rem Romanam magno turbante tumultu 
ignoscere submissis, et do- Sistet eques: sternet Pcenos, Gallumque rebellem: 
mare superbos Sic ait An- Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. 

chises: et hsec adjicit miran- r r r -v 

tibus: Vide quomodo Marcellus incedit, notabilis ob spolia opima, et -victor assurgit super omnes 
viros. Hie magno tumultu furente firmabit rem Romanam equitatu: vincet Carthaginenses et 
Galium rebellantem: et dicabit patri Quirino tertia spolia direpta. 



NOTES. 



843. Scipiadas. Scipio Africanus Major, 
and Scipio Africanus Minor, the grandson 
of the former, who was adopted by P. JE- 
milius, thence distinguished by the name of 
yEmilianus. They are famous in the Roman 
history, for subduing the power of Africa, 
and destroying Carthage, whence they had 
the surname of Africanus. This epithet, 
fulmina belli,- thunderbolts of war, is given 
to them, both by Lucretius and Cicero. 

843. Parvoque potentem Fabriciwm. Fabri- 
cius, who was raised from a low obscure 
fortune, to command the Roman legions. 
The Samnites, against whom he was at 
war, knowing how poor he was, hoped to 
corrupt him with their money; but he re- 
jected the offer with the utmost indigna- 
them to know, that a Roman 



he saved his country from ruin, and was 
honoured from that time with the surname 
of Maximus. 

848. Be marmore vultus. The Grecians 
undoubtedly far excelled the Romans in 
statuary, painting, poetry, and indeed in all 
the fine arts. The eloquence of Demos- 
thenes moreover was superior to that of 
Tully. The secret reason, however, why 
Virgil gives the superiority of eloquence to 
the Greeks might be that Tully was odious 
to Maecenas and Augustus. 

855. Insignis spoliis Jfarcellus opimis. The 
spolia opima were those spoils of which a 
Roman commander stripped the enemy's 
general, whom he had slain with his own 
hand in the field of battle: such spoils M. 
Claudius Marcellus won from Viridomarus, 



tion, giving 

was not ambitious to possess great sums of the general of the Gauls 

gold, but gloried in commanding those to 859. Tertiaque ar?na, &c. He was the 

whom that gold belonged. third who consecrated the spolia opima; Ro- 

844. Serrane. Quinctus Cincinnatus, whom mulus having been the first; Cornelius Cos- 

Florus calls Dictator ab aratro, because he sus, mentioned verse 841, the second 

was twice brought from his small farm of These spoils were dedicated in tl?e temple 

four acres of ground, which he is said to of Jupiter Feretrius, whom Ruaeus thinks 



have sown and cultivated with his own 
hands, and promoted to the dictatorship, 
whence he had the name of Sen anus from 
zero, to sow. 

846. Cunctando restituis rem. When Anni- 
bal had brought the Roman state to the ve- 
ry brink of ruin, by two signal victories at 
Trebia and Trasimenus, Q. Fabius was cho- 
sen to make head against him, who, by de- 
laying to give Annibal battle, broke his ar- 
mv by degrees; by which prudent conduct 



here called Quirinus, for the same reason 
that Janus is stvled Quirinus, by Suetonius 
in August. XXII. and Horace IV Ode XV. 
9, because he presided over war, and be- 
cause his temple was built by Romulus 
Quirinus. Servius, however, explains capta 
Quirino by qualia et Quirinus ceperat, he de- 
dicated to Jupiter Feretrius the third spolia 
opima, such as Quirinus had first won from 
the enemy's general 



jENEIDOS LIB. VI. 



399 



Atque hie j£neas (una namque ire videbat 
Egregium forma juvenem et fulgentibus armis; 
Sed frons laeta parum, et dejecto lumina vultu) 
Qu.'s, pater, ille virum qui sic comitatur euntem? 
Filius? anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? 



est: 
Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra. 
Turn pater Anchises lachrymis ingressus obortis: 
O nate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum: 
Ostendent terris hunc tan turn fata, neque ultra 
Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago 
Visa potens, superi, propria hate si dona fuissent. 
Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem 



860H)c ver6 iEncas ait (nam 
videbat simul Incedere juve- 
nem insignem pukhritudine 
et armis splendentibus; sed 
frons parum erat hilaris, el 
oculi demissi e vultu) O pa- 
ter, quis ille, qui sic comita- 

Quis strepitus circa comitum: quantum mstar in ipso tul . v i rum incedentcm? An 

865 filius est ejus? an vcro ali- 
quis e magna serie postero- 
rum? Quis strepitus soeio- 
rum est circa ilium! quanta 
similitudo Marcelli est in 
illo! sed nigra nox cingit ca- 

070 P ut illius moestis tenebris. 

° ' Tunc pater Ancbises erum- 

pentibus lacbrymis ccepit lo- 

qui: O fili, ne petas a me 

dolorem 



Campus aget gemitus' vel qu*, Tyberine, videbis i^nls^S a ^S 
Funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem: iu um terris,nec permittent 

Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875 diutius rivere. O Dii, Roma 

In tantum spe toilet avos: nee Romula quondam 
Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. 
Heu pietasi heu prisca fides! invictaque bello 
Dextera! non ill! quisquam se impune tulisset 
Obvius armato: seu ciim pedes iret in hostem, 
Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. 
Heu miserande puerl si qua fata aspera rumpas, 
Tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis: 

Latinos in tantarn, spem: neque terra Romulea olim adeo se efferet ullo filio. Heu pietas! heu 
fides antiqua, et manus insupei-abilis bello! non ullus adversus impune opposuisset se illi ar- 
mato: sive quando pedibus irrupisset in hostem, sive percussisset calcaribus membra spuman- 
tis equi. Heu puer deplorande! si aliquo modo evites dura fata, tu eris Marcellus. Date lilia ple- 
nis manibus: 



na gens visa est vobis nimis 
potens./tt.fr/mjsi hoe munus 
fuisset ipsi perpetuum. Ille 
campus, qui est prope mag- 
nam urbem Martis, quantos 
emittet gemitus hominum! 
8tiU vel, 6 Tyberine, quale aspi- 
cies funus, quando praster- 
flues sepulchrum ejus no- 
vum! neque ullus puer e 
Trojan a stirpe eriget avos 



NOTES. 



861. Egregium forma juvenem, &c. Here 
Virgil comes to the noble encomium on 
young Marcellus, the son of Octavia, Au- 
gustus' sister, and of Caius Marcellus, 
whom Augustus had adopted, and designed 
for his successor in the empire; but he died 
in the bloom of youth. This is reckoned one 
of the finest passages of the whole iEneid. 
Augustus was so pleased with it at the 
time when he heard Virgil pronounce it 
with the rest of this book, that he ordered 
him a present often sestertia for every line, 

e. about seventy-eight pounds of our mo- 
ney. 

872. Mavortis ad urbem. Rome, sacred to 
Mars, the father of Romulus and Remus. 

874. Tumulum prceterlabere recentem. It 

was the ancient custom to raise sepulchral 

monuments on the banks of rivers. Thus 

JEn. III. 312. 

Ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad un= 

dam 
Libabat cineri Andromache, &c. 
The word praeterlabere has the most slow 
and melancholy air imaginable. Pitt has 
endeavoured to imitate it: 



How shall old Tiber, from his oozy bed 
In that sad moment rear his reverend hea4, 
The lengthening pomp and funeral to sur- 
vey, 
When by the mighty tomb he takes his 
mournful way. 
878. Heu pietas! heu prisca Jides! He de- 
plores the loss that virtue, and integrity, 
and valour, sustained by his death; agreea- 
ble to which is the character given of him 
by Velleius Paterculus: Sane, ut aiunt, in- 
genuarum virtutum, lsctusque animi et in- 
genii, fortunaeque in quam alebatur capax. 
And Seneca calls him, Adolescentem animo 
alacrem, ingenii potentem; sed et frugali- 
tatis continentissque, in iilis aut annis, aut 
opibus, non mediocriter admirandum; pa- 
tientem laboris, voluptatibus alienurn; quan- 
tumcunque imponere illi avunculus, et, ut 
ita dicam, inaedificare voluisset, laturum. 

883. Tu Marcellus, &c. At hearing this 
line Octavia is said to have swooned away. 
Virgil, whose great talent lies in moving 
the soft and tender passions, artfully for- 
bears mentioning the name of Marcellus till 
the very last. 



400 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



ut injiciam rubicuhdos flo- Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis 
Sno'LT 1 u™br ar m nepi! His saltern accumulem donis, et fungar inani 885 
tis, et persoivam hoc va- Munere. Sic tota passim regione vagantur 
num officium. Ita discur- Aeris in campis latis, atque omnia Iustrant. 

SS£S &£&£ ? u3e P? st( l uam . Anchi / es natum P er si "Sula duxit, 

splciunt omnia. Postquam Incenditque animum famae venientis amore: 

Anchises duxit filium per Exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda; 890 

l:Lz% e :^uit^ rentes ^ e docet p°p« i0 ?' urb T que ^ 

rise futurse: deinde monstrat ^t q uo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. 
illi bella quae postea facienda Sunt geminae Somni portae: quarum altera fertur 
MmfcetdeclaratiUi Lauren- Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris: 

tem gentem, et urbem Lati- .. n , . P . „ , ^^_ 

ni ; et qua ratione toieraturus Altera, candenti perfecta nitens elephanto; 895 

sit aut evitaturus unum- Sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia manes, 
quemque laborem. DusesuntHis ubi turn natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam 

ianuse aomm: quarum una w ..,-•,... A . • , % 

dicitur esse cornea, /»erquam Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna. 
permittitur liber egressus veris figuris: altera fulgens, quia facta e candido ebore; sed Dii inferi 
mittunt per hanc falsa somnia in mundum. Hue tunc Anchises alloquitur his verbis iEneam et 
simul Sibyllam, et demittit per januam eburneam. 



NOTES. 



893. Sunt gemince Somni porta . This fiction 
is borrowed from the nineteenth book of 
Homer's Odyssey, where Euryclea recounts 
to Ulysses in disguise a vision she had of 
his speedy return home; but she is appre- 
hensive that it may be false, becpuse there 
are many delusive dreams as well as true 
jones; which she thus expresses in poetical 
language, according to Mr. Pope's transla- 
tion: 

Immur'd within the silent bow'r of sleep, 
Two portals firm the various phantoms 

keep: 
Of iv'ry one; whence flit, to mock the 

brain, 
Of winged lies alight fantastic train: 
The gate oppos'd, pellucid valves adorn, 
And columns fair encas'd with polish'd 

horn; 
Where images of truth' for passage wait, 
With visions manifest of future fate. 

Odyss. XIX. 657. 

894. Cornea, qua veris, &c. Among the se- 
veral reasons given why true dreams are 
made to pass through the horn gate, and 
false ones through the ivory one, what ap- 
pears the most solid is, that horn is a fit 
emblem of truth, as being transparent, and 
pervious to the sight, whereas ivory is im- 
penetrable. 

898. Portaque emittit eburna. Here Servius 
tells us that Virgil, by sending out -Eneas 
by the ivory gate, would have us understand 
that the whole of this episode concerning 
the infernal regions is mere fiction: Vult 
autem intelligi falsa esse omnia quae dixit. 
But is it to be imagined that so judicious a 
poet would thus with one dash of his pen 
destroy all the fine compliments he had paid 
to Augustus, and the whole body of the 
Roman nation, by telling them that all was 



fictitious? Besides, he could never pro- 
nounce the whole vision false, since he has 
interwoven into it a prophecy of the princi- 
pal events and most indisputable facts of 
the Roman history: so that, however it 
may be accounted a dream, it can never be 
reckoned a false one, since here is a mix- 
ture of something real and something visio- 
nary, which is the very nature of a true 
dream. Ruaeus is somewhat more modest, 
and alleges that Virgil only signifies by this 
allegorical circumstance, that what he had 
said concerning the infernal regions was to 
be deemed fabulous. But what necessity 
was there for that hint? Who was in danger 
of being deceived, or taking his system for 
true doctrine? It is certain, that neither 
Virgil himself, nor any reader of common 
sense, even among the Romans, believed 
one word of the matter, as we may infer 
particularly from Cicero: Die, quseso, num 
te ilia terrent: triceps apud inferos Cerbe- 
rus, Cocyti fremitus, transvectio Acheron- 
tis, rnente summam aquam attingens siti 
enectus Tantalus, &,c. The other exclaims 
in reply, Adeone me delirare censes, et is- 
ta esse credam? And in another place: 
Quas est anus tam delira, quae timeat ista? 
Acheron ti a tem pla, alta Orci, pallida 
Leti obnubila, obsita tenebris, loca. 
But, how little soever the poet believes of 
what he writes, it is still his business to de- 
liver his fictions and allegories with all the 
air and assurance of truth, and endeavour 
to impose the belief of them upon his read- 
er; and to go about to undeceive him, by 
taking off the mask, and intimating, that 
some parts of his narration are mere fable, 
which he himself disbelieves, is quite bun- 
gling and unpoetical. Those interpreters 
would therefore have done much better to 



1NEIDOS LIB. VI. 



401 



Ule viam secat ad naves, sociosque revisit. 
Turn se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. 
Anchora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes. 



Ille corripit viam ad naves, 

qqq et repetit socios. Tunc ru- 

de)is rectum litus tendit ad 

portum Ca'i'etie. Anchora 

demittitur e prora, et puppes tcguat litus. 



NOTES. 



acknowledge their ignorance of the poet's 
meaning-, than to father upon him such im- 
pertinence and absurdity. We shall only of- 
fer, by way of conjecture, that as Virgil in 
this whole episode seems to have had an 
eye to the Platonic philosophy; by sending 
his hero through the ivory gate, by which 
lying- dreams ascend to this earth, he might 
possibly mean, that thus far .'Eneas had 
been admitted to see the naked truth, had 
the true system of nature laid open to his 
view, and the secrets of futurity unveiled; 
but henceforth he was returning to his for- 
mer state of darkness, ignorance, and error: 
and therefore is dismissed from those re- 



gions of light and truth, bj' the ivory gate, 
in company with deluding dreams and mere 
shadows, which are to attend him, with tlus 
rest of mankind, in their progress through 
life. 

901. Statu litore puppes. Virgil is deser- 
vedly admired for the happy periods to 
which each book is brought. Each seems 
complete, and yet the thread of the narra- 
tion continues unbroken: 
There all the fleet their crooked anchors 

moor, 
And the tall ships stand rang'd along the 
shore. 



3 F 



402 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIDOS 



LIBER VII. 



interpretation TU quoque litoribus nostris, JLneia nutrix, 
Tu etiam oCaieta, nutrix £ ternam m0 riens famam, Caieta, dedisti: 

j£ne», tnbuisti moriens fa- _ . , 7 

mam immortalem nostris Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus; ossaque nomen 
litoribus: et nunc memo- Hesperia in magna, si qua est ea gloria, signat. 
ria tua custodit locum; et At pms eX equiis ^neas rite solutis, 

fiomen tuum indicat sepul- A r * .. ,. ,, 

chruni tuum in magna Ita- Aggere composito tumuli, postquam alta qmerunt 

lia, si aliquis est hie ho- -£quora, tendit iter velis, portumque relinquit. 

nor. At pius JEneas taetis Aspirant aurae in noctem: nee Candida cursum 

neTextruct? moie'^pui- L ^na negat: splendet tremulo sub lumine pontus. 

chri, postquam tumida ma- Proxima Circaeae raduntur litora terrae: 

ria pacata sunt, continuat Dives inaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos 

navigationem velis et desent 

portum. Venti favent circa noctem: et Luna splendida non obstat cursui: mare fulget sub 

luce tremuia. 

cantu 



10 



ejus 



Leguntur litora vicina terra; Gircgsss: ubi filia Solis opulenta sonat continuo 



NOTES. 



Latinus entertains iEneas, and promises 
him his only daughter, Lavinia, the heiress 
of his crown. Tun jus, who was her lover, 
favoured by her mother, and stirred up by 
Juno and Alecto, breaks the treaty which 
was made, and engages in his quarrel Me- 
zentius, Camilla, Messapus, and other 
neighbouring- princes; whose forces, and 
the names of their commanders, are parti- 
cularly related. 

1. Tu quoque. This refers to what the 
poet had told us before of Misenus having 
a sepulchral monument raised to his honour 
on the coasts of Italy, in those lines of the 
former book that immediately precede the 
description of the infernal regions, verse 
232. 
At pius JEneas ingenti mole sepulchrum 
Imponit, suaque arma viro, remumque, 

tubamque, 
Monte sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo 
Dicitur, xternumque tenet per saecula no- 
men: 
In connexion with which these verses fol- 
low; 



Tu quoque litoribus nostris, JEnei'a nutrix, 
-Stern am moriens famam, Cai'eta, dedisti. 

2. Caieta, now Gaeta. 

3. Servat honos sedem tuus. Some make 
this an hypallage for sedes servat honorcm, 
tuum. Perhaps it means, that Caieta's name 
honoured, preserved, and protected the 
place. 

4. Hesperia in magna. Italy was called 
Hesperia magna, or the Great, in contra 
distinction to Spain, which was denomina 
ted Hesperia the Less. 

6. Aggere composito tumuli. The earth 
raised up into a heap over the corpse or ash- 
es, is called agger tumuli, agger signifyin 
any eminence; as agger viae, JEn. v. 273. and 
agger ripce, JEn. VI. 106. 

8. Candida Luna, the silver moon. As th 
sun from his flaming brightness is called au- 
reus, so the moon from her paler light de 
rives the epithet of Candida, or argentea. 

11. Inaccessos lucos, i. e. very difficult of 
access. 



jENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



403 



per sylvas invias; et hi domo 
magnifies accendit cedrum 
odoriferam ad lucem noetur- 
nara, addensans acuto pcoti- 
15 ne telas subtiles. Mine cape- 
runt audiri voces, et furores 
lconum excutientium vincu- 
la et rudentium per mediam 
noctem: ct setosi po'rci, et 
frendc 



Assiduo resonat cantu, tectisquc superbis 

Urit odoratam nocturua in lumina cedrum, 

Arguto tenues percurrens pectine telas. 

Hinc exaudiri gemitus, iraeque leonum 

Vincla recusantum ct sera sub nocte rudentum: 

Setigerique sues, atque in prsesepibus ursi 

Saevire, ac fornix magnorum ululare luporum: 

Quos hominum ex facie Dea s*va potentibus herbis '££$%*&?££. 

Induerat Circe m yultus ac terga ferarum. 20 rum i up0 rum ululare: quos 

Quae ne monstra pii paterentur talia Troes Circe, crudelis Dea, muta- 

Delati in portus, neu litora dira subirentj 

Neptunus ventis implevit vela secundis, 

Atque fugam dedit, et praeter vada fervida vexit. 

Jamque rubescebat radiis mare, et adhere ab alto 

Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis: 

Cum venti posuere, omnisque repente resedit 

Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore tonsae. 

Atque hie ^Eneas ingentem ex sequore lucum 

Prospicit: hunc inter fluvio Tyberinus amceno, 

Vorticibus rapidis et multa flavus arena, 

In mare prorumpit: variae circumque supraque 



verat efficacibus herbis ex fi- 

gura hominum in vultus et 

pellem ferarum. Quse talia 

portenta ne paterentur pii 

25 Trojani, provecti in portum 

ilium, et ne appellerent ad 

funesta litora; Neptunus in- 

flavit vela prosperis ventis, 

et acceleravit cursum, et 

impulit naves ultra spumo- 

^ sum hoc mare. Et jam mare 

°0 rubescebat luce, et ab alto 

coelo Aurora crocea splen- 

debat in equis duobus roseis: 

quando venti qnieverunt, et 

Tunc autem TEneas vidit e mari 



omnis flatus subito cessavit, et remi laborant in mari immoto. 

magnam sylvam: per illam Tybris, grato fluvio, celeri impetu,et flavus plurimis arenis, proruit 

tn mare: diverse aves, assuetse litoribus et alveo fluvii, circum et supra 



NOTES. 



12. Resonat. Facit veldocet resonare; a neu- 
ter verb for an active one. 

16. Rudentum. It is properly the province 
of asses to bray, rudere; and of the lion, to 
roar, rugire; but the later Latin writers 
used rudere in the same sense with rugire. 

17. Ursi. This whole description is bor- 
rowed from Homer, Odyssey 10. and, as 
Scaliger observes, highly improved. It must, 
says Pope, be confessed, that irae leonum, 
vincla recusantum, and the epithets and 
short descriptions applied to the nature of 
each savr.ge, are beautiful additions. Virgil 
likewise differs from Homer in the manner 
of description. Homer draws the beasts 
with the gentleness of nature, Virgil paints 
them with the fierceness of savages. The 
reason of Homer's conduct is, because they 
still retain the sentiments of men in the 
form of beasts, and consequently their na- 
tive tenderness. To this remark Pitt sub- 
joins, that Virgil heightens the allegory by 
representing these lovers of sensual plea- 
sure not only disguised in the shape of 
beasts, but endued likewise with profligate 
and savage dispositions; not to mention that 
the hearing of their roarings at a distance, 
a circumstance not found in Homer, is very 
affecting to the imagination. Milton, in his 
Comus, had an eye to this passage: 

Whence night by night 

He, and his monstrous routes, are heard 
to howl 



Like stabled wolves, or tigers at their prey, 
Doing abhorred rites to Hecate, 
In their obscured haunts of inmost bow'rs. 
Spenser has a like allusion: 
Ere long they heard a hideous bellowing 
Of many beasts thatroar'd outrageously. 
19. Quos hominum ex facie. Circe is said 
to have transformed men into wild beasts, 
by means of certain herbs, and a magical 
wand, with which she touched them. The 
fable is taken from Homer, Odyss.X. 135. 
and the moral sense of it is given by Ho- 
race, 1 Ep. I. .23. 

27. Venti posuere, i. e. Posuere se. 

28. Lento marmore. Ruseus interprets len- 
to by immoto; Dr. Trapp renders it yielding, 
which clashes with the idea of luctantur. 
Davidson takes it in the common sense of 
segnis or tardus, as we say in English, the 
sleepy main, when it is quite calm, seems to 
be indolent, and loves not to stir, or be put 
into motion, as appears to have been the 
case here. 

28. Tonsce. The oars are so called, because 
made of planed or shaven wood. 

30. Tyberinus. The river or the god of the 
river. 

32. Varice circumque, ifc. This marks the 
time of ^Eneas' arrival in Italy to have been 
about the beginning or middle of spring, in 
which season the birds are all life and mo- 
tion, fluttering about to court thear mates s 
and celebrate their little loves. 



404 P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS 

recreabant cantu cceium, et Assuetae ripis volucres et fiuminis arveo, 

S'aSretuSj *th«™ mulcebant cantu, lucpque volabant. 

et appellere proras litori: et Flectere iter socns, terraeque advertere proras 35 

gaudens subit aranem um- Imperat: et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. 

brosum.^ Age^ modo, & Era- jsj unc a g e , qui reges, Erato, quae tempora rerum, 

quce tempora' rerum, 1 C quis Quis Latio antiquo fuerit status, advena classem 

status fuerit veteris Latii; Cum primum Ausoniis exercitus appulit oris, 

cmandoperegrinusexercitus Expediam: et primse revocabo exordia pugnae. 40 

primo appbcuit classem Jta- m. !->• ^^ i «i c v 

lico litori- etrevoivam initia Tu vatem, tu Diva mone: dicam hornda bella, 
primi belli. TuDea, tudoce Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera reges, 
poeiam, Narrabo bella hor- Tyrrhenamque manum, totamq; sub arma coactam 

nda: narrabo exercitus, et ir • *■■** • ... , 

reges ira impulses in W Hespenam. Major rerum mihi nascitur ordo, 
dem, et turmas Tyrrhe- Majus opus moveo. Rex arva Latinus et urbes 45 
nas, et Itaiiam universam j am sen i r longa placidas in pace regebat. 
r S ST ra l a 'Se S r": Hunc Fauno et Nympha genitum Laurente Marica 
rum, suscipio opus difficilius, Accipimus. Fauno Picus pater: ipse parentem 
qua?n prizes. Hex Latinus, Te, Saturne, refert; tu sanguinis ultimus auctor. 



50 



$WSB 5B ™ ius , huic ' fato Div *"\p'° les <i ue viri » s . 

pace diuturna. Audimus Nulla luit: pnmaque oriens erepta juventa est. 

hunc natum Fauno et Mari- Sola domum et tantas servabat filia sedes; 

ca Nympha Laurente. Pi- j ma t U ra viro, jam plenis nubilis annis. 

cus juerat pater Faum: et " , . ... ' J v * . A . 

Picus te patrem habebat, 6 Multi mam magno e Latio totaque petebant 

Saturne; tu primum caput Ausonia. Petit ante alios pulcherrimus omnes 55 

ejus famriise. Films Latino Turnus, avis atavisque potens: quern regia coniux 
etsobolesmascula nulla erat, ' x r L ° J 

Deorum voluntate: et nascens mortua fuerat in prima infantia. Filia unica tenebat domum et 
totam regionem: jam apta marito, jam nubilis ob adultam Eetatem. Plurimi e magno Latio et to- 
ta Italia illam ambiebant. Ambit prse cseteris omnibus formosissimus Tumus, potens avis et 
atavis, quem assumi generum uxor regis 

NOTES. 

34i. +<Ethera mulcebant. The air, calm, soft 47. Fauno. Faunus was a son of Picus 

and serene, is considered poetically as lis- who is said to have reigned in Italy 1300 

tening to the warbling of the birds. years before Christ. For his bravery. lie was 

37. Erato. He invokes Erato, the muse called the son of Mars. He raised a temple 

who presides over love, because the source in honour of the god Pan called by the La- 

of the following war is from the love of tins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine 

Turn us and JEneas to Lavinia. This muse hill, and was renowned for kindness to 

presided also over lyric, tender, and amo- strangers. 

rous poetry. She is represented as crowned 47. Marica. Marica was a nymph of the 
with roses and myrtle; holding in her right river Lh'is. She married Faunus, by whom 
hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical she had Latinus. She was afterwards called 
instruments of which, by some, she is said Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a god- 
to be the inventress. Love is often placed dess. A city of Campania bore her name, 
by her side holding a lighted flambeau, 49. Ultimus auctor, the remotest founder, 
while herself appears with sometimes a It may be translated first founder; for primus 
thoughtful, at others with a gay and anima- in descending is ultimus in ascending, 
ted countenance. She was invoked by Io- 52. Filia. Lavinia, the daughter of king 
vers, especially in the spring, the very pe- Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to 
riod of the year Virgil is describing. her relation king Turnus. But because the 

37. §h'-<e tempora rerum. All the interpre- oracle ordered her father to marry her to a 

ters join tempora in construction with re- foreign prince, she was given to ^Eneas. 

rum, which, though it may perhaps be ad- 53. Jam matura viro, jam plenis nubilis 

mitted, yet sounds harshly; whereas status annis. The former expression, according to 

rerum is easy and natural. Servius, refers to her strength and growth 

45. Rex Latinus ■> &c. Dionysius of Hali- of body; the latter to her age. 
carnassus agrees with Virgil, that Latinus 56. Avis atavisque potens. Literally, power- 
reigned over the ancient inhabitants of La- fui in grandfathers, and great-great-grand- 
tium, and had no male issue, but had one fathers. 

daughter, whom iEneas married. As to his 56. Regia conjux, Amata, sister of Veni- 

genealogy, Virgil speaks doubtfully of it; lia. 
and others accordingly give hira a different 
<3ne, 



jENEIDOSLIB.VII. 



405 



Adjungi gcnerum miro properabat amore: 
Sed variis portenta Deimi terroribus obsiant. 
Laurus erat tecti medio, in pcnetralibus altis, 
Sacra comam, multosque metu servata per annos: 
Quam pater inventam, prinias cum conderet arces, 
Ipse ferebatur Phcebo sacrasse Latinus; 
Laurentisque ab ea nomen posuisse colonis. 
Hujus apes sum mum densse, mirabile dictu, 
Stridore ingenti liquidum trans acthera vectae, 
Obsedere apicem: et pedibus per mutua nexis, 
Examen subitum ramo frondente pependit. 
Continuo vates: Externum cernimus, inquit, 
Adventare virum; et partes petere agmen easdem 
Partibus ex iisdem, et summa dominarier arce. 
Praeterea castis adolet dum altaria tsedis, 
Et juxta genitorem adstat Lavinia virgo: 
Visa nefas, longis comprendere crinibus ignem> 
Atque omnem ornatum flamma crepitante cremari: 
Regalesque accensa comas, accensa coronam 
Insignem gemmis: turn fumida lumine fulvo 
Involvi, ac totis Vulcanum spargere tectis. 
Id verd horrendum ac visu mirabile ferri. 
Namque fore illustrem fama fatisque canebant 
Ipsam, sed populo magnum portendere bellum. 
At rex sollicitus monstris oracula Fauni 
Fatidici genitoris adit: lucosque sub alta 
Consulit Albunea; nemorum quae maxima sacro 
Fonte sonat, saevamque exhalat opaca Mephitim. 
Hinc Italae gentes omnisque Oenotria tellus 

ignem tota domo. Hoc autem coepit haberi terribile et visu admirabile. Etenim dicebant ipsam. 
illustrem fama et fortuna futuram esse, sed minari genti magnum bellum. At l'ex territus his 
prodigiis vadit ad oracula fatidici Fauni patris sui et consulit syfvas sit as sub alta Albunea: quae 
Albunea sylva maxima sylvarum resonat sacro fonte, et umbrosa emittit deusatn Mephitim. 
Ttalse nationes et omnis terra Oenotria accipiunt 



mirifico studio instahat: ?.<•(! 
prodigia Deorum obsjetunl 
per vQi-ios tewores. Laurus 
erat in medio donn'is, in inti- 

60 mis recessibus, Bacr« sectm-> 
dinn tVondis, et ob religin- 
ncm servata per nmitos an- 
nos. Pater Latinus diceba- 
tur dieassc Mam Phcebo, re* 
pertam < Vim fumlaivt prima 

_ „ mceiiia; et ab ilia dedisse no- 

B6 i»en Laurentibus incolis. 
Apes densre, res mira dictu, 
trans levem aerero vojantes 
magno stridore insederunt 
supremum illius cacumen: 
et pedibus invicem eonjunc- 

70 tis, examen repentinum pe- 
pendit e frondoso ramo. 
Statim vates dixit: Vide- 
mus appropinquare homi- 
nem peregrinum: etexerci- 
tum ex eadera regione qute- 
rere heme eandem regio- 

' ** uem, et regnare in hdc su- 
prema arce. Prceterea dum 
Lavinia \irgo accendit alta- 
ria sacris facibus, et stat pro- 
pe patrem: (res horrida) 
visa est corripere ignem lon- 

gggis capillis et comburi 0am- 
ma sonante secundum om- 
nia ornamenta: et visa est 
accensa secundum regias co- 
mas, accensa secundum co- 
ronam spectabilem gemrnis: 
_ deinde fumans visa est cin- 

85 gi rutilanti luce, etjactare 



NOTES. 



60. Metu. By a religion, which originated 
in dread. Primxts in orbe Deos fecit iimor. 

62. Phcebo sacrasse. Because the laurel 
was sacred to Phoebus. 

70. Dominarier; for doininari. 

71- Adolet altaria. Frankincense was burn- 
ed on the altars of the domestic gods. iEn. 
1. 708 Flam/mis adolere Penates. 

72. Et juxta. Pierius informs us that some 
good manuscripts read ut juxta; according 
to which reading Latinus himself, not his 
daughter, performed the sacrifice. 

75. Coronam. Father Hardouin attempts 
to prove from this passage, that the Mneld 
was the work of modern impostors; but at the 
same time greatly betrays his own ignorance 
of ancient customs. How can a Icing's daugh- 
ter, says he, be represented with a crown 
upon her head, before that ensign was ever 
made use of. Besides, says he, no woman 
is seen with a crown, on coins, till the thir- 
teenth century; and thence concludes, that 
rhe jEneid was composed after that time. 
But it is notorious that those who sacrifice, 
whether kings or private persons, always 
performed the ceremony with a crown up- 



on their heads. La C'erda thinks that Lavi- 
nia is here crowned according to the an- 
cient custom of virgins when about to mar- 
ry. 

77. Vulcanum. The god of fire for the fire 
itself. This second prodigy, a lambent flame^ 
is taken from the history of Servius Tullius, 
The reader who would wish to acquaint 
himself with the fact, and its interpretation, 
may consult Cic.de divin. 1. 1. Valer. Max. 
1. 6. Livius 1. 39. Florus 1.6. 1. 

84. Mephitim. Mephitis, says Servius, is 
properly the stench of sulphureous waters, 
especially in groves, where the density of 
the trees confines the stench, and renders 
it more noisome. That Mephitis signifies 
such a kind of smell, appears also from the 
epithet given to it by Persias, Sat. III. 99- 

Turgidus hie epulis, atque albo ventre, la- 

vatur, 
Gutture sulphureas lente exhalante roe- 

phites. 

85. Oenotria. Italy was first called Hespe- 
ria, then Ausonia, and afterwards Oenotria, 
from Oenotvus, a son of Lycaog, the Arca- 
dian. 



406 P. VIRGILU MARONIS 

inde responsa in rebus in- I n dubiis responsa petunt: hue dona sacerdos 
5?a?*£V£ ntgumtulit, et caesarum ovium sub nocte silenti 
tem tacitam jacuit super Pellibus incubuit stratis, somnosque petivit: 
pelles suppositas ovium im- Multa modis simulacra videt volitantia miris, 
molatarum, et qaasivit il- Et ias audit voces f ru i turque Deorum 90 

he somnura; videt multas fi- „ „ . -al n> a 

guras vagantes mirabilibus Colloquio, atque inns Acheronta affatur Avernis. 
modis, et audit voces multi- Hie et turn pater ipse petens responsa Latinus, 
plices, et fruiter «ermone Centum lanigeras mactabat rite bidentes; 

JJeorum, etallouiuturAche- .. , rr i^ • • , 

ronta.e profundo Avemo. Atque narum effultus tergo stratisque jacebat 
Tuncetiam ipse pater Lati- Velleribus. Subita ex alto vox reddita luco est: 95 
nus, poscens responsa, illic j^ e p ete connubiis natam sociare Latinis, 

saermcaoatae more centum ,=v * .' ..-, , ' . 

oves lanigeras: et jacebat ex- 9 mea P ro g emes 5 thalamis neu crede paratis. 
tensus super eaium pelle etExterni veniunt generi, qui sanguine nostrum 
stratis velleribus. Vox re- Nomen in astra ferant; quorumque a stirpe nepotes, 

SSSoTLn^faTS ° m ? i . a sub P edibus ' ( l ui So1 « rum< i ue recurrens 100 

qiuere jangere filiam t nam Aspicit Oceanum, vertique regique videbunt. 
eonjugio Latino; neve con- Haec responsa patris Fauni monitusque silenti 
^fe^r^Nocte dates, uon ipse suo premit ore Latinus; 
genie sua extollet nostrum sed circum late volitans jam fama per urbes 
nomen ad sidera; et cujus de Ausonias tulerat: cum Laomedontia pubes 105 

iTSTt ^ W^antineo rip* religavit ab aggere classem. 
bus snis, quacumqueSolre-^neas, primique duces, et pulcher lulus, 
Vertens aspicit geminmn O- Corpora sub ramis deponunt arboris altae: 
ceanum. Latinus ipse non i nst ituuntque dapes, et adorea liba per herbam 

continet in ore suo lnec res- .... /■ i* a • t *n t_ ,.\ i ^ ^ 

ponsa Fauni patris, et h»e Subjiciunt epulis (sic Jupiter llle monebat) 1 10 

monitadata/er noctem ta-Et Cereale solum pomis agrestibus augent. 
citam; sed jam fama eh*- Consumptis hie forte* aliis, ut vertere morsus 

eumundique volans spar- -r? • x . „ . , . j j* 

serat ea per urbes Italicas: Exiguam in Cererem penuna adegit edendi; 

cum juventus Trojana ap- Et violare manu malisque audacibus orbem 

plicuit naves ad crepidinem Fatalis crusti, patulis nee parcere quadris: 1 15 

herbosam Utons. jEneas, et * 

prsecipui duces, et formosus Ascanius, sternunt corpora sua sub ramis arboris altse: etinchoant 
epulas, et in gramine supponunt cibis placentas e frumento, sicut ipse Jupiter suggerebat, et 
onerant Mud solum pa nis fructibus syivestribus. Illic ceteris absumptis, cum inopia ciborum co- 
geret eos vertere morsus in panem exiguum: et frangere manu ac dentibus audacibus orbem 
fatalis crustse, nee abstinere a pianis quadris: Ascanius jocans, dixit: 

NOTES. 

91. Acheronta. Acheron was one of the eating their trenchers be but low in itself, 
rivers in hell, often hell itself: here it re- yet by help of happy metaphors the poet 
presents the infernal powers. has found a way to give a dignity to this 

92. Pater Latinus. The attentive reader simple story; instead of the common ex- 
must have observed that Pater in Virgil is a pression for bread, using Cereale solum, 
title of the highest dignity; it implies an- exiguam Cererem, orbem fatalis crusti, pa- 
thority and power, conducted with equity tulis quadris. 

and goodness, whether that power be vest- 113. Cererem. The goddess Ceres, by a 

ed in a father, or a sovereign, who is the metonymy, for the bread she supplies. 

father of his people. Hence it is ascribed Founders of colonies, says Catrou, oughrto 

not only to kings, but to the gods, and es- accustom themselves to live upon a little, 
pecially to Jove, the common parent of the 114. Etviolare manu. The expression vio- 

universe. And Virgil all along honours his tare shows that the eating tables were reck- 

iero with this appellation. oned sacred among the ancient Pagans. 

96. Latinis. A name taken from Latium, They were a kind of altars, on which liba- 

and including- the Aborigines, the Rutu- tions were performed to the gods both be- 

lians, the Laurentians, the Volscians, &c. fore and after meals. 

IQQ.Utrumquerecurrens. From the east to 115. Fatalis. Not what we commonly call 

the west. fatal in English, but on which some great 

111. Cereale solum. Whatever is placed event of fate depends, or which is a pledge 

under any thing to support it is called solum,- of fate, 
as the sea to a ship, the air to a bird on the 115. Patulis quadris. How comes it that 

wing. Though this circumstance of their the poet here calls them squares, when at 



JENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



407 



Ileus! ctiam comedimus 
mensas! Nee dixit plura. 
Vox ilia audita indicavit pri- 
ma terminum laborum: et 
pater excepit earn primus 
120 a ^ ore lG( l uent ' 3 J et secum 
expendit admiratus omeu- 
lum. Statimque dixit; Salve 



Heus! etiam mensas consumimus, inquit lulus. 

Nee plura, alludcns. Ea vox audita laborum 

Prima tulit finem: primamque loquentis ab ore 

Eripuit pater, ac stupefactus numine pressit. 

Continuo: Salve talis mihi debita tellus; 

Vosque, ait, 6 fidi Trojae saivete Penates. 

Hie domus, haec patria est. Genitor mihi talia (namq; terra debita mihi per ta- 

Nunc repeto) Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit: tum;ctyos saivete, dPe-na- 

_ r r J r . , ,. * tes Iroiani. Hiuest domus, 

Cum te, nate, fames ignota ad htora vectum hajc es t patria. Etenim nunc 

Accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas; 125 remrafecor, pater Anchises 

Turn sperare domos defessus, ibique memento 

Prima locare manu molirique aggere tecta. 

Haec erat ilia fames: haec nos suprema manebant, 

Exitiis positura modum. 

Quare agite: et primo laeti cum lumine Solis, 

Quae loca, quive habeant homines, ubi mcenia gentis, tam, et manu statuere illic 

ac cingere moenibus primam urbem. Ilia fames erat ista; hi castes extremi erant destinati nobis 
allaturi finem miseriis. Agite igitur: et sub primam lucem Solis inquiramus lseti, qusenam sint h<e 
regiones, aut quinam homines occupent eas } ubi sint urbes illius nationis; 



deposuit apud me talia se- 
creta fatorum: Fili, aiebat, 
quando fames coget te ap- 
pulsum incognitis litoribus 
comedere mensas, cibis defi- 
~ cientibus, tunc fatigatus me- 
mento sperare sedem cev- 



NOTES. 



the same time he mentions their circular 
form, orbemfatalis crusti? The antiquaries 
reconcile this, by telling us they were a 
kind of circles divided into quadrants by 
two lines drawn through the centre at right 
angles; in confirmation of which Cerda 
quotes Moretus: 

Format opus, pahnaque suum diktat in 

» orbem, 

Et notat expressis aequo discrimine quad- 
ris. 
Of these quadrants of the circle each was 
called quadra, as being the fourth part of 
the whole cake. This explains Horace, 1 
Ep. XVII. 49. 

Et mihidividuo fundetur munere quadra, 
and other passages in the Roman authors. 
See Mart. Epig. LXXVI. Lib. III. and E- 
pig. XLV. Lib. IX. 

\\7 . Ailudens. The poet, says Mr. Addi- 
son, took matters of fact as they came down 
to him, and circumstanced them after his 
own manner, to make them the more natu- 
ral, agreeable, or surprising. I believe, he 
adds, very many readers have been shocked 
at the ludicrous prophecy which one of the 
Harpies, in the third book announced to the 
Trojans, namely that they should build the 
intended city, and be reduced by hunger to 
eat their very tables. But when they hear 
that this was one of the circumstances that 
had been transmitted to the Romans in the 
history of iEneas, they will think the poet 
did well in taking notice of it. Dionysius 
Halicarnassus acquaints us that a prophet- 
ess had foretold iEneasthat he should take 
his voyage westward until his companions 
should eat their tables, and that according- 
ly upon his landing in Italy, they were eat- 
ing their flesh upon cakes of brt ad for want 
of other conveniences. They after wai ds fed 
upon the cakes, upon which one of the com- 



pany said merrily, we are eating our tables. 
They immediately, says the historian, took 
the hint, and concluded the prophecy to be 
fulfilled. As Virgil did not think proper ta 
omit so material a particular in the history 
of j£neas, it may be worth while to consi- 
der with how much judgment he has quali- 
fied it. The prophetess whoforetels it is a hun- 
gry harpy. The person who discovers it the 
young As.canius: 

Heus, etiam mensas consumimus, inquit 
lulus, 

Nee plura, alludens. 
Such an observation, which is beautiful in the 
mouth of a boy, would have been ridiculous 
in any of the rest of the company. The violare 
manu informs us that the ancients looked up- 
on their tables as sacred things. Ruseus thinks 
the evil of eating their tables may be consi- 
dered as foretold by Anchises. iEn. 6. 890. 
Certainly iEneas had received such intelli- 
gence from his father: 

Cum te, nate, fames, ignota ad litora vec- 
tum 

Accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas, 

Turn sperare domos, 8cc. 
117. Laborum, i. e. their toils by sea, 
their toils before their arrival in the pro- 
mised land. 

119. Pressit. Servius explains it pressit vo- 
cem Ascanii: but, because thi^ is implied 
in the preceding words, eripuit primam vo- 
cem ab ore loquentis, we are rather inclined 
to understand it pressit suam vocem,- He 
kept silence, and mused awhile on the ac- 
complishment of the mysterious oracle. 

129. Exitiis positura modum, their woes 
or disasters by sea, as is said above. iEneas 
knew that calamities still more severe 
awaited him by land. 

Sed terra graviora manent. 



408 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et abeamus in loca remo- Vestigemus; et a portu diversa petamus. 
:>U& *"Jo". Nunc patetti* libate Jovi, preclbusque vocate 
vis, et precibus invocatc Anclusen genitorem, et vma reponite mensis. 
putt-cm Ancliiscn, et mrsus Sic deinde effatus, frondenti tempora ramo 135 

airerte vinum in mensas i mp n cat e t, Geniumque loci, primamque Deorum 

Sic locutus, postea cingitca- ,,, ,\ xt i n • 

put ramo viridi, orat Geni- l ellurem, Nymphasque et adhuc ignota precatur 
am hujus loci, et Terrain Flumina: turn Noctem, noctisque orientia signa, 
primam Deorum, et Nym- idxumq; Jovem, Phryeiamque ex ordine matrem 

pnas, et Deos nuviorum ad- T , .■.■,, .« 1 r» -i. < >1» 

hue incognitos: deinde Noc- Invocat, et duplices cceloque hreboque parentes. 1 40 
tem, et sidera surgentia per Hie pater omnipotens ter coelo clarus ab alto 
noctem, et Jovem id»um, Intonuit, radiisque ardentem lucis et auro 

SSflSSWSSS 1 ^ ma ™ *"?*• ostenditab^therenubem. 

parentes e cteio et ex inte- Diditur hie subito Frojana per agmina rumor, 

rfe. Tunc Jupiter omnipo- Advenisse diem quo debita moenia cond'ant. 145 

Sg^H^SS&C***" insurant epulas, atque omine magno 

vit e caelo nubem coruscan- Crateras laeti statuunt, et vina coronant. 

tem auro et radiis luminis, Postera cum prima lustrabat lampade terras 

'iw^S™^^* *"> *&* « fi »f > « Ktora gemis 

tur per exercitum Troja- F)iversi explorant: hsec fontis stagna Numici, 15C 

num, venisse diem quo sedi- Hunc Tybrim fluvium, hie fortes habitare Latinos. 

ficcnt urbem destinatam. Tum satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni 

Certatim renovant epulas, _ ... 

et gaudeutes magnis piW- Centum oratores augusta ad moenia regis 

gjis disponunt pocuia, et co- Ire jubet, ramis velatos Palladis omnes: 

ronant vma. Quando dies Donaque ferre viro, pacemque exposcere Teucris, 

postera nascens cmxit terras TT ,* r . * • . • »• c , ..- 

luce; separati inquirunt ur- Hau ^ mora: festinapt jussi, rapidisque feruntur 1 56 

bem, et terminos, et litora Passibus: ipse humili designat moenia fossa, 

hujus nationis: disamt, h«c Moliturque locum, primasque in litore sedes 

esse stagna fontis .Numici,/^ , * • • ... 

hoc esse fiumen Tybrim, Castrorum in morem pmnis atque aggere cmgit. 
We manere generosos Lati- Jamqiie iter emensi, turres ac tecta Latinorum 160 
nos. Tunc filius Ancbisae imperat centum oratores electos ex omni ordine ire ad magnificam 
urbem regis, omnes coronatos ramis Minervse: et portare illi viro munei*a, et petere pacena 
pro Trojanis. Non est mora; jussi properant, et vadunt celeribus passibus: JEneas ipse descri- 
bit muros depressa fossa, et inchoat urbem, et in litore cingit primam habitationem vallo et pin- 
Bis in form am castrorum. Et jam juvenes perfuncti itinere videbant turres et domos altas Lati- 
norum, 

NOTES. 

132. A portu diversa. Ruaeus renders di- 142. Radiisque lucis et auro, is the same as 
versa here by remota; but the meaning radiis aurea lucis, by a figure frequent in 
plainly is, that they were to take different Virgil, 
routes, in order to explore the several quar- 144. Diditur,- not deditur. The first is from 
ters of the country; as it is explained, verse dido, I distribute; the last from dedo, I deli- 
150. Urbem et fines diver si explorant. ver up. So Horace, Sat. 1. 2. 2. 66. 

133. Pateras. The bowls are here put for Servis munia didit. 

the wine in the bowls; a figure common in So also Lucretius, lib. 5. 

all languages. de fulmine 

134. Reponite. Servius explains it two Inde omnis flammarum diditur ardor. 
ways; Aut timore Ascanii interrupta reno- 150. Numici. The Numicus was a small, 
vate; aut reponite, frequenter ponite, i. e. river of Lutium near Lavinium, where the 
crehro libate, crebro bibite. dead body of iEneas was found, and where 

139. Idceumque Jovem. Jupiter was born Anna, Dido's sister, drowned herself, 

on Ida, a mountain of Crete, and educated 154. Ramis Palladis. The olive, a badge 

in the Dictsean cave. of peace, was sacred to Pallas. 

141. Clarus may either signify loud, or in 159. Pinnis- The pinna in the original sig- 
s. clear serene sky. nifi cation were the tufts or crests on the 

142. Intonuit. Thunder occurring when soldiers' helmets, as Varro, speaking of 
the sky is clear, was sometimes considered them, says, de Ling. Lat. Lib. IV. Ab his 
as auspicious and sometimes otherwise, quas insigniti milites habere in galeis so- 
Georg. 1. 487'. lent, et in gladiatoribus Samnites. Hence 4 



iENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



409 



et appropinquabant mil- 
ro. Ante urbftita pueri et 
juvencs in prima puber- 
tate excrcentur equis, et 
164regunt currus in arena: 
autintenduntdifficilesarcus-, 
aut vibrant brachiis spicula 
flexibilia, et provocaiit se 
cursu atque jactu telormrt. 
Tunc nuncius vectus equq 
refert ad aures grand sevi re- 
gis venisse magnos bomines 



R] 



Ardua cernebant juvenes, muroque subibant. 

Ante urbem pueri et primaevo flore juventus 

Exercentur equis, domitantque in pulvere currus: 

Aut acres tendunt arcus, aut lenta lacertis 

Spicula contorquent, cursuque icluque lacessunt. 

Cum provectus equo longaevi regis ad aures 

Nuntius ingentes ignota in veste reportat 

Advenisse viros. I lie intra tccta vocari 

Imperat, et solio medius consedit avilo. 

Tectum augustum, ingens, centum sublime columnisjin habitu incognito 

Urbe fuit summa, Laurentis regia Pici, 

Horrendum sylvis et relligione parentum. 

Hinc sceptra accipere, et primos attollere fasces 

Regibus omen erat: hoc illis curia templum, 

Haec sacris sedes epulis: hie ariete caeso 

Perpetuis soliti patres considere mensis, 

Quin etiam veterum effigies ex ordine avorum 

Antiqua e cedro, Italusque, paterque Sabinus 

Vitisator, curvam servans sub imagine falcem; 

locus destinatus sacris conviviis: hie mactato ariete patres solebant sedere admensas longas. Im6 

prseterea stabant in vestibulo per ordinem imagines veterum patrum ex antiqua cedro, et Italus, 

et pater Sabinus plantator vitis, tenens in imagine falcem curvatam; 



eju- 

j y y ^ ,et tfosadduci intra domum, 
et sedet in avito solio, in me- 
dio suorum. Fuit in altissi- 
mkparte urbis domus mag- 
na, rnagnifica, educta cen- 
. ,_, turn columnis, palatium 
' Laurentis Pici, tremenda ob 
sylvas et religionem raajo- 
rum. Initium erat regibus, 
inde sumere sceptra, et eri- 
gere primos fasces: hsec cu- 
ia erat illis templum, hie 



NOTES. 



they were applied to the turrets and battle- 
ments in fortification, and here seem to sig- 
nify the parapet or defence on the outside 
of the rampart. 

163. Domitantque in pulvere currus. Currus 
here must mean the horses yoked in the 
chariot. 

164. Lenta, pliant, or easily shaken. 

165. Cursuque ictuque lacessunt. La Cerda 
understands, by cursu, the throwing of the 
javelin, which they darted in running for- 
ward, and by ictu, the shooting of the ar- 
row. But cursu refers to one sort of exer- 
cise mentioned before, viz. the horse or 
chariot races; and ictu comprehends the 
other, namely, the shooting and darting. 

172. Relligione. By this we understand all 
the religious monuments, images, groves, 
&c. that had been consecrated by the found- 
ers of the Laurentine family, together with 
the religious ceremonies that had been 
there performed, some of which he men- 
tions afterwards. 

174. Omen erat. This Ruseus, Dr. Trapp, 
and others, will have to be for initium erat, 
because auspicium, a word of the same im- 
port with omen, sometimes occurs in the 
sense of initium. But by these metonymies 
and substitutions they obscure and often 
explain away the spirit of the original. O- 
men erat may rather signify it was an omen, 
or a practice on which they laid the stress 
of religion, and on which they imagined 
their king's prosperity in some measure de- 
pended; so that they would have thought 
their consecration deficient, unless it had 
been performed in that particular place. 



174. Curia. The curia was a place where 
public concerns, curantur, were attended to, 
whether divine, as sacrifices; or human, as 
judgments, counsels and the like. 

176. Perpetuis considere mensis. The most 
ancient table-posture was that of sitting; 
luxury afterwards introduced that of lying 
on couches. The onensce perpetuce here men- 
tioned were tables extended from one end 
of the hall to the other, which are still used 
in countries where artless simplicity pre- 
vails. 

178. Antiqua, may signify durable, it being 
the quality of cedar not to corrupt. 

178. Italus. This Italus was an Arcadian 
prince who came to Italy. It is supposed he 
received divine honours after his death. 
The statues of the first old kings of Latium 
must have been peculiarly affecting to their 
posterity, the Roman people. 

178. Paterque Sabinus, the second king of 
Italy, founder of the Sabines, to whose 
country he gave his name. La Cerda makes 
a stop at Sabinus, and construes vitisator, 
curvam, i$c. with Satumusque senex, the 
sithe being the constant symbol of that god; 
and to him the plantation of the vine in Italy 
is ascribed by Ovid and other authors. 

179. Sub imagine. Servius explains it sub 
oculis. Dr. Trapp translates it very oddly in 
imagery, as if the poet had been apprehen- 
sive that it might be taken for a real sithe, 
and therefore would tell his reader it was 
but the image or appaarance of one. The 
meaning, no doubt, is, that the sithe hung 
down in his hand, and the statue was in a 
stooping posture looking at it. 



3 G 



410 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et senex Satumus, et effi- Saturnusque senex, Janique bifrontis imago, 180 

gies Jani bifrontis; et alii re- Vestibulo astabant: aliique ab online re^es, 

ges a prima origine, qui »-. .. . l ,, ° . 

certando propatril tolerant Martia qui ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi. 

vulnera bellica. Et prate- Multaque praeterea sacris in postibus arma, 

rea pendent circa sacra '"7 Captivi pendent currus, curvaeque secures, 184 

mina arma plunma, capti,- r . * • . • , 

currus, et curva secures, et Et crlstae capitum, et portarum mgentia claustra, 

crista capitum, et magna Spiculaque, clypeique, ereptaque rostra carinis. 

claustra portarum, et spicu- 1 pse Q u irinali lituo parvaque sedebat 

!Wta?%i? n£ SS Succinctus trabea, Isvaque ancile gerebat 

tor equorum, sedebat cwmPicus, equum domitor: quern capta cupidine conjux 

baculo Quirinali, et vestitus Aurea, percussum virga, versumque venenis, 190 

^rat^tSfp^; Fecit avem Circe, sparsitque coloribus alas. 

quem amatrix Circe, correp- 1 ah mtus templo Divtim, patnaque Latinus 

ta nimid cupiditate percus- Sede sedens, Teucros ad sese in tecta vocavit: 

sum aurea virga et transfor- A fa j n?ressis placido prior edidit ore: 

matum venenis fecit avem; \ fyj . r r 

et variavit coloribus ejus a- incite Dardanidae (neque enim nescimus et urbem 
las. Latinus sedens intra tale Et genus, auditique advertitis sequore cursum) 
templum Deorum et ayitara Q uid pet itis? quae causa rates, aut cuius egentes 
domura, accersivit Troia- r . r , » ?. 1 J , -,■> 

nos ad se sub tecta: et prior L # ltl is ad Ausonium tot per vada coerula vexitr 
dixit hac ore tranquillo Us Sive errore viae, seu tempestatibus acti, 
ingressis: O Trojani (ne-(Q ua ii a mu it a mari nautae patiuntur in alto) 
bem e er g enuTw^m,Tt Fluminis intrastis ripas, portuque sedetis; 
cogniti direxistis hue mari Ne fugite hoopitium: neve ignorate Latinos 
navigationem) dicite quid Saturni ^entem, hand vinclo nee legibus aequam, 
SfSLTSffi S'fiSponte sua, veterisque Dei se more tenentem. 
Italicum naves vestras, aut Atque equidem memini (fama est obscurior annis) 
cujus rei indigentes? Sive pulsi errore viarum, sive procellis (qualia multa navigantes tolerant 
per altum mare) ingressi estis ripas fluvii nostri, et statis in portu; ne fugiatis hoc hospitium: 
et ne nesciatis Latinos esse populum Saturni, non justum per vincula legum, sed sponte sua, et 
continentem se in consuetudine illius antiqui Dei. Et sane recorder {quanquam fama ilia minus 
nota est ob vetustatem) 



194, 



200 



NOTES. 



187. ghtirin ali lituo, an augural wand, such 
as Romulus used to wield, being skilled in 
augury, as we learn fi'oin Plutarch. It is 
therefore called quirinalis lituus, the wand 
of Romulus, by anticipation 

188. Succinctus trabea- Trabea was the au- 
gur's robe; broad trimmings of purple ran 
across it like beams, whence it had the 
name. It was short and narrow: for which 
reason Pic us is said to be succinctus parvd 
trabea. 

188. Ancile. This was a small shield and 
perfectly round, such as was said to have 
fallen from heaven in the reign of Nurna. 
Ovid describes such a one: 

Xdque ancile vocant quod ab omni parte 

recisum est, 
Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis ab- 

est. 

189. Conjux. Circe is called his wife, be- 
cause she aspired to that relation, in the 
same manner as Corcebus is called Priam's 
son-in-law, though he was never married to 
his daughter Cassandra, but only promised. 
So in the Eclogues Nisa's mistress is called 
conjux, and Dido's lovers maritos, JEn. IV, 



190. Aurea percussum virgd. The aurea 
here is to be read as if it were aura. Some 
read aurea in the nominative case, as refer- 
ring to Circe. So Venus, iEn. X. 16. is 
called Venus aurea. Others understand it as- 
in the ablative aurea <uirgd y as iEn. I. \72- 
aurea spondd. 

192- Intus templo, i. e. Intus in templo. 

198. Vada carula. Vada are shallows, 
places in the sea, or rivers where one may 
walk through, vadere. Here and elsewhere 
the word is put for the sea in general, un- 
less you choose rather to understand it of 
the dangers of the main. 

205. Obscurior annis. Scaliger explains it 
thus: Haud ita multi sunt anni, sed fama 
pervagata non est; the fact is more obscure 
than might be expected, considering how 
few years have since elapsed. But Virgil 
mentions it as a thing that had happened 
long ago, a tradition delivered down from 
the old Aurunci, who were the most ancient 
inhabitants of Italy; and several kings had 
actually reigned at Troy since Dardanus; 
so that his departure from Italy was both 
ancient and obscure. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



411 



220 



Auruncos ita ferre senes: his ortus ut agris 
pardanus Idaeas Phrygiae penetralia ad urbes, 
Threiciamq; Samum, quae nunc Samothracia fertur. 
Hinc ilium Cory tin Tyrrhena ab sede profectum 
Aurea nunc solio siellantis regia cceli 
Accipit, et numerum Divorum altaribus auget. 
Dixerat: ct dicta Ilioneus sic voce secutus: 
Rex, genus egrcgium Fauni: nee fluctibus actos 
Atra subegit hyems vestris succedere terris; 
Nee sidus regione viae, litusve fefellit. 
Consiiio banc onines animisque volentibus urbem 
Afferimur: puisi regnis, quae maxima quondam 
Extremo veniens Sol aspiciebat Olympo. 
Ab Jove principium generis, Jove Dardana pubes 
Gaudet avo: rex ipse Jovis de gente suprema, 
Troius i£neas tua nos ad limina misit. 
Quanta per Idaeos saevis effusa Mycenis 
Tempestas ierit campos; quibus actus uterque 
Europae atque Asiae fatis concurrent orbis: 
Audiit, et si quern tellus extrema refuso 
Submovet Oceano, et si quern externa plagarum 
Quatuor in medio dirimit plaga solis iniqui. 
Diluvio ex illo tot vasta per aequora vecti, 
Diis sedem exiguam patriis litusque rogamus 
Innocuum, et cunctis undamq; auramq; patentem 
Non erimus regno indecores: nee vestra feretur 
Fama ievis, tantique abolescet gratia facti: 
Nee Trojam Ausonios gremio excepisse pigebit. 
Fata per jEneae juro, dextramque potentem, 
Sive fide, seu quis bello est expertus et armis: 
Multi nos populi, multae (ne temne, quod ultrd 
Praeferimus manibus vittas ac verba precantum) 

tot maria immensa, poscimus pro Diis domesticis sedem angustam, et litus securum, et aquam 
atque aerem communem omnibus. Non erimus dedecori regno tuo, nee levis fama vestra inde 
habebitur, nee delebitur gratia tanti beneficii, nee poenitebit Italos admisisse sinu suo Trojam. 
Juro per fata JEnese; et per dextram ejus potentem, seu fide, seu bello et armis, si ulius ex- 
pertus est earn: multi populi, multae nationes, 



206 Aurunoos sencs ita nan-are: 
quomodo Dardanus, r.atus 
in his arvis, pervenit ad 
Idieas urbes PhrygifBi et ad 
Samum Thraciam, qu-<e 
9 jo nunc voeatur Samothracia, 
Nunc palatiuni aureum cce- 
li siderei excioit solio ilium 
hinc profectum e Tyrrhene 
urbe Corythi, et donatus 
aris auget numerum divo- 
rum. Dixerat: et Ilioneus 
215 sic respondit voce verbis 
ejus: Rex, eximia proles 
Fauni: nee nigra tempestas 
coegit nos agitatos mari in- 
trare in regnum vestrvtm; 
nee astrum, aut litus abdux- 
it nos a rectd regione viae. 
Omnes eonsulto et animis 
libentibus appellimur ad 
hanc urbem: ejecti regnis, 
qua? Sol oriens ex ultimo 
ccelo spectabat olim amplis- 
sima. lnitium nostra? stirpis 
225 est a Jove, Trojana juven- 
tus gloriatur Jove parente: 
rex JEneas Trojanus ipse e 
summa familia Jovis, misit 
nos ad tuam domum. Si ter- 
ra ultima celat aliquem in- 
terfuso oceano; si zona Solis 
torridi, porrecta in medio 
quatuor zonarum separat 
aliquem a ceteris homini- 
bus; is quoque audivit, quan- 
ta procella belli, erumpens 
e crudelibus Mycenis, perer- 
235 raveritagros lda?os; et quo 
fato geminus orbis Europse 
atque Asise commissus sit. 
Ab illo excidio, jactati per 



231 



NOTES. 



208. Samum. Ruaeus says, there were 
three places of this name The principal in 
the west of the Corinthian bay, in the sea 
of Ionia, now Cephalonia. 2. An inferior Sa- 
mos, in the west of Ionia, in the Icarian sea; 
and the smallest of all in the middle of 
Thrace opposite to the mouths of the river 
Hebrus. The first of these is alluded to, Mx\. 
III. 271. the second JEn. 1.20. and the last 
in this passage. 

212. Dicta Ilioneus sic voce secutus. Lite- 
rally, Ilioneus thus followed his words with his 
•voice. The idiom of the language will not 
admit a bare literal translation of these and 
the like poetical circumlocutions. 

212. Ilioneus is every where introduced as 
the speaker. In the first book, where he 
addresses Dido, he is styled Maxhnus Ilio- 



neus. This address on the arrival of the Tro- 
jans shows him, says Catrou, to be the com- 
plete orator It is not yEneas: it is Darda- 
nus (" Dardana pubes J himself who is re- 
turned to his country. It is he whom the 
oracles directed to search out the Tiber. 
It is Dardanus that offers these presents to 
Latin us. 

225. Iiefuso Oceano. Some take refuso for 
refluent, that ebbs and flows; but as the 
word signifies overflowing, expanded, or 
widely diffused, in other places of Virgil, 
that sense is to be preferred. 

225. Si quern-. Even the inhabitants of the 
frigid zone have heard, if such exist. 

237. Vittas. The olive boughs mentioned 
above, that were wrapped about with fil- 
lets. 



412 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et peticrunt, et volucrunt Et petiere sibi et voluere adjungere eentes. 

nos soeiare sibi: ne sper- c 1 c *. r\ a , • °. 

ne no* quia sponte por- Sed no f fata Deum ves . tras e xquirere terras 

tamus manibus tseiiias et Imperiis egere suis. Hinc Darclanus ortus, 240 

verba supplicantium. Seci Hue repetit: jussisque ingentibus urget Apollo 

jXZ%3B£^# r *««»* a(1 'ft brim ' et fontis vadasacra Numici - 

vestram. Dardanus hinc or- L»at tibi praeterea fortunae parva prions 

tus est, hue revertitur: et Munera, relliquias Troja. ex ardente receptas. 

Apollo magtus oraculis im- Hoc pater Anchises auro libabat ad aras: 245 

pelht nos ad rybnm lyr- IT £, . v 

rhenum, et ad fluenta sa- Hoc Friami gestamen erat, cum jura vocatis ^ 

era fontis Numici. Prsete- More daret populis, sceptrumque, sacerque tiaras, 

rea ^neas offerttibi exiguaHi a(mmque J a l )0r ves tes. 

dona prsetentse tortunai, re- r n ... i... .... . ,, ... 

liquias servatas e Troja in- Jahbus Ihonei dictis, defixa Latmus 

eensa. Anchises pater ejus Obtutu tenet ora, soloque immobilis haeret 250 

libabat hie patera saweh an- Intentos volvens oculos: nee purpura req-em 

te altaria: hie erat ornatus r>- , . *.-, • ?.'■; . v 

Priami, quando juxm con- Plcta niovet, nee sceptra movent Priameia tantum, 
suetudinemreddebatjuspo- Quantum in connubio natae thalamoque moratur, 
pulis convocatis, et seep- Et veteris Fauni volvit sub pectore sortem. 
ttgrSSS^ S£ Hunc ilium fatis externa a sede profectum 255 

liemm. Inter talm verba Iiio- Portendi generum, paribusque in regna vocari 
nei, Latinus tenet vultum Auspiciis: hinc progeniem virtute futuram 
h C „^s ££*&£ <T Egregiam, et totum qu* viribus occupet orbem. 
los attentos: nee purpura 1 andem laetus ait: Dii nostra mcepta secundent, 
colorata, nee sceptrum PH- Auguriumque suum. Dabitur, Trojane, quod optas. 
ami tam movetregem quam Munera nec S perno: non vobis, rege Latino, 261 

attenuitadcomuojmmetnup- ... * . _ '_ °. ■ . ' 

tiasfilice, et med'itaturin ani- Divitis uber agri, Trojaeye opulentia deent. 
mo oraculum an tiqui Fauni. Ipse modo Jineas (nostri si tanta cupido est, 
Hunc esse uium generum, §j i U noM hospitio properat, sociusque vocari) 

profectum e peregrin a re- A , J V ^ \ r r * -1 m y 

gione, destinatum fatis; et Adveniat; vultus neve exhorrescat amicos. 265 

hunc vocari in regnum se- Pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni. 
qua potestate: hinc oritu- y os contr £ re H mea nunc ma ndata referte. 
ram sobolem lllustrem vir- ^ . • , • , '-" . 

tutibus, et quae potentia sub- Est mitu nata, viro gentis quam jungere nostrae, 
jiciat totum orbem. Deni- Non patrio ex adyto sortes, non plurima coelo 
que l^tus ait: Dii prospera Monstra sinunt: generos externis affore ab oris, 270 
I±S^£tS&£ Hoc Latio restare canunt, qui sanguine nostrum 
concedetur tibi quod cupis. Nomen in astra ferant. Hunc ilium poscere fata 
Nec contemno dona vestra: regnante Latino, non deficiet vobis foecunditas divitis agri, aut abun- 
dantia Troja?. Tantummodo veniat ipse JEneas: si tantum est ipsi desiderium nostri, si prope- 
rat conjungi mecum jure hospitii, et appellari socius: et ne timeat vultus benevolos. Erit mihi 
pars foederis, tetigisse dextram regis. Vos vero jam reportate regi mea dicta. Est mihi filia, 
quam non oracula ex patrio sacrario, non multa prodigia e ccelo missa permittunt me sociare 
marito nationis nostrie. Edicunt hoc superesse Latio: nempe venturum esse generum e peregri- 
nis regionibus, qui posteritate sua extollat ad sidera nostrum nomen. Et opinor hunc ilium 
esse, quern fata petunt; 

NOTES. 

241. Repetit , not revertitur, as in Ruaeus, is transported at the thoughts of marrying 

but revocat or reposcit, as the connexion his daughter according to the direction of 

plainly shows, this being mentioned as one the gods. 

of the reasons which determined them to 262. Uber agri, the same as ubertas agri. 

settle in Italy. However, the sense is the It is a metaphor taken from the breasts, 

same; for Uioneus, like an orator, considers which are the conduits of nourishment. 
Dardanus as coming himself in person to re- 262. Troja opulentia, i. e. plenty and opu- 

demand, or again possess himself of Italy, lence, such as you enjoyed in Troy, 
his native country. . 266. Tyranni. Plato, Isocrates, and the 

257. Auspiciis. The characteristic of La- Greek tragic poets used the word tyrannus 

tinus is piety and a religious observance of for a good king. 

oracles, of which he here discovers a most 272. Hunc poscere. They call for him t» 

striking instance. He does not regard the execute their counsels, 
gifts nor story of the Trojans so much as he 



iENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



Et reor, et (si quid veri mens augurat) opto. 
Haec effatus, equos numero pater eligit omni. 
Stabant tercentum nitidi in praesepibus altis. 
Omnibus extemplo Teucris jubet ordine duci 
Instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis. 
Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent: 
Tecii auro fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum. 
Absenti vEneae currum geminosque jugales, 
Semine ab aethereo, spiruntes naribus ignem: 
Illorum de gente, patri quos Daedala Circe 
Supposita de matre nothos furata creavit. 
Talibus iEneadae donis dictisque Latini 
Sublimes in equis redeunt, pacemque reportant. 
Ecce autem Inachiis sese referebat ab Argis 
Saeva Jovis conjux, aurasque invecta tenebat: 
Et laetum ^Eneam, classemque ex aethere longe 
Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno. 
Moliri jam tecta videt, jam fidere terrae, 
Deseruisse rates: stetit acri fixa dolore: 
Turn quassans caput, haec eftudit pectore dicta: 
Heu stirpem invisam, et fatis contraria nostris 
Fata Phrygum! num Sigeis occumbere campis? 
Num capti potuere capi? num incensa cremavit 
Troja viros? medias acies, mediosque per ignes 
Invenere viam. At, credo, mea numina tandem 
Fessa jacent: odiis aut exsaturata quievi. 

lic,prce gravi dolore: deinde movens caput, emisit e pectore hsec verba: Vah gentem odiosam, 
et fata Trojanorum opposita voluntati mece! An 'potuerunt perire in campis Sigeis? an capti 
potuerunt capi? an Troja combusta combussit homines? Ergo repererunt iter per medios exer- 
citus et medias flammas? At opinor, mea potestas denique jacet lassa: aut satiata deposit 
odium. 



et. id eupio, si mea mens con- 
jicit aliquh] veri. Hicc locu- 
tus pater, elegit c.juos ex 

*' 5 omni multitudine. Trecenti 
bene curat i erantin altis sta- 
bulis. Statim imperat equbsj 
coopertos purpura et varia- 
tis stni-nlis, dari singulis 
Trojanis per ordinem: au- 

23Q rex phaleras pendent derais- 
sse in pectora: tecti auro 
mordent sub dentibus aurum 
rutilum. Imperat dari iEnese 
absenti curium et geminos 
eguos jugales, ex origine 
^ ccclesti, exhalantes ignem 

285 naribus; de stirpe illorum, 
quos iugeniosa Circe, suftu- 
rata patri suo Soli, creave- 
rat nothos e matre suppo- 
sita. Trojani post talia mu- 
tt era et verba Latini re- 

29Qvertuntur excelsi in equis, 
et referunt pacem. Ecce 
autem aspera uxor Jovis 
referebat se ab Argis I- 
nachiis, et ibat elata per 
aerem, et procul ab usque 
Pachyno Siculo videt ex 

295 aere laetum JEneam et clas- 
sem Trojanam. Videt Tro- 
janos jam struere domos, 
jam conftdere regioni, reli- 
quisse naves: stetit affixa il- 



NOTES. 



275. In prxsepibus altis. Virgil hardly ever 
mentions a horse, but he takes occasion to 
dwell for some time on the beauty, furni- 
ture or other circumstances belonging to 
this noble animal. The joy of Turnus at 
seeing his horses approach is shared by the 
poet himself, and will be by every reader of 
taste. Virgil has done justice to an animal 
for which it is plain he had a particular love 
and esteem. 

282. Bjedala; ingenious, crafty, as was 
Daedalus. Lucretius says 1. 1. of Venus, 

Tibi sua vis Daedala. 
The word seems derived from $xi$a\\o> I 
act skilfully. 

285. Pacemque reportant. Though repor- 
tant may signify report, as Dr. Trapp has 
translated it, yet it appears to be a finer 
idea, to consider peace as a person whom 
they bring along with them as one of their 
train. 

286. Inachiis Argis. There were several 
cities in Greece named Argos; this is dis- 
tinguished from the rest by the epithet Ina- 
chiis, the city where Inachus reigned: it 
was in the Peloponnesus, near Mycenae. 

294. Num Sigeis, tfc. Literally, Were 
they capable of being overthrown in the 



plains of Sigeum? Juno speaks as if nothing 
less than the miraculous protection of the 
gods, who were opposed to her, could have 
saved them amidst such havoc and desola- 
tion of fire and sword. Dr. Trapp has suc- 
ceeded very well in translating this pas- 
sage: 

Could even the conquer'd fall 
In Phrygian fields? Could even th' enslav'd. 

be slaves, 
And Troy, consum'd in flames, the Tro* 

jans burn? 
295. Capti potuere capi? An imitation of a 
low passage in Ennius: 
Nee cum capta capi, nee cum combusta 
cremari. 
This playing upon words is much like that 
of Milton, 

and unfrequented left 

His righteous altar, bowing lowly down 
To bestial gods, for which their heads as 

lona 
Bow' d down in battle. 
298. Odiis aut exsaturata quievi. The con- 
struction may either be exsaturata odiis, 
glutted with spite, cloyed with resentment, 
I have now at length given over; or quievi 
odiis, i.e. cessavi ab odiis. 



414 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Imo etiam ausa mm per- Q u i n etiam patria excussos infesta per undas 

pXos '^triaTtloto'mm-i Ausa scqui, et profugis toto me opponere ponto. 300 

me objicere Us exulibus. Absumptae in Teucros vires coelique marisque. 

Vires cceli et maris con- Quid Syrtes, aut Scylla mihi, quid vasta Charybdis 

ST&MSJSi P ™^ T a - t0 ~"dunt_ur Tybridis alveo, 

Syrtes, aut Scylla, aut mag- aecuri pelagi atque mei. Mars perdere gentem 

na Charybdis? teguntur al- Immanem Lapithum valuit: concessit in iras 305 

^°S^I y mf^JP^ De ^ antiquam genitor Calydona Dian*: 

potuit evertere crudeiem ^uoa scelus, aut Lapithis tantum, aut Calydone me- 

aationem Lapitharum: ipse rente? 

pater Ueorum permisit fu- Ast ego, magna Jovis conjux, nil linquere inausum 

ron Dianae veterem Caly- ^ _ ° ' . .?- ,; J ' . ^ . "*««* 

dona: quam tantam pcenam ^ U3e P otl " intelix, quae memet in omnia verti; 
sceleris merentibus Lapithis Vincor ab iEnea.. Quod si mea numina non sunt 310 
aut Calydone? Sed ego, Magna satis, dubitem haud equidem implorare quod 

magna uxor Jovis, quae po- " *■ r *i 

tui "nihil omittere intenta- usquam est: 

turn, quaj con verti me in Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo. 

omnia, superor ab JEneL Non dabitur reernis festo) prohibere Latinis, 

Quod si mea divinitas non a^.,„ :^_^4. " \ r . • r 

est satis potens; non sane Atque immota manet fatis Lavinia conjux: 

tfubitabo invocare qnicquid At trahere, atque moras tantis licet addere rebus; 315 

usquam est: si non possum At licet amborum populos exscindere reerum. 

SffiSS^'SSSf*' gener atque socer coeam tnercede suorunu 

mittetur w/Aiarcere eos ab Sanguine 1 rojano et Rutulo dotabere, virgo: 

regno Latini; et Lavinia fatis Et Bellona manet te pronuba. Nee face tantum 

destinatur JEnez uxor cer- 

tissima: sed licet differre, et adhibere moras tantis rebus; sed licet evertere populos utriusque 
regis. Gener et socer faciant facdus hoc prsemio suorum. Puella habebis pro dote sanguinem 
Trojanum et Rutulum: et Bellona destinatur tibi pronuba. 

NOTES. 

299. Quin etiam. This is by way of answer 307. Shied see lus, &?c. Scelus here is put 

to what goes before. To prove (says she) for poena sceleris. Other copies read the 

that my power is not quite baffled, ausa sum verse thus: 

sequi et opponere me; and to show that my Quod scelus, aut Lapithas, tantum, aut 

resentment was not glutted, that I wanted Calydona merentem? 

not good will to ruin them, I pursued them In the accusative, to be governed by con- 

infesta, with a hostile mind. cessit. 

299. Excussos. This rs a metaphor taken 308. Nil linquere inausum potui. This, we 

from a person's being tossed or thrown out think, is equivalent to potui omnia tentare, or 

of a chariot. audere. Servius and other critics make much 

304. Mars perdere valuit. All the gods had ado about the force of the verb potui in this 
been invited to the marriage of Pirithous place, and conclude that it is of the same 
king of the Lapithx, except Mars. He, in import with reliqui nil inausum.. 

revenge for such an indignity, stirred up 311. §hiod usquam est, i. e. Shiod, or quic- 

the Centaurs against them, who ravaged quid numinum usquam est. 

their country. 312. Movebo may signify, I will prevail on, 

305. Immanem. This word signifies ei- or persuade, 
ther brutal, or of monstrous size. Both these 319. Bellona manet tepronuba, i. e. Bellona 
epithets agree to the people here mention- will conduct you to the husband whom they 
ed, but the latter of them suits best with design for you. What gives a particular em- 
the design of the speech, which is to magni- phasis to this expression is, that Juno her- 
fy the power of Mars in destroying so pow- self was the Pronuba, the goddess who pre- 
erful an enemy. sided over marriage. It may be proper to 

306. Antiquam. This adjective seems add, that Bellona was the goddess of war. 
here, and in some other places, to signify She was called by the Greeks Enyo. She 
dear, favourite. prepared the chariot of Mars when he was 

306. Calydona. Oeneus king of Calydon, going to war, and appeared in battles arm- 

in JEtolia, having paid his homage to all the ed with a whip, to animate the combatants, 

deities, except Diana, the goddess, provo- Her hair was dishevelled, and a torch was 

ked by his neglect, sent a wild boar, which in her handi The Romans paid her great 

laid waste his whole country, till by his son veneration. 
Meleagerthe savage was slain. 



^NEIDOS LIB. VII. 



x 413 



Gisseis praegnans ignes enixa jugales: 
Quin idem Veneri partus suus, et Paris alter, 
Funestaeque iterum recidivain Pergama taedae 
Haec ubi dicta dedit, terras horrenda petivit. 
Luctificam Alecto dirariun ab sede sororum 
Infernisque ciet tenebris: cui tristia bella, 
Iraeque, insidiaeque, et crimina noxh cordi. 
Odit et ipse pater Pluton, odere sorores 
Tartarean monstrum: tot sese vertit in ora, 
Tam ssvae facies, tot pullulat atra colubris. 
Quam Juno his acuit verbis, ac talia fatur: 
Hunc mihi da proprium, virgo sata nocte, laborem, 
Hanc operam: ne noster honos, infractave cedat 
Fama loco; neu connubiis ambire Latinum 
^Eneadae possint, Italosve obsidere fines. 
Tu potes unanimes armare in praelia fratres, 3 

Atque odiis versare domos: tu verbera tectis 
Funereasque inferre faces: tibi nomina mille, 
Mille nocendi artes: fcecundum concute pectus, 
Disjice compositam pacem, sere crimina belli: 
Arma velit, poscatque simul, rapiatque juventus 
Exin Gorgoneis Alecto infecta venenis 
Principio Latium et Laurentis tecta tyranni 



320 Nee solum HecubafiliaC'issci 
gravida peperit faces conju- 
gates: Veneri etiam suus hli- 
us erit idem, et alter Paris, 
et fax iterum pernieiosa 
contra Trojara rccidivam. 

„„_ Fostquam protulit hsec ver- 
ba, descendit tremenda in 
terras. Excitat ex dome- di- 
rarum sororum et infernis 
umbris Alecto luctuosam; 
cui bella tristia, et irse, et in- 
sidise, et crimina pernieiosa 

330 sunt cordi. Ipse etiam pater 
Pluton aversatur hoc mon- 
strum, aversantur sorores 
infernte: tot convertit se in 
species, tam crudeles sunt 
figurse ejus, tot dira produ- 

_ cit serpentes. Juno animat 

°°5 eam his verbis, et loquitur 
talia: O virgo filia Noctis, 
concede mihi hunc laborem 
proprium, hoc officium: ne 
nostra gloria, vel fama vic- 
ta, cedat locum; et ne Tro- 

340Jani possint circum venire 
Latinum prcetextu conjugii, 
et invadere regionem Ita- 
liam. Tu potes commovere 
in pugnas fratres conjunc- 



Celsa petit, tacitumque obsedit hmen Amatae. 

Quam super adventu Teucrum, Turniq; hymenals, SCVSCdSSfc 

Foemineae ardentem curaeq; iraeque coquebant. 345 verbera et mortiferas tcedas: 

tibi sunt mille species et mille artes nocendi: concita animum fertilem, disturba pacem confec- 
tara, semina causas belli: j'ac ut juventus velit arma, simulque petat, et corripiat ea. Postea 
Alecto imbuta venenis Medusaeis, prim6 adit Latium et altam domum regis Laurentis, et ob- 
sidet portas quietas Amatse: quam fceminea solicitudo et ira cruciabat, flagrantem ob adventum 
Trojanorum et nuptias Turni. 



NOTES. 



320. Cisse'is, Hecuba, PriamVqueen, the 
daughter of Cisseus, king 1 of Thrace. She 
dreamed that she brought forth a firebrand, 
and her dream was accomplished in her be- 
ing delivered of Paris, who kindled the war 
which destroyed his country. 

321. Veneri partus. .Eneas, the son of Ve- 
nus was about to become another Paris, ano- 
ther torch to destroy. These lines are strong 
to the last degree, and come with weight; 
from a deity of Juno's dignity. They are 
indeed a preparative adequate to the san- 
guinary war which takes up the ensuing 
fSxt of the poem. 

323. Terras pethit. Some understand by 
this that Juno went down to the infernal 
regions; but this is not said in the text. 
Terras petivit only intimates that she alight- 
ed on the earth from the air, where she had 
been hovering over the Trojan fleet; and, 
without making a journey to hell, she called 
forth the fury Alecto. 

331- Proprium. This task which peculiar- 
ly belongs to you: so it would seem the 
word ought to be understood in this^place. 



337. Nomina, Pretexts, as in other places. 
See .En. IV. 172. How like the confession 
of the demon to Jesus Christ: " My name 
is Legion, for we are many." 

339. Disjice. Pierius assures us that all 
the ancient manuscripts read dissice instead 
of disjice. 

339. Crimina belli, the crimes or criminal 
causes of war. 

341. Exin, says Donatus, is exeotnomen- 
to. The Fury stays not to make reply, but 
is so bent on mischief, that, as soon as de- 
sired, she obeys. 

341. Gorgoneis venenis. Poisons like those 
of the serpents with which the head of the 
Gorgon Medusa was embraced. 

343. Taciturn: sine strepitu. Where a. 
mournful silence reigned, says Donatus, be- 
cause she had heard that her daughter was 
to be given away to iEneas. 

345. Famines, &c Literally, Female 
cares and wrathful passions tortured her in- 
flamed. The cur <e refer to the match, and 
the tree to the arrival of the Troi'ans. 



416 / P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Dea injicit ei coiubrum u-Huic Dea cceruleis unum de crinibus anguem 

nuni e capillis cceruleis, etr* •: •«. • r j • <• if'. 

submittit in sinum usque ad Con Jicit ? inque sinum praecordia ad mtima subdit: 
profundum cor: ut acta in Quo furibunda domum monstro permisceat omnera, 
furorem per id monstrum Hie inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus 

~bSS^g?5^JK ™ vitur at . taclu null °' Wlitque mrentcm: 350 

Jeve, serpit nullo tactu, et Vipeream inspirans aniniam: fit tortile collo 

subrepit furenti infundens Aurum ingens coluber, fit longae taenia vittae, 

halitum vipereum: magnus i nne ctitque comas, et membris lubvicus errat. 

■tile coluber fit aureus tor- * j ■ , , , , w»«u. 

ques circa collum, fit taenia Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno 

longae vittse, et implicat ca- Pertentat sensus, atque ossibus implicat ignem, 355 

pillos, et lubricus vagatur Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam; 

per membra, tit qmaem ■** ,,. \ ,. r , , 

dum prima pestis submissa MolIlu s, et solito matrum de more, locuta est, 
humido veneno movet sen-Multa super nata lachrymans, Phrygiisq; hymenaeis: 
sus et immiscet flammas Exulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris, 

ossibus, et n on dum animus,-. ■ • ■> . ', -^ 

excepit incendium toto pec- ° genitor? nee te miseret, nataeque, tuique? 36(5 

tore: turn locuta est tran- Nee matris miseret: quam primo Aquilone relinquet 
quillius et solita consuetu- Perfidus, alta petens, abducta vir^ine praedo? 

1SEF?J2£?%&* r U Sic Phry § iuS Penetrat ^^^on. pastor, 

nas: O pater, an Lavinia da- Ledaeamque Helenam Trojanas vexit ad arces? 

tur ducenda Trojanis? nee Quid tua sancta fides, quid cura antiqua tuorum, 365 

miseret te et filia, et tm? Et consangu i ne o toties data dextera Turno? 

nee miseret te matns; quam ,,. & K ■ . . . T . , v 

perfidus ills pnedo deseret =>i gener externa petitur de gente Latmis 
primo vento, abiens mari, Idque sedet, Faunique premunt te jussa parentis: 
abrepta virgme? Nonnepas- o mnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris 
tor Phrvgius sic mtravit r*. •;.•■•- A •'*'*•■'■¥<• ~~~ 

Spartam; et sic abstulit He- Dissidet, externam reor; et sic dicere Divos. 370 

lenam Ledsefiliamin urbem Et Turno, si prima domus repetatur origo, 
Trojanam? Quid erit tua i nac h us Acrisiusque patres, mediaeque Mycenae. 

sacra fides, quid antiquum Tr . , . ^ \. . V • 

studium tuorum, et dextra Hls ul ^ x nequicquam dictis experta, Latmum 

toties data cognato Turno? Contra stare videt; penitusque in viscera lapsum 

Si qussritur Latinis gener e Serpentis furiale malum, totamque pererrat: 375 

gente alien a, et id statu turn 

est, et mandate patrisFauni urgent te; certe existimo alienam regionem earn omnem, qusenon 
subdita dominationi nostra? separatur a nobis; et existimo sic Deos loqui. Prseterea si requiratur 
prima origo familite Turnii; patres Turni sunt Inacbus et Acrisius, et media Grtecia. Postquam 
frustra aggressa bis verbis Latinum, oernit eum contra persistere: et postquam furiosum vene- 
nura colubri intime lapsum est in viscera, et penetrat earn totam: 

NOTES. 

346. Cceruleis, of serpentine hue,' cceruleus Sublapsa vetustas. 

being the colour of serpents, which are 360. genitor. Not her own father, but 

streaked with bluish spots, as JEn. V. 87. the father of Lavinia, that is Latinus. She 

Cccrulese cui terga notae, &c. calls him by the most tender name of father, 

350. Attactu nullo, without any percepti- .thus making an address to his paternal af- 

ble touch. fection, that, if he had any feelings of com- 

S52.Tania, the extreme part of the vitta. passion, they might be moved in behalf of 

354. Sublapsa, &c. Ruseus, Dr. Trapp, his daughter, 

and most interpreters, construe udo veneno 361. Aquilone. Properly the north wind, 

with sublapsa, gliding beneath the humid but here, as frequently, employed for any 

poison. But we cannot help thinking it wind. 

agrees better, and is more intelligible when 363. Pastor. Paris. See Horace, Ode 15, 

joined with pertentat sensus. It is the nature book I. 

of serpents to leave humidity, or a kind of Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus, &c 

infectious slime, where they pass; and, as 365- Consanguineo. He was the son of the 

the motion of this serpent was downward, nymph Venilia, Amata's sister, 

hence sublapsa is properly used. Besides 372. Inachus, Acrisiusque. Acrisius, one 

sublapsa may signify, gently, or insensibly of the descendants of Inachus, was the last 
gliding, as Mn. XII. 686. 



^NEIDOS LIB. VII. 



417 



Turn vero infelix, ingentibus excita monstris, 

Immensam sine more furit lymphata per urbem: 

Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo, 

Quern pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum 

Intenti ludo exercent. llle actus habena 

Curvatis fertur spatiis: stupet inscia lurba, 

Impubesque man us, mi rata volubile buxum: 

Dant animus plagae. Non cursu segnior illo 

Per medias urbes agitur, populosque feroces. 

Quin etiam in sylvas,.simulato numine Bacchi, 

Ma jus adorsa nefas, maioremque orsa furorem, 

Evolat: et natam frondosis morbus abdit, ^SKSiTSSft 

Quo thalamum eripiat Teucns, tsedasque moretur: populos f'urentes. Im6 pra- 

Evoe Bacche fremens, solum te virgine dignum terea, ausa grandius crimen 

Vociferans. Etenim molles tibi sumere thyrsos, 390 e ,t.orsa majorem furorem, 

Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem, 

Fama volat: furiisque accensas pectore matres 

Idem omnes simul ardor agit nova quaerere tecta 

Deseruere domos: vends dant colla comasque: 

Ast alia tremulis ululatibus aethera complent, 

Pampineasque gerunt incinctas pellibus hastas. 

Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum 

Sustinet, ac natse Turnique canit hymen aeos, 

hnasinem, alere coraam dicatam tibi: et eadem cupiditas impellit simul omnes matres inflamina- 

tas furiis in pectore, ad quosrendas domos novas. Reliquerunt domos: prsebent' ventis colla et 

capillos: alige autem implent aerem tremulis clamoribus, etinduta? pellibus gestant hastas orna- 

tas pampino. Ipsa regina in medio furiosa tenet pinum flammantem, et canit nuptias filue sua 

et Tumi, 



tunc vero misera, commo- 
ta nutgnis monstris, sasvit 
ultra modum i'uriosa per 
vastam urbem: quemadmo- 
dum aliquantlo turbo eursi- 

380 tans sub torto flagello, quern 
pueri vacantes ludo agitant 
in magnum orbem circa a- 
tria spatiosa. Ille impulsus 
flagello vagatur sinuosis spa- 
fiis; turba ignara obstupescrt, 
et agmcn impube mii-atur 

385 buxum versatile: ictus adji- 
ciuntvim buxo. liegina non. 



abit in sylvas, sub Acta reli- 
gione Bacchi, et occultat fi- 
liara in montibus umbrosis: 
ut auferat hoc conjugium 
Trojanis, aut retardet ntfp- 
tias, fremens Evoe Bacche: 
395 damans teunum dignum es- 
se puella, 6 Bacche. Et ve- 
ro rumor spargitur, puellam 
gestare pro te thyrsos tene- 
ros, circuire choris tuam 



NOTES. 



king of Argos, whence he, or his grandson 
Perseus, transferred the seat of empire to 
Mycenae. His daughter Danae, thrown into 
the sea by her father's order in a wooden 
chest, says the fable, was wafted by the 
winds and tides to the coasts of Italy; there 
she landed and married Pilumnus, who was 
one of Turnus' ancestors. - 

376. Ingentibus excita monstris. The effect 
of the poison of the Fury on her imagina* 
tion, made her see a thousand monsters 
which frighted her to distraction. 

377. Lymphata. Lymphatus is thought by 
interpreters to express the hydrophobia, 
that sort of fury with which those are seized 
who have been bitten by a mad dog, and 
whose madness, when it comes to its 
height, is accompanied with a horror at wa- 
ter: and accordingly they derive it from 
lymph a, water. 

378. Turbo. Wharton is of opinion, that 
notwithstanding Virgil has taken infinite 
pains to raise this low image of the top 
by describing it in the most elegant and 
choice expressions, it is still an object too 
mean to have place in an epic poem. Pitt 
has succeeded well in translating it: 

So the gay striplings lash in eager sport, 
A top in giddy circles round a court. 
In rapid rings it whirls and spins aloud, 



Admir'd with rapture by the blooming 

crowd; 
From every stroke flies humming o'er the 

ground, 
And gains new spirit as the blows go 
round. 
Tibullus uses the same figure, El. 5. 1. 1. 
Namque agor, &c. 

382. Buxum, box wood, of which tops are 
made. 

383. Dant animos plague. Notwithstand- 
ing what Dr. Trapp alleges, we cannot but 
think Mr. Dryden has hit upon the true im- 
port of this expression; a sense which for 
elegance is justly preferable to any other. 

390. Thyrsos. The thyrsus was a kind of 
spear wrapped about with vine and ivy 
leaves, which Bacchus and his retinue of 
Bacchanals used to wear. 

391. Te lustrare choro. Most of the ancient 
manuscripts read choros; but the sense is 
the same. The Bacchanals used to dance 
round the image of Bacchus. 

391. Sacrum tibi pascere crinem,. It was a 
common practice among the Romans and 
other nations, for young maids to consecrate 
their hair to some divinity, and never to cut 
it except a short time before their marriage, 
when they suspended it in the temple of 
that deity in whose horiour they had pre- 
served it. 



H 



418 / P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

volvens oculos sangu'molen- Sanguineam torquens aciem: torvumque repente 

& Io^s'SSTauSke Clamilt: lo m " treS > aUcHte . Ubl W*<1™> L ^inae. 400 
omnes ubicunque 'eltis: si Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae 
quis amor restat piis ariimis Gratia, si juris materni cura remordet: 
erga n.iseram Amatam, si Solv i te C ri»ales vittas, capite orgia mecum. 

soilicitat i>os cum auetonta- ~ , . ^ r , ° r 

tis matemas, resolvite twnias Talem inter sylvas, inter deserta ferarum, 
capillorum, celebrate me- Reginam Alecto stimulis agit undique Bacchi. 405 
cum orgia. Sic undique per p stquam visa satis primos acuisse furores, 
sylvas, per deserta ferarum, r , ., r . t ,. . 

Alecto impellit reginam fu- Consiliumque omnemque domum vertisse Latini: 
riis Baccbi. Postquam Dea Protinus hinc fuscis tristis Dea tollitur alis 
funcsta visa est sibi satis sti- Audacis '.- utuli ad muros: quam dicitur urbem 

mulavisse pnraas iras, et A . • •• r\ •• r j^ i A\n 

turbasse omnem famiiiam Acnsioneis Danae mndasse colonis, 41® 

atque consilium Latini: sta- Praecipiti delata Noto: locus Ardua quondam 

tim aufertur nigris alis inde Dictus avis, et nunc magnum manet Ardea nomen, 

grStlSi/SffiW fortuna fuit. Tectis hie Turnus in altls 

condidisse eivibus Acrisio- Jam mediam nigra, carpebat nocte quietem. 

neis, hue advecta celeri ven- Alecto torvam faciem et furialia membra 4 1 5 

&*E*$ff&^E«fc in ™ ltus sese transformat aniles, 

nunc nomen insigne restat kt frontem obscoenam rugis arat: mduit albos 

Ardea. Sed casus ita tu- Cum vitta crines: turn ramum innectit olivae. 

lit. ill.c Turnus tenebrosa Fit Calybe j unon is anus, templique sacerdos: 

nocte lam capiebat medium „, J . 7 , , . r l .. „ ,__ 

somnum in sublimi doma Et juveni ante oculos his secum vocibus oftert: 420 

Alecto deponit ssevum vul- Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores, 

tum, et membra furiosa: £ t tua Dardaniis transcribi sceptra colonis? 

mutat se in speciem vetulse, n ... . . '* j . 

et sukat rug-is frontem fe! ^ ex tibi conjugium et quaesitas sanguine dotes 
dam: assum'it capiiios albos Abnegat, externusque in regnum quaeritur haeres. 

cum tenia: tum implicat Us 

eoronam olivse. Fit Calybe, vetula Junonis, et saeerdos ejus templi: et exbibet se juveni prse 
oculis cum iis verbis: Turne, an feres tot labores abire frustra, et tua regna transmitti Trojanis 
advenis? Rex abnuit tibi matrimonium et prtemia parata sanguine, et hseres peregrinus quseritur 
ad regnum. 

NOTES. 

400. lo. lo is a word expressive of any of JEn. II. 325. Fuimus Troes fuit Ilium, which 

the affections of the heart, as grief, joy, &c. imports: _ The Trojans once were; Ilium 

405. Vittas. Those fillets which matrons once was, but is now no more. What con- 

and virgins (but harlots never) wore. So firms me in this interpretation is, that the 

Ovid de Arte, 1. 1. phrase is used in the same sense elsewhere, 

Este procul vitta: tenues, insigne pudoris. as JEn. III. 16. 

412. Ardea. Formerly, as Virgil remarks, Hospitium antiquum Trojse, socii que re- 
called Ardua. It was a town of Latium nates, 

built by Danae, or, according to some, by "Dam fortuna fuit. 

a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the ca- And JEn. X. 43. 

pital of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on Speravimus ista, 

iire, and the inhabitants publicly reported Dum fortuna fuit. 

that the city had been changed into a bird 414. yam mediam, &c. Literally, he was 

called by the Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, now enjoying the middle of his rest in the 

and became a rich and magnificent city, black night. 

rendered famous for its enmity to Rome. 417. Hug is arat. She ploughs her face 

413. Sed fortima fuit All the interpreters with wrinkles. Ovid expresses himself in 
explain this to mean no more than forte, or a similar manner: 

ita evenit, and construe it with the follow- Jam veniens ruga qua: tibi corpus arent. 

ing words, Tectis hie Turnus, izfe. But tins And again, 

appears exceedingly hat: besides, it makes jamque meos vultus ruga senilis arat. 

sed a mere expletive. We rather suppose it 421. Incassum fusos. Ut in irritum cadant, 

to refer to Ardea beforementioned, which, says Servius; labores, your toils in assisting 

though once flourishing and illustrious, was king Latinus, and fighting his battles. 

now doomed to be destroyed by JEneas; 422. Transcribi. See the note on JEn V 

taking Fortuna fuit iri the same sense as 750. 



jENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



419 



I nunc, ingratis offer te, irrise, periclis: 

Tyrrhenas, i, sterne acies: tege pace Latinos. 

Haec aded tibi me, placida cum nocte jaceres, 

Ipsa palam fari omnipotens Saturnia jussit. 

Quare age, et armari pubem portisque moveri 

Lactus in arma para: et Phrygios, qui flumine pulchro quilU nocte."*A 



Consedere, duces, pictasque exure carinas. 
Ccelestum vis magna jubet. Rex ipse Latinus, 
Ni dare conjugium, et dicto parere fatetur, 
Sentiat, et tandem Turnum experiatur in armis. 
Hie juvenis vatem irridens, sic orsa vicissim 
Ore refert: Classes invectas Tybridis alveo, 
Non, ut rere, meas effugit nuntius aures: 
Ne tantos mihi tinge metus: nee regia Juno 
Immemor est nostri. 

Sed te victa situ, verique effoeta senectus, 
O mater, curis nequicquam exercet; et arma 
Regum inter, falsa vatem formidine ludit. 
Cura tibi, Divum effigies et templa tueri: 
Bella viri pacemque gerant, queis bella gerenda 
Talibus Alecto dictis exarsit in iras. 
At juveni oranti subitus tremor occupat artus, 
Diriguere oculi: tot Erinnys sibilat hydris, 
Tantaque se facies aperit. Turn flammea torquens 
Lumina, cunctantem et quae rente m dicere plura 

Reppulit, et geminos erexit erinibus angues, 450 tibi custodire simulacra et 

Verberaque insonuit, rabidoque hsec addidit ore: templa Deorum: viri, quibus 

bella debent esse curse, ad- 
ministrent bella. Alecto erupit in furorem talibus verbis. At repentinus tremor invadit membra 
juvenis loquentis: oculi cohorruerunt: tot colubris sibilat furia, tarn horrendum vultus ejus ex- 
hibet se. Turn Alecto contorquens oculos ignitos, repulit morantem et parantem loqui plura s 
et extulit duos colubros, et sonuit flagello, et adjecit hsec ore furio^o: 



425 } modo, illuse, expone te 
inutilibus pcriculis: i, supera 
Tuscos exercitus, protege 
pace Latinos. Ipsa autem 
omnipotens Jwio filia Satur- 
ni palam jussit me dicei'e 
hrcc tibi, dum dermis tran- 
ge igitur, et 

431 lietus cura juventutem ar- 
mari et emitti portis ad bel- 
lum: et suceende duces 
Phrygios, qui sederunt ad 
pulchrum fluvium, et pictas 

435 naves. Magna potestas Deo- 
rum hoc imperat. Ipse rex 
Latinus, nisi consentit confi- 
cere matrimonium, et stare 
promissis, sentiat et experi- 
atur denique Turnum in bel- 
lo. Turn juvenis ridens va- 

440 tern, ita vicissim ore reponit 
verba: Non, ut putas, nun- 
cius ille fugit meas aures, 
classem ingressam esse flu- 
vium Tybrim: ne mihi finge 
tantas causas timendi, regi- 

445 na Juno non est oblita nos- 
tri Sed, 6 mater, senectus 
fracta annis et imbecilla ad 
cognoscendam veritatem 
frustra agitat te curis, et de- 
cipit vatem falso timore su- 
per bellis regum. Cura sit 



NOTES. 



427.IT<ec adeo. The difficulty of exact 
translation lies in nothing more than in ren- 
dering the precise meaning of the parti- 
cles. It is not easy to fix that of adeo in this 
place. Servius joins it with jussit, adeo au- 
tem, valde scilicet jussit, and quotes Te- 
rence, adolescentem adeo nobilem. But the 
two cases are by no means parallel. 

440. Victa situ. Situs signifies properly 
squalor or mustiness growing upon old walls 
and damp places; here put for the squalor, 
deformity, or, as Dr. Trapp renders it, the 
rust of old age. 

440. Verique effceta. Effceta is said of a 
woman who is superannuated and past 
childbearing. Instead of barren^ Dr. Trapp 
renders it impotent of truth. 

446. Tremor occupat artus. Juvenal was 
particularly struck with this description. 
He singles it out from all other instances as 
a passage in which Virgil had exerted his 
genius in the greatest degree: 

Qualis Rutulurn confundat Erinnys 

Nam si Virgilio puer et tolerabile desit 



Hospitium, cederent omnes & erinibus 

Hydri 
Surda nihil gemeret grave buccina. 

Sat . 7. 

447. Erinnys. A common name of the fu- 
ries. 

448. Tantaque se facies aperit. " The whole 
description is perhaps the most sublime and 
spirited of all the iEneid. The circum- 
stances of her changing her assumed ap- 
pearance into her real terrible personage. 
Her enlarging and spreading to sight; the 
hissing of the serpents round her head; the 
rolling of her eyes; snatching two serpents 
from her head, clanging her sounding whip, 
and throwing the torches into his breast to 
inflame him, are all conceived in the loftiest 
and liveliest manner imaginable. The ex- 
pression here tantaque se facies aperit always 
used to strike me very particularly, and I 
always used to fancy that it meant the ap- 
pearance of a horrid face that grew larger 
and larger to the troubled mind of the per- 
son who beheld it." 

Spence, 



420 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Ecce ego sum ilia obrata En ego victa situ, quam veri effcEta senectus 
t&E%XX2gJZ*™ inter regum falsa formidine ludit. 

rum decipit faiso metu in-Respice ad haec: adsum dirarum ab sede sororum: 

ter bella regum. Attende ad Bella manu, letumque gero. 45 5 

ista: yenio e domo sororum Sic ff t fe : f con j ec it, et atro 

tunestarum: fero in mambus , - r- • i 

bella et mortem. Sic locuta Lumme mmantes nxit sub pectore taedas. 

torquet tscdam mjuvenem, Olli somnum ingens rupit pavor: ossaque etartus 

et figit sub pectore faces fa- p er f u dit toto proruptus corpore sudor. 

mantes nigra luce. Magnus A l c .' * . . . Ag .^ 

timor abstulit illi somnum: Arma amens frcmit, arma toro tectisque requint. 460 

et sudor profusi is toto corpo-Ssevit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli, 

rerigavit etossaet membra. i ra super. Magno veluti cum flamma sonore 

i«e furensposcit arma, quae- ^ r . x v ,. , , 

rit arma per, lectam et do- Vir gea suggentur costis undantis ahem. 

mum. Ferret cupido armo- Exultantque aestu latices: furit intus aquae vis, 

rum, et vesana rabies belli, Fumidus atque alte spumis exuberat amnis: 465 

tfffcSSS Nec J* m se capit unda; volat vapor ater ad auras. 

supponitur magna aepitu Ergo iter ad regem, polluta pace, Latinum 

lateribus ollce serete spuman- Indicit primis juvenum: et iubet arma parari, 

SLlrin^uStritTutari Italian, detrudere finibus hostem: _ 

intus, et fluvius fumidus alte ^e satis ambobus Teucnsque venire Latimsque. 470 

exundat spumis; necjamun- Hasc ubi dicta dedit, Divosque in vota vocavit, 

da continet se, vapor niger Certatim sese Rutuli exhortantur in arma. 

surgit in aerem. Itaque rup- TT . . r 

ta pace, imperat pracipuis Hunc dec us egregium formae movet, atque juventae; 

juvenum iter ad regem: et Hunc atavi reges, hunc claris dextera factis. 

jubet arma instrui, suos Ita- o um Turnus Rutulos animis audacibus implet, 475 

bam tueri, et peilere bos- A i ^ • a- o.. •• •*. ,. t 

tem ultra tcrmmos re^om*.- Alect0 u \ Teucros Stygns se concitat ahs: 

ait se satis esse contra utros- Arte nova speculata locum, quo litore pulcher 

que, et Latinos et Trojanos. I ns lcliis cursuque feras agitabat lulus. 

Postquam protubt hiec ver- tt\ i •, ■ •• •• ^ 

ba, et invocavit Deos ad vo- Hie subitam canibus rabiem Cocytia virgo 

ta sua audienda; Rutufi Objicit, et noto nares contingit odore, 480 

mutuo incitant se ad bei- ut cervum ardentes agerent: quiE prima malorum 

!^ I XZ& ,, Si£» * fuit - belIo ^ e animos.accendit agrestes. 
ventutis regis mi; ilium re-Cervus erat forma, praestanti et cormbus ingens: 
gis ejus majores, ilium manus ejus clara factis. Dum Turnus implet Rutulos audacia animosa, 
Alecto Stygiis alis immittit se in Trojanos: intuita per novam fraudem locum in litore, ubi for- 
mosus Ascanius persequebatur feras insidiis et cursu. Hie puella Cocytia immittit canibus furo- 
rem repentinum, et percellit nares odore cognito, utagiles insequerentur cervum: quod fuit pri- 
mum caput calamitatum, et inflammavit ad bellum anirnos rusticos. Cervus erat eximia specie, 
et altis cornibus: 

NOTES. 

456. Atro famine. Black, gloomy light, such Nee, jam, se, capit, unda, volat, vapor 

an antithesis as Milton's visible darkness, ater, ad auras. 

palpable obscure. Servius renders it, furiali, I have added a comma to every word that 

inferno famine; for otherwise, says he ra- the reader may observe the cadence and 

Hone caret. seeming length of the verse, plainly expres- 

461. Insania belli, for hisanus amor belli, sing the long spires and wreaths of smoke, 

what the Greeks call in one word oVxo^awa. It seems as long as two, yet does not all 

466. Volat vapor. "The whole simile (the consist of dactyls; so ingeniously judicious 
text of which is taken from the 21st Iliad is the 'disposition or situation of the words." 
of Homer) is in every part admirable. There Trap p. 
are few beauties even in Virgil himself pre- 467- Polluta pace. A league of peace was 
ferable to this. I will not transcribe the sacred, being ratified by solemn rites of re- 
whole, but refer to the last /line only. Let ligion; and therefore the violation of it was 
any man consider how the flakes of smoke pollution and profaneness. 
follow and seem to push forward one ano- 470. Venire; for esse. So Georg. I. 29. 
ther as they ascend into the air, and then 479. Cocytia virgo, the hellish virgin, from 
take notice of this verse: Cocytus, one of the rivers in hell, he?e put 

for hell itself. 



JENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



421 



Tyrrheidae pueri quern matris ab ubere raptum 
Nutribant, Tyrrheusque pater, cui regia parent 
Armcnta, et late custodia credita campi. 
Assuctum imperiis soror omni Sylvia curia 
Mollibus intexens ornabat cornua sertis: 
Pectebatque ferum, puroque in fonte lavabat. 
Ille manum patiens, mensaeque assuetus herili, 
Errabat sylvis: rursusque ad limina nota 
Ipse domum sera quamvis se nocte ferebat. ' 
Hunc procul errantem rabidae venantis Iiili 
Commovere canes: fluvio cum forte secundo 
Deflueret, ripaque aestus viridante levaret. 
Ipse etiam cximiae laudis succensus amore 
Ascanius curvo direxit spicula cornu: 
Nee dextrae erranti Deus abfuit, actaque multo 
Perque uterum sonitu, perque ilia venit arundo. 
Saucius at quadrupes nota intra tecta refugit, 
Successitq; gemens stabulis: questuque, cruentus, 
Atque imploranti similis, tectum omne replevit. 
Sylvia prima soror, palmis percussa lacertos, 
Auxilium vocat, et duros conclamat agrestes. 
Olli (pestis enim tacitis latet aspera sylvis) 505 

Improvisi adsunt: hie torre armatus obusto, 
Stipitis hie eravidi nodis: qiiod cuique repertum 

Tv- .. ,. :,° . r •<_ \r a. ' n* u ratusiugitinnotam domum, 

Rimanti, telum ira facit. Vocat agmina 1 yrrheus, e tgemens intravit stabuluml 
Quadrifidam quercum cuneis ut forte coactis et sanguinolentus ac similis 

Scindebat, rapta spirans immane securi. 5 10 petenti opem, impievit ques- 

tu totam domum. Sylvia so- 
ror feriens humeros manibus, prima petit opem, et inclaroat duros rusticos. Illi repentiui ad- 
veni/ it: nam furia exasperans eos clam latet in sylvis: hie armatus titione prseusto, hie nodis gra- 
vis f "is: furor convertit in arma quicquid obvium est unicuique quserenti arnia. Tyrrheus, 
cum forte finderet adactis cuneis quercum fissilem in quatuor partes, horrendum iratus, cor- 
repta securi convocat multitudinem. 



quam filii Tyrrhei aleban<. 

4S5 ;,,is1 -raci.um ab aberibus nu- 
tria, ct Ipse pater Tyr 
rbeus, cni subdita eranl 
armenta regis, et commissa 
erat late cura agrorum. 
Sylvia soror eorum omni 
studio decorabat ilium doci- 

490 lem imperio, cingens ei cor- 
nua floribus teneris: et pec 
tebat cervum, et lavabat in 
puris fontibus. Ille patiens 
tangi raauu, et assuetu*> 
mensse domini, vagabatui 

inn per sylvas, et postea refere- 
bat seipse ad domum eogni- 
tam, quamvis provecta noc- 
te. Canes furiosse venantis 
Ascanii excitaverunt ilium 
procul errantem; cum forte 
enatasset prono fluvio, et 

5001eniret calorem in herbosa 
ripa. Ipse quoque Ascanius, 
inflammatus cupiditate pul- 
chr* laudis, curvato arcv, 
corneo intendit sagittam: 
nee defuit Alecto manui in- 
certse, et sagitta arundinea 
impulsa magno stridore 
transit per uterum et per 
ilia cervi. At cervus vulne- 



NOTES. 



485. Tyrrheus. The shepherd of king La- 
tinus, the killing of whose stag by the com- 
panions of Ascanius first caused the Latian 
war, when lulus was hunting: 
A stag he chas'd; the chase the Jury sees, 
And bids the scent grow warm in every 

breeze; 
His opening hounds, exulting, shoot away, 
And bear impatient on the panting prey: 
From this light cause she rais'd the first 

alarms, 
And fir'dths brutal swains to blood and 
arms. 

489. Ferum. Ferus is applied to tame as 
well as savage animals. It refers to a horse, 
JEn. II. 51. 

490. Mens<zque assaetus. Ovid trifles in de- 
scribing the caresses which Cyparissus 
paid to his favourite stag, but Virgil knew 
how to write with reserve and simplicity 
on every subject. 

498. Erranti. Dr. Trapp understands er- 
ranti Iiere in the sense of blundering, com- 
mitting an error; he erred, says he, even by 
hitting the mark. But this seems forced and 
affected. We rather take it in the common 



sense; it was erring in itself, and would 
have erred, had it not been guided by the 
goddess. It is the same construction as Pla- 
cidas Deus obstruit aures, JEn. IV. 440. The 
god stopped his ears from- being disposed 
to hear. 

498. Deus, Alecto, says Servius; for he 
alleges that the gods were of both sexes. 
Hence Deus is also applied to Venus, iEn. 
II. 632. Descendo ac ducente Deo. 

505. Pestis, the fiend, as in the third JE. 
neid, 215. speaking of the harpy Gelasno: 
Nee saevior ulla 
Pestis et ira Deum Stygiis sese extulitun- 

dis. 
La Cerda, however, understands it of the 
fury which seized the swains; which inter- 
pretation seems not so natural, though the 
sense is the same. 

510. Scindebat. The circumstance of his, 
being alarmed while engaged in the rustic 
employment of cleaving an oak and instant- 
ly snatching up an ax, are beautifully na- 
tural. 

510. Spirans immand securi. Dr. Trapp 
and bishop Douglas refer this to his puffing 



422 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

At crudelis Furia nacta e At saeva e speculis tempus Dea nacta nocendi, 

speculis tempus nocendi, A a a. ^-*. *. l i- ■ *. j i • ' 

cbnscendit altum cuimen Ardua tecta P etl ? stabuh, et de culmine summo 

stabuli, et de supremo ver- Pastorale canit signum, cornuque recurvo 

tice canit signum pastorale, Tartaream intendit vocem: qua protinus omne 

elm 7„irr C ™ursttoConti ; emuit nemus, et sylv* intonuere profunda. 515 

omnissyivaintremuit, et in- Audiit et Triviae longe lacus, audiit amnis 

timse arbores sonuere. Au- Sulfurea Nar albus aqua, fontesque Velini: 

SSCl SrJ£;* fepid f matres pressere ad pectora natos. 

aqua sulfurea, et fontes Ve- * um vero ad vocem celeres, qua buccina signum 

lini: et matres timidse pres- Dira dedit, raptis concurrunt undique telis 520 

serunt pueros ad ubera. i n domiti agricol ae: necnon et T roi a pubes 

Tunc autem agncolse mdo- . & ... .. r M . 

ciles correptisarmis undique Ascanio auxihum castris effundit apertis. 
accurruntprompti ad vocem, Direxere acies: non jam certamine agresti, 

quadirumcornuimpulit so-stipitibus duris aeritur, sudibusve prseustis; 
sum: et mventus etiam Tro- \ r • • • , r . .; ' 

janacastrispatentibusimmit- bed lerr ? ancipiti decernunt, atraque late 525 

t\ subsidium Ascanio. Ordi- Horrescit strictis seges ensibus, aeraque fulgent 
naverunt agmina: non jam Sole lacessita, et lucem sub nubila iactant. 
SS*^^. 5 uti P«™o.ccepit aim albescere vento: 
sed dimicant gladiis dubiis, Paulatim sese tollit mare, et altius undas 
et rigescit nigra seges stric- Erigit, inde imo consurgit ad gethera fundo. 530 

££m£3£ 2S£gk J uveni 4 P™»? aDte aciem ^dentesagitta, 

et emittunt splendorem ad Natorum 1 yrrhei tuerat qui maximus, Almon 
nubes. Ut quando fluctus Sternitur: haesit enim sub gutture vulnus, et udae 

C(Epit albescere primo vento: 

tunc mare tollit se sensim, et erigit undas altius, deindesurgit in aerem ex intimo fundo. Hjc 
Almon juvenis, qui maximus erat filioram Tyrrhei, prosternitur sagitta sonante ante primum 
agmen: nam plaga haesit sub jugulo, 

NOTES. 

and blowing- in felling the timber; but it 517. Fontesque Velini, the river Velino, 

would have been preposterous in Virgil to which runs into the Nera. The same author 

spend time on so minute a circumstance adds: " He makes the sound of the Fury's 

when he is hurrying on to somewhat else, trumpet run up the Nera to the very sources 

and when this his situation is only transient- of Velino, which agrees extremely well 

ly mentioned. It would be like Vida in his with the situation of these rivers." 

Christiad, who, mentioning the story of 518. Ad pectora natos. Other poets would 

Christ's being apprehended in the night- have been content to have mentioned the 

time by ruffians bearing torches, says they effects of this dreadful blast upon the 

were such torches as the peasant makes woods and mountains, &c. Virgil knew that 

sitting by the fire side in a winter night; this circumstance of mothers catching their 

deviating to this impertinent circumstance infants to their breasts would more touch 

for the sake of ferroque faces inspicat acuta in and interest his readers than all the other 

Virgil. pompous images, great as they are. This 

517. Sulfurea Nar albus aqud; the river description is copied from Apollonius Rho- 

Nar, now the Nera, between Umbria and dius, Argonaut. B. 4. 129. 

the Sabine territory. The reason of the epi- Pale at the piercing call the mothers prest 

thet here given, take in Mr. Addison's With shrieks, their starting infants to 

words: " The channel of this last river (the the breast. 

Nera) is white with rocks, and the surface 525. Ferro ancipiti. Not doubtful, as Ruseus 

of it, for a long space, covered with froth renders it, but two edged, utrumque ?ioxio, 

and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the says Servius. 

fret, and is still breaking against the stones 525. Atraque. Servius renders atra hyfer- 

that oppose its passage; so that for these tilis; but we need not have recourse to so 

reasons, as well as for the mixture of sul- far fetched a signification; Virgil often uses 

phur in its waters, it is very well described ater in the sense oftristis, dints. 

by Virgil in that verse which mentions these 533. Udce vocis. It is obvious that the voice 

two rivers (the Nera and the Velino) in is called humid, because it makes its way 

their old Roman names." through a humid passage. 



^NEIDOS LIB. VII. 423 

Vocis iter tenuemque inclusit sanguine vitam. J* sanguine obstruxit viam 

Corpora molt, virom circa: seniorq; Galesos, 535 ££• ^^S S 

Dum paci medium se offert, justissimus unus minum stemuntur circa il- 

Qui fuit, Ausoniisque olim ditissimus arvis. l ™ n - imprimis senex Ga- 

Qoinqoe greges ill, balantum, quina reclibant SH&Sm* ZZt 

Armenia, et terrain centum vertebat aratris. n ium fuit olim sequissimus, 

Atque ea per campos aequo dum Marte geruntur: 540 et ditissimus agrorum Itali- 

Promissi Dca facta potens, obi sangoine bellom S^ftST* 

Imbuit, et primae commisit tunera pugnae; dibant iffl, et scindebat ter- 

Deserit Hesperiam, et coeli convexa per auras, ram centum aratris. At dum 

Junonem victrix affatur voce superba: c ^Tl pe ? a f ° s - Marte 

„ r ., . . .. ,. ,. r . . „ , „ aa/w/c rcquah: Juria corn- 

En perfecta tibi bello discordia tristi: 545 p 0S f acta promissi, postquam 

Die in amicitiam coeant, et foedera jungant. inchoavit bellum sanguine, 

Quandoquidem Ausonio respersi sanguine Teucros; g incepitcadem primi pne- 

tt 7- !_• j j ^ • «u- 7 i. ,„<-„„ In; rehnquit Italiam, et vec- 

Hoc etiam his addam, tua si mihi certa voluntas: ta per s ^ atia Cfleli> v ] ctrix aI _ 

Finitimas in bella feram rumoribus urbes, loquitur verbis superbis Ju- 

Accendamque animos insani Martis amore, 550 nonem: Ecce dissensio con- 

Undiq; otauxilioveniant: spargain arma per agros. tt£$£$*Sl3& 
Turn contra Juno: Terrorum et fraudis abunde est: i n societatem, et faciant pa- 
Stant belli causae: pugnatur cominus armis. cem. Siquidem perfudi Tro- 

Qo* fors prima dedit, sanguis novos imboit arma. C^iSK; 
Taha connubia et tales celebrent hymenaeos 555 s i tua voluntas mihinota/to.* 

Egregium Veneris genus et rex ipse Latinus, incitabo rumoribus vicinas 

Te super sethereas errare licentius auras * urb 1 es adbellum, et inflam- 

TT , r ,. . „, mabo animos turiosa cupidi- 

Haud pater ipse velit summi regnator Olympi. tate Martis, ut undecunque 

Cede locis: ego, si qua super fortuna laborum est, accurrant ad subsidium: dif- 
Ipsa regain. Tales dederat Saturnia voces: 560 fundam pralia per campos. 

T f, .. „., •, ., • , Tunc Juno vicissim ait: Sa- 

Illa autem attolht stndentes angmbus alas, tls est terroris et doli: ma- 

Cocytique petit sedem, supera ardua linquens. nent causse belli: certatur 

Est locus, Italiae in medio sub montibus altis, cominus armis: sanguis no- 

Nobilis, et fama multis menwatus in oris, JSW&T&SS 2£ 

les Veneris, et ipse rex Latinus peragant talia conjugia et tales nuptias. Ipse pater rector su- 
premi coeli nollet te vagari liberius super spatia ccelestia. Recede ex his locis: si aliquod diseri- 
men superest in boc negotio,'ego ipsaregam Mud. Saturni filia protulerat talia verba: Furia vera 
explicat alas son antes colubris, et adit regionem Cocyti, relinquens loca alta et superna. Est lo= 
cus in medio Italise, sub altis montibus, insignis et celebratus fama in regionibus piurimis, 

NOTES. 

535. Galesus. On this occasion Virgil has whereas insanus is a term highly applicable 

shown a true knowledge of nature. Galesus, to Mars, or war, where nothing but wild 

the wealthiest of the Latins, and who had havoc and mad fury reign, 
consequently the most property to lose, is 556. Et ipse Latinus. Here a particular 

zealously active in endeavouring to prevent emphasis lies on ipse, as if she had said, Let 

the ravages of war. this be the fate even of Latinus too, whom 

538. Bedibant. A commentator has ob- I am forced to hate on iEneas' account, 
jected to the explanation given by Ruseus 557- JEthereas auras. The earth, called 

and Dr. Trapp, who render it returned, the celestial or ethereal regions, in opposi- 

namely, to the stall. But this is obviously tion to the infernal regions, of which many 

the poet's meaning: for, in the case of pro- examples occur in the sixth book, 
perty, redeo is applied to revenue, not to 561. Stridentes anguibus alas. Dr. Trapp 

stock. has a very odd conjecture here, that Virgil 

540. Mquo Marte. This cannot signify wrote unguibus for anguibus, because the 

that the loss was equal on both sides; for leathern wings of a bat are divided by a 

the slain were only on the side of the La- kind of ribs, which end sharp and spiky 9 

tins. and are of a horny substance, like nails or 

550. Insani Martis amore. An Opiomania, claws. And of the propriety of this conjee- 

as above, verse 461. Scelerata insania belli, ture, odd as it appears, himself is fully per- 

Here Ruxus and other commentators have suaded. But we doubt if this persuasion 

recourse to their hypallage, and substitute alone will convince other?;. 
insano Martis amore for insani Martis amore; 



424 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



nempe valles Amsancti. La- Amsancti valles: densis hunc frondibus atrum 

^^IS^' ut "" c l ue l atus nemons, medioque f.agosus 

locum: et in medio «;w« Dat sonitum saxis et torto vortice torrens. 
tori-ens tumultuosus edit Hie specus horrendum, et saevi spiracula Ditis 
strepitum saxis erumpctnte Monstrantur: ruptoque ingens Acheronte voraffo, 
cortice. Ostenduntur lucan- t, . r . l r ^ ° . ,. „ . "©"> 

t.rum l.ombile, et ostia s*vi Pestiferas apent fauces: queis condita Ennnys, 
Plutonis: et magna vorago Invisum numenj terras ccelumque l-evabat. 
apertis inferis pandit aditus Nec m j nus interea extremam Saturnia bello 

pestiteros: qmbus abscond 1 - T . -p, . ... 

ta Fmia, odiosa Dea, libera- Impomt regma manum. Ruit omnis m urbem 
bat coeium et terras. Inte- Pastorum ex acie numerus: caesosque reportant, 
rea filia Saturni non segni- Almonem puerum, foedatique ora Galesi: 

us addit bello manum ulti- T , . n ., ,* . T . 

mam. Omnis multitude pas- Implorantque Deos, obtestanturque Latmum. 
torum recurrit e pradio in Turnus adest, medioque in crimine, caedis et ignis 
urbem: et referunt occisos Terrorem ingeminat: Teucrosque in reena vocari, 
£ES!SE12*g2 5*P«* admisceri Phrygian,, se limine pelli. 579 

et precanturLatinum. Tur- Turn, quorum attonitae Baccho nemora avia matres 
iius adest, et in medio eada-Insultant thiasis (neque enim leve nomen Amatae) 
Sa^ftSS4S«^I«» colIecti c °^> Martemque fatigant. 

admitti in regna, gentem Pbrygiam associari, se ejici domo. Tunc UN, quorum matres percitse 
Baccho percurrunt sylvas inaccessas cum choreis, conveniunt undique congregati, et exercent 
bellum: neque enim levis est auctoritas Amatae. 



565 



570 



575 



NO 

565. Amsancti valles, &c. Commentators 
are not agreed about the situation of this 
place, nor what gulf is here meant. Mr. Ad- 
dison, after having 1 described the fall of the 
fore mentioned river Velino, says, he ques- 
tions not that this is the gulf which Virgil 
here had in his eye. It is worth the reader's 
while to compare what he says of that river 
with this noble description: " The river, 
says he, runs extremely rapid before its 
fall, and rushes down a precipice of a hun- 
dred yards high. It throws itself into the 
hollow rock, which has probably been worn 
fey such a constant fall of water. It is im- 
possible to see the bottom on which it 
breaks, for the thickness of the mist that 
rises from it, which looks at a distance like 
clouds of smoke ascending from some vast 
furnace, and distils in perpetual rains on all 
the places that lie near it. I think there is 
something 1 more astonishing in this cascade 
than in all the water works of Versailles, 
and could not but wonder, when I first saw 
it, that I had never met with it in any of the 
old poets/ especially in Claudian; but at 
present I do not in the least question, not- 
withstanding the opinion of some learned 
men to the contrary, that this is the gulf 
through which Virgil's Alecto shoots her- 
self into hell; for the very place, the great 
reputation of it, the fall of waters, the 
woods that encompass it, with the smoke 
and noise that arise from it, are all pointed 
at in the description. Perhaps he would not 
mention the name of the river, because he 
has done it in the verses that precede. We 
may add to this, that the cascade is not far 
off that part of Italy which has been called 
Italia meditullium" Then, after quoting 



TES. 
the passage, he subjoins: " It was indeed 
the most proper place in the world for a 
Fury to make her exit, after she had filled 
a nation with distractions and alarms; and 
I believe every reader's imagination is 
pleased, when he sees the angry goddess 
thus sinking, as it were, in a tempest, and 
plunging herself into hell, amidst such a 
scene of horror and confusion.' 1 

573. Imponit manum extremam belle; puts 
the finishing hand to the war: a metaphor 
borrowed from the finishing strokes that 
the artist's hand gives to a picture, or any 
piece of curious work. 

. 575. Fcedati; vulnerati, ccesi: wounded, 
slain. 

577. Medio crimine. By crimine here we 
understand, not crime, as Dr. Trapp has it, 
but the charge or accusation which the 
clowns brought against the Trojans, for the 
death of Almon and Galesus. Ruseus, by a 
very unusual license, interprets in medio cri- 
mine by in medio cadaverum. 

581. Insult ant thiasis. Insulto is a word ap- 
plied to the prancing and bounding of a 
horse, and governs either the dative or ac- 
cusative. Thiasus signifies a choir of sing- 
ers and dancers, from Beix aa-at, divma ca* 
nere. 

582. Martemque fatigant; Pralium cum 
clamore deposcunt, says Servius: this is plain- 
ly the meaning* of the expression; for the 
connexion shows that they were not yet 
actually engaged in war, but only furiously 
impatient to be in arms; so that the inter- 
pretion given by Scaliger and Ruxus, who 
render it exercent bellum, cannot be admit- 
ted. 



JENEIDOS LIB. VII. 425 

Ilicet infandum cuncti contra omina bellum, Statim omnes, Iratis ftiis, 

Contra fa. Deflm, perverso nomine poscont. tX2&E££St££ 

Certatim regis circumstant tecta Latini. 585 te m Deorum. Certatim ein* 

I lie, velut pelaei rupes immota, resistit: S>»>t domum regis Latini: 

Ut pelagi rupes, n.agno veniente fragore, * tS^STr^ 

Quae sese, multis circumlatrantibus undis, maris, magna tempestatein. 

Mole tenet: scopuli nequicquam et spumea circum stante; quae multis Auctions 
Saxa fremunt, laterlque illisa refunditur alga. 590 *SZSSS&SSSIm 

verum ubi nulla clatur caecum exuperare potestas saxa spU mantia circumstre- 
Consilium, ct saevae nutu Junonis eunt res; punt, et alga impacta impel. 

Multa Deos; aurasque pater testatus inanes: J"* late ™- Sed^quandoqui- 

,, . r . l . l . r . ,, A dem nulla anertur lacultas 

Frangimur heu fatis, lnqiut, fenmurque procella. evertendi insanum consiii- 

Ipsi has sacrilego pendetis sanguine poenas, 595 am, etres fiunt ad arbitri- 

O miseri! te, Turne, nefas, te triste manebit " m ««r* Junonis: pater saj- 

o ,• • ta i : pms attestatus Deos et ae- 

Supphcium; votisque Deos venerabere sens. J, em nm * k ait: Heu! vin . 

Nam mihi parta quies, omnisque in limine portus; cimur fatis, raptamur tem- 
Funere felici spolior. Nee plura locutus, pestate. O miseri, vos ipsi 

Sepsit se tectis, rerumque reliquit habenas. ™1£SS£ZX5m£: 

Mos erat Hesperio m Latio, quern protmus urbes spectabit"te crimen ettristis 
Albanae coluere sacrum, nunc maxima rerum pcena: et tardioribus preci- 

Romacolit, eum prima movent in p«Ha Marten.: *gT£2££Si'£Z 
bive Getis mferre manu lachrymabile bellum, 604 n ; 9 por tus est in conspectu: 
Hyrcanisve, Arabisve parant; seu tendere ad Indos, tantum privabor morte feli- 
Auroramoueisequi, Parthosque reposcere signa. I 1 ; Neo piura locutus, clau- 

„ * V i,. . ^ . ,. ° sit se domo, et deposuit re- 

Sunt gemmae belli portse, sic nomine dicunt, gimen remm . Erat consue _ 

Relligione sacrae et saevi formidine Martis: tudo in Latio Italico, quam 

Centum aerei claudunt vectes, aeternaque ferri urbes Albana solemnem 

Robora: nee custos absistit limine Janus. 610 JJ2J, .^JST^SmSl 

orbis sei'vant, quando concitant Martem in prima certamina: seu parant inferre manu triste bel- 
lum Getis, aut Hyrcanis, aut Arabibus; seu proficisci contra Indos, etpersequi Aurora? populoe, 
et repetere signa a Partbis. Sunt duse porta belli, appellant eas hoc nomine, venerabiles religi- 
one et metu crudelis Martis: centum vectes serei, et jeternse vires ferri claudunt eas: et Janus 
custos non recedit a portis. 

NOTES. 

583. Omina. The omen of the bees, and occurs in other authors, and is taken from 
of the fiery appearance about Lavinia, men- the Greek. 

tioned above. 601. Mos erat. This custom, Livy informs 

584. Fata, the responses of Faunus. us, was only instituted in the time of Nu- 

589. Scopuli, &c. Perhaps it ought to be ma; but Virgil, for the sake of embellishing- 
read scopulos, In vain they, viz. the waves, his poem, refers the origin of this and many 
roar around the cliffs and foamy rocks. other ceremonies to the heroic times of his 

590. Refunditur, is washed off the sides of country. 

the rock, and scattered up and down the 601. Hesperio Latio, ancient Latium, 
waves, as a monument of its idle insults which in old times was called Hesperia. 
against the rock. 603. Movent in prcelia Martem. We are 
593. Auras, the skies or heavens, as the told that the Romans were wont, upon de- 
word often signifies. claration of war, to enter into the temple of 

595. Sacrilego sanguine. He calls their Mars, where the sacred bucklers were sus- 
blood sacrilegious, because they had com- pended, and clash upon them with these 
pelled him to this war against the will of words, Mars vigila. Mars awake. Hence 
the gods. arose the expression, movent Martem. 

596. Nefas, as Helen is called, JEn. II. 606. Parthosque. Alluding to the losses 
585. The sense in which Ruxus takes it which the Romans had sustained from the 
seems not so natural. Parthians, and the recovery of the Roman 

596. Te triste manebit. So Horace: standards (which they had taken from 

Omnes una manet nox. Grassus) by Augustus. 

598. Omnis in limine. Omnis securitas, says 610. Janus, was a native of Thessaly, and 

Servius, in promptu est: as we say in En- son of Apollo. He is represented with 

glish, It is at the door. The same phrase two faces, because he was acquainted with 



426 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Quando stat senatoHbuscer- Has, ubi certasedet patribus sententia pugnx; 

muleaetcinctuGabino,ape-I»signis, reserat stndentia limina consul; 

rit iiias et siridentes earum Ipse vocat pugnas: sequitur turn caetera pubes, 

cardines; ipse inclamat bel- ^ reaque ass ensu conspirant cornua rauco. 615 

lum: tum rcliqua mventus TT ^ „ .. . r ,. , ., , 

imitatur eum, et sere* tub* Hoc et turn ^Eneadis mdicere bella Latinus 
respondent concentu rauco. More jubebatur, tristesque recludere portas. 
Tunc quoque Latin us coge- Abstinuit tactu pater, aversusque refusnt 

batur mdicere bellum 1 ro- .-, , • . . ' ' n ,. ,. ° , . 

janis illo ritu, et aperire fu- *'<E da ministena, et caecis se condidit umbris. 
nestasportas. Sed pater ab- Turn regina Deum, coelo delapsa, morantes 620 

stinuit a tAcyi portarwn, et impulit ipsa manu portas, et cardine verso 

abhorrens tugit turpe mi- R „• f PPPat nQ mnit Sattirnia nnctR* 

nisterium,etabscondit se in - Deui terratos rupit saturnia postes. 
obscuris tenebris Tunc re- Ardet inexcita Ausonia atque immobilis ante, 
gina Deorum filia Saturni, Pars, pedes ire parat campis; pars, arduus altis 
SSSfiSfiSESSi Pulve-ulentus equis furit: omnes avma requirunt: 625 
et emoto cardine fregit pos- Pars leves clypeos et spicula lucida tergunt 
tes belli ferratos. Italia, pri- Arvina pingui, subiguntque in cote secures: 
tZiZtSg £$*£%%*»*» **• juvat, sonitusque auclire tubamm. 
luntire pedites per agros: t^uinque adeo magnse positis mcudibus urbes 
Partim sseviunt sublimes et Tela novant: Atina potens, Tiburque superbum, 630 
excitantes pulverem altis e- Ardea, Crustumerique, et turrie;erse Antemnse. 
quis: omnes quserunt arma; rp, T -^ n . »• 

partim purgant arvina pin- Tegmma tuta cavant capitum, flectuntque sahgnas 
gui scuta poiita et spicula Umbonum crates: alii thoracas ahenos, 
splendida, etacuunt secures Aut leves ocreas lento ducunt argento. 
$££&£££££ Vomeris hue et falcis honos, hue omnis aratri 635 
barum. Itaque quinque mag- Cessit amor; recoquunt patrios fornacibus enses: 
n* urbes defixis incudibus Classica jamque sonant: it bello tessera signum. 
^Tita^^tt^rlHio.galeam tectis trepidus rapit: ille frememe. 
dea, et Crustumerium,, et Ad juga cogit equos, clypeumque auroque trilicem 
An temn* turrit*. Cavant Loricam induitur, fidoque accingitur ense. - 640 

tutas galeas capitum, ettex- 

unt e saiice crates elypeorum: alii excudunt loricas sereas vel politas ocreas argento flexili. Illuc 
abiit studium vomeris et falcis, illuc omnis cura aratri: recoquunt patrios gladios in fornacibus: 
et jam buccin* sonant: datur symbolum signum belli. Hie festinus extrahit galeam e tecto: 
ille jungit ad currum equos frementes, instruiturque clypeo et lorica cum triplici licio auri, et 
armatur fideli gladio. 

NOTES, 
the past and the future. In religious cere- 630. Atina, was an ancient town in the 
monies his name was always invoked the northern region of the Voisci. It still re- 
first, because he presides over all gates and tains its primitive name, 
avenues, and it is through him only that 630. Tiburque superbum. Tibur, now Ti- 
prayers can reach the immortal gods. Some- voli, is seated on the brow of a mountain, 
times he appears with a key in one hand which seems to be the reason of Virgil's 
and a rod in the other; at others he has in calling it superbum. 

one hand 300 and in the other 65, to show $33. Umbonum. The umbo was the mid- 

that he presides over the year, of which the die part or navel of the shield, 

first month bears his name. He was usually 637. Tessera signum. The tessera was a 

represented as a young man. His temple, square figure, somewhat like a die, on 

which was always open in time of war and which was inscribed the watchword or 

shut in time of peace, was closed only three private signal, whereby they distinguished 

times in 700 years. their friends from their foes, in the con fu- 

611. Has. it has been said that here is an sion of battle; or, according to others, it 
accusative without a verb; but that is not contained the order and regulations of the 
the fart; for reserat governs has. march. The word, we are told, was distri- 

612. Shiirinali trabea. Such as Romulus or buted among the soldiers at first on a sort 
Ouirinus wore. of tickets; hence the phrase it tessera: but 

617- Jubebatur. Not compelled, as in Ru- it was given afterwards viva. voce. 
scus, but importuned, or required; for so the 639. Auroque trilicem loricam induitur. The 
word is used elsewhere, ' coat of mail itself was composed of plates 



^NEIDOS LIB. VII. 



427 



Pandite nunc Hclicona, Deae, cantusque movete: 
Qui bello cxciti reges: quae quemque secutae 
Complevim campos acies: quibus ltala jam turn 
rioruerit terra alma viris, qui bus arserit armis. 
Et meministis enim, Divae, et memorare potestis: 
Ad nos vix tenuis famse perlabitur aura. 
Primus init bellum Tyrrhenis asper ab oris 
Com emptor Diviim Mezentius, agminaque armat 
Filius huic juxta Lausus: quo pulchiior alter 
Non fuit, excepto Laurentis corpore Turni: 
Lausus equiim domitor, debellatorque ferarum, 
Ducit '\gvilina nequicquam ex urbe secutos 
Mille viros: dignus patriis qui lsetior esset 
Imperils, et cui pater haud Mezentius esset. 
Post hos insignem palma per gramina currum, 
Victoresque ostentat equos, satus Hercule pulchro 
Pulcher Aventinus: clypeoque, insigne paternum, 
Centum angues, cinctamq; gerit serpentibus hyclram. ^^be"!^^ 

nus qui felicior esset paterno regno, et cui Mezentius non fuisset pater. Post hos formosus Aven- 
tiuus, genitus formoso Hercule, ostentat per campos currum illustreni victoria et equos victo- 
res: et profert in scuto insigne patris: uempe centum serpentes, et Hyclram circumdatam ser- 
pentibus. 

NOTES. 

of iron linked together by rings; but some 641. Helicona. Helicon was a mountain of 

of them were fringed or bordered in the Boeotia, sacred to the muses, in the vicinity 



Nunc, o Musae, aperite f feli- 
coha;ets"ggerile milu cantus 
istos: quinam reges fexcitati 
fuerint acl bellum; quinam 
exercitus secuti uuumqucm- 

645 ( l ue °P epu * p > |, t Campos; qui- 
bus hominibus abnnclaverit 
jam tunc tellus Italica nu- 
trix tnea, quibus bellis flagra- 
verit. Nam vos, Diva;, me- 
ministis, et potestis nan-are 
ilia: vix levis rumor t'amse 

650 pervenitad nos. Primus Me- 
zentius contemptor Deorum 
asper incipit bellum e Tyx*- 
rbena regione, et instruit 
exercitum. Lausus filius buic 
prope adest: quo nemo alter 
fuit formosior, excepto cor- 
pore Laurentis Turni. Lau- 
sus Me, domitor equorum, 
et victor ferarum, ducit 



655 



lower extremity with gold tissue of two or 
three textures, and were called bilix, trilix. 

641. Pandite nunc. This fresh invocation 
alarms the reader. Pope's observations on 
Homer's catalogue is very applicable to Vir- 
gil's, and extremely judicious. 

" We may observe, 

" 1. What an air of probability is spread 
over the whole poem by particularizing eve- 
ry nation and people concerned in this war. 

" 2. What an entertaining scene he repre- 
sents to us of so many countries drawn in 
the liveliest and most natural colours. While 
we wander along with him amidst a beau- 
tiful variety of towns, havens, forests, vine- 
yards, groves, mountains and rivers, and 
are perpetually amused with the different 
soils, products, and prospects. 

" 3. What a noble review he makes pass 
before us of so mighty an army drawn out 
in order, troop by troop, which had the 
number only been told in gross had never 



of Parnassus, 

641. Movete. Give it motion, i. e. begin 
and conduct. 

648 Contemptor Divum Mezentius- Varro 
writes, that Mezentius was king of the Ru- 
tulians, and that he commanded his sub- 
jects to pay him a tax of their first fruits, 
and the firstlings of their flocks, which were 
formerly given to the gods, and that on this 
account he was reckoned an atheist, con- 
temptor Diviim. A contemner of the gods 
may be expected to be unamiable and un- 
just to men. Mezentius was remarkable for 
his cruelties. He put his subjects to death 
by slow tortures, and sometimes tied a man 
to a dead corpse, face to face, and permit- 
ted him to die in that condition: 
Mottua quin etiam jungebat corpora vivis 
Componens manibusque manus atque ori- 

bus ora 
Tormenti genus. JEn. VIII. 485. 

652. Agyliind. Agylla was a town of Etru- 



filled the reader with so great an idea of ria founded by a colony of Pelasgians. The 

the importance of the action. Lydians who afterwards took possession of 

" 4. The description of the different arms it called it Caere, 
and manners of fighting of the soldiers, and 653 Patriis imperiis. It was in obedience 

the various attitudes he has given to their to his father's commands, and not out of 

commanders. Of these leaders the greatest choice, that he had entered into this war: 

number are descendants of gods. How so that the meaning is not who deserved to 



great an idea must we have of a war to the 
waging of which so many demigods and he- 
roes are assembled. 

" 5. The several artful compliments he 
paid by this means to his country in general, 
and to many of his contemporaries in particu- 
lar, by a celebration of ancient genealogies. 

" 6. The agreeable mixture of narration 
from passages of history j^f, fables with 
which he amuses and relieves us at proper 
intervals." 



have been happier in his father's kingdom, 
as Ruseus has it; but either who deserved 
to have been more happy and successful in 
the war, in which he engaged only in com- 
pliance with his father's authority, or who 
was worthy of a father who would not have 
imposed on him such harsh commands, and 
consequently in the execution whereof he 
would have had more joy. 

658. Centum angues. In the heroic ages of 
the worhJ, bucklers adorned with serpents 



428 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Rhea saccrdos, mulier con- Collis Aventini sylva. quern Rhea sacerdos 

S£S? £££*£ Sf*™? pam, , sub luminis ed j ditaura . s ' . 66 ° 

collis Aventini: postqnam Mixta Deo mulier: postquam Laurentia victor 
Hercules victor ab occrso Geryone extincto Tirynthius attigit arva, 
Geryone pervenit in regio- T yrrhen oque boves in flumine lavit Iberas. 

new Laurentem, et lavit _/, ^ L . . -. « , 

vaccas Hispanas in fluvio P 1 ^ manu, saevosque gerunt in bella dolones: 

Tusco. Milites ejus prefe- Et tereti pugnant mucrone, veruque Sabello. 665 

runt manu ad pugnam pila i pse pe des teamen torquens immane leonis, 

et duros dolones: et certant <A •*•%• • ,./ i .•■ ,i • 

acumine tereti, et vera Sa- Ternbili impexiim seta, cum dentibus albis, 

bello. Ipse pedes, quassans Indutus capiti: sic regia tecta subibat 

pellem ingentem leonis, jm-Horridus, Herculeoque humeros innexus amictu. 

S m den"bu" b tn'Lii:''e;Tum gemini fratres Tiburtia mcenia linquunt, 670 

cinctus ea circa caput: sic Fratris 1 iburti dictam cognomine gentem, 

iutrabat domum regiam ter- Catillusque, acerque Coras, Argiva juventus: 

Postea duo fratres relin-Ceu duo nubigense cum vertice montis ab alto 
quuntmurosTiburtiuos,po-Descendunt Centauri, Oraolen Othrynque nivalem 
$t£i ffii^ff»* cursu ^fWo, dat euntibus ingens 676 

Catillus et generosus Coras, oylva locum, et magno cedunt virgulta fragore. 
juvenes Argivi; et inter me- Nee Praenestinae fundator defuit urbis; 
diaarmaincedunt ante pri- Vuloano genitum pecora inter agrestia regem, 

mum agmen. Quemadmo- T ° ~ . r . ° ,. ,. & 7 ^^ 

dum duo Centauri nubium Inventumque iocis, omnis quern credidit aetas, 680 

filii, cum descendunt e sum- Caeculus. Hunc legio late comitatur agrestis: 

mo cacumine montis, dese- Q ui c altum p r2en este viri, quique arva Gabinae 

rentes celen cursu Umolen ^ ^ * ■ * 

et Othryn nivosum: turn 6ylva prsebet illis currentibus latum spatium,et arbusculse cedunt magno 
fragore. Neque abfuit Cseculus, conditor urbis Praenestinse, quern regem omnia ssecula putave- 
ront natum Vulcano inter pecudes agrestes, et repertum in ignibus. Multitudo rusticana late 
cingit ipsum: et homines qui habitant Prseneste excelsum, et qui campos 

NOTES, 

and other frightful animals, were frequent- reckoned the original country of the Cen- 

ly made use of to give a terrible aspect. tears. 

660. Furtvoum partu, &c The construe- 678. Nee defuit, may be rendered, nor was 

tion is not Jurtivum partu (as Dr. Trapp he not present. This is the use of two ne- 

supposes, and would therefore change y«r- gatives for an affirmative, not the vulgar 

tivum to furtivo) but partu edidit, the same barbarism of two negatives for one. 

way as dare partu is used both by Lucretius, 680. Inventumfocis. He was found on the 

Lib. II. 1150, and Virgil, iEn. I. 278. hearth, or just by the fire, and therefore re- 

663. Tyrrheno flumine, the Tiber, which puted the son of Vulcan, 

divided the Tuscans from Latium. 681. Geculus. This Caeculus, we are told, 

663. Iberas. Spain was called Iberia, from had very little eyes, and appeared to be al- 
one of its rivers, Iberus, now the Ebro. most blind: hence he was called Coecutus. 

664. Pila were weapons resembling our He was very ambitious, aspired at ffegal 
halberds. dignity, and was the founder of a colony. 

664. Dolones. Long poles or batons, with To raise his esteem he pretended to be the 

bayonets enclosed at the ends of them, son of Vulcan, and that the brightness of 

which were hardly to be observed; hence his father's fire had vitiated his sight. He 

they were called dolones, from dolus, being built the city Prxneste, now Palaestrina, si- 

a deceitful kind of weapon. tuated on a mountain, altum Pr<eneste, about 

669. Herculeo amictu. Hercules was usu- twenty-four miles from Rome, near the Fu- 

ally dressed with the skin of the Nemean cine lake. 

Hon which himself had killed. 682. Gabinae Junonis. She was so called 

674. Nubigence. The Centaurs, whom Ix- from Gabii, a town of the Volscians, in the 
ion begot on a cloud. See the note on iEn. midway between Rome and Praeneste, about 
VI. 601. twelve miles distant from each: here she 

675. Omolen Othrynque. Omole andOthrys had a temple, and was religiously worship- 
are two mountains in Thessaly, which was peti. 



.&NE1DOS LIB. VII. 429 

Junonis, gelidumque Aniencm, et roscida rivis GabinceJunoms, et frigiduw 

Hernica saxa colunt: quos, dives AnagnU, posci* tSSSHS^^S^. 
Quos, Amasene pater. Non llhs omnibus arma, 685 lenta Anagnia, <nios tu, e 
Nee clypei currusve sonant: pars maxima glandes pater Amasene. Anna non 
Uveitis plun,bi spavgit, pars spicula gestat J- » — £ - » 

Bina manu, fulvosque lupi de pelle galeros maxima pars fundit glandes 

Tegmen habet capiti: vestigia nuda sinistri plwabi Uyidi: pars prafetf; 

Institute pedis, crudu. tegit altera pero. «to&rJSg££n £& 

At Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles, p n e os fulvos de nciie lupi: 

Quern neque fas igni cuiquam nee sternere ferro, relmquunt plantas sinistri 
Jampridem resides populos desuetaque bello P eiUs »'u]as calceus crudi 

. r . ijxx r com open talteras. AtMes- 

Agmina in arma vocal subito, terrumque retractat. sapuSf domitor equorum, so- 
Hi Fescenninasacies, asquosque Faliscos, 695 boles Neptuni, quera nemi- 

Hi Soractis habent arces, Flaviniaque arva, ?» licitum erat occidere nee 

-r-. ^. . • , , f* isrne nee ferro, repente con- 

Et Ciraini cum monte lacum, lucosque Capenos. c ^ tad pugnas ^ditos du- 

Ibant aequati numero, regemque canebant. dum otiosos ac turmas desu- 

Ceu quondam nivei liquida inter nubila eyeni etas be,lo > et resumit arma. 

Cum sese e pastu referunt, et longa eanoros 700 %»£ %££&% 

Dant per colla modos: sonat amnis, et Asia longe justos Faliscos. Hi incolunt 
Pulsa palus. rapes Soractis, et campos 

Nee quisquam sratas aeies ex agmine tanto SStEftTlSS? 

Misceri putet, aeriam sed gurgite ab alto nas. Incedebant digesti or- 

Urgeri volucrum raucarum ad litora nubem. 705 dine, et celebrabant regem 

mum. Quemadmodum ali- 
quando candentes eyeni in serenis nubibus, cum referunt se e pastu, et emittunt numerosara 
vocem per colla oblonga: turn resonat amnis et palus Asia procul repercussa. Nee ullus existi- 
maret strui armatum exercitum ex tanta multitudine, sed aeriam nubem raucarum avium im- 
pelli ex alto mari ad litora. 

NOTES. 

683. Gelidumque Anienem. The waters of tuere vestigia is a phrase borrowed from Lu 

this river, now the Teverone, are particu- cretius, signifying to walk, or set down their 

larly cold, and celebrated for that quality by steps. 

other poets. Thus Silius Italicus says, Qui capite ipse suo instituit vestigia retro. 

Sulfureis gelidus quae serpit leniter undis Luc. Lib. IV. 474. 

Ad genitorem Anio labens sine murmure The people in these parts to this day 

Tybrim. wear a piece of half prepared leather under 

Which description seems to contradict that the soles of their feet, with vincula that 

of Horace, Lib. I. Ode VII. come over their feet and half way up their 

Nee tarn Larissse percussit campus opimse, legs. 

Quam domus Albuneae resonantis, 695. JEquosque Faliscos. The Falisci inha- 

Etpraeceps Anio, et Tiburni lucus, et uda bited near the Tiber, in the Pope's territo- 

Mobilibus pomaria rivis. ries. The reason of their having the epithet 

Horace gives it the epithet of prceceps, ra- tequus, according to Servius, is because the 

pid, impetuous, rolling over precipices, which Romans had borrowed from them their jura 

is just the reverse of Silius Italicus' de- fecialia, or laws of arms; together with a 

scription. But they are easily reconciled; supplement to the laws of the twelve tables, 

for this river, as Mr. Addison very prettily Others make JEqui the name of a people, 

describes it, first throws itself down a pre- named also JEquicolce, and read JEquosque 

cipice, and falls by several cascades, from Faliscosque. 

one rock to another, till it gains the bottom 696. Soractis arces. The strength or strong 

of a valley, where it recovers its temper, as cities built like fortresses on the mountains 

it were, by degrees, and after many turns of Soracte. 

and windings glides peaceably into, the Ti- 698. Ibant cequati numero. They marched 

ber. with equable steps and uniform motion, nu- 

084. Hernica saxa. Their mountainous mero, in a kind of harmony, and keeping 

towns are here called Saxa, because built time to their own music, 

among the rocks. 703. Nee quisquam, &c. None who had 

685. Amasene pater. The river Amasenus, heard their music, &c. This supplement is 

now Toppia, which watered the country necessary to make sense of the passage: 

about Anagnia. Pater is an epithet common for the poet surely never could mean that 

to all river gods. those who saw them would have taken 

689. Vestigia nuda, &c. Literally, They them for a flock of fowls. 

form the prints of the left foot naked. Insti- 705. Raucarum. Raucus does not always 



430 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Ecce Clausus, ex anflquo Ecce, Sabinorum prisco de sanguine, maenum 
sanguine Sabinorum, ducens - 
magnam turbam, et ipse in- 



sanguine Sabinorum, ducens Agmen ageng Clausus , magnique ipse agminis instai', 



star magnaj turbas: is a quo Claudia nunc a quo diffunditur et tribus et gens 
nunc ettribjis et gens Chm- Per Latium, postquam in partem data Roma Sabinis. 
dia propagatur per Latium, jj £ ingens Amiterna cohors, priscique Quirites: 710 
ex quo tempore Roma ex T , . & . .. ... l »* «xw«h.go. ( » v 

parte concessa est Sabinis. kre u manus omms, ohvifeneque Mutuscae: 
Simul magna cohors Ami- Qui Nomentum urbem, qui rosea rura Velini; 
tema, etantiqui Cures: om- Q ui Tetricae horrentes rupes, montemque Severum, 
nis multitudo Ereti, et Mu- 2- , ^ ,^ , n t*. .. 

tusc»olivifer»: qui occupant Caspenamque colunt, lorulosq; et flumen Himellae. 
urbem Nomentum, et rose- Qui Tyberim Fabarimque bibunt: quos frigida misit 
os campos Velini ifacfi*.- qui Nursia, et Hortinae classes, populique Latini: 716 

runes horndas letnese, et^ . r . .' , .' .... 

montem Severum, et Cas-Q uos q ue se P an . s mfaustum lllterluit Allia nomen. 
periam, et Forulos, et fluvi- Quam multi Libyco volvuntur marmore fiuctus, 
um Himellam; qui potant Saevus ubi Orion hybernis conditur undis: 

5£E£J3sr« ST Vel q«^ m *** nov ° *«»* **«™*' *««*> «° 

sesHortinse, et gentes Lati- Aut Hermi campo, aut Lyciae flaventibus arvis. 
nas: et quos Aliia, nomen Scuta sonant, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus. 
SCfSSTtEraffiHinc Agamemnonius Trojani nominis hostis 

fiuctus agitantur in mari Curru jungit Halesus equos, Turnoque feroces 
AtHcano, quando asper Ori- Mille rapit populos: vertunt felicia Baccho 725 

on occidit in aquas hyber- Massica qui rastris: et quos de collibus altis 
nas: vel quam densse aristse n n 

coquuntur Sole novo, aut in agris Hermi, aut in arvis flaventibus Lyciae. Clypei resonant, et terra 
tremit commota pulsu pedum. Hinc Halesus Agamemnonius, hostis Trojanae gentis, alligat 
equos currui, et adducit Turno mille bellicosos populos. Adsunt, qui findunt rastris Massicum 
fecund um vino: et quos 



NOTES. 



signify hoarse, rough; sometimes it has the 
sense ofargutus. Some of the best interpre- 
ters understand it here for that whizzing 
sound which a flock of fowls make in their 
flight, by fanning* the air with their wings; 
which probably is all the foundation that 
poets had for the supposed music of the 
swans. 

706. Sabinorum. The Sabini are reckoned 
among the aborigines of Italy. Their pos- 
sessions were situated between the Nar 
and the Anio, in the neighbourhood of 
Rome. Their chief cities were Cures, Fide- 
nae, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, 
Nomentum, Collatia, &c. &c. As a nation 
they were celebrated for chastity, purcness 
of morals, the knowledge of herbs, and skill 
in incantations. 

712. Rosea rura Velini. The channel of this 
river, says Mr. Addison, lies very high, and 
is shaded on all sides by a green forest, 
made up of several kinds of trees that pre- 
serve their verdure all the year. The neigh- 
bouring mountains are covered with them, 
and, by reason of their height, are more ex- 
posed to the dews and drizzling rains, than 
any of the adjacent parts; which gave occa- 
sion to Virgil's rosea rura, iiewy countries. 

713. Tetriaz — Severum, two mountains of 
the Sabines, so called from their wild as- 
pect and barrenness. 

715. Frigida Nursia, a city in Umbria, 
now Norcia; it has the epithet frigida, be- 
cause it is the most northern of the country. 



717. Allia, a river that rans into the Ti- 
ber, a little below the Sabine town of Ere - 
tum. Here the Romans were routed by the 
Galli Senones, on which account Virgil 
calls it infaustum nomen. 

719 Orion, was a constellation rising or 
setting considered to be formidable to 
sailors. Hence the epithets scevus, nimbosus, 
&c. 

720. Sole novo. By the novus sol interpret- 
ers understand the sun, in the beginning of 
summer, for which La Cerda assigns this 
reason, that the ancients divided the year 
into two, namely, the winter year and the 
summer year, and cites Pliny, Lib. VII. 
cap. 48. Annum alii cestate urnan determina- 
bant, et alterum hyeme. But, perhaps, the 
sun is here called new, not in respect of the 
year, but of the aristcs, the ears of corn: 
for, in the beginning of summer, when they 
first appear, the sun is new to them. 

721. Hermi. Hermus was a river of Ly- 
dia, whose sands, according to the poets, 
were covered with gold. After receiving 
the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, it 
falls into the j£gean sea. It is now called 
Sarabat. 

721. Lycice. Lycia was a region in the 
southern parts of the Lesser Asia, fertile of 
corn. The inhabitants were celebrated for 
wisdom and justice. 

724. Halesus. Either Agamemnon's natu- 
ral son, or one of hrs attendants at the siege 
of Troy. 



jENEIDOS lib. vii. 



431 



Aurunci misere patrcs: Sidicinaque juxta ; 
JLquora: quique Gales linquunt: amnisque vadosi 
Accola Vulturni: pariterque Saticulus asper, 
Oscorumque manus. Tcretes sunt aclides illis 
Tela, sed haec lento mos est aptare flagello: 
Laevas cetra tegit: falcati cominus enses. 
Nee tu carminibus nostris indictus abibis, 



Aurunci patrcs miserunt e 
moutibus excelsis: et qui 
sunt prope mare Sidicinum: 
etquiproficiscunturCalibus: 
730 et accola Vulturni fluminis 
vadosi; et similiter durus 
Saticulus, et agmen Osco- 
rum. Arma sunt illis aclides 
teretes, sed mos est eas alii- 

Oebale: quem generasse Telon Sebethide Nympha ^SS$ 
Fertur, Teleboilm Capreas cum regna teneret 735 ^ii sunt illis adpugnandnm 
Jam senior: patriis sed non et filius arvis cominus. Neque tu omitte- 

Gontentus, late jam turn ditione premebat ^-g^mg. 

Sarrastes populos, et quae rigat aequora barnus; Jon (]i c i tur gen uisse e Nym- 

Quique Rufas, Batulumque tenent, atque arva Ce- pha Sebethide, cum jam se- 

lennae; 
Et quos maliferae despectant moenia Abellae: 
Teutonico ritu soliti torquere cateias, 
Tegmina qucis capitum raptus de subere cortex, 
^Erataeque micant peltse, micat aereus ensis. 
Et te montosae misere in prselia Nursae, 
Ufens, insignem fama et felicibus armis: 
Horrida praecipue cui gens, assuetaque multo 
Venatu nemorum, duris ^Equicola glebis: 
Armati terrain exercent, semperque recentes 
Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rap to. 
Quia et Marrubia venit de gente sacerdos, 

Ufens, montosse Nursa* miserunt ad bellum, illustrem famaet pugnis felicibus: te inquam, cui 
prsesertim paret JEquicola, natio aspera, et assueta trequenti venatione sylvarum in dura terra; 
hi armati colunt terram, et semper placet eis congerere novas praedas, ac vivere latrociniis. Prae- 
terea venit quoque Umbro generosissimus, missu regis Archippi, sacerdos ex Marrubia na- 
Gone, 



nex obtineret Capreas, reg- 
74H num Teleboarum: at vero 
* 4 filius non contentus paterna 
regione, jam turn late occu- 
pat imperio gentes Sarras- 
tes. et campos quos Sarnus 
perluit: et qui habitant Ru- 
fas, et Batulum, et agros 
745 Celennoe: et quos muri Abei- 
lee fructiferse despiclunt: so- 
lent vibrare catejas more 
Teutonico, quibus cortices 
detracti e subere sunt gales 
capitum, et quibus splen- 
_ dent aereae peltse, splendent 
75()ori a( ju serei. Te quoque, 6 



NOTES. 



727. Aurunci patres. The Aurunci or Au- 
son.es were the most ancient inhabitants of 
Italy 

728. Vadosi Vulturni. The Vulturno, in 
Campania, a river noted for its rapidity: 

Vulturnusque rapax. CI. de Pr. et 01. Con. 

Vulturnusque celer. Luc. Lib. II. 28. 
Fluctuque sonorum 

Vulturnum Sil. It. Lib. VIII. 

So that vadosus must either be taken meta- 
phorically to signify dangerous, from vada, 
shelves, sometimes dangers; or it must refer 
to those parts near the mouth of the river, 
where it spreads itself, and runs with a 
gentler course. 

730. Oscorumque manus. The Osci were a 
people descended from the old Ausonians, 
and inhabited the city Capua. They were 
noted for luxury and lewdness. Frequentissi- 
musfuit Oscis usus libidinum spurcarum. Ac- 
cordingly we know it was their city that 
ruined Annibal's army by debauchery. 

730. Teretes aclides. Servius, the only 
commentator who explains this weapon, 
says it was a kind of baton with a sharp 
point at each end, and had a string- fastened 



to it, whereby the owner drew it back to 
him, after the throw. 

734. Sebethide Npnphd. Called Sebethis 
from the river Sebetus which falls into the 
bay of Naples, because frequenting its bor- 
ders she became the mother of Oebalus by 
Telon. 

740. Abella, now Avella, a town in Cam- 
pania, famous for that sort of nuts called 
nuces Avellance, flbert-s. 

741. Cateias. Some take the cateia for a 
kind of halberds, such as the Swiss and 
Germans use. 

745. Insignem fama et felicibus armis. 
This is equivalent to insignem fama felicium 
armorum, by a hendyad, a figure common 
among the poets. 

749. Et vivere rapto. The same character 
the Roman historian gives of those people: 
Fortuna Volscis ^Equisque praedonum potius 
mentem, quam hostium dedit, Liv. Lib. 
III. And again: Fabio, ut Antium legiones 
duceret, datum; Cornelio, ut Romas prsesi- 
dio esset, neque pars hostium, qui iEquis 
mos erat, ad populandum, veniret. 



4,32 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

omatus super ciBsidem foliis Fronde super galeam et felici comptus oliv&, 
ole* felicis: qui solebat oanlu Archippi regis missu fortissimus Umbro: 

et tactu mfundere soporem __. r ^ ° . . . ., , . . 

generi viperarum, et hydris Vipereo generi et graviter spirantibus hydns ( 
noxie halantibus; et mitiga- Spargere qui somnos cantuque manuque solebat, 
bat furorem earum, et sana- Mulcebatque iras, et morsus arte levabat. 755 

bat arte morsus. Sed non , r\ a • i- -j- • 

pon.it sanare vulnus Troja- Sed n ? n Dardanix medican cuspidis ictum 

niteli: neque carmina sopo- Evaluit: neque eum juvere in vulnera cantus 

rifera, et gramina eoliecta Somniferi, et Marsis quaesitae in montibus herbae. 

^^H^fe^Te nemus Angitix, vitrei te Fucinus unda, 

sylva Angkijc, te FucinusTe liquidi flevere lacus. 766 

aquis pellucidis, te puri la- Jbat et Hippolyti proles pulcherrima bello, 

^e vStsIXs b Hi^o" Virbius: insignem quem mater Aricia mirit, 

lyti clarissima bello: quem bductum Egerise lucis humentia circum 

mater Aricia misit iiius- Litora, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Dianae. 

^jSSSI^I' 1 ' fe ™ nt fa ™ Hippolytum, postquam arte no- 

ubi est ara Dianve pinguis, et verC32 765 

placida. Quippe ex fama Occident, patriasque explerit sanguine poenas, 
warrant Hippolytum resus. Turbatisdistractlls • ^ gidera 

citatum berbis medicmau- _ . ,• • ■ , 

bus etamore Diana, iterum ^Etherea et superas coeh venisse sub auras, 

venisse sub astra cu3iestia, et Pseoniis revocatum herbis, et amore Dianze. 

sub aerem supenorem eceh; Xum pater omnipotens, aliquem indiarnatus ab umbris 

postquam obusset fraude no- ,-• t , • r • i , • --., 

verek et solvisset sanguine Mortalem infernis ad lumina surgere yitap, 771 

pcenas patri, discerptus ab Ipse repertorem medicinae talis et artis 
equis eft'eratis. Tunc pater F u i m i ne phcebigenam Stygias detrusit ad undas. 
ZrS™^Sge": U ex At Trivia Hippolytum secretis alma recondit 

infernis tenebris ad lucem vit«, ipse demisit fulmine ad aquas infernas filium ApoUinis, inven- 
torem talis medicinae et artis. Sed alma Diana abscondit Hippolytum arcanis locis, 

NOTES. 

751. Fronde et felici olhd, for frondefe lids plants that he was called the inventer and 

©//s^e. indeed the god of medicine. He, it was 

758. Marsis quxsitce in montibus herba. The pretended, restored many to life, and among 

Marsi were a people of Latium, bordering others Hippolytus. Pluto complained of this 

on the Fucine lake. Marrubium was one of to Jupiter, who struck JEsculapius with his 

their towns. They were skilled in enchant- thunder; but Apollo the father, angry at 

ment, particularly in charming- serpents, the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who 

which they had learned from Marsus, the had forged the thunderbolts. Serpents were 

son of Circe, the founder of their race. more particularly sacred to him, not only as 

762. Mater Aricia. The nymph Aricia, the ancient physicians used them in their 
whom Virgil feigns to have been enamoured prescriptions, but because symbols of pru- 
of Hippolytus, and to have had by him. this dence and foresight, so necessary to the me- 
son Virbius. This agrees better with the dical profession. The cock was sacred to 
cor»ext than if we should follow Servius, him also. Socrates left it as his dying charge 
who understands by it the city Aricia, the that a cock should be offered to iEscula- 
birthplace of Augustus* mother, and al- pius. 

leges that it is called mater, as being the 773. Detrusit. Spenser, who relates the 

parent city of so illustrious an offspring. fate of Hippolytus, feigns that when JEscu- 

765. Hippolytum. Euripides has given a lapius was struck down to hell by Jupiter's 

most masterly description of his death. It thunder for bringing Hippolytus to life, he 

is imitated by Racine, but with much bom- busied himself in healing his own wounds, 

bast Jortin, in his remarks on Spenser, seems 

769. Pceoniis herbis. Either herbs such as to think this a fine improvement: 

were used by Pxan, the physician of the But unto hell did thrust him downe alive 

gods, Horn. II. V. or by Apollo his father, With flashing thunderbolts y wounded sore 

who was also styled Paean. Where long remaining he did always 

773. Phcebigenam. JEsculapius, who took strive 
the surname of Phocbigena from the circum- Himself with salves to health for to re- 
stance of his being descended from Phcebus. store, 

He was physician to the Argonauts, and so And slake the heavenly fire which burned 

well skilled in the medicinal virtues of forevermore. 



^ENEIDOS LIB. VII. 



433 



Sedibus, et Nymphae jEgeriae nemorique relegat: 775 etdimisit aJ Egeriam Nym- 

Solus ubi in sylvis Italis ignobilis aevum 

Exigeret, versoque ubi nomine Virbius esset. 

Unde etiam Trivia templo lucisque sacratis 

Cornipedes arccntur cqui, quod litore currum 

Et juvenem monstris pavidi effudere marinis. 

Filius ardentes baud seciiis aequore campi 

Exercebat equos, curruque in bella ruebat. 

Ipse inter primos prasstanti co'rpore Turnus 

Vertitur, arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est 

Cui triplici crinita juba galea alta Chimseram 

Sustinet, iEtnaeos efflantem faucibus ignes: 

Tarn magis ilia fremens, et tristibus effera flammis, 

Quam magis effuso crudescunt sanguine pugnae. 

At levem clypeum sublatis cornibus.Io 

Auro insignibat, jam setis obsita, jam bos, 

(Argumentum ingens) et custos virginis Argus, 

Coelataque amnem fundens pater Inachus urna. 

Insequitur nimbus peditum, clypeataque totis 

Agmina densantur campis, Argivaque pubes, 

Auruncaeque manus, Rutuli, veteresque Sicani, 

Et Sacranae acies, et picti scuta Labici: 

Qui saltus, Tyberine, tuos, sacrumque Numici 

Litus arant; Rutulosque exercent vomere colles, 

Circaeumque jugum: queis Jupiter Anxurus arvis. 

Praesidet, et viridi gaudens Feronia luco: 

Qua Saturae jacet atra palus, gelidusque per imas 

Qusrit iter valles atque in mare conditur Ufens. 

Hos super advenit Volsca de gente Camilla, 

Agmen agens equitum et florentes aere catervas, 

Bellatrix: non ilia colo calathisve Minervae 

Foemineas assueta manus; sed praeiia virgo 

Dura pati, cursuque pedum praevertere ventos. 



pham et ad syham: ui ilDc 
solus iii sylvis I L:\Iicis, incog- 
nitos duceret vitam, et. i|))o 
diceretur Virbius, ruutato 
nomine. Unde etiam equi 
corneis ungulis expelluntur 
«oU ^ templo et sylvis dicatis Dia- 
na;; quia territi monstris ma- 
rinis abjecerunt in litore cur- 
rum el juvenem. Filius ejus 
Virbii nihilominus impelle- 
bat ardentes equos in plani- 
ng ^ tie campi, et curru ibat ad 
bella. Ipse Turnus egregio 
corpore incedit inter primos, 
gestans arma, et superemi- 
net toto capite. Huic cassis 
excelsa, cristata tribus jubis, 
sustinet Chimseram, emit- 
790 tentem gutture flammas 
JEtnseas: tanto magis ilia 
fremens et minax dins flam- 
mis, quant6 magis sseviunt 
prselia fuso sanguine. At Io, 
ex auro, cornibus erectis, 
ynrjam operta pilis, jam bos, 
ornabat politum clypeum 
Tumi (argumentum illus- 
tre) et Argus custos puellte, 
et Inachus ejus pater emit- 
tens fluvium ex urna ccela- 
ta. Nubes peditum sequitur 
800 Turnum, et agmina scu- 
tata congregantur totis cam- 
pis, et juventus Grseca, et 
turmse Auruncse, et Rutu- 
li, et antiqui Sicani, et ag- 
mina Sacrana, et Labicani 
„„ _ picti secundum clypeos: qui 
bUo colunt tuas sylvas, O Tybri, 
et sacram ripam Numici; et 
scindunt vomere colles Ru- 
tulos, et moutem Cireseum: 
quibus agris imperat Jupiter Anxurus, et Feronia gaudens sylva virente: qua porrigitur nigra 
palus Pomptina, et qua frigid us Ufens pandit sibi viam per profundas valles, et mergitur in 
mare. Prreter illos Camilla venit e natione Volsca, Queens turmam equitum et catervas fulgen- 
tes sereis annis, bellicosa puella: non ilia quidem puella assueta secundum foamineas manus colo 
et calathis Minervae; sed assueta tolerare difticiles pugnas, et prajcurrere ventos cursu pedum. 



NOTES. 



7&6.JEtnceos ignes. Fires like those of 
mount JEtna. 

793- Insequitur nimbus peditum; as in Ho- 
mer, ViJ> 0$ it7t£T0 7tt\uv 

794. Argivaque pubes. Those of the city 
Ardea, which was built by a colony that 
came from Argos, with Danae, the daugh- 
ter of Acrisius, who was married to Pilum- 
nus, the grandfather of Turnus. 

799. Jupiter Anxurus. From Anxur, a 
town of the Volsci, where Jupiter was pe- 
culiarly worshipped. 

800. Viridi gaudens Feronia luco. By Fero- 
nia, Servius understands Juno; but La Cer- 
da with greater probability alleges that she 
is the same with the goddess Flora, relying 
chiefly on the authority of Dionysius, who 
says: Fanum est communiter a Sabinis et 



Latinis honoratum, sanctum maxime inter 
czetera ejus Deae, qu2e Feronia vocatur, 
quam vertentes in Graecam linguam, alii 
quidam Anthophoron, alii Philostephanon, 
alii Phersephonem vocant. This opinion a- 
grees best with Virgil's characteristic of 
her: gaudens viridi luco. 

801. Saturce atra palus,- the Pontine lake, 
in the country of the Volsci, whence arose 
very unwholesome steams: it is therefore 
styled by Virgil, atra palus. 

801. Gelidus Ufens. The river II Portatore, 
called gelidus, because it flows in deep 
winding vales, to which the sunbeams can 
hardly penetrate: Per imas queer it iter valles. 

802. ^ucerit iter,- truces and seeks out its 
way, /. e. runs in mazes and windings: ' 

Tardatusqne suis err oribus Ufens. Claud. 



3& 



434 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



Ilia vel volasset per summas Ula vel intactse segetis per summa volaret 
hcrbassegetisnoutangendo, Gramina: nee teneras cursu laesisset aristas: 
nee fregisset currendo tene--,. , ,. n „,^ 

ros calamos; vel habuisset Vel mare per medium, fluctu suspensa tumenti, 810 

iter per medium mare, sus- Ferret iter; celeres nee tingeret aequore plantas. 

tentata undis tumidis, nee ju am om nis tectis agrisque effusa juventus 

maoefecisset aquis celeres ,.-, , j. 

pedes. Omnis juventus e- Turbaque miratur matrum, ct prospectat euntem; 

gressa domibus et agris, et Attonitis inhians animis; ut regius ostro 

turba matrum admiratur il- Velet honos leves humeros; ut fibula crinem 815 

JKi&rSSSSffE A*o internectat; Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram, 

mis; quomodo regalis orna- Et pastoralem prsefixa cuspide myrtum. 

tus tegat purpura nitidos humeros, quomodo fibula eolligat crinem auro; quomodo ipsa ferat 
Lyciam pharetram, et myrtum pastoralem armatam cuspide. 



NOTES. 



808. Ilia vel volaret. We may observe that 
the poet does not say she actually flew over 
the fields of corn, as some of our modern 
poets make her; but only by a poetical hy- 
perbole to denote her swiftness, he says, 
she could even have done thus or thus. 

811. Ferret iter. This line is often pro- 
duced as a striking instance of the sound 
echoing the sense. There is a celebrated 
passage in Pope's essay, which for the sake 
of the remarks of Dr. Johnson in his Ram- 
bler upon them we here introduce: 
"Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently 

blows, 
And the smooth stream in smoother num- 
bers flows, 
But when loud surges lash the sounding 

shore 
The hoarse rough verse should like the 

torrent roar. 
When Ajax strives some rock's vast 

weight to throw, 
The line too labours and the words move 

slow; 
Not so when swift Camilla scours the 

plain, 
Flies o'er the unbending corn and skims 
along the main. 
From these lines, laboured with great at- 
tention and celebrated by a rival wit, may 
be judged what can be expected from the 



most diligent endeavours after this imagery 
of sound. The verse intended to represent 
the whisper of the vernal breeze must be 
surely confessed not much to excel in soft- 
ness or volubility: The smooth stream runs 
with a perpetual clash of jarring consonants: 
The noise and turbulence of the torrent is 
indeed distinctly imaged, for it requires ve- 
ry little skill to make our language rough, 
but in the lines which mention the effort of 
Ajax there is no particular heaviness or de- 
lay. The swiftness of Camilla is rather con- 
trasted than exemplified. Why the verse 
should be lengthened to express speed will 
not easily be discovered. In the dactyls 
useel for that purpose by the ancients two 
short syllables were pronounced with such 
rapidity as to be equal only to one long. 
They therefore naturally exhibit the act of 
passing through a long space in a short 
time. But the Alexandrine, by its pause in 
the midst, is a tardy and stately measure, 
and the word unbending one of the most 
sluggish and slow which our language af- 
fords, cannot much accelerate its motion. 
Rambler, No. 92. 
817. Pastoralem myrtum. Virgil gives her 
this kind of spear, because she had lived 
among the shepherds in the woods with her 
father Metabus. 



.ttNEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



435 



P. VIRGILH MARGNIS 



/ENEIDOS 



LIBER VIII 



UT Belli signum Laurenti Turnus ab arce 

Extulit, et rauco strepuerunt cornua cantu; 

Utque acres concussit equos, utque impulit armg.; 

Extemplo turbati animi: simul orane tumultu 

Conjurat trepido Latium, saevitque juventus 

Effera. Ductores primi, Messapus, et Ufens, 

Contemptorque Deum Mezentius, undique cogunt 

Auxilia, et latos vastant cultoribus agros. 

Mittitur et magni Venulus Diomedis ad urbem: 

Qui petat auxilium: et Latio consistere Teucros, 

tor Deorum, eolligunt undecumque subsidia, et spoliant agricolis arva spatiosa. Venulus mittitur 

etiam ad urbera magni Diomedis: ut poscat opem: et doceat Diymedem Trojanos stare in LatiQ, 



INTERPRETATIO. 

Postquam Turnus sustulit 
ex arce Laurenti vexillum. 
belli,etturb® sonueruntraup 
co strepitu; et postquam ex- 
5 citavit generosos equos, et 
postquam commovit arm a; 
statim animi to.vbatij'uerwit'i 
simul totum Latium conspi- 
rat ut in tumultu subito, et 
juventus ferox furit Prseci- 
pui duces Messapus, et TJ- 
10 fens, et Mezentius contemp- 



NOTES. 



" It is a just criticism on Virgil, that the 
latter part of his poem is less animated than 
the first. Not that the last six books are en- 
tirely languishing, but their milder light is 
overpowered by the lustre of the others. 
The great defect is owing to the disposi- 
tion of the poem and the nature of the sub- 
jects. The design of a match between JE- 
neas and Lavinia unknown and indifferent 
to each other, and a war raised about a stag 
wounded by a young boy, could not indeed 
command our concern so much as the burn- 
ing of Troy and the love of Dido. It is a 
great mistake to believe an author can soar 
when the subject sinks. All the art he em- 
ploys shows only that he tills, with skill and 
labour, an ungrateful soil. In short, his fault 
lies in having reached the utmost pitch of 
his art in the middle of his course." Vol- 
taire's Essay on Epic Poetry. 

The war being now begun, both the ge- 
nerals make all possible preparations. Tur- 
nus sends to Diomecle. iEneas goes in per- 
son to request succours from Evander and 
the Tuscans. Evander receives him kindly, 
•furnislres him with men, and sends his son 



Pallas with him. Vulcan, at the request of 
Venus, makes arms for her son vEneas, and 
draws on his shield the most memorable ac- 
tions of his posterity. 

1. Signum. This alludes to the Roman 
custom of hanging out the signal of war 
from the Capitol. 

3. Concussit equos. Shook or roused them 
with the trumpet's alarm. 

3. Impulit anna. Some explain this to 
mean the hurling of the spear into the ene» 
my's territory, as was the practice in an- 
cient times; of which Livy speaks, Lib. I. 
Servius understands it of rattling the arms 
in the temple of Mars. But we rather 
choose, with others, to refer it to the cere- 
mony of clashing on their shields, as a call 
and prelude to the war, to which Milton 
alludes in his Paradise Lost, book I. 665. 
Highly they rag'd 
Against the Highest, and fierce with 

grasped arms 
Clash'd on their sounding shields the din 
of war. 

9. Ad urbem. Meaning Argyrippa, a town 
of Apulia, built by Diomede after the Tro- 



436 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

iEneam navibus appuisum Advectum iEneam classi, victosque Penates 

esse, et inducere Deos siios j n f prrp pt f„ t :„ rwpm «;#* rlirprp nnsrf 
victos a Gratis, et dicere se lnteile > et tatls regem se clicere posci, 
vocari fatis in regnum, et Edoceat; multasque viro seadjungere gentes 
plm-imas nationes sociare se Dardanio, et late Latio increbrescere nomen. 

SM?£$F£ ZZ^ struat his ***** * wm .f &"«<» •equrtar, 15 

et addati cognosci ab ipso kventum pugnae cupiat; mamfestius ipsi, 

Diomecte cianus, quam a re- Quam Turno regi, aut regi apparere Latino. 

g eTurno,aut a regc Latino, Talia per Lat j um: quae Laomedontius heros 

quid Jbneas machinetur ins ^ ^ •, x ™ 

eonsiliis, quern optet exitum Cuncta videns, magno curarum fluctuat aestu.^ 

certaminis, sifortuna?j&sifa- Atque an i mum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc, 

veat. Talia fiunt per Lati- j n p ar tesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat. 21 

urn: qu» omnia cernens,,. * ^ ^ * . « , • r- i ,,■ • 

Trojanus heros, agitatur ^ lcl it aquae tremulum labns ubi lumen ahenis 
raagnis fluctibus curarum; et Sole repercussum, aut radian tis imagine Lunse, 
modo hue, mod6 illuc dis- Omnia pervolitat late ioca: jamque sub auras 

trahit mentem vagam, et T7 ■ ;. r -^ i • • n*- 

differt in partes diversas, et Engitur, summique ferit laqueana tecti. 25 

volvit per omnia. Veluti Nox erat, et terras animalia fessa per omnes 
quando lux tremula, emissa Alituum pecudumque e;enus sopor altus habebat: 
a bole aut specie rutdantis *■•,* w „„<.*„ *,i „• * x ,. ,. , ,, 

Lun*, resiliense vasis *reis Cum P ater in ri P a gehdique sub aethens axe 

pervagatur late cuncta loca: ^neas, tristl tUrbatUS pectora bello, 

et jam attollitur in aerem, et Procubuit, seramque dedit per membra quietem. 80 

ssss*»sa?K " uic , deu ^ r e lod ' fluvio T ,f eri r s r oeno ' 

fundus somnus tenebat ani- Populeas inter senior se attollere frond.es 
malia lassa et genus volu-Visus. Eum tenuis glauco velabat amictu 
crum ac pecorum per om- Carbasus, et crines umbrosa tegebat arundo. 

nes terras: quando pater iti- rr , —, . , . . °. ,. . 

neas, solicitus animo ob diffi- Turn sic affari, et curas his demere dictis: 35 

euebellum, decubuit in ripa O sate gente Deum, Trojanam ex hostibus urbem 
et sub axe fngidi aens, et Q u j re yehis nobis, aeternaque Pereama servas, 
pcrmisit corpori tardam qui- ,, if • • i • • 

etem. Ipse Tyberinus se- Expectate solo Laurenti arvisque Latmis: 
nex, Deus regionis, flumine Hie tibi certa domus; certi, ne absiste, penates: 
■amoeno, visus est erigere se ]sj eu belli terrere minis, tumor dmnis et irae 40 

inter populeas arbores: h- 

num subtile tegebat eum viridi veste, et ppaca ai*undo inumbrabat capillos. Tunc capit alloqui 
JEneam, et auierre solicitudinem his vex-bis: O nate ex famiHa Deorum, qui reducis ad nos ur- 
bem Trojanam ex hostibus, et tueris Pergama perpetua: expectate in terra Lavu'ente et campis 
Latinis: hie sedes certa est tibi, certi Penates, ne cesses ab incepto: neve terrearis eommina- 
tione belli; omnis indignatio et irse 

NOTES, 
jan war, called by Polybius Argipana. On- highly proper, and by no means deficient in 
iy ruins remain to show where it once stood, rhetorical vein. 
It still preserves the name of Arpi. 28. Mtheris axe, under the canopy of hea- 

19. Magno curarum fluctuat, &c. A sub- ven. See JEn. II. 512. 

lime and. expressive metaphor. Thus Ca- 30. Seramque, &c. Literally, and distri- 

tullus: buted late rest among his limbs. 

Prospicit et magnis curarum fluctuat undis; 33. Eum tenuis, &c. In this equipage ri- 

and Lucretius, I. 4. ver gods are commonly represented on me- 

Volvere curarum tristes in pectore fluctus. dais and other ancient monuments. 

20. Atque animum. We have this and the 34. Arundo, This appearance of the god 
following verse in the 4th iEneid. Tiber, with some little additional refine- 

23. Sole repercussum. By sole is to be un- ment, has through all succeeding ages been 

vierstood the image of the sun reflected in an original pattern, for all those poetical 

the water, as, in the next words, the image magicians who are fond of framing spells 

of the moon. Without this it will not be easy for raising river gods. Every one is sure to 

to make sense of the words. The water is have an azure mantle and a crown of reeds, 

contained in a brazen vessel, and the light 37. JRevehis, bringest back; because Dar- 

refiected from both. Mr. Dryden mistaken- danus, the founder of the Trojan race, was 

ly attributes so much to the metal as to originally from Italy. 

leave out the water, the principal reflector, 40. Irce concessere Deum. It is certain that 

entirely. The simile is of the low and little Juno was pot yet reconciled to the Trojans, 

kind, hut extremely elegant and beautiful, ami the same is intimated in this ven 



jENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



437 



Deorum cessavcrunt. Et ne 
existinies soranum sugge- 
rere tibi hscc inania, mox 
magna sus, a te inventa sub 
ilicibus litoreis, quce peperc- 
45 rit foetus triginta porccllo- 
rum, jacebit humi strata; 
alba ipsa et porcelli albi cir- 
ca mammas. Hie erit locus 
urbis, hsec certa quies a la- 
boribus, 



Conccssere Deum. 

Jamque tibi, ne vana putes haec fingere somnum 3 

Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus, 

Triginta capitum foetus enixa, jacebit; 

Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati. 

Hie locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum: 

Ex quo ter denis urbem redeuntibus annis 

Ascanius clari condet cosrnominis Albam. 

It. . & boribus, ex . quo prxsagio, 
Haud incerta cano. Nunc, qua ratione, quod instat, ann i s triginta recurrentibus, 

Expedias victor, paucis, adverte, docebo. 50 Ascanius fundabit Albam 

Arcades his oris, eenus a Pallante profectum, wbem nobili ; nomine. Non 

_ . n j •„. : „: „ .,+: prsedico tibi dubia. Jam at- 

Qui regem Lvandrum comites, qui signa secuti, ^^ dicam m p aucig ver . 

Delegare locum, et posuere in montibus urbem, 
Pallantis proavi de nomine, Pallanteum. 
Hi bellum assidue ducunt cum gente Latina: 
Hos castris adhibe socios, et feedera junge. 
Ipse ego te ripis et recto fliwnine ducam, 



bis, quomodo conficias quod 
imminet, ad obtinendam vic- 
c t toriam. Arcades, gens orta 
a Pallante, qui secuti sunt 
socii Evandrum regem et 



vexilla ejus, elegerunt se- 
dem his regionibus, et fun- 
daverunt in montibus urbem Pallanteum e nomine Pallantis proavi Evandri. Hi semper bellum 
gerunt cum populo Latino. Hos ad junge socios exercitui tuo, et alliga tibi per fosdus. Ego ipse 
ducam te per ripas meas et rectum fluvium, 



NOTES. 



speech, verse 60. Servius, to save Virgil 
from any seeming inconsistency, makes the 
sense as well as the verse abrupt, and says, 
some had happily filled it up thus: 

Concessere Deum profugis nova mcenia 
Teucris. 
But La Cerda observes that Virgil says not 
all the gods, and thinks it is enough for his 
purpose that Jupiter, of whom it is said, 
Lib. II. 

Ferus omnia Jupiter Argos transtulit 

and Neptune, who assisted the Greeks in 
overturning Troy, were now at peace with 
the Trojans. 

44. Triginta capitum fcetus. This was a 
portentous sign, according to that of Varro, 
de re Rust. Parere tot oportet porcos, quot 
mammas habeat: si minus pariat, fructua- 
riam idoneam non esse; si plures pariat, 
esse portentum. In quo, illud antiquissimum 
fuisse scribitur, quod sus Lavinii JEnese tri- 
ginta porcos peperit albos, &c. 

48. Albam. Alba Longa was a city of La- 
bium built by Ascanius, A. C. 1152. on the 
spot where iEneas found, according to the 
prophecy of Helenus, iEn. III. 390. and of 
tbe god of the river, see above, 1. 45. a 
white sow with thirty young ones. It was 
called Longa, because it extended to the hill 
Albanus. The descendants of JEneas reign- 
ed there in the following order; 

" ye; 



1. Ascanius, son of iEneas, 


8 


2. Sylvius Posthumus, 


29 


3. iEneas Sylvius, 


31 


4. Latin us, 


5 


5. Alba, 


36 


6. Atys or Capetus, 


26 


7, Cap vs. 


28 



8. Calpetus, 

9. Tiberinus, 

10. Agrippa, 

11. Remulus, 

12. Aventinus, 

13. Procas, 



13 ye*a,n 

8 

33 

19 

37 

13 



14. Numitor and Amulius. These last were 
the predecessors of Romulus. Alba was 
long the powerful rival of Rome. It was 
destroyed by the Romans 665 years A. C. 
and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. 

51. Arcades. Arcadia was a country in the 
middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded, on 
every side, by land; situated between A- 
chaia, Messenia, Elis and Argos. It re- 
ceived its name from Areas, the son of Ju- 
piter, and was anciently called Drymodes, 
on account of the great number of oaks, 
Sgvs, which it produced. The inhabitants 
were for the most part shepherds, skilful 
warriors and able musicians. They lived on 
acorns, and thought themselves more an- 
cient than the moon. 

52. Evandrum. Evander was the son of 
the prophetess Carmente. He was a king 
of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged 
him to leave his country. He came into Italy 
where he drove the Aborigines from their 
ancient possessions, and reigned in that part 
of the country where Rome was afterwards 
founded. He gave iEneas assistance against 
the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by 
his hospitality. It is saidthathe first brought 
the Greek alphabet into Italy, and intro- 
duced there the worship of the Greek dei- 
ties. He was honoured, by his subjects, 
after his death, as a god. 

r >7,Rtx+oflumine, Not that flows straight, 



438 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



ut subievatus vincas facile Advcrsum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. 

ZZJSffiSS. fi?«W> •«•. ?? e Dea: P rimis 1 ue <: adentil ™ astris 

Veneris: et p'rimis stellis -o«. Junoni fer rite preces, iramque mmasque 60 

cidentibus, offer religiose Supplicibus supera votis: mihi victor honorem 

preces Junoni, et plaea sub- p erso i ves . Ego sum, pleno quern flumine cernis 

missis votis iram et minus . . °. ' r ■ . 1 u a 

e/w/ exhibebishonorcn, mi- Strmgentem npas, et pinguia culta secantem, 

hi, quando eris victor. Ego Coeruleus Tybris, coelo gratissimus amnis. 

sum iUe K quem vides lam- jj$ c m jhi magna domus, celsis caput urbibus exit. 65 

eSE^'a"; Dixit, deinde lacu fiuvius se condidit alto 

Tybris ccemleus, fiuvius ac- Ima petens: nox ^.nearn somnusque reliquit. 

eeptissimus diis. Hie mihi Surgit, et aetherei spectans orientia Solis 

ZS&tSZ^.&l****' *» cavis ""dam de flumine palmis 

locutus est fiuvius: deinde Sustuht, ac tales eftudit ad sethera voces; 70 

mersit se profundis aquis Nymphse, Laurentes Nymphae, genus amnibus unde 

deseendens ad mtima: nox t 

etsomuus deseruit iEneam. > . 

Surgit, et aspiciens surgen- 1 uque, o 1 ybn tuo gemtor cum flumine sancto, 

tem lucem cralestis Solis, Accipite Jinean, et tandem arcete periclis. 

S&S&^SSg** te cun£ l ue lacu3 miserantemincommodano.tr. 

sit ad ccelum talia verba: route tenet, quocunque solo pulcherrimus exisj 75 
Nymphse, Nymphae Lauren- Semper honore meo, semper celeb rabere donis, 
tes, aqmbus est ongo fluvi- Corniger Hesperidum fiuvius regnator aquarum: 
orum: et tu, o 1 ybn pater, i , - P A , L ■ . ,v * • v „ ° r- 1 

cum tuo sacro fluvio, admit- Adsls ° tantum, et propius tua numma firmes. 
lite iEneam, et denique pi^o- Sic memorat: geminasque legit declasse biremes, 
tegite a pericuiis. QuotSum- Remigioque aptat: socios simul instruit armis. 80 
V££Z£££5£ Ecce autem subitum atq; oeulis mirabile monstrum: 
mm nostrarum; quacumque Candida per s.ylvam cum foetu concolor albo 
regione erumpis formosissi- Procubuit, viridique in Htore conspicitur sus. 

S £FZg^<*m p ius ^ neas > tibi enim > tibi - maxima Juno > 

bus meis, 6 tu qui es amnis cornutus, rex aquarum Italicarum. Succurre tantum modo, et pr#~ 
senti auxilio confirma vim tuorum promissorum. Sic loquitur: et eligit duas naves e classe, et 
accommodat ad remigandum: simul accingit socios armis. Ecce autem prodigium repentinum, 
et admirandum visu; sus alba ejusdem coloris ac foetus albus, jacuit per sylvam, et cernitur in 
viridi htore: quam adeo pius iEneas tibi immolat, tibi 6 maxima Juno, 



NOTES. 



$r in a direct line, which would clash with 
verse 95, Et longos super ant jftexus; but 
which by a right or unerring course will 
bring you safe onward to your destined 
port. 

59. Cadentibus astris. With the first morn- 
ing light. See the note on JEn. II. 9. 

65. Caput urbibus. Referring to Rome, 
which on that spot,, in future ages, was to 
be erected: 

On our sides, a city shall be seen 

Our glorious seat; the world's majestic 
queen! 

68. Spectans orientia Solis lumina. It was 
the known custom of the ancients in prayer 
to turn their faces towards the east. 

71. Genus amnibus. The nymphs presided 
over waters and fountains whose channels 
became enlarged into rivers. 

74. ®hio te cunque lacus. It was the opinion 
of some ancient philosophers, to which Vir- 
g'il here seemingly alludes, that rivers took 
their rise from great subterraneous lakes or 
conservatories of waters; so that he makes 
iEneas here promise to worship the god of 



the liber in whatever place he held his re- 
sidence, whether in his primary reservoir, 
at his source, or in the course of his river. 

76. Celebrabere. Some good manuscripts 
read venerabere, which may very well be 
admitted, that verb having a passive as well 
as active signification. 

77- Corniger. Horns were an emblem of 
power, and therefore are peculiarly applica- 
ble to the Tiber, here called the king of 
Italian rivers. But, besides this, it is com- 
mon with the poets to ascribe to rivers the 
form of bulls, as Horace, Lib. IV. Ode 14.- 

Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus. 
The obvious foundation of the idea is, that 
the roaring noise of a river resembles the 
bellowing of a bull. 

84. Tibi enim. Mr. Dryden alleges the 
word enim to have been of such necessity 
in the Roman rites, that a sacrifice could 
not be performed without it. Servius, on 
the contrary, says it is merely redundant 
and ornamental. 

84. Maxipia Juno. As Jupiter was pecu- 
liarly styled Optimus Maximus, so Maxima 



JENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



439 



Mactat, sacra ferens, et cum grege sistit ad aram. 



Leniit: et tacita. refluens ita substitit unda; 
Mitis ut in niorem stagni placidseque paludis 
Sterneret aequor aquis, rcmo ut luctamcn abesset. 
Ergo iter inceptum celerant rumoic secundo. 
Labitur uncta vadis abies: mirantur et undae, 
Miratur nemus insuetum, fulgentia longe 
Scuta viruiai fluvio pictasque innare carinas. 
Olli remigio noctemque diemque fatigant, 
Et longos superant flexus, variisque teguntur 
Arboribus, viridesque secant placido aequore sylvas. 

Sol medium coeli conscenderat igneusorbem, 
Cum muros, arcemque procul, et rara domorum 
Tecta vident, quae nunc Romana potentia coelo 
iEquavit: turn res inopes Evandrus habebat. 
Ocyus advertunt proras, urbique propinquant. 
Forte die solemnem illo rex Areas honorem 
Amphitryoniadae magrio Divisque ferebat, 
Ante urbem, in luco. Pallas huic filius una, 



85 offevens tibi sacriiicia, et 

per cam noctem, quunj lot; 
ga fuit, sedayit flumen mum 
inflatum: i>\ retro fluens stc- 
tit ftuctibus sic tranqnillis, ut 
-^ sequaret planitiera aquarum 
in modum mollis stagni et 
quietae paludis", ita ut labor 
abesset in remigando. Igitur 
ruiriore prosperd deprope- 
rant iter suscep turn. Abies 
95 oblita pice deeurrit fluctibus 
et aqux mirantur, sylva in- 
assueta his spectaculis mi- 
ratur, clypeos hominum pro- 
cul splendentes et pictas 
naves velii nurnine. Uli remi- 
gando tradueunt noctem et 
100<|iem, et prsetervelmntui 
longos circuitus et inum- 
brantur diyersis arboribus, 
et trajieiunt virides sylvas 
tranquillo 9 amine. Sol ar- 
deas net'- enerat c^m.edium 
spatiuin ctcli, cum longe as- 
piciunt muros, et arcem, et pauca culmina domorum, quse Romana magnitudo nunc extuiitad 
caelum: tunc Evander possidebat rem angustam. Statim appellunt iliac naves, et accedunt ad 
urbem. Forte illo die res Areadius Evander oft'erebat solemne saerifieium magno filio Am- 
phitryonis, et Diis, ante urbem, in sylva. Siinul Pallas filius Evandri, 



NOTES. 



is an epithet that properly belongs to Juno, 
his great consort and queen: for the same 
reason she is styled Omnipotens, Mn. IV. 
693. 

85. Mactat properly signifies, pours on 
the victim's head the wine and frankincense 
by way of consecration; and perhaps it is to 
be taken in that sense in this place. 

87. Substitit. The river moved so gently 
that it seemed to be balanced, and to stand 
still. 

90. Rumoresecundo. La Cerda understands 
this of the shouts and acclamations where- 
by the seamen were wont at times to ani- 
mate one another; as iEn. III. 128. 

Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor. 

91. Labitur. It glides as easily against the 
current of the river, as if it were moving 
down the stream. 

94. Fatigent. Either se is understood, as 
in several other examples; or fatigant diem 
?wctemque, they tire out both day and night; 
a poetical expression easily understood. 

96. Virides sylvas. The shadow of the trees 
appearing in the water. 

97. Sol medium coeli. Homer has a simi- 
lar line: - 

"H/Mg' <T HXioj- fiztrcv ovguvcv cc/xfifiifivv.si. 

Iliad 3-. 
102. Forte die. There is something, says 
Dr.Trapp, very engaging in the disposition 
of this scene. A sacrifice performed in a 
wood, by the king, the prince, and all the 
court. In the midst of so peaceful a solem- 
nity, they are suddenly encountered with 
\he sight of ships and armed men just rea- 



dy to land upon them. This is likewise a 
fine and natural introduction to the noble 
episode of Cacus, whose death was the oc- 
casion of the festival which they are now 
celebrating. 

104. Paulas. This is a fine opening to the 
character of Pallas. This young prince, who 
is afterwards to make so considerable a fi- 
gure in the JEneid, is instantly alarmed at 
the hostile appearance of the ships, snatch- 
es up a javelin, and with great Boldness 
and ready courage demands the business of 
of the Trojans. Any of the rest of the com- 
pany might with almost equal propri- 
ety have made this demand; but Virgil 
very judiciously takes this opportunity of 
prepossessing our opinions in favour of this 
hero. The brevity of this address rn the ori- 
ginal is admirable, and by Pitt ably imi- 
tated: 

Pallas bids the guests the rite put- 
sue, 

Then snatch'd a javelin and impetuous 
flew— 

Resolve me, stranger (from zpointhe calls) 

Who, whence you are, and why approach 
our walls? 

What urg'd your voyage to these shore? 
declare? 

Speak, speak your business, bring you 
peace or war? 
Virgil gives to Pallas the epithet audax. 
Servius observes that the poet always makes 
use of it when he represents a man brave 
but unfortunate. Thus audacem ad Titrmim, 
Lib. 7. 



440 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

simul pr*c!pui omnes ju- Una omnes juvenum primi, pauperque senatus, 105 
venum, et senatus mops, ^i , L ' . , l r rt v '" t * l,Ui '» * v,, * 

offercbint thura huic Deo: Thura d abant: teprdusque cruor fumabat ad aras. 
et sanguis calidus fum A . Ut celsas videre rates, atque inter opacum 
bat ante altaria. Quando Allabi nemus, et tacitis incumbere remis: 
^Tap^STS^Terrentur visu subito, cunctique relictis 
sam sylvam, et ineurvari in Consurgunt mensis: audax quos rumpere Pallas 1 10 
remos tranquillos: terrentur Sacra vetat, raptoque volat telo obvius ipse, 

aspeetu inopino, et omnes £t pro j £ tumulo: J uve nes, quSE causa subedit 
surgunt relictis mensis: quos T r • a > ,,V, . . ouwc 8 a 

audax Pallas prohibet ab- Ignotas tentare vias? quo tenditis? inquit. 

rumpere ceremonias, et ip- Qui genus? unde domo? pacemne hue fertis, an arma ? 

se correpta hasta merit ob- Tum pat r M j { f fa j . ' 

■viam. et eramus exclaraat e n . r r r rr ,. ,. ' 3 

tumulo: o juvenes, quacau- Paciteraeque manu ramum praetendit olivae: 
sa impulit vos explorare iter Trojugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis, 

incognitum? quo itis? qui Quos iili bello profusos et*ere superbo. 

estis secundum genus? unde ,> ■, . r *?. ? r ,. . 

estis secundum patriam? an kvandrum petimus: ferte haec, et dicite lectos 

pacem hue portatis, an bel- Dardanise venisse duces, socia arma rogantes. 120 

faun? Time pater JEneas sic Obstupuit tanto perculsus nomine Pallas: 

loquitur e summa puppe, et i?_ j a n 

prkert manu ramum oles kgredere o quicunque es, ait, coramque parentem 

pacifies: Cernis Trojanos et Alloquere, ac nostris succede penatibus hospes. 

arma infensa Latinis, quos Accepitque manu, dextramque amplexus inhaesit. 

t5?£* Adi^Ev-r P™g ressi su beunt laco, fluviumqne relinquunt. 125 

drum: referte Mi ista, et di- Turn regem JSneas dictis affatur amicis: 

cite venisse electos princi- Optime Grajugenum, cui me fortuna precari, 

pes Trojaj, implorantes so- 

cietatem armorum. Pallas obstupuit attonitns tanto nomine: Exi, ait, 6 tu quisquis es, et aftare 
prsesens parentem meum, et ingredere doraos nostras ut hospes. Simul accepit eum manu, et 
perstitit amplectens dexteram. Progredientes intrant sylvam, et recedunt d fluvio. Tunc JEneas 
alloquitur regem amico sermone: Optime Grsccorum, cui fortuna voluit me supplicare, 

NOTES. 

105. Senatus. The senate among- the Ro- by the river god that Evander and his Ar- 
mans was the chief council of state. The cadians were constantly at war: so that this 
members of this body were called patres on was a good step towards friendship, since 
account of their authority, and senatores on they were both engaged against one corn- 
account of their age. It was first instituted mon enemy. 

by Romulus, to govern the city and to pre- 118. Bella superbo. A war, the effect of 

side over the affairs of the state during his pride, and of an insolent tyrannical spirit, 
absence. The senate was abolished by Jus- 118. Bella egere superbo. It may seem at 

tinian thirteen centuries after its first insti- first sight that iEneas himself was the only 

tution. offender in this case, and that the Latins 

108. Tacitis incumbere remis. The Roman did not act improperly, as they did no more 

manuscript reads tacitos; but the sense is than attempt to dispossess him and his fol- 

the same. lowers, who were encroaching on their ter- 

114. £hti genus? wide domo? for qui estis ritories. But itis to be considered, that this 

quoad genus? ex qua domo? part of the country where he landed was 

116. Olivet. The olive became a token of unpeopled, and therefore, by the law of na- 
peace; perhaps from the tradition of the tions, free to the first comers to take pos- 
dove of Noah, which announced to the pa- session of it, und plant it with a colony, 
triarch the retiring of the waters by bring- 122. Coram parentem. Taubmannus ob- 
ing in its beak " an olive leaf plucked off." serves, that the modesty of Pallas on this 

117. Trojugenas. As Pallas had proposed occasion is worthy of remark, who like a 
his questions very briefly, yEneas is as con- youth of ingenuous birth and breeding re- 
cise in his reply. The word Trojugenas an- fers iEneas to his father for an answer, 
swers to the £hii genus et unde domo? The 124. Dextramque. Tacitus says that it was 
branch of olive is a satisfactory return to his the custom of princes when they would 
demand, Pacemne hucfertis^ an arma? But, strike a league to join their right hands, 
to obviate this suspicion from seeing them and in a manner to bend and squeeze their 
in arms, he adds, that these arms were ini~ fingers together: " Pollices inter se vincire, 
mica Latinis, with whom be had been told et nodo constringere." 



.KNEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



441 



Et vitta comptos voluit praetendere ramos: 



Non equidem extimui* Danaiim quod ductor et Ar 
Quodque a stirpe fores geminis conjunctus Atridis; 



j^cas, ct woferre ramos ornatos 



13 



tiemis: cquidem non metui, 
quod esses dux finecorum, 
et Areas, et qu6d ab origine 
I eognatus duobus Atrei liliis. 
Sed pietas raea, et sacra 
monita Deorum, et ma- 
jores nostn consanguinei, 
et fama tua sparsa per ter- 
me tibi, et 
vum impu- 
volentem. 
(lus parens 
s Trojans; 
odum Graj- 






lectra filid 
flsus est ad 
imus Atlas, 

•is orbes cce- 
Electram. 

sestvester, 



Sed mea me virtus, et sancta oracula Diviim, 

Co^natique patres, tua terris didita fama, 

Conjunxere tibi, et fatis egere volentem. 

Dardanus, Iliacse primus pater urbis et auctor, 

Electra, ut Graii perhibent, Atlantide cretus, 

Advehitur Teucros: Electram maximus Atlas 

Edidit, aethereos humero qui sustinet orbes. 

Vobis Mercurius pater est, quern Candida Maia 

Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit. 

At Maiam, auditis si quicquam credimus, Atlas, 

Idem Atlas generat, cceli qui sidera tollit. 

Sic genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. 

His fretus: non legatos, neque prima per artem 

Tentamenta tui pepigi: memet ipse meumque 

Objeci caput, etsupplex ad limina veni. 

Gens eadem, qua te, crudeli Daunia bello 

Insequitur: nos si pellant, nihil abfore credunt, 

Quin omnem Hesperiam penitus sua sub juga mit- 1 ^.^, 

tent J v usque diviu ab etai ■> 

Et mare, quod supra, teneant, quodque alluit infra. sanguine. Con 

Accipe, daque fidem: sunt nobis fortia bello 150 non adhibui cim 

r» , . . legationes et prim 

Pectora, sunt animi, et rebus spectata juventus. m | nta tU!e vo \ untau 

Dixerat ^Eneas: iile os oculosque loquentis memet exposui, et ace 

Jamdudum et totum lustrabat lumine corpus. supplex ad domum tudm 

Tunc sic pauca refert: Ut te, fortissime teucrum, ^SSS£| 

Accipio agnoscoque libens! ut verba parentis 155 n0 s etiam persequitur: si 

Et vocem Anchisse magni vultumque recordor! nos ejiciat; nihil putat defu- 

Nam memini Hesiones' visentem regna sororis ^SSS^L £ 

omnino Italiam; et occupet mare quod allarabit earn supra, et quod infra. Accipe, et prcebe 
fidem: sunt nobis corpora robusta ad bellum, sunt animi, et juvenes insignes rebus {testis. 
JEneas sic dixerat: Evander jarndiu circumspiciebat oculis vultum et oculos et omne coiqms di- 
eentis. Tunc ita respondet pauca: O generosissime Trojanorum, quam libenter aguosco te et 
accipio! quam bene reminiscor sermonem et vocem et speciem magni patris tui Anchis:s! Nam 
memini Priamum, 



NOTES. 



128. Vitta comptos ramos. Olive boughs, 
wrapped about with wreaths of white wool, 
hanging down over the hands of the sup- 
pliants, were the common emblems of 
peace, and denoted that the person came 
with a friendly, hospitable intention. 

133. Fatis egere volentem. However much 
I was bound to come in obedience to fate 
and the orders of the gods, yet I came wil- 
lingly, and was pleased to enter this the 
country of my ancestors. He was commis- 
sioned thither by the Sibyl formerly, and 
now by the god Tiberinus. 

143- Non legatos, &c. Literally, I did not 
negotiate for embassies, or preliminary es- 
says of you by art. 

146. Daunia. This is a name given to the 
northern parts of Apulia, on the coast of the 



Adriatic. It is derived from Daunus who 
settled there, and is now called Capitanata. 

149. Mare, quod supra, &c. The two seas 
with which Italy is bounded; namely, the 
Adriatic or Upper Sea towards the north, 
and the Tyrrhene or Lower Sea towards 
the south. 

151. Sunt animi. Add in your mind fortes, 
to complete the sense. 

153. Jamdudum. See the note on iEn. IV. 
verse 1. 

153. Lustrabat lumine, with an attentive 
eye surveyed. 

157. Hesiones. Hesione was a daughter of 
Laomedon, king of Troy. Delivered by 
Hercules from a sea monster, to which it 
was her lot to be exposed; the conqueror 
gave her to Telamon. Her removal to 
Greece proved disastrous to the Trojans. 



3 L 



442 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



160 



filiumLaomedontis, invisen- Laomedontiadem Priamum, Salamina petentenij 
tem regnum sororh suce He- p rot j n ^ s Arcadise gelidos invisere fines. 
siones, et euntem Salamina, rl „ ... . ° ,*, ^ n 

continuo^iereperlustras^c 1 um mihi prima genas vestibat ilore juventa: 
frigidam regionem Arcadia. M ; "abarque duces Teucros, mirabar et ipsum 
Tunc prima juvenilis lege- j ome d ntiaden: sed cunctis altior ibat 
%M^g?%& ^hises. Mihi mens juvenili ardebat amore 
nos, et admirabar ipsum L ompellare virum, et dextrae coiajungere dextram. 
omedontisiilium-.sed Anc iccessi, et cupidus Phenei sub moenia duxi. 165 

i (1 Ille mihi insignem pharetram, Lyciasque sagittas 
Discedens, chlamydemque auro dedit intertextam, 
- Fraenaque bina, meus quae nunc habet aurea Pallas. 
'' ■".* Ergo et quam petitis, juncta est mihi foedere dextra: 

ns Et lux cum primum terris se crastina reddet, 170 
.ha- Auxilio laetos dimittam, opibusque juvabo. 
auro 1 Interea sacra haec, quando hue venistis amici* 
se me- Annua, quae differre nefas, celebrate faventes 
o habet. Nobiscum, et jam nunc sociorum assuescite mensis. 
dextra, xj~*~ .,k; a\„<-„. a^-^^c :.,k«<- „*• ,.,,ui„*.„ „~.,~^; jy^ 



ses incedebat sublimior 
nibus. Animus fervebo' 
juvenili desiderio alio 
hominem, et social 
tram dextra. Audi 
cupidus deduxi ev 
bem Pheneum. 
donavit mihi Hi 
retram, et sagil 
chlamydeni 
et frsenadut 
us jilins P 
Itaque h 
quam i v 
data ' 
etqr 



Haec ubi dicta: dapes jubet et sublata reponi 



? vobiscum.: Pocula, gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili: 
am dies eras- Praecipuumque toro et villosipelle leonis 

tir t terris, remit- Ac cipit .Eneam, solioque invitat acerno. 

. • ' ; ;tos subsidio, et „ r . . . \ . , 

•ibusafe. lnte- T- um l ectl juvenes certatim araeque sacerdos 179 

jquidemaccessis-- Viscera tosta ferunt taurorum, onerantque canistris 
a amici, perficite Dona labovatae Cereris, Bacchumque ministrant. 

. nobiscum hsec an- T7 • „ . , . Vn • • 

.crificia, qu» non licet Vescitur ^Eneas, simul et Trojana juventus, 
.-re, et jam inde assues- Perpetui tergo bovis et lustralibus extis. 
te epulis sociorum. Post- Postquam exempta fames, et amor compressus edendi, 
juam hasc dicta fuerunt: tjt^j •„. xt u i .i_-« i o ,- 

imperat cibos et pocula sub- Rex Evandrus ait: Non haec solemnia nobis, 185 

ducta referri, et ipse consti- Has ex more dapes, hanc tanti numinis aram, 
tuit homines in herbida sede: et admittit principem JEneam in torum et pellem setosi leonis, et 
inducit in solium ex acere. Tunc juvenes electi et sacerdos ane certatim portant viscera tosta 
taurorum, et accumulantin calathis munera confectipanis, et proferunt vinum. -Eneas, etsimul 
Trojana juventus, comedit dorsum longi bovis et viscera piacularia. Postquam fames ablatafuit, 
et cupido comedendi satiata: rex Evander dixit: Non superstitio f " 



quorum, indixit nobis has ceremonias, 



superstitio falsa, et inscia deorum anti- 



NOTES. 



159. Protinus cannot mean in his way, as 
Dr. Trapp renders it, since Arcadia lies be- 
yond Salamis, and not in the way between 
Troy and it: but protinus is either at the 
same time, or continuing- his journey for- 
ward. 

160. Juventa is properly that time of life 
when they were able juvare re?npublicam, 
to bear arms in defence of the common- 
wealth. 

165. Phenei. Pheneus was a town with a 
lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose 
waters were unwholesome in the night and 
salubrious in the day time. 

166. Lyciasque sagittas. Lycia was a coun- 
try in Asia Minor, lying towards the south, 
one of whose cities was Patara, on the sea 
coast, famous for a temple to -Apollo, the 
god of the bow, and for the fine quivers and 
arrows there made. 



179. Ar>eque sacerdos. The feast at the end 
of the ceremony was always considered as 
a part of the sacrifice; and therefore the 
priest does nothing out of character in ser- 
ving at this entertainment. 

183. Perpetui bovis. It is evident both from 
Homer and others, that oxen used to be 
roasted and served up whole at some of the 
ancient entertainments: Homer particular- 
ly allots the chine for his heroes, and that 
entire and unbroken, $wi*.t<; ; which answers 
to Virgil's perpetui tergo bovis. 

183. Lustralibus extis, i. e. The remains 
of the sacrifice which had been appointed 
for consecration. 

185. Evandrus. After the Greek form 
tvccvSpog. 

186. Aram. The altar, here put for the sa- 
crifice, as jEn.VI. 252. 

Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras. 



iENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



443 



Vana supcrsthio vcterumve ignara Deorum 
Imposuit: saevis, hospcs Trojant, periclis 
Servati facimus, meritosque novamus honores. 
Jam primum saxis suspensam hanc aspice rupem: 
Disjecta procul ut moles, desertaque montis 
Stat domus, ct scopuli ingcntem traxere ruinam. 
Hie spelunca fuit vasto submota recessu, 
Semihominis Caci facies quam dira tenebat, 
Solis inaccessam radiis; semperque vecenti 
Caede tepebat humus; fori b usque affix a superbis 
Ora viriim tristi pendebant pallida tabo. 
Huic monstro Vulcanus erat pater: illius atros 
Ore vomens ignes, magna se mole ferebat. 
Attulit et nobis aliquando optantibus aetas 
Auxiliumadventumque Dei: nam maximus ultor, 
Tfergemini nece Geryonis spoliisque superbus, 
Alcides aderat: taurosque hac victor agebat 
Ingentes: vallemque boves amnemque tenebant. 
At furis Caci mens effera, ne quid inausum 
Aut intentatum scelerisve dolive fuisset: 
Quatuor a stabulis prsestanti corpore tauros 
Avertit, totidem forma superante juvencas. 
Atque hos, ne qua forent pedibus vestigia rectis, 
Cauda in speluncam tractos, versisque viarum 
Indiciis raptos, saxo occultabat opaco. 
Quaerentem nulla ad speluncam signa ferebant. 
Intereacum jam stabulis saturata moveret 
Amphitryoniades armenta, abitumque pararet: 
Discessu mugire boves, atque omne querelis 
Impleri nemus, et colles clamore relinqui. 
Reddidit una bourn vocem, vastoque sub antro 



191 



Ins epulas ex consuetudine, 
hsec altaria tanti Dei: exe- 
quinmr istud, o hospes Tro- 
jii-ic, erepti b gravibus peri- 
culis; et renovamus meri- 
tum cultum. Consideranunc 
primo hanc rupem sustenta- 
tam saxis: quemadmodum 
moles longe disrupts, et do- 
mus in monte stat. vacua, et 
. saxa accumulaverunt mag- 
*-*5 nam ruinam. Hie fuitcaver- 
na subducta in Ion gam pro- 
funditatem: quam dira spe- 
cies Caci semihominis oc- 
cupabat, inviam luci So- 
lis: et terra semper ittic 
200 calida erat stragibus no- 
vis: et capita hominum 
fixa ad crudeles portas pen- 
debant liventia tristi same. 
Vulcanus erat parens hujus 
monstri: monstrum eimctans 
ore nigros ignes Vidcani, 
•^5 efferebatse vasta mole. Tan- 
dem tempus attulit nobis cu» 
pientibus opem et prsesen- 
tiam Dei. Nam venit Her- 
cules, illustris vindex, insig- 
nis morte et spoliis Geryo- 
2 10 n * s tricorporis: et victor pel- 
lebat per banc reg'ionem tau- 
ros magnos: et boves imple- 
bant vallem et fiuvium. Sed 
animus latronis Caciconcita- 
tus, ne superesset quicquam 
criminis aut fraud is, quod 
215 non auderet aut tentaret, 
abducit a stabulis quatuor 
tauros eximio corpore, toti- 
dem vaccas pulchriore spe- 
cie. Et ne aliqua vestigia restarent ex ungulis l-ectis: bos abductos Cauda in cavernam, et raptos 
aversis signis via?, abscondebat vasta rupe. Nulla signa ducebant ad cavernam enm qui qusesivis- 
set. Interim cum Hercules educeret e stabulis armenta jam saturata, et prsepararet discessum; 
boves in egressu emperunt boare, et tota sylva ccepit repieri questibus, et colles cceperunt deserj 
cum clamore. Una vaccarum remisit clamorem, et sub caverna spatiosa reboavit, 



NOTES. 



187. Vana superstitio. Superstition is here 
opposed to religion, but in a sense some- 
what different from what it bears with us. 
Religion with them consisted in worship- 
ping the ancient gods; and superstition was 
a deviation from that established worship, 
to the adoration of more modern deities. 

187. Veterwn ignara. We worship not Her- 
cules, a more recent god, with any con- 
tempt of gods greater and more ancient. 

194. Caci. Trapp remarks that it is a pe- 
culiar elegance to put a person's most re- 
markable quality in a substantive for an epi- 
thet to him in the adjective. Thus sapientia 
Lcelii, wise Lselius; Crispi jucunda senectus, 
old jolly Crispus; vis Htr cutis, stout Her- 
cules, and here facies dira Caci, ill favoured 
Cacus. Cacus was a famous robber, son of 
Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three- 
headed monster and as vomiting flames. He 
resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave 



were covered with human bones. He plun- 
dered the neighbouring country. When 
Hercules returned from the conquest of 
Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and 
dragged them backwards into his cave to 
prevent discovery. Hercules departed with- 
out perceiving the theft; but his oxen ha- 
ving lowed, they were answered by the 
cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero 
became acquainted with the loss he had 
sustained. He ran to the place, attacked 
Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his 
arms, though vomiting smoke and fire. Her- 
cules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, 
in commemoration of his victory, and an 
annual festival was instituted by the inhabi- 
tants in honour of the hero who had deh% 
vered them from such a calamity. 

200. Et nobis, i.e. brought aid to us, as H. 
had done to many others whose grievances 
Hercules redressed. 



444 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et inclusa frustravit spem Mugiit, et Caci spem custodita fefellit. 
Caci. lunc autem Her- tt\ s A1 -, r r •• 

culi dolor inflammatus est Hlc vero Alcidae funis exarserat atro 

in iras nigra bile: sumjt Felle dolor: rapit arma manu, nodisque gravatum. 220 

manuarma,ettruncumgia- Robur, et aerii cursu petit ardua montis. 

J2K3^Sr$X-T«» * rimiim nos l ri Cacumvidere timentem, 

Tunc\prim6 nostri homines lurbatumque oculis. Fugit llicet ocyor Euro, 
aspexeruntOacura metuen- Speluncamque petit: pedibus timor addidit alas, 
tim foVt'eleHor 1 Eurof:; JJt sese inclusit; ruptisque immane catenis 225 

currit ad cavemam: metus Uejecit saxum, ierro quod et arte paterna 
adjunxerat pennas pedibus. Pendebat; fultosque emuniit objice postes: 
Postquam clausit se; et frac- g cce f urens an i m i s aderat Tirynthius, omnemque 
tis vincuhs demisit saxum A . , r . •„ ' * 

ingens, quod pendebat ferro Accessum lustrans, hue ora ferebat-et lllllC, 
et arte patris Vulcani,- et Dentibus infrendens. Ter totum fervidus ira 23G 

munivit portam defensam Lustrat Aventini montem; ter saxea tentat 
hoc obstaculo: ecce Hercu- T . . J .. ,. 

les adest furiosus animo, et Litmna nequicquam; ter fessus yalle resedit. 
considerans omnera aditum, Stabat acuta silex, praecisis undique saxis, 
immittit oculos buc et illuc, Speluncae dorso insurgens, altissima visu, 
S^^^fcftotS Dirarum nidis domus opportuna volucrum. 235 

montem Aventinum; ter in- Hanc, ut prona jugo laevum incumbebat ad amnem, 
vadit frustra saxeas portas; Dexter in adversum nitens concussit, et imis 
I^'ac^^Se^a- Avulsam solvit radicibus: inde repent 
que accisis, erecta h. dorso Impulit, impulsu quo maximus insonat aether: 
cavernse; visu excelsissima, Dissultant ripae, refluitque exterritus amnis. 240 

latebra aocomoda nidis avi- At specus et Ca ci detecta apparuit ingens 

ura funestarum. Cum ilia „ .' ' . . v vv & 

jugo curva penderet in flu- Regia, et umbrosae penitus patuere cavernae. 
vium sibi si ui strum: Hercu- Non secus ac si qua penitus vi terra dehiscens 

les comraovit illam et abru- 

pit erutam intimis radieibus, connixusaS dextra/>a?'te in partem oppositam: deinde statim pro- 
pulit, quo pulsu magnum caslum souuit: ripse dissiluerunt, et fluvius territus retrogressus est. At 
speluncaet magna aula Caci apparuit detecta, et antra ten ebrosa intime aperta sunt. Non aliter 
quam si terra per 

NOTES. 

226. Arte, pqternd. The Cyclops, who -were And now she thunders from the Grecian 
the workmen of Vulcan are said first to walls, 

have discovered the art of fortifying- cities. Mars hov'ring o'er his Troy his terror 

240. Dissultant ripce, tfc. Notwithstand- shrouds 

ing what Dr. Trapp alleges to the contrary, In gloomy tempests and a night of clouds; 

we cannot help thinking that dissultant is Above the sire of gods his thunder rolls, 

here to be taken in its most strict and pro- And peals on peals redoubled rend the 
per sense: The banks leap different ways. poles: 

The tumbling rock shatters the bank, and Beneath stern Neptune shakes the solid 
makes it fly in pieces; and these shattered ground, 

fragments, together with the splinters of The forests wave, the mountains nod ?.- 
the rock, failing precipitately into the river, round; 

drive back its current; which plain natural Deep in the dismal regions of the dead, 

effect Virgil, in the animated style of poe- Th' infernal monarch rears his horrid head, 

try, thus describes: Leap'd from his throne, lest Neptune's 
Dissultant rip <s> refluitque exterritus amnis. arm should lay 

243. Non secus ac. Virgil here elegantly His dark dominions open to the day, 

introduces as a simile vvliat Homer brings And pour in light on Pluto's drear abodes, 

in as a fact. Let the reader compare them. Abhorr'd by men and dreadful e'en to 
Thus Homer: gods; 

But when the pow'rs descending swell Such wars th' immortals wage, such hor- 

the fight, rors rend 

Then tumult rose, fierce rage, and pale af- The world's vast concave when the gods 

fright. contend. 

Now through the trembling shores Miner- Jliad20. Popf 

va calls, 



yENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



445 



vim intime diffracta apcriat 
245 ^ omos infernas* aperiat reg- 
na pallida, inaspecta a Diis, 
et si immanis vorago desu- 
pcr aspiciatur: ct umbras 
tremant luce intusa. Ilaque 
Hercules desuper urget ja- 
culis Cacum subito intercep- 
250 turn in lumine inopino, et 



Infemas reseret sedes, et regna recludat 

Pallida, Diis invisa: superq; immane barathrum 

Cernatur, trepidentque immisso lumine Manes. 

Ergo insperata. deprensum in luce repente, 

Inclusumque cavo saxo, atque insueta rudentem, 

Desuper Alcides telis premit, omniaque arma 

Advocat, et ramis vastisque molaribus instat. 

Ille autem (neq; enim fuga jam super ulla pericli est) c !f sui ; 1 *w»l»e« vA > f v °- 

* . . ^ ^' r & J . . .} ,. r J ciferantem insueto modo: et 

Faucibus mgentem fumum, mirabile dictu, adhibet cuneta arma, et op- 

Evomit: involvitque domum caligine caeca, primit ramis et magnis lapi- 

Prospectum eripiens oculis: erlomeratque sub antro dibus. Ille vero (nam nui- 

_, r r • ?• • x u ■ n f r him iam restat eiiuemm dis- 

rumiferam noctem, commixUs igne tenebris. 255 erfmiois) emittit gutture 

Non tulit Alcides animis: seque ipse per ignem magnum fumum, res miran- 

Praecipiti jecit saltu, qua plurimus undam da dictu > et implet totam 

Fumus agit, nebulaque ingens specus sestuat atra. ^Xent^S oSl 

Hie Cacum in tenebris incendia vana vomentem e t colligit sub spelunea noc- 

Corripit, m nodum complexus: et angit inhserens 260 tem fumidam, mistis tene- 

Elisos oculos, et siccum sanguine guttur. 

Panditur extempld foribus domus atra'revulsis: 

Abstractseque boves, abjurataeque rapinae 

Ccelo ostenduntur; pedibusque informe cadaver 

Protrahitur: nequeunt expleri corda tuendo 

Terribiles oculos, vultum, villosaque setis 

Pectora semiferi, atque extinctos faucibus ignes. 

Ex illo celebratus honos, laetique minores 

Servavere diem, primusque Potitius auctor, 

Et domus Herculei custos Pinaria sacri, 

Hanc aram luco statuit: quae maxima semper 

Dicetur nobis, et erit quae maxima semper. 

Quare agite, 6 juvenes, tantarum in munere laudum, 

Cingite fronde comas, et pocula porgite dextris: 



bris cum flamma. Hercules 
pros ira nou toleravit hoc: et 
ipseimmisit seprsecipiti saltu 
per flammas, qakparte mul- 
tus fumus impellit se in un- 
dam, et magna spelunea ex- 
265 halat nigram nubem. Turn 
apprehendit Cacum evo- 
mentem in tenebris inutiles 
ignes, eoznprimens eum in 
nodum: et incumbens strin- 
git oculos extrusos, et jugu- 



270 



lum aridum sine sanguine, 
Statim aperitur nigra spe- 
lunea portis fractis: et expo- 
nuntur luci vaccce abductse 
et prcsdas ablatse cum per- 
jurio: et foedum cadaver 
raptatur pedibus: animi ne- 
queunt satiari spectando oculos borribiles, et faciem, et pectus semiferi C&ci hispidum pilis, et 
ignes extinctos in gutture. Ab illo tempore solemnis est gloria Herculis: ct posteri gaudentes 
coluerunt fume diem: et primus institutor Potitius, et familia Pinaria, ministra Herculei sacrifi- 
cii, collocavit hanc aram in hac sylva: quse ara semper dicetur a nobis maxima, et quse semper 
erit maxima. Agite igitur, 6 juvenes: in celebration e tantse virtutis, coroaate capillos foliis, et 
proferte manibus pocula, 



NOTES. 



245. Diis Invisa. Dr. Trapp is undoubt- 
edly right in rendering invisa here ab- 
horred, and not unseen or invisible, as La 
Rue, Cerda, and others have done, since it 
answers to Homer's ruyi^crt Stoi x^. 

261. Siccum sanguine guttur, i. e- squeezed 
him so hard as to stop the circulation of the 
blood. 

267. Pectora semiferi. Thus when in Spen- 
ser's Fairy Queen, Belphcebe had killed the 
savage man: 
Yet o'er liim she there long gazing stood, 
And oft admir'd his monstrous shape, and 

oft 
His mighty limbes, whilst all with filthy 

blood, 

The place there overflowne seem'd like a 

sudden flood. 

271. Hanc aram; qua maxima. In Livy, I. 

1. Evander thus addresses Hercules: "Jove 

aate Hercules, salve' Sec. Hail Hercules, 



son of Jove! my mother, a true interpreter 
of sacred things, has predicted that you 
will increase the number of the gods, and 
that an altar will be dedicated to you; which 
in future times the most potent nation upon 
earth shall call maxima and serve with your 
own rites." Hercules joining hands, an- 
swered, he received the omen and would 
fulfil the prophecy by building and conse- 
crating an altar. Ovid, Fast. I. 585. tells us 
that this altar stood in the Forum Boarium, 
near the Aventine and Palatine hills. 

271. Semper. The reason of the name is 
given by Dionysius, that this, being the al- 
tar whereon Hercules himself offered the 
tithes of his spoils, became on that account 
the object of chief veneration, and was 
called Maxima to distinguish it from the 
numerous other altars which that hero had 
in Italy. 

273. In munere. Munvts , svlvs Donatus, cH~ 



446 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et mvocate Deum commu- Communemque vocate Deum, et date vina volentes. 
beTti "J™"®? ££± Dixerat, Herculea bicolor citm populus umbra 276 
c&m populus arbor gcmini Velavitque comas, foliisque innexa pependit: 
colons et texit capillos om- Et sacer implevit dextram scyphus. Ocyus omnes 

bus: et sacrum poculum re- Devexo interea propior fit vesper Olympo: 280 

plevit dextram manum. Sta- Jamque sacerdotes, primusque Potitius, ibant 
Urn omnes bites prpjiciunt p € ni bus in mo rem cincti, flammasque ferebant. 

vmuni in mensam, et orant _ , ' * . 

DeoR. Interim occiduo eoeio Instaurant epulas, et mensse grata secundse 
vesper fit vicinior: et jam Dona ferunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 
sacerdotes et prima* Poti- Tum Salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum, 285 

tins, incedebant cincti pelli- n i • j • 

bus juxta consuetudinem, Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. 

et portabant faces. Reno- Hie juvenum chorus; ille senum, qui carmine laudes 

yant convivium, et portent Herculeas et facta ferunt: ut prima novercae 

■Belinda munera metisce se- ■«» • r ,. 

cmvUe, et operiunt altaria Monstra manu, gemmosq; premens ehserit angues; 
pat'uiis plenis. Tunc Salii Ut bello egregias idem disjecerit urbes, 290 

circa aras flammantes acce- Trojamque, Oechaliamque: ut duros mille labores 

aunt inter cantus, coronati r» i r- *>i r :• t ... 

drca capita ramis populeis. Re S e su . b Eurystheo, fatis Junonis miquae, 
Hie est chorus juvenum, Pertulerit. Tu nubigenas, invicte, bimembres, 

ille senum: qui cantu memorant laudes et gesta Herculis: quemadmodum stringens occiderit 
manu prima monstra novercse, et duos serpentes; quemadmodum idem everterit bello illustrcs 
urbes, etTrojam et Oechaliam: quemadmodum toleraverit labores mille asperos, sub rege Eu- 
rystheo, per potestatem Junonis infensse. Tu, 6 heros insuperabilis, occidis manu filios nubis bino 
eorpore, et Hylaeum, 



NOTES. 



dtur cur a cujusque rei perficiendce imposita 
cum necessitate faciendi. Laudes again are 
praiseworthy deeds, as in other places. 

275. Communem. Those gods were called 
communes, who were universally worship- 
ped for the common good. Thus Mars for 
war, Mercury for the arts, and Hercules for 
his signal services, by the Arcadians, Ita- 
lians and Trojans. 

276. HerculeA populus. The poplar tree, 
Servius tells us, was consecrated to Hercu- 
les, because that hero in his descent to hell 
made for himself a crown of poplar leaves, 
whereof the part that touched the head re- 
ceived, or rather retained its white hue, 
while the external part became black with 
the smoke of the infernal regions; which 
fable see explained from history by the Ab- 
be Banier in his Mythology. 

278. Scyphus, from the Greek <rxu?o<r, was" 
an ample vase appropriated to Hercules as 
was the cantharus to Bacchus. 

280. Devexo Olympo. The diurnal hemis- 
phere setting, and the hemisphere of night 
rising, according to the notion of those who 
made the whole heavens revolve round the 
earth. 

282. In morem cincti. After the manner 
of primitive men, particularly shepherds. ' 

284. Cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 
La Cerda understands this of the incense 
which on solemn occasions used to be offer- 
ed in great broad plates, lances; according 
to the remark of Ovid: 



Nee quae de parva. pauper Diis libat 
acerra. 
Thura, minus, grandi quam data lance, 
valent. 
This seems to agree best with the following 
words, incensa altaria circum, round the al- 
tars burning with incense. Others however 
refer it to the dona secundce menste before 
mentioned, i. e. the fruits and other delica- 
cies which used to be served up in the se- 
cond course, and in sacred banquets were 
first presented on the altar by way of conse- 
cration. 

285. Salii. A college of priests at Rome 
instituted in honour of Mars, and appointed 
by Numa to take care of the ancylia, A. C. 
709. It was usual among the Romans when 
they declared war for the Salii to shake their 
shields with great violence, as if to call on 
the god Mars to come to their assistance. 

293. Tu nubigenas, invicte, &c. This beau- 
tiful transition from the third person to an 
apostrophe in the second, is finely imitated 
by Milton, in a hymn of a much sublimer 
kind: 
Thus at their shady lodge arriv'd, both 

stood, 
Both turn'd, and under open sky ador'd 
The God that made both sky, air, earth 

and heav'n, 
Which they beheld, the moon's resplen- 
dent globe, 
And starry pole: Thou also mad'st the night. 
Ma-ker omnipotent, and thou the day. 

Par. Lost, B. IV. 720 



jENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



u 



Hylaeumque, Pholumque, manu; tu Cressia mactas 

Prodigia, et vastum Nemeae sub rupe lconem. 

Te Stygii tremuere lacus: te janitor Orci, 

Ossa super recubans antro semesa cruento. 

Nee te ullae faciesj non terruit ipse Typhoeus 

Arduus, arnia tenens: non te rationis egentem 

Lernaeus turba. capitum circumstetit anguis. 

Salve, vera Jovis proles, decus addite Divis; 

Et nos, et tua dexter adi pede sacra secundo. 

Talia carminibus celebrant; super omnia Caci 

Speluncam adjiciunt, spirantemque ignibus ipsum, 

Consonat omne nemus strepitu, collesque resultant. 

Exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem 

Perfectis referunt. Ibat rex obsitus aevo; 

Et comitcm iEneam juxta natumque tenebat 

Ingrediens, varioque viam sermone levabat. 

Miratur, facilesque oculos fert omnia circum 

iEneas, capitur.que locis, et singula laetus 

Exquiritque auditque virum monimenta priorum. 

Turn rex Evandrus, Romanse conditor arcis: 

Haec neraora indigent Fauni Nymphseque tenebant, ^^ 8 p h S l et P fiiT- 

o 15 



et Pholum, et monstra Cr£« 

ngrtica, et immanent leom-m 
sul> rupe Nemeae. Flumina 
Stygia tetimueruut: te jani- 
tor inierorum, jaceus in an- 
tro sanguinolento super os- 
sa semivorata. Nee te spe- 
cies ulke terruerunt: non 

300 terruit ipse Typhoeus, sub- 
lines, intendens anna: non 
hydra Lernsea magna mul- 
titudine capitum circum- 
cinxit te inopem consilii. 
Salve vera progenies Jovis, 
adjuncte Diis quasi honor 
eorum; veni pede prospero 

306 et ad nos et ad tua sacriticia 
propitius. Memorant talia 
cantibus: super csetei'a ad- 
dunt cavernam Caci etipsam 
exhalantera fianimas. Tola 

310 sylva resonat strepitu, etco>- 
les resiliuut. Deinde absolu- 
tis ceremoniis divinis, onv 
nes redeunt ad urbem. Rex 
obrutus senio incedebat, et 



Gensque virum truncis et duro robore nata 

Queis neque mos, neque cultus erat; nee jungere tau 

ros, 
Aut componere opes norant, aut parcere parto; 
Sed rami, atque asper victu venatus alebat. 
Primus ab aethereo venit Saturnus Olympo, 
Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exul ademptis. 
Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis 
Composuit, legesque dedit: Latiumque vocari 
Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. 

num orta truncis et duris arboribus: quibus neque consuetudines, neque cultus erat: nee scie- 
bant alligare tauros jugo, aut colligere divitias, aut moderate uti rebus partis; sed arbores, et 
venatus durus victu nutriebat eos. Saturnus primus venit ab Olympo ccelesti, fugiens arma Jovis, 
et profugus erepto imperio. Hie congregavit gentem immansuetam et diftusam per montes ex~ 
celsos, et imposuit ei leges: et voluit appellari Latium, quod tuto occultatus fuisset in hac re- 
gione. 



um suum, et solabatur labo- 
rem itineris multiplici eolio= 
quio. jEneas admiratur, et 
emittit leves oculos circa 
omnia, et delectatur aspectu 
locorum, et gaud ens petit 
discitque singula vestigia ve- 
terum hominum. Tunc rex 
^ u Evander, fundator arcis, 
quse deinde fuit Romana, 
ait:^ Fauni et Nymphaj, na- 
tse in illis locis, occupabant 
has sylvas: et natio homi- 



NOTES. 



294. Cressia prodigia- The bull that vo- 
mited fire, and the Eind with brazen feet, 

302. Dexter, propitious. See Eel. \. 16. 

307. Sex obsitus cevo. Literally, thick sown 
with age, i. e. with gray hairs and other 
marks of age; a metaphor borrowed from a 
field of corn. 

310. Faciles. An epithet given to the eyes 
of JEneas, to denote his eagerness in sur- 
veying every object. His eyes were what 
the Greeks call rpotpuSz;, mersatiles, nimble, 
voluble. 

313. Romanes conditor arcis. His little city 
Pallanteum was built upon a hill afterwards 
called Mons Palatinus. 

315. Robore nata. It was a practice, says 
Eustathius, among the heathens to expose 
their children which they would not or 
could not educate. The places where they 
deposited them were generally caverns or 
hollow oaks. These children being frequent- 
ly found and preserved by strangers were 
Said to be the offspring of those trees and 



rocks where they were found. Hence the 
poets fable that men were born of oaks. 

316. ATos may either import laws and in- 
stitutions, as above, Moresque viris et mcenia 
ponit; laws being so called, because they 
regulate the manners of men; or it may sig-- 
nify discipline, order, and politeness, which 
are the effects of laws. 

319. Primus ab, &c. Saturn was by Jupi- 
ter banished from his throne, and fled for 
safety into Italy, where the place retained 
the name of Latium, from latere, as bein™- 
the country in which he was concealed. 
Janus, who was then king of Italv, re- 
ceived Saturn with marks of attention, 
and made him partner of his throne. The 
fallen king of heaven employed himself 
in civilizing the barbarous manners of 
the Italians, and in teaching them agricul- 
ture and the useful and liberal arts. His 
reign there was so mild and beneficent that 
to intimate the happiness and prosperity 
which the earth then enjoyed, mankind 
have called it " the golden age." 



448 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Aurea setas, de qua loquun- Aurea, quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuerunt 

oooti»"b a t S popufo ."Kttt Ssecula; sic placida populos in pace regebat. 325 

quilla pace, donee subrep- Deterior donee paulaiim.ac decolor setas, 

sit sensim steculum pejus Et belli rabies, et amor successit habendi. 

SlI'SpW^^dSTum manus Ausonte, « gente. ventre Sicans: 

Tunc venerunt turmte Au-^aepius et nomen posuit Saturma tellus. 

soniie, et nationes Siculse: Turn reges, asperque immani corpore Tybris; 330 

et Saturniaregio ssepe mu- A quo p ' ost Itali fl uv i U m cognomine Tybrim 

tavit nomen. 1 una venerimt r .. *. l . . * n • 

reges, et Tybris ferox vasto Lhximus: amisit verum vetus Albula nomen. 

corpore, a quo deinde nos Me pulsum patria, pelagique extrema sequentem, 

Itali appellHvimus flumen Fortuna omnipotens et ineluctabile fatum 

nomine Tybrim: et vetus Tjr . , * . . . . 

Albula perdidit proprium His posuere locis: matrisque egere tremenda 335 

nomen. Foituna omnipo- Carmentis Nymphae monita, et Deus auctor Apollo. 

tens etfatnminevitabile con- vix ea dicta: dehinc processus, monstrat et aram, 

stituerunt his in sedibus me t-., r „ , , n r 

ejectum e patria, et queren- Et Carmentalem Romano nomine portam, [rem 

tem ultima spatia maris; et Quam memorant Nymphae priscum Carmentis hono- 
terrifica vaticinia Carmentis Vatis fatidicae; cecinit quae prima futuros 340 

g^P^olSltonux'^eadasmagnos, et nobile Pallanteum. 
runt we. Vix ea prolata/we- Hinc lucum ingentem, quern Romulus acer asylum 
runt: deinde progrediens, Rettulit, et gelida. monstrat sub rupe Lupercal, 
ostendit et aram, et portam Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lycaei. 

Carmentalem, quod nomen VT . ./ ■ . 

est Romanum, quam nar- Necnon et sacn monstrat nemus Argileti: 345 

rant esse antiquum honorem Testaturque locum, et letum docet hospitis Argi. 
Carmentis, vatis aperientis Hinc ad Tarpeiam sedem et Capitolia ducit, 

fata: quae prima prsedixit, A r .. , ., u • i j ■ 

Romanes illustres evasuros, Aurea nunc, ohm sylvestnbus hornda dumis. 

et Pallanteum celebre fore. Jam turn relligio pavidos terrebat agrestes 

Postea ostendit magnam syi- Di ra loci, iami turn sylvam saxumq; tremebant. 350 

vam, quam Romulus deinde J • * 

convertit in asylum; et ostendit Lupercal sub frigida rupe, appellatum ex cultu Arcadico Panos 
Lycsei. Prseterea ostendit quoque sacram sylvam Argileti, et attestatur locum ipsum, et narrat 
mortem hospitis Argi. Inde ducit eum ad locum Tarpeium et Capitolia, quae jam aurea sunt, 
quondam erant aspei-a dumis incultis. Jam tunc horrida sanctitas hujus loci terrefaciebat trepi- 
dos rusticos, jam tunc metuebant sylvam et rupem. 

NOTES. 

324. Aurea, qua perhibent. Saturn's happy comes from the Greek Kvxtg, so from lupus, 

reign, which gave rise to the golden age, is lupercal. 

thus described in Justin, Lib. XLIII. cap. 1. 344. Parrhasio. Arcadian, from Parrhasia, 

Italiae cultores primi Aborigines fuere, quo- a district and city of Arcadia, 

rum rex Saturnus tantx justitiae fuisse tra- 344. Panos. There was a place in the Pa- 

ditur, ut neque servieret sub illo quisquam, latine mount where the Arcadians under 

neque quicquam privatae rei habuerit; sed Evander consecrated a temple to Pan the 

omnia communia, &x. god of Arcadia. An annual festival in ho- 

330. Tybris. The king of the Tuscans, nour of Pan was here celebrated by young 

who, being slain near the river Albula, de- men, who ran naked with whips made of 

rived his name to it. goat skins, striking every one they met, 

333. Pelagique extrema sequentem. Some more particularly women, who thought 

render extrema by the remotest parts. these strokes contributed to an easy delive- 

336. Deus auctor Apollo. By au ct or here ry. They were called Luperci. 

Servius understands auctor or aculorum- But o46. Testaturque locum, i. e. He is moved 

we think it is rather to betaken in the sense at seeing the place where so foul a murder 

of suasor, as JEn. V. 17. 418. was committed, and begins to make pro- 

343. Lupercal- A place at the foot of the testations of his own innocence; then pro. 

mount Palatine, where the Arcadians built ceeds to relate the occasion of the name Ar- 

a temple to Pan, called Lycxus, from Ly- giletum, and the manner of the death of 

caeum, a mountain in Arcadia, where he Argus, who was Evander's guest, and is 

was worshipped as the god who guarded said to have been assassinated by the Arca- 

their flocks from wolves. Thus, as Lycseum dians, without Evander's knowledge, under 

suspicion of having aspired to the crown. 



JENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



449 



Hoc nemus, hunc, inquit, frondoso vertice collem, Deus, ait, tenet banc syl- 
(Quis Deus, incertum est) habitat Deus. Arcades ip-™; ^VlStf^ 

sum quis sit Hie Deus. Arcades 

Credunt se vidisse Jovem: cum saepe nigrantem putant se vidisse e'Sfripsam 

Mgito conouteret dextra, nimbosque cieret. ^ SSS.SS *£&?* 

Haec duo prseterea disjectis oppida muns, *>55 c ] aj et commoveret nubcs 

Relliquiss veterumque vides monimenta virorum. 

Hanc Janus pater, hanc Saturnus condidit urbem: 

Janiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen. 

Talibus inter se dictis ad tecta subibant 

Pauperis Evandri: passimque armenta videbant 

Romanoque foro et lautis mugire Carinis. 

Ut ventum ad sedes: Haec, inquit, limina victor 

Alcides subiit; haec ilium reeia cepit. 

Aude, hospes, contemner? opes, et te quoque dignum ™ » ££ -"j g« 

Fing-e Deo, rebusque veni non asper egenis. 365 n j s . Postquam perventum 

Dixit, et angusti subter fastigia tecti estarfddmum, sutEvander 

Ingentem ineam duxit: stratisque locavit, 

Effultum foliis et pelle Libystidis ursae. 

Nox ruit, et fusci£ tellurem amplectitur alis. 
At Venus haud ammo nequicquam exterrita mater, 

pibus. Sic locutus est, et induxit magnum iEneam sub culmina parvi tecti, et constituit in lectis 
earn, sustentatum tYoadibus et pelle ursa Libycse. Nox venit, et ambit terrain alis obscuris. Sed 
Venus genitrix JEnex., non frustra territa animo. 



Cernis prseterea has urbcs 
duas eversis muris, reliquias 
et vestigia anticjuorum homi- 
nura. Janus pater fundavit 
hanc areem, Saturnus istam: 
35Qhuic nomen fuit Janiculum, 
isti Saturnia. Talibus inter 
se colloquiis accedebant ad 
domum inopis Evandri: et 
passim spectabant armenta 
boare in foro deinde dicta 



Hercules victor ineravit has 
portas, hsec aula excepit 
cum. O hospes, aude despi- 
cere divitias, et ostende te 
quoque parem Deo, et ac- 
cede non ofFensus rebus ino- 



NOTES. 



554. Nimbos. Not clouds in general, but 
those deep and black clouds which brew 
storm, thunder, and lightning-, as is evident 
from Virgil's use of the word in a great 
number of places, particularly Georg. 1. 328. 

Ipse pater, media nimborum in nocte co- 
rusca 

Fulmina molitur dextra. 
Milton has used the same sort of idea, but 
to much greater advantage: 
How oft amidst 

Thick clouds and dark, does heav'n's all- 
ruling sire 

Choose to reside, his glory unobscur'd, 

And with the majesty of darkness round 

Covers his throne. 
Moses, giving an account of the presence 
of God on mount Horeb, says, " The moun- 
tain burned with fire unto the midst of 
heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick 
darkness." Deut. iv. 11. David in the 18th 
Psalm is truly sublime: " The earth trem- 
bled and quaked; the foundations of the 
hills shook and were removed. There went 
a smoke out of his presence and a consu- 
ming fire out of his mouth. He bowed the 
Leavens also and came down, and it was 
darkness unUer his feet. He rode upon the 
cherubims and did fly. He came flying up- 
on the wings of the wind. He made dark- 
ness his secret place, his pavilion round 
about him, with dark water and thick 
clouds to cover him" The older heathen 



used to consider darkness as one of the 
most venerable of their deities. 

358. Janiculum. The mons jfanicularius 
was one of the seven hills of Rome. It was 
joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and 
made a kind of citadel to protect it from in- 
vasion. It commanded a view of the whole 
city, and was famous for the burial of king 
Niima and the poet Italicus. 

360. Armenta videbant. It must have been 
pleasant to the Romans to look back upon 
their original; to compare the magnificence 
of Rome with the rural and unadorned state 
of things which formerly appeared on the 
spot where it was built. Tibullus refers to 
the same idea: 

Sed tunc pascebant herbosa palatia vacca?, 
Et stabant humiles in Jovis arce casse. 
Lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilices urn- 
brat, 
Et facta agresti lignea falce Pales. 
See also Propertius 1. 4. Eleg. 4. & 1. 4. el. 1-. 

361. Carinis. A magnificent street in 
Rome, where Pompey had a house, was 
called Carina?. 

364. Te quoque dignum finge Deo. By Deo 
here some understand Hercules, whom E- 
vander would have JEneas imitate. But the 
quoque seems to determine it to be taken ra- 
ther in a general sense: for the import of 
that word is, As Hercules acted a part 
worthy of a god, so do you. 

370. At Venus. This is in imitation of Ho* 



3 M 



450 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

et commota minis Lauren- Laurentumque minis et duro mota tumultu, 371 

^ft&S&Sfi; Vulcanum .Uoquitur: thalamoque h*c conjugis aureo 

h»c verba in aureo lecto Incipit, et dictis divmum aspirat amorem: 
mariti, et verbis immittit ci Dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergrama reges 
divinum amorem: Dum re- Debita casurasque inimicis ignibus arces; 375 

ges Grceci evertebant armis . T ., 7\. . . ° . . 

Trojam sibi desth.atam, et Non ullum auxilium misens, non arma rogavi 
arces perituras flaramishos- Artis opisque tuae: nee te, charissime conjux, 
tilibus; nullum subsidium, i nC assumve tuos volui exercere labores. 
nee arma artis et opens tui >-v ^ r> • • j u i 

impioravi d te pro miseris Quamvis et Pnami deberem plunraa natis, 
Trojanismec volui adhibere Et durum iEneae flevissem saepe laborem. 380 

frustrate et tuam operam,6 N unc , j ov is imperiis, Rutulorum constitit oris: 

dulcissime mante. Quan- *-. , * , . ... 

quametdebebam muitafiiiis Er g° ead em supplex venio, et sanctum mihi numen 
Priami, et same depiorave- Arma rogo, genitrix nato. Te filiaNerei, 
ram asperam ealamitatem Xe potuit lachrymis Titbonia flectere conjux. 

sStftln SSSS As P ice q ui cogant P°PU U > q ua ^ m « nia clausis 385 

Itaque accedo ipsa supplex: Ferrum acuant portis, in me excidiumque meorum. 
et peto arma a te, Deo mihi Dixerat, et niveis hinc atque hinc Diva lacertis 
■rTn^Verteco^ux fi Ti:^"«antem amplexu moffi fovet: ille repent 
tboni potuit expugnarefletu. Accepit sohtam nammam, notusque medullas 
Considera, quae gentes con- Intravit calor et labefacta per ossa cucurrit: 390 

veniant: qu» urbes clausis Non us t u t h cum t corusCO 

portis acuant aladios, in me, _ . i . . . \ . 

et ruinam meorum. Sic lo- Ignea nma micans percurnt lumine nimbos. 
cuta est Dea, et candidis bra- Sensit laeta dolis, et formae conscia conjux. 
cliiisambiit hinc atque hinc Tum pater xterno f atur devinctus amore: 

uulci amplexu tardum Vul- ~ • j ^^. ■> c i • •* o rt ^ 

canum: ille subito suscepitQ^id causas petis ex alto? fiducia cessit 395 

ignem consuetum, et notus Quo tibi, Diva, mei? similis si cura fuisset, 
ardor penetravit medullas et Turn quoque fas nobis Teucros armare fuisset. 
Nmf^aiiter atque 'cS^ali- ^ ec P ater omnipotens Trojam, nee fata vetabant 
quando hiatus flammeus, Stare* decemque alios Priamum superesse per annos. 
apertus fulgenti fulmine, ru- £ t nunc s j bellare paras, atque hxc tibi mens est: 

tilus pervoutat nubes. Uxor 

id aniraadvertit, gaudens fraudibus, et sciens vim pulchritudinis $u<e. Tunc pater Vulcanus sic 
loquitur captus amore perpetuo: Cur causas repetis e longinquo? quo abiit a te confidentia in me} 
6 Dea? tunc etiam fuisset mihi facile arma dare Trojanis, si tunc par voluntas fuisset tibi. Neque 
Jupiter omnipotens, neque fata prohibebant Trojam persistere, et Priamum vivere ad decern 
alios annos. Et jam, si vis pugnare, et si hoc tibi est consilium: 

NOTES, 

mer, who describes Thetis as applying 1 for tunity of filling 1 up the vacancy of night and 

armour for her son Achilles: sleep. The business is related with less in- 

Meanwhile the silverfooted dame terruption and embarrassment, nor is any 

Reach'd the Vulcanian dome, eternal time lost in relating what passes between 

frame! Venus and Vulcan, with his compliance and 

High eminent amid the work divine, execution of her request. 

Where heav'n's far beaming brazen man- 382. Eadem. I, the same affectionate fond 

sions shine. wife, who have been always so tender of 

There the lame architect the goddess your honour, so loth to give you trouble. 

found, 392. Ignea rima> is a happy expression to 
Obscure in smoke, his forges flaming convey the idea ofa stream of fire bursting- 
round, through a rifted cloud. 
While bath'd in sweat from fire to fire he 395. Causas petis ex alto. Instead of coming 
flew, directly to the point, you have recourse to 
And puffing loud the roaring bellows blew, long far-fetched preambles. Thus Cicero 
******* says, Incipit longo et alte petito 'prooemio res- 
Vulcan draw near,'tis Thetis asks your aid. pondere: Orat. pro Cluentio. 

* ****** 2,97. Fas fuisset. Nothing had stood in my' 

Then from his anvil the lame artist rose, way, nullofato obstayite, says La Cerda; 

Wide with distorted legs oblique he goes, which appears to be the true sense from 

&c. the following words. 
The poet with infinite art takes this oppor- 



jftNEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



451 



Quicquid in arte meu possum promittere cure, 401 possum tibi poliiceri, (mod- 
Quod fieri ferro, liquidove potest electro, cumquees/studiiinarteme*, 

J* v * ' , . . . quodcunque potest tabncan 

Quantum ignes animaeque valent: absiste, precando, ferro et electro limiente, 
Viribus indubitare tuis. Ea verba locutus, quantum possunt flammas et 

Optatos dedit amnlexus: placidumque petivit 405 "atus: desme orando diffide- 

_, v . . . r ' . r , re tuse auctontati. Locutus 

Conjugis infusus gremio per membra soporem. ea verba, tuliteicupidos am, 

Inde. ubi prima quies medio jam noctis abactae plexus, et jacens in sinu ux- 

Curriculo expulerat somnum: cum foemina, primum oris q"«*ivit per totum cor- 

r* . . r , r p US tranquilhim somnum. 

Cut tolerare colo vitam tenuique Minerva, beinde, postquam prima 

Impositum cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes, 410 quies abrupisset somnum, 

Noctem addens operi, famulasque ad lumina longo medio s I )atio noctis J am k P" 

Exercet penso; castum ut servare cubile 

Conjugis, et possit parvos educere natos. 

Haud seciis ignipotens, nee tempore segnior illo, 

Mollibus £ stratis opera ad fabrilia surgit. 

Insula Sicanium juxta latus ^Eoliamque 

Erigitur Liparen, fumantibus ardua saxis: 

Quam subter specus et Cyclopum exesa caminis 

Antra ^Etnaea tonant, validique incudibus ictus 

Auditi referunt gemitum, striduntque cavernis 

Stricture Chalybum, et fornacibus ignis anhelatj 

Vulcani domus, et Vulcania nomine tellus. 

Hue tunc ignipotens coelo descendit ab alto. 

Ferrum exercebant vasto Cyclopes in antro, 

Brontesque Steropesq; et nudus membra Fyracmon 

His informatum manibus jam parte polita 

Fulmen erat, toto genitor quae plurima coelo 

Dejicit in terras, pars imperfecta manebat. 

Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosae 

fornacibus: sedes est Vulcani, et terra nomine Vulcania, 
illuc. Cyclopes exeroebant artem ferrariam sub immensa caverna, et Brontes, et Steropes, et 
Pyracmon nudus corpore. Erat illis inter manus fulmen inchoatum, ex his quse pater Jupiter 
multa torquet e coelo: jam parte aliqud perfects, pars restabat imperfecta. Adjecerant ei tres 
radios pluvial, tres uubis aquosa?, 



sre: quando mulier cui prx- 
cipuum est sustentare vitam 
colo et exigua arte, excitat 
ignem coopertum et cine- 

^i ,. rem superadditum igm, ad- 
jiciens noctem labori, et oc- 
cupat famulas Ion go penso 
ad lucernas; ut queat tenere 
pudicum lectum mariti, et 
alere parvos liberos. Non 
aliter prseses ignis Yulcanus, 

420 nee tardior, surgit illo tem- 
pore e molli lecto ad labo- 
rem fabrilem. Prope latus 
Siculum et Liparen iEoliam 
assurgit insula, alta fuman- 
tibus scopulis: sub qua insU' 
Id speluncte et cavernse /Et- 
nese resonant, excavataj ig- 

426 nibus Cyclopum; et magni 
ictus auditi ex incudibua 
emittunt plangorem, et stri- 
dent in cavernis massse Cha- 
lybum, et flamma exspirat e 
Tunc Vulcanus ab alto coelo deseendit 



NOTES. 



401. Quicquid possum promittere. Ruseus 
makes the construction possum promittere; 
but we take it rather to be an ellipsis, pro- 
tnitto, the verb just mentioned before, be- 
ing understood, which every reader easily 
supplies in reading the sentence. 

402. Liquido electro. A composition of 
gold and silver is called electrum; we have 
no particular name for it in English. Pliny 
makes the proportion of this mixed metal to 
be four fifths of silver for one of gold. 

404. Viribus indubitare tuis. Indubitare, 
from dubitare; the particle in gives force to 
the word as infractus, incanus, for fr actus 
and canus. So the sense is, Forbear to show 
such great distrust of your own power, i. e. 
of the native influence of your charms over 
me, by using so much argument and entrea- 
ty. 

407. Medio noctis abactae curriculo; literally, 
in the mid career of night lrurled away. 

•408. Cumfcemzna, primum. This compari- 



son, borrowed from common life, is ex- 
tremely pleasing. 

425. Brontes. The names of the Cyclops 
are of Greek original. Brontes, from Bgovrv, 
thunder; Steropes, from s-igort, lightning; 
Pyracmon from xvg, fire; and axpuv, an an- 
vil. 

429. Tres imbris torti radios. By the torii 
imbris, the wreathed shower, Servius and 
all the commentators understand hail. The 
form of thunder to which Virgil seems 
here to allude is well enough known from 
medals. It consists of twelve wreathed 
spikes or darts extended like the radii of a 
circle, three and three together, with wings 
spread out in the middle. The wings denote 
the lightning's rapid motion, and the spikes 
or darts its penetrating quality. By the four 
different kinds of spikes Servius under- 
stands the four different seasons of the year, 
in each of which the meteor of thunder falls 
out. Thus, according to him, the tres radii 



452 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

tres flammp refulgentis et Addiderant, rutili tres i^nis et alitis Austri. 430 

venti velocis. Nunc misce-i? 1 -c •*. 

banto P erifulguraterrentia/ ul S° res nunc ternficos, sonitumque, metumque 
et fragorem, et timorem, et Miscebant operi, flammisque sequacibus iras. 
iras cum igne persequente. Parte alia Marti currumque rotasque volucres 

S1u P SSXtie' In8t . abant ' <" uibu c s i,le viros ' q uibus excitat «*e* 
res, quibus ille commovet iEgidaque horrificam, turbatae Palladis arma, 435 

homines, quibus urbes: et Certatim squamis serpentum auroque pojibant: 
™ ^tnX^Connexosque angues, ipsamque in pectore Div* 
clypeum Palladis irat», et^orgona, desecto vertentem lumina collo. 
serpentes implicatos, et ip- Tollite cuncta, inquit, coeptosque auferte labores, 
sam Medusam in pectore ^ m j c vc ] opes et hue advertite mentem. 440 

Dese torquentem oculos post . / . P r . , . . ., 

abscissum collum. O Cyclo- Arma acn iacienda viro: nunc viribus usus, 
pes JEtnei, ait Vulcanus, Nunc manibus rapidis, omni nunc arte magistra: 
auferte h*c omnia, etde P o-p raeci pi tate moras . N eC plura effatus: at illi 
mte laborem incboatum, et ~ v *\ , v . . , , 

hue intendite animum. Aji-Peyiis mcubuere omnes, panterque laborem 

ma sunt fabricanda forti vi- Sortiti: fluit ass rivis, aurique metallum: 445 

ro: nunc opus est robore, Vulnificusque chalybs vasta fornace liquescit. 

nunc promptis manibus, , . \ • r H ■ 

nunc omni arte pracipua! Ingentem clypeum informant, unum omnia contra 
accelerate moras. Nee plura Tela Latinorum; septenosque orbibus orbes 
locutus est. Illi autem om- Impediunt: alii ventosis follibus auras 
nes statim admxi sunt, et * • • jj i" *. *j *• *~~ 

pariter diviserunt laborem: Accipiunt redduntque: alii stridentia tmgunt 450 

aes et metallum auri fluit in Mva lacu: gemit impositis incudibus antrum, 
vivos, et chalybs vulnificus mi inter sese multa. vi brachiatollunt 
&&£&£3£&> numerum, versantque tenaci forcipe massam. 
um, mfficientem solum ad- Hsec pater Mollis properat dum Lemnius oris, 
versus cuncta arma Latino- Evandrum ex humili tecto lux suscitat alma, 455 

SstSTSSiSEt matutini volucrum sub culmine cantus. 
excipiuntetemittuntventosConsurgit senior, tunicaque mducitur artus, 
follibus plenis vento: alii mergunt aquis sera stridula; caverna sonat incudibus in ed defixis. Illi 
inter se erigunt brachia multo conatu per ordinem, et forcipe mordaci vertunt massam. Dum 
pater Lemnius urget hrec in regionibus iEoliis, lux alma et cantus matutini avium sub tectis ex- 
citant Evandrum ex abjecto cubili. Seivex surgit, et induitur tunica circa memffhi, 

NOTES. 

zmbris torti, or three spikes of hail, denote ties are instantly deserted and left unfinish- 

the winter season, which abounds in hail; ed that a mortal hero may be furnished with 

the tres nubis aquos<z the spring, called im- armour. In this respect the Greek poet is 

briferum ver; the tres rutili ignis, the sum- infinitely surpassed by the Roman, 

mer, and the tres alitis Austri the autumnal 452- Illi inter sese multd vi brachia tollunt. 

season, when storms of wind are frequent. In the very turn of the verse one sees them 

430. Addiderant. This part was finished: lifting and letting fall their hammers alter- 
therefore he says addiderant, this they had nately. 

done; whereas in the following verse it is 454. Lemnius. Saturn is so called, because, 

nunc miscebant, they were now mingling, when kicked by Jupiter from heaven, he 

This distinction of tenses we should not was caught by the inhabitants of Lemnos, 

have noticed, but that few of the trans- who broke his fall and administered to his 

lators have attended to it here, and in miseries. On account of the frequent thun- 

many other places besides. der there, Lemnos was called the workshop 

432. Sequacibus. Persecuting, that always of Vulcan, 

follow the attack. 455. Alma. The origin of the word is 

435. JEgidaque horrificam. Pierius asserts from ah; therefore vital comes nighest to 
that horriferam is the true reading in all the the idea. 

ancient manuscripts. 456. Matutini volucrum. The sweet sing- 

436. Squamis auroque, i. e. Squamis aureis. ing of the birds awaking Evander is a 
439. Tollite cuncta. The poet in this place beautiful idea. Milton has imitated it: 

artfully dignifies his hero, -and marks out The shrill matin chant 

his importance. The lightning of Jupiter, Of birds on every bough 

the chariot of Mars, the aegis of Minerva, As our first father was awaken'd. 

are all laid aside for the shield of jEneas. Par. Lost, B. 5. 7 f 
The instruments of the most powerful dei- 



jENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 453 

Et Tyrrhena pedum circumdat vincula plantis: et oireumligat plantw ealee- 

Tum lateri atque humeri* Tc^exum subligat cnsem, 5?^? i ) r d,lm 1 " st ' :i: ,,om - 

* . • , « , s A ~ (le accmirit. lateri et humens 

Demissa ab laeva pantherac terga rctorqucns. 460 g i a( iium' Areadieum, revo- 

Nccnon et gemini custodes limine ab alto cans in dextram pellet pan- 

Procedunt, gressumque canes comilantur herilem. S icr ; c pendente. > sinistp4 ' 
»w- • • iA i u rraeterea duo etiam canes 

Hospitis JEnes: sedem et secret a petebat, custodes exeunt ex altapot- 

Sermonum memor et promissi muneris heros. ta, et sequuntur passus do- 

Nee minus vEneas se matutinus a°;ebat. 465 "?"»■ Sic ibat he res :> d cu - 

-,-,.,. i • T-. ii li- -l ^ a u 4. biculumetpenctrale ifcneas, 

Fihus huic Pallas olh comes ibat Achates. memol . vei . borum et pvomis- 

Congressi jungunt dextras, mediisque residunt si officii. Nee minus mane 

jEdibus, et licito tandem sermone fruuntur: experreoto -flSnes, ferebat 

-r, • , se ad earn. Pallas films ade- 

Kex prior naec: ^ rat comes im Evandr0} A - 

Maxime Teucrorum ductor, quo sospite nunquam 470 chates hmcjEne*. Cum oc 
Res equidem Troias victas aut regna fatebor; ciwrissent, sociant dextras 

Nobis ad belli auxilium pro nomine tanto S£#S&SSS 

Exigux vires: nine I usco claudimur amni; ro colldquio. Rex primus 

Hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis. hv&cdicit: MaximeduxTro- 
Sed tibi et>;o ingentes popuios opulentaq; resrnis 4,75 janorum, quo salvo nun- 
_. ° ° rr r r . -i quam sane existimabo reg- 

Jungere castra paro, quam tors mopma salutem num vel res Troj£e eversas: 

Ostentat: fatis hue te poscentibus afters. sunt nobis parvse vires ad 

Haud procul hinc saxo colitur fundata vetusto subsjdium belli, pro tanta 

. XT , . \ ,,. , , . T j cligmtate: nine coercemur 

•Urbis Agyllinae sedes: ubi Lydia quondam fll f vio Etrasc0; inde R Utu . 

Gens, bello praeclara, jugis insedit Etruscis. 480 lus urget nos, et sonat armis 

Hanc multos florentem annos rex deinde superbo chjc&pGenia nostra. Astego 

T • . •. ■»» .« • meditor sociare tibi magnas 

Imperio et saevis tenuit Mezentius armis. _ nationes . et castra h r | gno 

Quid memorem mfandas casdes? quid facta tyranni divite: sors insperata osten- 
Effera? Dii capiti ipsius generique reservent. dit tibi hanc viom salutis: 

Mortua quin etiam jungebat corpora vivis, 485 %£>%*££&£& 

Componens mambusque manus atque onbus ora, tatur sedes urbis Agyliinse, 

Tormenti genus! et sanie taboque fluentes structa lapidibus antiquis: 

Complexu in misero, tonga sic morte necabat. %£8g$gfi& t 

At tessi tandem cives, mlanda furentem montibus Tuscis. Hanc vr- 

Armati circumsistunt, ipsumque, domumque: 490 hem, per multos annos vi- 
Obtruncant socios, ignem ad fastigia jactant. gentem, Mezentius rex de- 

T11 . . j t, Z ^ i •' mceps gubernavit, severo 

Ille inter caedes, Rutulorum elapsus m agros imperio etduris armis. Quid 

prodesset narrare immanes strages? quid crudelia facinora tyranni? Dii rependant ista capiti et 
tamilise ipsius. Immd etiam alligabat corpora mortua corporibus vivis, committens et manus ma- 
nibus et vultus vultibus, 6 speciem supplicii! et sic occidebat lenta nece homines diffiuentes tabo 
et sanie in hoc miserando nexu. Sed cives denique pertaesi, obsident armati ssevientem inaudito 
modo, etipsum, et ipsius domumrjugulant ejus socios, immittunt flammas ad tecta. Hie elapsus 
iuter strages ccepit fugere in regionem Rutulorum, 

NOTES. 

458. Tyrrhena pedum vincula. Sandals af- Jupiter? Silenus like Apollo? Alecto like 

ter the Tuscan fashion, which were of wood Venus? &c. &c. 

about four inches broad, fastened to the feet 479. Urbis Agyllinae. Agylla was a city of 

with gilded thongs. Etruria, which afterwards obtained the 

460. Pantherce. A wild beast with a spot- name of Caere. It is now called Cerveteri. 
ted skin. The name is derived from a-av, all, 485. Mortua jungebat corpora vivis. The 
and 6wg>, wild. invention of this cruel kind of death is ascri- 

461. Gemini procedunt canes. The two bed by Cicero and others to the Tuscans in 
dogs, that are all Evander's guard, give us a general. Virgil thence took occasion to 
lively image of the poverty and simplicity of form a character of uncommon barbarity in 
that good monarch. one of his personages. 

462. Canes. To blame the ancient poets 491. Ignem ad fastigia jactant. The rea- 
for copying nature faithfully is to find fault son why they tossed flames to the roof was, 
with accurate painters for drawing exact because the roofs, being thatched with straw 
pictures. Oight Momus to be drawn like in those ancient times, easily caught fire. 



454 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 

etprotcgi armis Turni exci- Confugere, et Turni defendier hospitis armis. 

fiTS'SSit^Ergo omnis funis surrexit Etruria justb, 

mo furore, repetuntpnesen-Regem ad supphcium praesenu Marte reposcunt. 495 

ti belie regem ad poenam His ego te, ^Enea, ductorem millibus addam. 

Ego, J iEnea, dal.o te du- Toto namque f re munt condensse litore puppes, 

cem his mdlibus: naves enim . r • , r» • i p"n JC3 i 

eorum eongregat* toto li- Signaq; terre jubent. Retmet longaevus aruspex, 

tore fremunt, et volunt in- Fata canens: O Mseoniae deiecta juventus, 499 

f ^\^X*™^Z Xo * ™\ erum virtus 5 ; vir ^ : q™s Justus in hostem 

cula: O juventus lectissima rert dolor, et menta accendit Mezentius ira: 

Lydiie, flos et roburantiquo- Nulli fas Italo tantam subjungere gentem: 

rum hominum; quos . indig- Externos optate duces. Turn Etriisca resedit 

natio legrituna lmpcllit ad- „ • * . T ^. . 

versus hostem, et quos Me- Hoc acles campo, monitis externta Divum. 

zentius infiammat justo fu- Ipse oratores ad me regnique coronam 505 

rorc; nemini Italo licet sub- c um sceptro misit, mandatque insisrnia Tarcfeon: 

dere tantam nationem: eli- o , * <. • <r< ^ 

§ite duces exteros. Tunc Succedam castns, Tyrrhenaque regna capessam. 
exercitus Tyrrhenus terri- Sed mihi tarda gelu saeclisque effceta senectus 
tus oraculo Deorum, stetit Invidet imperium, seraeque ad fortia vires. 

m^J™\^i^l G > atum exhortar f r ' ni mixt « s matre Sabella < 510 
nam cum sceptro, etaddicit Hmc partem patriae traheret. Tu, cujus et annis 
has notas regni: rogans ut Et generi fatum indulget, quern numina poscunt; 
regnu^ 6 Teucrum atq; Italum fortissime ductor. 

senectus pigra frigore, et Hunc tibi praeterea, spes et solatia nostri, 
exhausta annis, et robur Pallanta adjungam. Sub te tolerare magistro 515 

lentum ad fortia condlia Militiam et grave Martis opus, tua cernere facta 

autert mihi regnum. Impel- . °. . . r . 

lerem adidMmm, nisi June- Assuescat: primis et te miretur ab annis. 

tus cam matre Sabella, ex Arcadas huic equites bis centum, robora pubis 

ea deduceretpartem patriae. L ecta dabo; totidemque suo tibi nomine Pallas. 

lu cujus et annis et patrise Tr . ' . fl ^ i 2 • i_ ..«« 

oracuium favet, quem Dii Vlx ea fa * us erat, defixique ora tenebant 52Q 

vocant; intra in regnum, 6 IEneas Anchisiades et fidus Achates, 

dux generosissime Trojano- Multaque dura suo tristi cum corde putabant: 

rum et Italorum. rraeterea X t* • , n , L ■, -,• . 

soeiabo tibi hunc Paiiantem, Nl signum coelo Cytherea dedisset aperto. 

qui est spes et soiamen nostrum. Assuescat sub te institutore pati militiam, et durum laborem 
belli, et contemplari gesta tua: et admiretur te a tenera aetate. Tradam huic ducentos equites 
Arcadas, seiectam vim juventutis: et Pallas tradet tibitotidem suo nomine. Vix ea locutus erat, 
et iEneas nlius Anchiste et fidelis Achates tenebant vultum defixum, et meditabantur plurima 
difficilia cum sua tristi mente: nisi Venus misisset signum e coelo patente. 

NOTES. 

497. Puppes. Ships, here put for the troops gods signified their approaching victories 
that manned them. by marking it in the body of the sacrificed 

498. Aruspext or Haruspex. A soothsayer animals. 

who drew omens by consulting the entrails 503. Resedit. Abated or respited their 

of beasts that were sacrificed. He received fury. 

the name of Aruspex from aris aspiciendis; 506. Tarchon. This Etrurian chief assist- 
as also that of Extispex, from extis inspici- ed iEneas against the Rutuli. He is suppo- 
endis. The custom of consulting the entrails sed to have founded Mantua, 
of victims originated among the Chaldeans, 508. Saeclisque effceta. Saculiun, here, and in 
Greeks, Egyptians, &c. The more enlight- many other places, signifies the space of 
ened part of mankind knew how to make it thirty years, in which period the old actors 
subservient to their wishes and tyranny, are almost gone off' the stage, and new ones 
Agesilaus when in Egypt raised the droop- have risen up in their room. Thus Nestor 
ing spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious is said to have lived three ages or genera- 
artifice. He secretly wrote on his hand the tions, i.e. ninety years, as Plutarch explains 
word vm», victory, in large characters, and it. 

holding the entrails of the victim in his 517. Primis ab annis. His first and ear- 
hand till the impression was communicated liest years for bearing arms. See the note on 
to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers iEn. II. 87. 
and animated them by observing that the 522. Putabant, being in the imperfect 



uENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



455 



Namque improvisd vibratus ab aethere fulgor Quippe falgur intortum e 

Cum sonitu venit: et ru.re omnia visa repent, 525 ^^taclta"™ 

Tyrrhenusque tubae mugire per aethera clangor. S a *?m* trcmcre, et sonus 
Suspiciunt: iterum atque itcrum fragor intonatingens:buccinre Tyrrhene sonare 

Anna inter nubem, cceli in redone serena, £:tt ™,^^"u S fra" 

Per sudum rutilare vident, et pulsa tonare. gortonat: ceraunt arma ful- 

Obstupuere animis alii: seel Troius heros 530gere, et commota resonate, 

Agnovit sonitum, et Divae promissa parentis. SfwjSS SJS *%F 

r _, t> -V N , r r r . y no, in parte cceli tranqudla. 
Tum memorat: Ne vero, hospes, ne quaere proiecto Cteteri territi sunt animo: 
Quern casum porienta ferant: ego poscor Olympo. sedprinceps Trojanus cog- 
Hoc signum cecinit missuram Diva creatrix, De^mS™ 5 Tun^aiT Ne 
Si bellum ingrueret; Vulcaniaque arma per auras ^M^mytu'qmtne *excipt 
Laturum auxilio. hospitio, ne sane petas d me 
Heu quantae miseris caedes Laurentibus instant! qualem exitum prodigia is- 

n ., . „, , , • . v , * j tapnedicantrego vocore cce- 

Quas poenasmihi, 1 urne, dabis! quam multa sub undas lo ^ bellum. Dea mater 



Scuta viriim, galeasque, et fortia corpora volves, 
Tybri pater! poscant acies, et foedera rumpant. 
Haec ubi dicta dedit, solio se toilit ab alto: 
Et primum Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras 
Excitat: hesternumq; Larem, parvosque Penates 
Laetus adit: mactat lectas de more bidentes: 
Evandrus pariter, pariter Trojana juventus. 
Posthinc ad naves graditur, sociosque revisit: 
Quorum de nuraero, qui sese in bella sequantur, 

inter aquas tuas! nunc Latini p eta nt bellum, et violent feeders. Postquam protulit hsee verba, 
erigit se e solio sublimi: et primo succendit igne Herculis aras ubi ignis erat fere extinctus: et 
hilaris it ad Larem, quern ab hesterna die noverat, et ad exiguos Penates: immolat juxta con- 
suetndinem oves electas: simul Evander, simul juventus Trojana. Deinde JEneas incedit ad 
naves, et redit ad socios: e quorum numero eligit insigniores virtute, qui comitentur se ad bel- 
lum: 



monuit se daturam hoe in- 
540dicium, si bellum immine- 
ret; et se allaturam per ae- 
rem armaturam Vulcani 
manu factam ad auxilium 
menm. Heu! quam magna? 
strages imminent Laurenti- 
bus miseris. O Turne, quale 
545 supplicium persolves mihi! 
O pater Tyberine, quam 
multos clypeos, et cassides, 
etrobusta catlavera impelles 



NOTES. 



tense, implies that they were just entering 
into a series of perplexing thoughts, and 
would have pursued them, had not Venus 
interposed. The attending to this alone 
takes away the necessity of Servius' unna- 
tural substitution of one tense for another, 
and would have shown Dr. Trapp that the 
sentence is neither disjointed, nor stands in 
need of an ellipsis. 

526. Tyrrhenusque tubae. The clangor of a 
trumpet was called Tyrrhene, because it 
was thought Tyrrhenus first introduced 
them into Italy. 

527. Fragor intonat ingens. Some copies 
read increpat, which probably is the true 
reading, since tonare follows so near. 

529. Pulsa tonare, represents the thunder 
to be the effect of the clashing of those 
arms that appear in the air. 

532. Ne quaere. Not simply, forbear to in- 
quire, but, be not anxiously inquisitive, 
which is implied in repeating the ne: some 
copies too repeat the verb thus: ne quaere, 
hospes, ne quaere profecto. 

541. Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras. All the 
commentators make this an hypallage for 
ignes sopitos in or ex Herculeis arts. It does 
not however appear, as Ruaeus observes, 
that he returned to the grove where the sa- 
cred rites had been performed the day be- 



fore to Hercules: so that the altar here 
mentioned seems to have been Evander's 
domestic altar, to which the remains of the 
hallowed fire from that of Hercules had 
been conveyed. 

543. Hesternutnque Larem. By this some 
understand merely the hallowed earth 
whereon the sacrifice had been offered the 
former day. But we take it rather to mean 
Evander's Lar, or guardian god, to whom 
iEneas had sacrificed, or with whom he 
had become acquainted only yesterday; an 
explication to which the two following pas- 
sages give light: iEn. V. 743. 

Haec memorans, cinerem et sopitos susci- 
tat ignes; 

Pergameumque Larem, et canae penetra- 
lia Vestas, 

veneratur. 

iEn. IX. 258. 

Per magnos, Nise, Penates, 

Assaracique Larem, et canae penetralia 
Vestas, 

Obtestor. 
543. Parvosque Penates. The Penates were 
tutelar deities, either for families, or for ci- 
ties and provinces. The former were the 
parvi Penates, who were also named Lares; 
the latter were the magni Penates^ mention- 
ed in the passage just cited. 



456 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



pars reliquu navigat pronis Praestautes virtute legit; pars caetera prona 

Ascanium auncia patris, et Nuntia ventura Ascanio rerumque patnsque. 550 

ret-um abeo gestarum. Equi Dantur equi Teucris Tyrrhena petentibus arva: 
dantur T.ojams euntibns in Ducunt exsortem iEnese, quem fulva leonis 

retrionem Etruscam: atldu- T> ... . . t r 1 -i 

cunt ad Meatp eqrnirn ex- Pelhs obit totum prsefulgens unguibus aureis. 
tra sortem aliorum, quem Fama volat parvam subito vulgata per urbem, 
tegit flava pellis leonis re-OcyAs j re eciu i tes Tyrrheni ad'limina reejis. 555 

splendens ungudnis auratis. » r i \ , ,. .\ ° .' 

Statim rnmor spargitur e- v °ta metu duphcant matres, propiusque penclo 
missus per urbem exiguam, It timor, et major Martis jam apparet imago. 
equites ire celeriter :ui ar- T/um pater Evandrus dextram complexus euntis 
a?flfcSSttKB*«5 inexpietum lachrymans, ac talia fatur; 
et metus aecedit prope adO mihi prseteritos referat si Jupiter annos! 56f) 

periculum, et jam species Q ua lis eram, cum primam aciem Praeneste sub ipsa, 
p^r "SS^SiSS f«*«* scutorumque incendi victor acervos: 
dextram JEne.e abeuntis, Et regem hac Herilum dextra sub Tartara misi: 
inhjeret ffli fiens insatiabili- Nascenti cui tre-s animas Feronia mater, 

ter, et profert talia: Outi- Ho rrendum dictu, dederat: terna arma movenda; 565 
nam Jupiter reddat mini an- .' 

nos elapsos: etme talem effi- 1 er leto sternendus erat: cm tunc tamen omnes 
claty qualis eram, quando Abstulit hsec animas dextra, et totidem exuit armis. 
juxta ipsam urbem Prameste Non e nunc dulci amplexu divellerer usquam, 
delevi primara exercitum, » . . l -», ,. ^ 7 

et victor combussi conp-e- Nate, tuo: neque imitimus Mezentius unquam, 
riem clypeorum, et bac ma- Huic capiti in sultans, tot ferro sseva dedisset 570 

mi misi ad inferos regem Funera, tarn multis viduasset civibus urbem. 
Herilum: cm nascenti °;eni- » . a • t^* a • . 

trix Feronia dederat tres At vos > ° supen, et Divuiii tu maxime rector 
animas, et tria arma traetanda, res te'rribilis dictu: occidendus erat triplici morte: tamen hrec 
dextera eripuit illi omnes animas, et spoliavit ilium totidem armis. Ego nunc nullatenus distra- 
herer a jucundo amplexu tuo, a fill: nee unquam vicinus Mezentius, illudens huicweo capiti, 
intulissetense tot crudeles neces, nee privasset urbem tarn multis incolrs. 



NOTES. 



553. Unguibus aureis. The claws were 
gilt for ornament. 

557. Major Martis jam apparet imago. Pi* 
erius assures us that jam is omitted in the 
ancient manuscripts, and it seems better 
left out both for the harmony and the sense. 

558. Euntis. Ruxus and Dr. Trapp under- 
stand this of iEneas; but it is more natural 
to refer it to Pallas, as it presents us with 
a much more moving image, to see an aged 
father delivering his farewell address to 
his only son, the hope and solace of his old 
age, while he holds him close by his hand, 
and is full of anxious apprehensions of never 
seeing him more. And indeed we see him 
still clinging fast to his son in the closest 
embrace throughout this speech; 

Non ego nunc dulci amplexu divellerer 

usquam, 
Nate, tuo. Verse 568. 

And in the close of it, Verse 581. 
Dum te, chare puer, mea sera et solavo- 

luptas, 
Complexu teneo. 
560. O mihi. This speech has two parts 
and both of exquisite beauty. In the former 
this old king at seeing JEneas and his son 
with the troops going forth to battle, is fill- 
ed with heroic ideas of his youth, and wish- 
es lie was now equal to those brave exploits 



which he had formerly achieved. In the lat- 
ter he turns the discourse to his son and as- 
sures him that though oppressed with age 
and misfortunes he will be content still to 
live, so that his dear Pallas return safe. But 
how pathetically does the poet prepare the 
incident of Pallas's death by making Evan- 
der afterwards suppose the other alterna- 
tive, and in the midst of this supposition re- 
presenting him as fainting away and carried 
off by the attendants. 

' 562. Scutorumque incendi victor acervos. It 
was a custom among the ancient Romans 
to gather up the armour that lay scattered 
on the field of battle, and burn it as an offer- 
ing to one of their deities. 

'563. Herilum. Herilus, king of Prxneste, 
opposed the coming of Evander into Italy. 
Evander slew him and his followers and 
burnt their shields. Servius imagines that 
the poet alludes to Tarquinius Priscus burn- 
ing the shields of the Sabines as an offering 
to Vulcan. 

Prxneste was a town of Latium twenty- 
one miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, 
son of Ulysses and Circe, or, according to 
others, by Cseculus,the son of Vulcan. There 
was there a celebrated temple of Fortune 
with two famous images, as also an oracle 
which was long in great repute. 



*:neidos lib. viii. 



45' 



"j cadis. 



590 



Jupiter, Arcadii quaeso misercscitc regis, 

Et patrias audite preces. Si numina vestra 

Incolumem Pallanta mini, si fata reservant; 

Si visurus eum vivo, et venturus in unum: 

Vitam oro: patiar quemvis dura re laborem. 

Sin aliquem infandum casum, Fortuna, minaris; 

Nunc, 6, nunc liceat crudelem abrumpere vitam: 

Dum curae ambiguae, dum spes incerta futuri; 

Dum te, chare puer, mea seraet sola voluptas, 

Complexu teneo: gravior me nuntius aures 

Vulneret. Hxc genitor digressu dicta supremo 

Fundebat: famuli collapsum in tecta ferebant. 

Jamquc aded exierat portis equitatus apertis: 

./Eneas inter primos et fidus Achates: 

Inde alii Trojae proceres: ipse agmine Pallas 

In medio, chlamyde et pictis conspectus in armis, 

Qualis ubi Oceani perfusus Lucifer unda, 

Quern Venus ante alios astrorum diligit ignes, 

Extulit os sacrum ccelo, tenebrasque resolvit. 

Stant pavid*e in muris matres, oculisque sequuntur 

Pulveream nubem, et fulgentes aere catervas. 

OIH per dumos, qua proxima meta viarum, 

Armati tendunt: it clamor, et agmine facto 595 speotabilis chlamyde, etar 

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.™ s versicoloribus. 

Est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem, 

Relligione patrum late sacer: undique colles 

Inclusere cavi, et nigra nemiis abiete cingunt. 

Sylvano fama est veteres sacrasse Pelasgos, 

Arvofum pecorisque Deo, lucumque diemque, 

Qui primi fines aliquando habuere Latinos. 

Haud procul hinc Tarcho et Tyrrheni tuta tenebant SaStoSt "& 2 

Castra locis: celsoque omnis de colle videri p re s, qua proximus est ter- 

Jam poterat legio, et latis tendebat in arvis. 605 minus viarum: clamor sur- 

Huc pater ^neas et bello lecta juventus S!!?Jl col i ect0 r a £T e , UH " 

_* r , r J guise e/77/or?/.wfenuntpulve- 

buccedunt, tessique et equos et corpora curant. ruientos campos strepitu 
At Venus aethereos inter Dea Candida nimbos 



Sod V08, 6 Dii, Ct Hi Jupi 
ter maxime rex Dconnu, 
oro, miserescite regis Ar- 
et exaudite preces 
pater n as. Si vestra potestas, 
si lata relinquunt milii Pal- 
lanta salvum; si vivo visurus 
eum, et rediturus in com- 
mune cum eo: peto vitam; 
580 P ara * us ero tolcrare quemli- 
bet Iaborem. Si vero inten- 
tas mihi eventum aliquem 
asperum, 6 fortuna; 6 jam- 
jam liceat fmire molestam 
vitam: dum solicitudo est ad- 
huc anceps, et spes futuri 
585 dubia; dum te habeo in com- 
plexu, dilecte fili, unicum 
et ultimum gaudium meum: 
ne nuncius tristior lsedat au- 
res mens. Pater emittebat 
htec verba in ultimo disces- 
su: ministri reportabant in 
aulam eu?n defectum aniniv. 
At equites jam egressi erant 
portis patentibus: in primis 
JEneas et fidelis Achates: 
deirtde alii principes Trojse. 
ipse Pallas in media turma, 



est Lucifer, quern Venus a- 
mat prse ceteris ignibus si- 
derum.quando madens aquis 
Oceani erigit sacrum vultum. 
- ~ ~ in effilo, et dissipat noctem, 
ouu Matres timidas sunt in mu- 
ris, et visu sequuntur nubem 
pulverulenlam, et turmas 



Dona ferens aclerat: natumque in valle reducta 



quadrupedante. Est magna 
sylva, prope frigid um 'flu- 
men Ca?retanse iirbis, late 
sacra veneratione majorum: colles cui'vi circumdant undequaque, et cingutit sylvam abietibus 
umbrosis. Fama narrat, antiquos Pelasgos, qui primi occupaverunt olim region em Latinam, di- 
cavisse sylvam et diem certum Sylvano, Deo agrorum etpecudum. Non longe hinc Tarcho et 
Tyrrheni habebant castra, secura ob natnram locorum: et totus exercitus eorum poterat jam 
aspici ab JEnea ex edito colle, etfixer&t tentoria in patentibus campis. JEneas pater, et juven- 
tus electa ad bellum descendunt illuc, et fatigati reficiunt equos et corpora. At Venus, alba 
Dea, erat illic, portans munera per nubes aerias: et ut eminus aspexit filium remotum d frigi- 
do fluvio in valle separata, 



NOTES. 



578. Infandum casum. A misfortune too 
dreadful to be mentioned, and shocking 
even to thought. 

595. Agmine facto. Agmen is properly a 
moving body or multitude. 

596. Quadrupedante, &c. Every ear imme- 
diately perceives that the numbers of this 
verse imitate the prancing of the steeds. 

597. Lucus. In the Old Testament fre- 
quent mention is made of consecrated groves 
among the followers of idolatry. Thus 2 



Chron. xxiv. 18. " And they left the house 
of the Lord God of their fathers a^d served 
groves and idols." 2 Chron. xiv. 3. "He 
brake down the images and cut down the 
groves." The Jewish law forbade the plant- 
ing of groves near the altar of God, as a 
part of the pagan superstition. Deut. xiv. 
21. " Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of 
any trees near unto the altar of the Lord 
thy God." 



3 N 



458 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

uilocuta est eum talibus ver- Ut procul egelido secretum flumine vidit; 610 

^UtLr^^tTaUbus affaiaest dic.is, sequeobtulit ultro: 
tem mariti mei, quam tibi&n perfecta mei promissa conjugis arte 
promiseram: ne deinceps, 6 Munera: ne mox, aut Laurentes, nate, superbos, 
fili, timeas vocare ad pug- A t m dub i tes i n prSE lia poscere Turnum. 

nam, sive Laurentes glono- ~. . . . • ^ , 

sob, sive ferocem Turnum. Dixit, et ajpplexus nati Cy therea petivit: 6 1 5 

•Sec dixit Venus, et venit in Arma sub Idversa posuit radiantia quercu. 

amplexum filii, et deposuit I1Je £) eae jonis et tanto lsetus honorc, 

arma fulgentia sub quercu ^ , . . , . . 

opposita. Hie JEneas gau- Expleri nequit, atque oculos per singula volvit; 

densmuneribusDeie,euan-Miraturque, interque manus et brachia versat 

tohonore, non potest sati- Terribilem cristis galeam flammasque vomentem, 620 

an, et mittit oculos per sin- ^ ' C i • 

gulas partes, et stupet: et Fatiferumque ensem, loncam ex aere rigentem, 

sumit in manus et brachia, Sanguineam, ingentem: qualis cum ccerula nubes 

cassidem horrendam cristis, Solis inardescit radiis, longeque refulget. 

IfZS^eUori^Turnleves ocreas electro auroque recocto, 

rigidam are, cruentam, am- Hastamque, et clypei non enarrabile textum. 625 

plam; talem, qualis est nubes IHie res Italas, Romanorumque triumphos, 

S&W? re e s°pTeSt Haud vatum ignarus venturique inseius *vi, 

procul: deinde ocreas politas r ecerat ignipotens: lllic genus omne f uturae 

electro et auro repurgato, et Stirpis ab Ascanio, pugnataque inordine bella. 

hastam et fabricam ine- Fecerat et v i rid i foetam Mavortis in antro 630 

narrabilem clypei. A'ulca--, , . . , . , 

nus, nou impeVitus vaticini- Procubuisse lupam: geminos nine ubera circum 

orum, nee inseius luturi sse- Ludere pendentes pueros, et lambere matreni 

culi, expresserat in illo chj- i mpav idos: illam tereti cervice reflexam 

peo res Italas, et victorias ,» \ .^ c .. * 

Romanorum: expresserat Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua. 

iilic totam seriem famiiise Nee procul hinc Romam, et raptas sine more Sabinas 

oriturae ab Ascanio, et bella Consessu caveae, ma^nis Circensibus actis, 636 

«*esta per ordmem. Expres- A , ,.j i ■*.* i n 

feratquoque lupam enixam Addiderat: subitoque novum consurgere bellum 

jacere in virenti caverna Martis; duos infantes huic alludere pendulos ad mammas, et interritos 
sugere ultricem; illam reflexam collo tereti adblandiri Us alternis-, et formare membra eorum 
lingua. Nee longe inde apposuerat Romam, et Sabinas raptas absque exemplo in ccetu caveae, 
dam agerentur magni ludi Circenses: et statim novum bellum oriri 

NOTES. 

610. Flumine, is here put for the banks of 627. Haud vatum ignarus, i.e. Hand igna- 

the river, as above, verse 204, speaking of rus votes e numero vatum; as above, sanctus 

Hercules' steers, he says, Deorum, which is equivalent to sanctus De- 

Vallemque boves amnemque tenebant. us e numero Deorum. 

613. Laurentes superbos refers to the out- 630. Foetam, in this place, does not signi- 

rage they had offered to JEneas and his fol- fy pregnant, but newly delivered of her 

lower's, as above, young; as in Pliny, Lib. VIII. cap. 16. speak- 

Qnos illi bello profugos egere superbo. ing of a lioness, Cum pro catulisjceta dimicat. 

6 19. Inter que manus et brachia versat: turns This description is thought to be taken from 
and shifts them every way, the smaller a sculptural representation of the wolf suck- 
arms in his hands, and the larger in his arms, ling Romulus and Remus, extant in the 

620. Flammas vomentem. Only a poetical Capitol in Virgil's time. 

description of his crest or plumes, which 635. Sine more, not sine exemplo, as Ruaeus 

were tinctured with a fiery colour, and explains it from Servius; for Romulus him- 

seemed to rise out of the top of his helmet self consoled the Sabine virgins after the 

like flames. rape, by telling them that the practice was 

622- Ccerula nubes. A \tfatery cloud, such not unprecedented. Romulus solatus earum 

as that which receives the tincture and va- mcestitiam, says Dionysius, docuit, non in- 

rious colours of the rainbow. juries, sed connubii causa ipsas raptas Juisse ; 

624. Recocto, repeatedly purified. Tovelec- et demonstravit morem istum et Grcecum et 
trum see the note on verse 402. antiquum esse, &c. Sine more therefore is the 

625. Clypei textum. Because made of skins same as malo more, and stands opposed to 
and plates interwoven. more majorum. 



jENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 



459 



inter Romanes, et sencm 
Tatium, et Cures austeros. 
Postca iidem rages, relicto 
640 prselio, erant ante altaria Jo- 
vis, armati et terentes pate- 
ras: et sanciebant inter ae 
pacem icta porca. Non lon- 
ge h'mc quadrigae concitatac 
in oppositas partes dilacera- 



645 



bant Metmm: tu vero, Al- 



Romulidis, Tatioque seni, Curibusque severis. 
Post iidem inter se posito certamine reges 
Armati, Jovis ante aras, paterasque tenentes 
Stabant: et caesa jungebant foedera porca. 
Haud procui inde citae Metium in diversa quadrigae 
Distulerant (at tu dictis, Albane, maneres) 
Raptabatque viri mendacis viscera Tullus 
Per sylvam, et sparsi rorabant sanguine vepres. 
Nee non Tarquinium ejectum Porsenna jubebat 
Accipere, ingentique urbem obsidione premebat. 
iEneadse in ferrum pro libertate ruebant. 
Ilium indignanti similem, similemque minanti 
Aspiceres: pontem auderet quod vellere Cocles, 
Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. 
In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis 
Stabat pro templo, et Capitolia celsa tenebat: 
Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo. 
Atque hie auratis volitans argenteus.anser 
Porticibus, Gallos in limine adesse canebat; 
Galli per dumos aderant, arcemque tenebant, 
Defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae. 
Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis: 
Virgatis lucent sagulis: turn lactea colla 
Auro innectuntur; duo quisque Alpina coruscant 
Gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis. 
Hie exultantes Salios, nudosq; Lupercos, 
Lanigerosque apices, et lapsa ancilia coelo 
Extuderat: castas ducebant sacra per urbem 
Pilentis matres in mollibus. Hinc procui addit 

Tartareas etiam sedes, alta ostia Ditis: 

erat aurea coma, et vesti- 
mentum aureum: splendebant sagis virgatis: prseterea colla Candida cingebantur aureis moniU* 
bus: unusquisque librat raanu duo gajsa Alpina, tecti clypeis longis secundum corpora. Inde 
seulpserat Salios saltantes, et Lupereos nudos, et acumina pileorum lanea, et scutula emissa e 
ccelo: ibant ad sacrificia per urbem pudieae matronce in vehieulis pensilibus. Procui hinc adjicit 
(jiioque infernas plagas, profundos aditus Plutonis; 



bane, debuisses stare pactis: 
et Tullus per sylvam trahe- 
bat viscera hominis illius 
perjuri: et sentes stillabant 
tincti sanguine. Praeterea 
Porsenna jubebat Romanos 

650admittere Tarquinium ex- 
pulsum, et cingebat urbem 
magna obsidione. Romar.t 
currebant ad ama pro li- 
bertate. Videres ilium Por- 
sennam similem irato, et si- 

(i-e milem minanti: ided quia 
Cocles audebat diruere pon- 
tem, et Cloelia trajiciebat 
flumen catenis fractis. In 
suprem a parte clypei Man- 
lius, defensor arcis Tar- 
peiae, erat ante templum, et 

660servabat altum Capitolium; 
et domus adhuc nova i^iges- 
cebatpaleis Romuli. Etillic 
anser ex argento, volans in 
aureis porticibus, monebat 
cantu Gallos accedere ad 

,. A ^ portas: Galli accedebant per 

6"° sentes, et jam occupabant 
arcem, tuti tenebris, et mu. 
nere noctis caliginosae. Ulis 



NOTES. 



638. Curibusque severis. Cures, a city of 
the Sabines, who were remarkable for their 
rigid virtue. Hence, says Juvenal, 

sanctos licet horrida mores 
Tradiderit domus, ac veteres imitata Sa- 

binas. 
And Cicero in one of his epistles: Modestus 
ejus vultus, sermoque constans habere 
quiddam a Curibus videbatur. 

640. Paterasque tenentes; ready to offer li- 
bations. 

641. Ccesd pored. Livy describes the man- 
ner of confirming a covenant. His words 
are these: " Si prior defecerit publico con- 
silio, dolo malo: tu illo die, Jupiter, popu- 
lum Roraaniim sic ferito, ut ego hunc por- 
cum hodie feriam. Id ubi dixit porcum si- 
lice percussit. Hence an engagement was 
said to be ictum, struck. To strike a bar- 
gain is a phrase still in common use. 

643. At tu dictis, Albane, onaneres. The 
poet seems sensible that this story might 
shock the humanity of his reader; and 
therefore he is careful to remind him of the 



crime for which the Roman king had been 
so terribly severe, both in this apostrophe 
to the traitor, and in the next line giving 
him the epithet of mendacis. 

654. Romuleoque culmo. This thatched 
palace of Romulus, which stood on mount 
Capitol, was repaired from time to time, as 
it fell to decay. Virgil here represents it as 
standing in the time of Manlius, 327 years 
after the death of Romulus. 

659. Aurea aesaries. The Gauls are repre- 
sented by Livy and others as having had 
long yellow hair. 

660. Virgatis lucent sagulis. The sagulttiri 
was a cloak or upper garment worn by the 
ancient Gauls: it was streaked with stripes 
of different colours, which is the meaning; 
of virgatis. 

662. Gxsa were a sort of spear pretty long, 
but light and slender, so that two of them 
could be easily carried in the hand. They 
are called Alpina, because peculiar to the 
Gauls who inhabited about the Alps- 



460 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

et supplicia criminum: ctte, Et scelerum poenas: et te, Catilina, minaci 
££££££2£S P^ndentem seopulo, Furiarumque ora trementem: 

tem vulms Fuiiarum: et Secretosque pios, h« dantem jura Catonem. 670 

pios segregates ab impiis, et Haec inter tumidi late maris ibat imago 
Catonem his dicentem jus. Aurea, sed fluctu spumabant coerula cano: 

Inter hxc apparebat late ex „ . <. i • j 1 u- • u 

auro species inflati maris, at kt circum argento clan delphmes in orbem 

aquce ccerulese spumabant iEquora verrebant caudis, sestumque secabant. 

fluctu albo: et delphims cir- j n me di classes aeratas, Actia beila, 675 

cum lucaii argento asritabant ,, , . • -» T , ., 

in orbem mare caSdis, et Cernere erat: totumque mstructo Marte videres 
scindebantfluctus. in medio Fervere Leucaten, auroque effuigere fluctus. 
inari xidere erat classes wra- Hinc Augustus agens Italos in praelia Caesar, 
»&*£?£*££<*>* Paribus, populoq; Penatibus, et magnis Diis, 
eaten fervescere pugna or- Stans celsa. in puppi: geminas cui tempora fiarnmas 
dinata et undas resplendere Laeta vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. 681 
SK^ueenfad^Parte alia, vends et Diis Agrippa seeundis, 
nam Italos, tum seuatoribus, Arduus, agmen agens: cm, belli insigne superbum, 
ct populo, et Penatibus, et Tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona. 

£5? 2& sv Hi" c °p e b r ,barici «™?p* Amonius armis 685 

ketftm emittit geminas flam- Victor, ab Aurorae popuhs et htore rubro 

mas, et paterna stella ap- iEgyptum viresque Orientis, et ultima secum 

paret in c-apite. Alia .par- g actra V ehit: sequiturque, nefas! iEgyptia coniux. 

te erat Agrippa, Das et TT N n n °' r . . J 

veutispi-opidis,subUmis,im- Una omnes mere, ac totum spumare reductis 

peilens aciem: cui caput ra-Convulsum remis rostrisq; tridentibus aequor. 690 

diat^ rostratum uavali co- ^j ta p e t U nt: pelago credas innare revulsas 

rona, quod est nobne monu- ~ , , f ™ . ... lA 

mentum victoria Inde An : Cycladas, aut motites concurrere monubus altos: 
touius victor diversis bellis, et auxilio barbarorum, adducit secum zEgyptum, et robora Orien- 
tis, et extrema Bactra, ab usque gentibus Aurora?, et mari rubro: et proh scelus! uxor JEgyptia 
setjuitur ipsum. Omnes videntur simul irrumpere, et totum mare spumare commotum remis 
revolutis, et rostris trifidis. Procedunt mari: dieeres Cycladas erutas fluitare mari, aut excelsos 
montes congredi cum montibus: 

NOTES. 

670. His dantem jura Catonem. Some un- same; but one would think this passage 

derstand this of Cato, the censor, though, implied quite the reverse, namely, that the 

as others have justly observed, Cato Uti- Penates were inferior gods; and for that 

censis is more likely to be meant, since he reason the others, in contradistinction to 

agrees to the time of Catiline here referred them, were called the great gods. See the 

to. De la Cerda is here very injurious to note on verse 543. 

Virgil, in alleging that he represents Cato 681. Aperitur vertice sidus. This alludes to 

giving laws in hell, in order to gratify Au- the manner in which Augustus used to be 

gustus, who would be pleased to see a man represented in the Roman sculpture, having 

so odious to him consigned to a place proper over his head the star into which his adop- 

for the exercise of his rigid unforgiving spi- tive father Julius Cxsar was supposed to 

lit: not considering that it is not in the re- have been changed. 

gions of the damned, but in Elysium, that 684. Navali rostrata corona. This crown, 

Cato bears this character; besides, even on bestowed on such as had signalized their 

his supposition, it could never be a disho- valour in an engagement at sea, was set 

nour to Cato to be ranked with the great round with figures resembling the beaks 

.lawgivers Minos and Rhadamanthus. of ships. 

Here it may be asked, what is the use of 685. Variis armis, i. e. With arms and 

giving laws to those in Elysium, who are troops of various kingdoms and nations, 

established in the perfection of virtue? Per- 686. Victor, because of his victory over 

haps by jura may be understood their rights the Parthians; this is added to do honour 

or just rewards. \ to Augustus for having triumphed over so 

672- Jurca — ccentfa cano. The ground or powerful an enemy, 

surface of the ocean was in gold, and the 690. Postris tridentibus. See the note on 

iirst whitening waves in silver: Carula may iEn. V. 143. 

mean the waters in general, without any 692. Cycladas. He compares the ships of 

reference to the colour. Anthony so conspicuous for their multitude 

679. Penatibus, et magnis Bits. Macrobius to the Cyclades, well known islands in the 



the Penates and magni Dli to be the iEgean sea. 



..ENEIDOS LIB. VIII. 4C1 

Tanta mole viri turritis puppibus instant. *»»*» est moles tamtaMiro 

n 11 *:i r .,..., ~, puppmm unde homines nu- 

Stupea flamma manu, tehsque volatile teirum ; nin l ent p rojiciturmarm ig _ 

Spargitur: arva nova Neptunia caede rubcscunt. 695 n -, s fostupa, et spiculis vo- 

Retina in mediis patrio vocat agmina sistro: tacre ferrum: campi Neptu- 

Necdum etiam geminos * .ergo respicit angues. V E&££*8$2£* 
Omnigonumq; Deum monstra, et latrator Anubis, V ocat acies patrio sistro: et 
Contra Ncptunum et Venerem, contraq; Minervam nondum adhuc spectat a 

Tela tenent: s*vit medio in cevtamine Mayors roojg ££*£> ££ £ 

Coelatus ierro, tristesque ex aethere Dirae, ner is, et latrator Anubis, 

Et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla, ferunt arma adversus Nep- 

Quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello. SSfflShSSllS it 

Actius hsec cernens arcum mtendebat Apollo sculptus ferro sievit In me- 

Desuper: omnis eo terrore ^Egyptus, et Indi, 705 dio prajlio,et funestse Furis 

Omnis Arabs, omnes vertebant terga Sabaei. ex a f re » et Discor( J; a incedit 

, . , , ^ - s • gaudens lacera palla, quam 

Ipsa videbatur ventis regma vocatis _ Bellona sequitur cum flagro 

Vela dare, et laxos jam jamque immittere funes. cruentato. Actiacus Apollo 

Illarn inter caedes, pallentem morte future, videos ista tendebat arcum 

j: 4. t ~ ~~ r~„„:. >riA ex alto, hoc metu tota M- 

Fecerat igmpotens undis et Iapyge fern: ri0 gyptus, et lndi, omnis A- 

Contra autem magno mcerentem corpore Nilum, rabs, omnes ^absci conver- 

Pandentemque sinus, et tota veste vocantem tebant dorsum, ipsa regina 
Coeruleum in gremium latebrosaque flumina victos. S^S^m^ta 

At Caesar, triplici mvectus Romana triumpho laxare funes navium solutos. 

Moenia, Diis Italis votum immortale sacrabat > 7 1 5 Vulcanus fecerat illam inter 

Maxima ter centum totem delubra per urbem. ^^KSSfS 

Laetitia, ludisque viae plausuque iremebant: Iapyge vento: ex ad verso 
Omnibus in templis matrum chorus, omnibus arse: autem Nilum dolentem 

Ante aras ten-am c^si stravere iuvenci. ™*&™ corpore, et aperien, 

T , . j • t • t»l u* >*o^tem plexus suos, et tota ves- 

Ipse sedens mveo candentis limine Phoebi, , 720 te expassd i nv i t antem victos 

Dona recognoscit populorum, aptatque superbis in sinum mum cosruleum, et 

Postibus: incedunt victae longo ordine gentes, fluentalatebrosa. SedC»sar 

^-. x -i- • v i •. ^ .• , ■ mgressus Romanos muros 

Quam varix hnguis, habitu tarn vestis et armis. tr f plici triumph0j re ferebat 

Hie Nomadum genus, et discinctos Mulciber Afros, Diis votum perenne, nempe 
Hie Leleeas, Carasque, sagittiferosque Gelonos 725 trecenta templaingentiaper 
Finxerat. Euphrates ibat jam mollior undis, . C^St? XTtETZ 

Extremiq; hominum Morini, Rhenusq; bicorms, piausu: chorus matronarum 

erat in omnibus templis, et altaria in omnibus; ante altaria mactati juvenci tegebant terram. 
Ipse Augustus sedens in nivea porta candidi Apollinis, considerat munera populorum et accom- 
modat ea ad postes: nationes subact* progrediuntur longa serie, tarn diversse sermone, quam 
more vestium et armis. Hie Vulcanus sculpserat nationes Nomadum, et Afros discinctos: hie 
Lelegas, et Caras, et Gelonos sagittis armatos. Euphrates fluebat jam mitior ftuctibus, et Mo- 
rini ultimi hominum, et Rhenus bicornis, 

NOTES. 

693. Turritis puppibus. These were ships speed, as JEn. VI. 1. Classique immittit ha- 

that had turrets erected on their decks, benas. 

from which stations the soldiers used all 710. Iapyge. The wind that blows from 

manner of weapons and engines, as if it Apulia, the most eastern quarter of Italy, 

had been on dry land, and so engaged with directly eastward, and consequently to- 

the greatest fury imaginable. wards Egypt. It is called Iapyx from the 

696. Patrio sistro. To distinguish her for ancient name of Apulia. 

an Egyptian, the sistricm, a kind of timbrel, 720. Niveo candentis limine Phoebi. The 

being the instrument used by the Egyptians temple of Apollo, which Augustus built on 

in the worship of Isis. the Palatine mount, of bright Parian mar- 

702. Scissa Discordia palla. The poet ble. 

makes her vesture an emblem of her mis- 724. Mulciber was Vulcan's name, quia 

chiefs. omnia 7nulceat ignis. 

708. Laxos immittere funes, &c. i. e. Let go 727. Extrcmique hominum Morini. Those 

the ropes that contracted the sails: a meta- people inhabited the northern coast of Gaul 

phor drawn from the practice of loosening next to Britain, which the Romans reckon- 

the reins of u horse to let him go at full ed another world. 



462 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



et Dah* anted invicti, et Indomitique Dahae, et pontem indignatus Araxes. 
££S JSSSL cT/pto n Jalla, per clypeum Vulcani, dona parentis 
Vulcani taiia munera matris Miratur: rerumque lgnarus imagine gaudet, 730 

««<£.- etiastatur specie re rum Attollens humero famamque et fata nepotum. 
quas ignorat, imponens hu- 
mero et gloriam et famam posterorum. 



NOTES. 



728. Pontem indignatus Araxes. A river in 
Armenia, that proudly bore down the bridge 
which Alexander the Great had built over 
it. 

731. Attollens humero. This verse, says 
Mr. Addison, is perhaps the wittiest in Vir- 
gil. There is doubtless a mixture of ideas 
in it very much in the manner of our modern 
writers, who make one part of their de- 
scriptions relate to the representation and 
the other to the thing represented. 

On the shield of JEneas, described in this 
book, Mr. William Whitehead has present- 
ed a number of ingenious and original ob- 
servations. He supposes the shield capable 
of being distributed after the manner of that 
of Achilles in Homer. He draws two con- 
centric circles; the larger marks the cir- 
cumference of the shield, the smaller he 
places at equal distances from the circum- 
ference and the center. The space between 
the larger and the smaller he divides into 
twelve compartments; the space between 
the smaller circle and the center, into four. 
In the twelve first he comprises the ancient 
history and appropriates the four inner cir- 
cles to the aflair of Actium. The subject 



of the sixteen compartments will then be as 
follows: 

1. Romulus and Remus, or the founding 
of Rome. 

2. The rape of the Sabine women. 

3. The war in consequence of the rape. 

4. Peace between the Sabines and Ro- 
mans. 

5. The punishment of Metius. 

6. The siege of Rome by Porsenna. 

7. The Codes and Clelia, &c. 

8. Manlius' invasion opposed. 

9. Procession of the Salii, Luperci, &c 

10. Procession of the Roman matrons. 

11. Catalino, or the hell for bad citizens. 

12. Cato, or the Elysium for good ones. 

13 ""I 

*/ ! These four central pictures ex- 

- V Y hibit the fleets drawn up; the 

16 * fight, the defeat, the triumph. 

He expresses the meaning of the poet Hxc 
inter tumidilate y by a zone which separates 
the twelve outer compartments from the 
four inner by a kind of channel and waves, 
in which dolphins are seen sporting. 

The shield of .£neas has this eminence 
above that of Achilles, that Homer is mere- 
ly descriptive; Virgil descriptive and pro- 
phetic. 



JENEIDOS LIB. IX. 



46; 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIDOS 



LIBER IX 



ATQUE ea diversa penitus dum parte geruntur, 

Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno 

Audacem ad Turnum. Luco turn forte parentis 

Pilumni Turnus sacrata valle sedebat. 

Ad quern sic roseo Thaumantias ore locuta est: 

Turne, quod optanti Divum promittere nemo 

Auderet, volvenda dies en attulit ultro. 

iEneas, urbe, et sociis, et classe relicta, 

Sceptra Palatini sedemque petivit Evandri. 

Nee satis: extremas Corythi penetravit ad urbes: 

Lydorumque manum, collectos armat agrestes. 

Quid dubitas? nunc tempus equos, nunc poscere cur- & £ g ™ I^Sf 

TUS. vandri Palatini. Nee id satis 

est: ivit ad ultimas urbes Corythi: et armat multitudinem Tyrrhenorum, rusticos congregates 
Quid deliberas? jam tempus est vocare equites et currus. 



INTERPRETAXIU, 

Ac dum ista fiunt in regv 
one longe remota: Juno fitiu 
Saturni misit e ccelo Irim 
ad audacem Turnum. Tur- 
5 nus forte quiescebat tunc c- 
pud sylvam Pilumni abavi, 
in valle sacra. Ad quem fi- 
lia Thaumantis ita locuta est 
ore roseo: Turne, ecce tem- 
pus revohitum exhibuit 
sponte id, quod nullus Deo- 
10 rum auderet polliceri tibi 
cupienti. iEneas relicta m*- 



NOTES. 



Turnus takes advantage'of iEneas' ab- 
sence, attempts to fire his ships (which are 
transformed into sea-nymphs), and assaults 
his camp. The Trojans, reduced to extre- 
mities, send Nisus and. Euryalus to recal 
iEneas, which furnishes the poet with that 
admirable episode of their friendship, ge- 
nerosity, and the conclusion of their adven- 
tures. In the morning Turnus pushes the 
siege with vigour; and, hearing that the 
Trojans had opened a gate, he runs thither, 
and breaks into the town with the enemies 
whom he pursues. The gates are immedi- 
ately closed upon him, and he fights his way 
through the town to the river Tiber. He is 
forced at last to leap, armed as he is, into 
the river, and swims to his camp. 

This book is remarkable in that the hero 
has nothing to do in it. It is the only one 
through the whole poem, from which he is 
absent. The moderns have taken too much 
liberty on this point. In many entire books 
m Tasso ? s Jerusalem, Godfrey does not 



once appear. This book too has in it the 
most fighting of any, and shows us the be- 
ginning of the sanguinary contests. 

3. Parentis Pilumni. Pilumnus is called 
Turnus' grandfather, JEn. X. 76. and his 
grandfather's grandfather, ibid. 619. So that 
parens here must signify in general one of 
his ancestors; or, as Servius alleges, it was 
the common name of the family. 

7. Volvemda. Which was to be revolved, 
i. e. destined. 

8. Urbe. This city of iEneas is sometimes 
called a camp, sometimes a city. It was a 
camp fortified in the form of a city, with 
turrets, ramparts, and gates. 

9. Palatini, i. e. of Evander, who inha- 
bited the Palatium or mount Palatine, where 
Romulus afterwards dwelt, and also the 
Roman emperors down from Augustus. 

10. Corythi or Coryties is a town and moun 
tain of Etruria near to which Dardanus was 
born. It is now called Cortona. 



464 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Ampata oranem moram, et Rumpe moras omnes, et turbata arripe castra. 

Z'^r^S Dixit, et in caelum paribus se sustulit alis. 

extulit se ad caelum, et in Ingentemque tuga secuit sub nubibus arcum. 1$ 

fuga signavit magnum ar- Agnovit juvenis, duplicesque ad sidera palmas 

cum sub nubibus. Juvenis Sustulit, ac tali fugientem est voce secutus: 

liirnus agnovit earn, etpor- T . . ' ,. *? ... , . 

rexitambas palmas ad astra, In > decus cceli, qms te mihi nubibus actam 

el prosecutus est abeuntem Detulit in terras? unde haec tam clara repente 

talibus verbis: O Iri, orna- Tempestas? medium video discedere ccelum, 20 

mentum aens: quis misit te _ , \ . ^ .. . > *^ 

lapsam e nubibus ad me in Palantesque polo Stellas: sequar omina tanta, 

terras? unde subito hsec fa- Quisquis in arma vocas. Et sic effatus, ad undam 

cies cff/»tam splendida? cer- p r0C essit, summoque hausit de eurgite lymphas, 

no medium ccelum luare, eti. T u n ^ . ° , J • r 7 

sidera errantia ccelo. Pare- Multa Deos orans: oneravitque aethera VOtlS. 

bo tantis monitis, quicum- Jamque omnis campis exercitus ibat apertis, 25 

que Beormn hortaris me ad Dives equum, dives pictai vestis. et auri. 

bellum. Atque ita locutus, t\t • • ' 

progressus est ad fluvia^ Messapus pnmas acies, postrema coercent 

et extulit e superEcie fluvii Tyrrheidse juvenes: medio dux agmine Turnus 

aquam, multa petens a Diis: Vertitur arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est. 

$£££££. SE£ S eu se ? tem ^ urgens sedatis amnibus altos 30 

bat agris patentibus, fre- Per taciturn Ganges: aut pingiu flumine Nilus, 

quens equis, abundans vesti- Cum refluit campis, et jam se condidit alveo. 

bus ver S .coloribus et auro. ffi subitam ni?ro § i om erari pulvere nubem 

Messapus regit prima agmi- _. . . ~, ** .*> . r . »«»» 

I.:,, filiiTyrrhei ultima: tur-Prospiciu^t Teucri, ac tenebras msurgere campis. 

jius Rex 'excumt in medio Primus ab adversa. conclamat mole Caicus: 35 

exemtu, attollens arma, etn u j s H bus, 6 cives, califfine volvitur atra? 

excedit alios toto capite. ^- ••.„.. *> A , r i- 

Veluti profundus Ganges Fert ^ citi ferrum, date tela, scandite muros. 

crescens cum silentio sep- Hosiis adest, eja. Ingenti clamore per omnes 

^emfiuviisplacidis: autw^-condunt se Teucri portas, etmcenia complent. 

ii iNiIus tcecundis aquis, XT . ,. , r * .. 

qtiando refluit ex agris, et Namq; ita discedens praeceperat eptimus armis 40 

jam inclusit se .57/0 alveo. Tunc Trojani procnl vident nimbum repentinum colligi ex obscuro 
pulvere, et caiiginem induci in agros. Primus Caicus vociferatur ex aggere opposito: O cives! 
ouantus globus nigrse caliginis accedit ad nos? aflerte arma celeres, date spicula, conscendite 
mcenia: hostls instat, agite. Omnes Trojani cum magna vociferatione includunt se intra portas, 
et replent munimenta. Quippe 

NOTES. 

13- Castra. The new Troy which /Eneas 31. Per taciturn; locum or campum under- 
had laboured to fortify on the eastern bank stood; adverbially for tacite. 
of the Tiber. 31. Ganges. The Ganges is a large river 

15. Secuit arcum. The rainbow was reck- of India falling into the Indian ocean, said 

oned the chariot of Iris; so that the mean- by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander's 

ingis, she cut her way through it to mount victories in the east. It inundates the adja- 

up again to heaven in that vehicle. cent country in the summer. Like other ri- 

20. Video discedere ccelum. When the light- vers it was held in the greatest veneration by 
ning bursts through the clouds, the skies the inhabitants, and this superstitionrises to 
seem at times to be rent asunder, as in Lu- such a degree as that it receives the ho- 
cretius, Lib. VI. nours due to the living God alone. The Gan- 

Ne trepides cceli divisis partibus amens. ges is now discovered to rise in the moun- 

And Lib. III. 16. , tains of Thibet, and to run upwards of two 

Diffugiunt animi terrores: vnoenia mundi thousand miles before it reaches the sea; 

Discedunt. receiving in its course the tribute of several 

21. Palantesque polo Stellas. Stellas may rivers, eleven of which are superior to the 
mean the meteor and sparkles of fire that Thames, and often equal to the majestic 
were seen to shoot across the sky like stars. Rhine. 

Servius understands the word of the stars 36. Globus. A troop or multitude, as ill 

themselves, palantes, i. e. appearing out of verse 409. The word is the same way used 

time. in English. Thus Milton (Paradise Lost, 

23. Hausit; that with undefiled hands he Book II. 511.) says, 

might offer his devotions. King David aliu- Him round 

ding to a similar Jewish rite, says, " I will A globe of fiery seraphim enclos'd. 

wash my hands in innocence and so will I 
compass thine altar.''* 



jENEIUOS LIB. IX. 



465' 



JEneas peritissimus militaris 
rei sic alliens jussiTat: Si ca- 
sus aliquis ejusmodi contin- 
geret, interim dim aberat: 
ne auderent. ordinare exer- 

^ccitum, neve committere in 
campum; tantummodo tue- 
rentur eastra et muros de- 
fensor niunimentis. ltaque, 
licet pudor et furor horten- 
tur eos conserere nmnus: 
tamen opponunt portas, et 

50 exequunturmandata./:£?ze<e, 



iEneas: Si qua interca fortuna fuisset; 

Ne struere auderent aciem, neu credere campo: 

Castra modo et tutos servarent aggere muros. 

Ergo, etsi conferre manura pudor iraq; monstrat; 

Objiciunt portas tamen, et prscepta facessunt, 

Armatique cavis expectant turribus hostem. 

Turnus, ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agmen, 

Viginti lectis equitum comitatus; et urbi 

Improvisus adest: maculis quern Thracius albis 

Portat equus, cristaq; tegit galea aurea rubra. 

Ecquis erit mecum, 6 iuvenes, qui primus in hostem? . et armati expectant hostem 

_, n . . \ J ' l • *"• • m medns turribus. 1 urnus. 

En, ait; et jaculum mtorquens emittit in auras, cum ante cul . rens p P8 egres' 

Principium pugnae: et campo sese arduus infert. sus esset lentiorem turmam, 

Clamore excipiunt socii, fremituque sequuntur stipatus wginti equitibus e- 

TT rr. * • *• * „j„. --lectis; ita accessitad urbem 

Hornsono. Jeucrum mirantur inertia corda: 55 ineX p ectatus: Thracius e- 

Non aequo dare se campo, non obvia ferre quus maculosus albo fert 

Arma viros; sed castra fovere. Hue turbidus atq; hucf um » et cassis aurea inum- 

Lustrat equo muros, aditumque per avia quaerit. 

Ac veluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili, 

Cum fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbres, 

Nocte super media: tuti sub matribus agni 

Balatum exercent: ille asper et improbus ira. 

Saevit in absentes: collecta fatigat edendi 



brat cristis rubris. O juve- 
nes, inquit, quis erit ves- 
trum, qui primus in hostem 
SQirruet mecum? ecce. Sic 
ait, et evihrans jaculum pro- 
jicit in aerem, quasi initium 
prselii: et altus imraittJt sese 
in campum junctum nrbi. 
Socii succeuunt ei cum cla- 
more, et sequuntur ululatu terribili. Mirantur desides animos Trojanorum: honiioes i'Ios non 
exhibere se in sequam planitiem, non inferre arma opposita; sed insiriere castris. Turuus iratus 
Luc et illuc circuit equo muros, et vestigatingressum per loca inaccessa- Et veluti quando lupus 
sub mediam noctem insidians ovili pleno frendet prope septa, passus ventos et pluvias: tunc agrii 
securi sub matribus emittunt balatum: ille verd acer et percitus ira furit adversus absentes: 
furor edendi 



NOTES. 



47. Turnus. The character of Turnus is 
all through continued qualis ab incepto pro- 
cesserat. Virgil does not at all flag in descri- 
bing the resolute impetuosity of this young 
hero. He here begins the siege with a spi- 
rited exclamation: 
Ecquis erit mecum, 6 juvenes, qui primus 

in hostem? 
Who first, he cried, with me the foe will 

dare? 
Then hurl'd a dart, the signal of the war. 
He attempts every pass and avenue, as a 
hungry wolf, in a tempestuous night, tries 
to enter a fold, his rage and hunger being 
exasperated by the bleating of the lambs 
within. When he finds the fortress of the 
Trojans impregnable, he is not seen incepto 
desistere, but proceeds immediately to at- 
tempt the burning of their ships. 

49. Thracius. Catrou thinks Virgil was 
extravagantly fond of a Thracian horse. 

52. Jaculum intorquens. The throwing of 
a javelin into the air was a ceremony prac- 
tised by the Romans when they declared 
war against any nation. This they derived 
from the Greeks. Before this ceremony it 
was unlawful to commit any acts of hosti- 
lity. The declaration was made by the pater 
patratus. He used with a loud voice to pro- 
nounce the reasons for going to war, and 



then threw a javelin towards the army or 
country of the enemy. Numa introduced 
the custom into Rome. The design of Lao- 
coon when he threw a javelin at the wooden 
horse which stood trembling in its side was 
like that of Turnus, to excite the people to 
oppose and destroy. This custom is particu- 
larly described by Livy, Lib. I. 32. Qiian- 
doque pars major eorum, qui aderant, in 
eandem sententiam ibat, bellum erat con- 
sensu fieri solitum; ut fecialis hastam ferra- 
tam, aut sanguineam prseustam ad fines eo- 
rum ferret, et, non minus tribus puberibus 
prxsentibus, diceret, &c. Then follows the 
form of declaring- war: to which he adds: 
Id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emit- 
tebat. Hoc turn modo bellum indictum; mo- 
remque eum posteri acceperunt. 

57- Castra fovere. Cherish or hug their 
tent, an opprobrious expression, being a 
metaphor borrowed from timorous mothers, 
who hug their children, and draw them 
close to their bosoms, when apprehensive of 
their being in danger. In this sense it is 
used, Geor IV. 55. 

Hinc nescio qua dulcedire lsetac 
Progeniem nidosque fovent. 

60- Caulas; sheepfolds. 

62- Improbus That has no honesty, vil- 
lanous, mischievous. 



3 O 



466 P. VIRGILII MAKONIS 

auctus ex longo tempore, et Ex longo rabies, et siccae sanguine fauces. 

jnMK mlrtJt. Haud * lite !' Ru M° m . ul 'f, et cast ™ tue ^ 6£ 

flammatur Rutulo, consider- Ignescunt irae, et duns dolor ossibus ardet: 
anti muros et castra, et in- Qua tentet ralione aditus; et qua via clausos 
dignatio augescit in ossibus E xcut i at Teucros vallo, atq; effundat in aequor. 
duns: quomodo qujerat m- ~, , . . *" ,. L , *: 

gfessum: et qua parte v ia^ assem » c l U2e ia ten castrorum. adjuncta latebat, 
atiqua extrahat ex aggere Aggeribus septam circum et fluvialibus undis, 70 

Trojanos inclusos, et indu- l nV adit: sociosq; incendia poscit ovantes: 
©at eos m plamtiem. Irapug- A , -a .- r -j i A 

nat classem circum defen- At -V manum pinu flagranti fervidus implet. 

sam munimentis, et aquis Turn verd incumbunt: urget praesentia Turni, 

fluvialibus, qua latebat ad- Atq; omnis facibus pubes accinsntur atris. 

rZ adT„eSS ,m s oeiS ^""ipuere focos: piceum fert fumida lumen 75 

gaudentes, et ipse ardens Taeda, et commixtam Vulcanus ad astra favillam. 

armat manum pinu flam- Q u i s Deus, 6 Musae, tarn saeva incendia Teucris,. 

S^pSS.* TJST&S. i Avertit? tantos mtibus quis depulit ignes? _ 

tat eos, omnis juventus ar- Dicite: prisca fides facto, sed lama perennis. 

rnatur nigiis facibus Rapu- Tempore quo primum Phrygia formabat in Ida. 80 

{n^f^ 9 lmJ ^si^l ^ neas classem > et P ela gi P etere aIta P a rabat: 
lucem piceam, et ignis mix- Ipsa Deum fertur genitrix Berecynthia magnum 
tam favillam. O Musse, quis Vocibus his aifata Jovem: Da, nate, petenti; 
Deus abduxit a Trqjanis in- Q uod tua chara parens domitO te poscit Olympo. 
cendia tam crudelia? quis „. , ... r .<■ 1M u * ' r _,_ 

depulit tantas flammas i\>a- Pmea s y lva mihl multos dilecta per annos, 85 

vibus? dicite hoc- antiquaLucus in arce fuit summa, quo sacra ferebant, 
est certitudo hujus facti, ta- JSFi^ranti picea trabibusque obscurus acernis. 
S/nrS^fpn'Has ego Dardanio juveni, cum classis egeret, 
mum straebat naves in idaLaeta dedi: nunc solicitam timor anxius urget. 
monte Phrygice, et parabat Solve metus, atq; hoc precibus sine posse parentem: 
%% £&£&%£ Ne cursu quassat* ullo, neu turbine vent, 91 

thia mater Deorum dicitur V mcantur: prosit nostns in montibus ortas. 
allocuta magnum Jovem his Filius huic contra, torquet qui sidera mundi: 

sSsSSdSsssS?^^ qu6 fata v ^ as? aut ? uid ? etis istis? 

tua petit a te post coelum Mortaline manu lactae immortale cannae 95 

subactum. Sylva pinea cha- Fas habeant? certusque incerta pericula lustret 

ra per multos annos fuit mi- J£ neas ? cui tanta Deo pe rmissa potestas? 
hi, lucusm supremo vertice. T v .. . P ,, r * . 

iimbrosis piceis opacus et Im <>> ubi defunctae finem portusque tenebunt 

truncis acernis: quern in locum inferebant sacrificia. Ego lseta concessi has arbores Trojano jtf- 
veni, quart do indigebat navibus: nunc metus anxius habet me solicitam. Expelle timores meos, 
et permitte roatrem hoc posse precibus suis: ne naves ilia; deficiant, fractse ulla navigatione aut 
vi ventorum: prosit ipsis, eas natas esse in montibus nostris. Filius, qui volvit astra mundi, res- 
pondet illi ex adverso: O mater! quo vertis fata, aut quid rogas his verbis? an naves fabricate 
manu mortali obtinebunt jus immortalitatis? etiEneas securus adibit pericula dubia? cuiDeocon- 
cessa est tanta facultas? ego potids quondam, postquam functse Us periculis attigerint terminos et 
portus ltalos: 

NOTES. 

64. Sicca; used elegantly for •vacua with dros, which was at the foot of the Phrygian 

an ablative case. A similar example is found not the Cretan Ida: 

in the eighth book. . Classemque sub ips& 

71. Sociosque incendia poscit. There is no Antandro, et Phrygian molimur montibus 

occasion here for Servius' hysteroproteron; Idae. JEn. III. 

for poscit incendia is, He charges them to 89. Lceta dedi. Catrou says, Virgil here 

toss the flames, and assist in burning the artfully saves jEneas from the imputation of 

ships with him. impiety, which he certainly must have been 

75. Focos. The watch-fires mentioned a- guilty of had he cut down the trees of Cy- 

bove. bele without her consent. 

80. Ida. JEneas built his fleet at Antan- 90. Soke metus. Fear is considered as a 

yoke in which one is bound. 



JENEIDOS LIB. IX. 



467 



Ausonios: olim quaecunque evaserit undis, 
Dardaniumq; tlucem Laurentia vcxerit arva; 
Mortalem eripiam formam, magnique jubebo 
JEquoris esse Deas: qualis Nereia Doto 
Et Galatea secant spumantem pectore pontum. 
Dixerat: idque ratum, Stygii per flumina fratiis 
Per pice torrentes atraque voragine ripas, 
Annuit: et totum nutu tremcfecit Olympum. 
Ergo aderat promissa dies, et tempora Parcae 
Debita complerant: cum Turni injuria matrem 
Admonuit sacris ratibus depcllere taedas. 
Hie primiim nova lux oculis effulsit, et ingens 
Visus ab Aurora caelum transcurrere nimbus, 
Idaeique chori: turn vox horrenda per auras 
Excidit, et Troum Rutulorumque agmina complet 
Ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere naves, 
Neve armate manus: maria ante exurere Turno 
Quam sacras dabitur pinus: Vos ite solutae, 
Ite, Deae pelagi: genitrix jubet. Et sua quaeque 
Continud puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis: 
Delphinumque modo demersis aequora rostris 

T r n . . --. /•.?•! \ , „~ plet turmas Troianorum 

Imapetunt. Hmc virgmeae (mirabile monstrum) 120R utulorum . o Trbjani, 
Reddunt se totidem facies, pontcque feruntur; 
Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae. 
Obstupuere animis Rutuli: conterritus ipse 
Turbatis Messapus equis: cunctatur et amnis 



qurcetinquc evitaverit fluc- 
\qq tus, ';et tulcrit principem 
Trojanum ad campos Lau- 
rcntes: hide auteram spe- 
ciem mortalem, et impcra- 
bo has esse Deas vasti ma- 
ris: qualis Doto filia Nerci, 
et Galatea scindunt pectore 
105 mare spumosum. Sic locu- 
tus erat, et id voluit esse 
ceitum, per fluvios fratris 
inferni, per ripas fluentes 
pice et mgrovortice: et eom- 
movit nutu totum ccelum. 
. , ^ Ergo promissa dies advene- 
rat, et Parcse consummave- 
rant tempus constitutum: 
quando impugnatio Turni 
movit matrem JBerecynthi- 
am, ?/£averteret faces a navi- 
bus szfo'sacris. Tuncprimum 
1 5 novum lumen illuxit oculis 
Trojanorum, et magna nu- 
bes visa est ab oi'iente traji- 
eere coelum, et simul chori 
Idsei: deinde vox terribilis 
emittitur peraerem, et im- 
ac 
ne 
properate tueri meas naves, 
et ne armate manus vestrasi 
prills permittetur Turno 
succendere mare, quam pi- 
nus miki dicatas. Vos ite li- 

Rauca sonans, revocatq; pedem Tyberinus ab alto. 125 berse » «£ Nymphse maris: 
»^ ! . r>\ • rr« ' mater Deorian id imperat. 

At non audaci cessit fiducia Turno. Et statim singaIsB nav £ s ab _ 

scindunt suos funes e litoribus: et more delpbinorum mersis rostris qu^erunt profunduni mare. 
Deinde (prodigium admirabile) referuntse totidem vultus puellai'es, et currunt mari; quot sera- 
toe naves antea hxserant ad litora. Rutuli animo horruerunt: ipse Messapus territus est equis 
commotis: fluvius quoque Tyberinus sistit raucum iramurmuyans, et refert cursum a mari. Non 
tamen repres^a est confidentia Turni audacis. 



NOTES. 



106. Annuit: et totum nutu tremefecit 0- 
lympum; in imitation of Homer, II. I. 

H, y.at Kvocviricrtvy &C. 

He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows, 

Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the 
nod; 

The stamp of fate, and sanction of the god. 
Pope's Iliad. 
So that ahtiuit here is to be taken m its strict 
primary sense, He gave his nod, the awful 
sanction of his will. Virgil, it must be own- 
ed, has not given the same noble image of 
Jupiter nodding which we find in his great 
Grecian pattern. Mr. Pope observes, he 
has preserved the nod with all its stupen- 
dous effects, the making heaven tremble; 
but he has neglected the description of the 
hair and the eyebrows, those chief pieces of 
imagery, from which Phidias took the idea 
of a countenance proper for the king of 
gods and men when he made his Olympian 
Jupiter. Mr. Spence would compound the 
matter between the two poets by allowing 
(which is the truth) that Virgil on this oc- 
casion has described Jupiter in the most 
proper manner among the Romans, and 



Homer in the noblest he could among the 
Greeks. 

110. Hie primiim. This implies that Cy- 
bele had formerly been unknown in Italy, 
and now made her miraculous appearance 
for the first time in behalf of the Trojans, 
and henceforth fixed her residence in that 
country. 

111. Nimbus. A bright cloud, or cloud of 
glory, the vehicle of the goddess; as JEn. II. 
616. 

Nimbo eflfulgens, et Gorgone saeva, 
speaking of Pallas. 

112. hLeique chori, the Idcei Dactyli, Cy- 
bele's ministers, who in that cloud were 
seen tinkling their brazen cymbals around 
Cybele. 

120. Virginece. The previous appearances, 
with which Virgil ushers in this metamor- 
phosis, are beautifully imagined and finely 
painted. The occurrence itself was an old 
Roman story; prisca fides facto. In relating 
this transformation he has avoided the af- 
fectation of conceit and witticism which 
Ovid discovers. Met. 14, 5$5. et seq. 



468 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Ultro excitat verbis animos Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultrd: 
"icVX'VcKTrojanos h«c monstra petunt: his Jupiter ipse 
Trojanos: ipse Jupiter au- Auxihum sohtum eripuit: non tela, nee ignes 
fert iiiis subsidium consue- Expectant Rutulos. Ergo maria invia Teucris, 130 
££ ZlSlifKSKNec spes ulUfug* return pars altera adempta est: 
rum. ltaque mare jam im- A erra autem in manibus nostns: tot millia gentes 
penetrabiie^Tiojanis,nec Arma ferunt Italae. Nil me fatalia terrent, 
ulla spes fu«iendi snperest si q Ua phryges prae se iactant, responsa Deorum. 
ipais: oars altera mundiabla-o /V *.• \r • j ^ * *.• vj , ~„ 

ta est ipsis.- tena vero e*/ in ^at f f t ls Venenque datum, tetigere quod arva 135 
potestate nostra: tam multa Fertilis Ausoniae Troes: sunt et mea contra 
stmt millia nationum Itaia- p ata m ihi, ferro sceleratam exscindere ^entem, 

rum qux mferu nt us bell um.,„ . . XT , .. . . V , 

NuUatenus terrent me fata- ^ on J u g e praerepta. Nee solos tangit Atndas 

liaoraeuia Deorum, si Tro-Iste dolor, solisque licet capere arma Mycenis. 

jani predicant aliqua pro se: g e( j periisse sernel satis est? peccare fuisset 1 40 

satistactum estfatiset Vene- A .\ .. . v ,v r 

ri,exquoTrojaniattigerunt Ante satis, penitus modo non genus omne perosos 
agros foecundae Itaiise: sunt Foemineum. Quibus haec medii fiducia valli, 
quoque mibifatameaadver-E ossarumque morae, leti discrimina parva, 

sus ilia, nempe evertere n • -j • t« 

beiiog 8 nte m impiam,«>«. I l ant an . lmos: an non ™derunt mcenia Trojae, 

dem erepta est mihi sponsa. Neptuni fabricata manu considere in ignes? 145 

Necistaitulignatiomovetso-Sed vos, 6 lecti: Ferro quis scindere vallum 

e?t Sti^SSitiSSS : A T Pparat,.et mecum invadit trepidantia castra? 

ma. At nonne satis est Us Non armis mihi V ulcani, non mille cannis 

semel periisse? satis esset, Est opus in Teucros: addant se protinus omnes 

non adhuc omnino abhor- £ trusc i soc ios: tenebras et inertia furta 15© 

rentibus a muhebri ere n ere, _ ., ... . ,., 

peccasse prius. llli, quibus Palladu, caesis summae custodibus arcis, 

hsec tuteia aggeris interjecti, Ne timeant: nee equi caeca, condemur in alvo. 

et Fossae nos remorantes, 

qiiiS parum disterminant eos a morte, augent audaciam: nonne viderunt muros TroJ33, structos 
manu Neptuni, collabi in flammas? at vos, 6 selecti socii dicite: Quis parat evertere ferro val- 
lum, et quis impugn at mecum castra timida? non est opus mihi contra Trojanos armis Vulcani, 
non mille navibus: statim adjungant se illis omnes Tusci socios: ne metuant noctem, et igna- 
vum furtum Palladii, occisis custodibus supremse arcis: nee occultabiraur in obscuro utero 
equi. 

NOTES. 

131. Rerum pars, altera. Ruaeus explains lense raptum. Respondet: desiissent ergo 

this of the terraqueous globe in general; peccare: didicissent odisse potius foeminas 

but the following 1 words, terra autem in ma- omnes, quam vel unam rapere; quod quia 

nibus nostris, plainly restrict it to the ocean, in Lavinia faciunt, iterum pereant; ex quo 

133. Nil me fatalia terrent. Thus the Tro- colligitur, quotiens peccaverint, totiens eos 
jans, Iliad. B. 15. falsely interpret Jupiter's perire debere. 

thunder in favour of themselves. Mr. Pope 142. Foemineum. Never were finer in- 

observes that this self-partiality of men, in stances of a malicious sneer than in this 

appropriating' to themselves the protection speech. 

of heaven, has always been natural to them. 142. Quibus hcecfiducia. The meaning is, 

History, continues he, furnishes many in- Neither let them presume on their ramparts 

stances of oracles which by reason of this and fortresses, that these will save them 

partial interpretation have proved an occa- from fated vengeance, since their treachery 

sion to lead men into great, misfortunes. It was punished before when they were 

was the case of Croesus in his wars with guarded by a much stronger munition, even 

Cyrus, and a like mistake engaged Pyrrhus by those walls which were built by a god. 

to make war upon the Romans. 142. Medii; between them and us. 

134. Phryges. The Trojans are so called 142. Valli. Vallus or vallum is a rampart 
by way of contempt, ob Phrygiim mollitiem. made of earth. The mound is properly call- 
iEn. I. 385. ed agger, and the stakes or pales by which 

140. Sed periisse. Some copies read si; it is held together are the valli. JEn. II. 619. 

but, whichever reading we choose, there 147. Trepidantia castra. In hurrying ter- 

ought to be no question at est, as Ruseus has ror and consternation, now that JEneas is 

it; for it is a supposed objection, to which absent. 

peccare fuisset, &c is the answer. And here 148. Non armis Vulcani. Turnus here sets 

we cannot do better than transcribe the note himself above Achilles, who was clad in di- 

on this passage in the Variorum edition: vine armour against the Trojans. 
Verum, dicent Trojuni, se luisse jam He- 



jRNEIDOS LIB. IX. 



469 



Luce palam certum est igni circumdare muros. Ratum est cingere muro3 

Haud sibi cum Danuis rem taxo et pube Pelasga ^STJlSaSAt It 

Esse putetu, decimum quos distuht Hector in annum, gotium esse cum juventute 



156 Pclasga et Achivis, quos 
Hector protraxit usque ad 
decimum annum. Jam vero, 
siquidem optima pars die! 
lapsa est: quod restat, 6 viri, 



Nunc adeo, melior quoniam pars acta diei: 

Quod superest, iaeti bene c^estis corpora rebus 

Procurate, viri; et pugnam sperate parati. 

Interea vigil um excubiis obsidere portas 

Cura datur Messapo, et moenia cingere flammis. 

Bis septem Rutuli, muros qui milite servent, 

Delecti: ast illos centeni quemque sequuntur, 

Purpurei cristis juvenes auroque corusci. 

Discurrunt, variantque vices, fusique per herbam 

Indulgent vino, et vertunt crateras ahenos. 

Collucent ignes: noctem custodia ducit 

Insomnem ludo. 

Hxc super e vallo prospectant Troes, et armis 

Alta tenent; necnon trepidi formidine portas 

Explorant, pontesq; et propugnacula jungunt: 

Tela gerunt. Instant Mnestheus acerq; Serestus: 

Quos pater ^Eneas, si quando adversa vocarent, 

Rectores juvenum et rerum dedit esse magistros. 

Omnis per muros legio sortita periclum 

Excubat, exercetq; vices, quod cuiq; tuendum est. 175ista desuper ex'agg'eribus 

Nisus erat portae custos, acerrimus armis, iervant armis summas 

Hyrtacides; comitem iEneae quern roiserat Ida 

Venatrix, jaculo celerem levibusque sagittis: 

Et juxta comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter 

Non fuit iEneadum, Trojana nee induit arma; 

Ora puer prima signans intonsa juventa. 

His amor unus erat pariterque in bella ruebant: 

Tunc quoque communi portam statione tenebant. 

Nisus ait: Dii-ne hunc ardorem mentibus addunt, 

Euryale? an sua cuiq; Deus fit dira cupido? 

Aut pugnam,aut aliquid jamdudum invadere magnum ^P e ^ c l°' ; e f xcu . bat P ermu - 
■« , l & . ... n i • i a • ros > et v a«at vices, secim- 

Mens agitatmihi; nee placida contenta quiete est. diim id quod unicuique con- 

tig-it servandum. Nisus, filius Hyrtaci, ardentissimus in bello, quern Ida venatrix dederat iEnese 
eomitem, promptum jaculo et sagiltis levibus, erat custos porta: prope erat Euryalus, quo 
nullus alius Trojanorum formosior fuit, nee tulit arma Trojana; puer notans vultum imberbem 
prima juventute. Evatillisamor mutuus, et simul solebant eurrere ad pugnam: tune etiam ser- 
vabant portam communibus excubiis. Nisus dixit: Euryale, an Dii immittunt animis hunc ardo- 
rem? an sua cupido ardens fit unicuique Deus? jamdiu animus suggerit mihi aggredi, aut certa- 
men, aut aliquid magnum; nee contentus est hoc otio tranquillo. 



j gQ re feliciter inchoata, reficite 
hilares corpora, et parati 
expectate prselium. Inte- 
rim committitur Messapo 
cura collocandi ad portas 
stationes vigilum, et cir- 
cumdandi munimenta ig- 

1 65 nibus. Quatuordecim Ru- 
tuli electi sunt qui obser- 
vent muros cum militibus: 
illos verd singulos sequuntur 
centum juvenes pm-purati 
cristis et fulgentes auro. Di- 

1 70 va £ antur > et succedunt sibi 
inyieem, et project! in gra- 
mina vacant compotationi, 
et exhauriuut pocula serea. 
Micant ignes: vigiles transi- 
gunt noctem insomnem lu- 
dendo. Trojani prospiciunt 



partes murorum: prteterea 
pavidi metu circumspiciunt 
portas, et firmant pontes ac 
propugnacula: habent arma 
1 SO ex P edita - Urgent Mnes- 
lou theus et ardens Serestus: 
quos pater iEneas, si res ad- 
verse aliquando id exige- 
rent, jusserat -esse modera- 
tors juvenum et adminis- 
tros rerum. Quodlibet ag- 
185 men » per sortem exponent 



NOTES. 



160. Moenia cingere fiammis, i. e. to en- 
compass the walls with watch-fires, to give 
them light in the night time, lest the enemy 
should sally out upon them unobserved, or 
in despair quit the city. 

164. Variantque vices, i.e. Vices stationum. 

170. Pontesque et propugnacula jungunt, i. e. 
jfungunt propugnacula pontibus: They laid 
bridges of communication, whereon they 
might run from one tower to another. 

175. Exercetque vices, quod cuique tuendum 
est. The construction is, exercet vices secun- 
dum id quod, &c. 

176. Nisus. The poet, says Dr. Trapp, 
with great judgment naturally slides into 



this episode without any formal prepara- 
tion. He was speaking of the several posts 
that were defended, and among the rest 
one was committed to the care of two 
friends whose character he here judicious- 
ly gives us: 

Nisus erat portse custos, &c. 
Et juxta comes Euryalus, &c. 

177. Ida Venatrix. Either Ida the mother 
of Nisus, or the mount Ida, JEn. II. 801, 
which is called yenatrix, because greatlv 
frequented by hunters. 

185. Dira, here, is the same as magna or 
vehement. 



470 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Vides, qme confidentia re-Cernis, quse Rutulos habeat fiducia rcrum: 

rum occuj)et Rutulos: nines t „ • • • i • 

ran splendent: jacuerunt Lllm,na rara micant: somno Vinoque solutl 

Iabefacti somno et vino: loca Procubuere: silent late loca. Percipe porro 190 

omnia undlque silent. Ad- Quid dubitem, et quae nunc ammo sententia sureat. 

X£X2d£*£& J? neam acchi ." mnes > F***!"* P»tre«,ue, 

animate©. Omnes, etpiebs, kxposcunt: mittique viros, qui certa reportent. 

et proceres, petunt revo- Si tibi, quae posco, promittunt: (nam mihi facti 

caw jEneam: et mitti ho- Fama sat est tumu i v ideor reperire sub illo 195 

mines, qui referant certa „ - 7 , . l „ ,, 

de ev. Si pollicentur se da- Posse viam ad muros et moenia Pallantea. 

biros tibi ea quse peto (nam Obstupuit magno laudum perculsus amore 

gloria facti sufficit mihi) Euryalus, simul his ardentem affatur amicum; 

videor posse mvemre mxia .-■ " ' . . '. . . ,, . 1 

ilium coUem iter ad urbem Me-ne lgitur socium summis adjungere rebus, 
etmunimenta Paliantei.Eu-Nise, fugis? solum te in tanta pericula mittam? 200 
ryalus stupefactus est, per- N on i ta me genitor bellis assuetus Opheltes 

titus magna cupulitate glo- A ,• ~ „, r , , 

ri» tabs, simul alloquitur Argohcum terrorem inter 1 rojaeque labores 

ferventem amicum his ver- Sublatum erudiit: nee tecum talia gessi, 

bis: An ergo, Nise, renins Magnanimum iEnean et fata extrema secutus. 

me admittere socmm in tan- -ri «. u* 4. i *. ^ • . ***>■ 

tis rebus? an dimittam te so- Est hie, est animus lucis contemptor; et istum 205 

lum in tantum periculum? Qui vita bene credat emi, quo tendis, honorem. 

Opheltes pater metis assue- Nisus ad haec: Equidem de te nil tale verebar, 

ttS^&*SS£**i fas: non: * ame .-eferattibimagnus ovantem 

Grtecorum et bella Troja; Jupiter, aut quicunque oculis haec aspicit asquis. 

nee feci tecum talia, ex quo Sed si quis (quae multa vides discrimine tali) 210 

secmor generosum ^neam Si is in adversum rapiat casusve Deusve, 

et lortunam ultimam. Jbst rr. ^ ,. r . A ,. 

sane, est animus hie metis \ e superesse vehm: tua vita dignior aetas. 

negligens vitas; et qui putet Sit, qui me raptum pugna, pretiove redemptum, 

lS ivS teS m com^a q rarrjr Mandet humo so'lita; aut, si qua id fortuna vetabit, 

|So vfti! msu* respltidet Absenti ferat inferias, decoretque sepulchre 2 1 5 

ad ista: Sane nihil tale time- Neu matri miserae tanti sim causa doloris: 

bamdete,neciicebattimere: Q uae t e sola, puer, multis e matribus ausa, 

non sane: sic magnus Jupi-rj • . . A .■ . 

ter, aut quisquis Deus con- Prosequitur; magni nee moenia curat Acestae. 
sideratjustis oculis hsec ?ws- Ille autem: Causas nequicquam nectis inanes, 

tm, reducat me tibi victorem; ut verum dico. At si aliqua (cujusmodi provides plurima in tali 
periculo) si aliqua, aut fortuna, aut Deus, deducat me in aliquam calamitatem: optarem te res- 
tare, tua sstas dignior est vita. Sit aiiquis, qui de more committat terrse me, subductum e prse- 
lio, aut redemptum pecunia: aut, si aliqua fortuna id prohibeat, sit aiiquis, qui persolvat mi- 
hi absenti justa, et ornet me tumulo. Ne vero sim auctor tanti luctus infelici matri tu<z: quse 
aadax e plurimis matribus sola sequitur te, 6 puer; nee curat urbem magni Acestse. Ille vero 
respondet: FrustFk eolligis falsos prastextus: 

NOTES. 

192. Populusque patresque. In allusion to 205. Est hie. Here's a soul, striking his 

the Roman senate and people. hand probably upon his breast. 

196. Posse viam. This obscure hint of his 20T. Nisus ad luec. Nisus replies to the 

design comes with much more grace than delicate and manly observation of Eurya- 

if it had been delivered in full and plain lus, that he never suspected the courage of 

terms, as it implies a decent and ingenuous his friend, but as the expedition was peri- 

difr.dence in so young a warrior. lous he wished not the exposure of his 

202. Argoliczmi; Grecian; from the city friend's life. Besides, says Nisus, if you re- 

Argos. iEn. I. 288. main, there will be one, at least, to redeem 

202. Inter Trojeque labores. This shows my body from the enemy, and bury it, or 
that he must have been about the age of se- build a tomb to my memory. He pathetical- 
venteen years; iEneas* wanderings having ly adds, think of your poor mother! what 
lasted seven years, and the Trojan war ten; must she feel for your loss; to accompany 
so that he had just attained what was the whom she left the rest of the Trojan ma- 
railitary age among the Romans. trons with Acestes. 

203. Sublatum. This word alludes to the 215. Decoretque sepulchro, with a cenotaph, 
Roman custom of laying down the child such as that mentioned JEn. III. 304. 
naked upon the ground as soon as born, that 218. Mania Acestos. In Sicily, where the 
the father might take it up in token of his timorous and infirm of JEneas' retinue were 
owning the child for his. left behind. 



vENEIDOS UB. IK. 



471 



Nec mea jam mutata loco sententia cedit: 
Acceleremus, ait. Vigiles simul excitat: illi 
Succedunt, servantque vices: statione relicta 
Ipse comes Niso graditur, regemque requirunt. 
Caetera per terras omnes aninialia somno 
Laxabant curas, et corda oblita Iaborum: 
Ductores Teucrum primi, et delecta juvenilis, 
Consilium summis regni de rebus habebant: 
Quid facerent, quisve yEneae jam nuntius esset. 
Stant longis adnixi hastis, et scuta tenentes, 
Castrorum et campi medio. Turn Nisus, et una 
Euryalus, confestim alacres admittier orant: 
Rem magnam, pretiumq; moras fore. Primus lulus 
Accepit trepidos, ac Nisum dicere jussit. 
Tunc sic Hyrtacides: Audite, 6 mentibus aequis 
jEneadae: neve hacc nostris spectentur ab annis, 
Quae ferimus. Rutuli somno vinoque sepulti 
Conticuere: locum insidiis conspeximus ipsi, 
Qui patet in bivio portae, quae proxima ponto. 
Interrupti ignes, aterque ad sidera fumus 
Erigitur. Si forruna permittitis uti: 
Quaesitum JEnean ad mcenia Pallantea, 
Mox hie cum spoliis, ingenti caede peracta, 
Affore cernetis. Nec nos via fallit euntes: 
Vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibus urbem 
Venatu assiduo, et totum cognovimus amnem. 
Hie annis gravis atque animi maturus Alethes: 
Dii patrii, quorum semper sub numine Troja est, 
Non tamen omnino Teucros delere paratis, 
Cum tales animos juvenum et tarn certa tulistis 249 »a: videbitis iEneam, qua> 
Pectora. Sic memorans, humeros dextrasq; tenebat -»£» «£ -*~J» 
Amborum, et vultum lachrymis atque ora rigabat. fore cum spoliis, patrata 
Quae vobis, quae digna, viri, pro talibus ausis magna strage. Nec via ilia 

Pnemia posse rear solvi? pulcherrima primum SSfiSSSSg£ 

vicinam illam urbem inter valles opacas, et exploravimus totum fluvium. Tunc Alethes gra- 
vis jetate et prudens mente ait: O Dii patrii, quorum sub potestate Troja est, non tamen vultis 
everterepenitus Trojanos, quandoquidem dedistis illis tales animos juvenum, et tamfirma corda, 
Sic loquens, amplectebatur manus et humeros utriusque, et irrorabat os et faciem fletu. O viri , 
quam mercedem, quam dignam mercedem putem posse retribui vobis pro talibus cceptis? 



220 nec mcum consilium jam 
mutatum moVelurlooo sua 
properemus. Simul exper- 
gefacit excubitores: illi sue 
ced'int, ct tuentur porta* 
ordine sun. Ipse Euryalua 

_ relictis excubiis, incedit co- 

*^5 jjjgs Niso, ct adeunt regem. 
Animalia reliqua per omnes 
region es solvcbant somno 
curas et animos immemores 
Iaborum. Primi duces Tro- 
janorum et juvenes lecti 

23()b.abebant deliberation em de 
maximis negotiis regni: quid 
agerent, aut quis jam irefc 
nuncius ad JEneam. Stant 
nixi longis hastis, et tenen- 
tes clypeos, in medio css- 
trorum et campi. Tunc 

2 o 5 subito Nisus et Euryams 
simul rogant admitti: rem 
esse magnam, et fore uti- 
litatem in mora. Iiilus pri- 
mus excepit festinantes, et 
imperavit Nisum loqui. 



240 



Tunc sic ait filius Hyr- 
taci: O Trojani, audite ani- 
mis benevolis: et ne ista, 
quae proponimus, sestinaen- 
tur ex setate nostra. Ratuli, 
obruti somno et vino silue- 
runt: vidimus, ipsi locum oc- 
245 cultsz /icga, qui apertos est 
juxta bivium port», quss vi- 
dua est mari, Ignes rari, et 
niger fumus tollitur ad astra. 
Si sinatis nos uti hdc fortu- 



NOTES. 



221. Vigiles excitat, i. e. Awakes those 
who were to keep watch in their turn; as is 
obvious from the next words. 

223. Regem, i. e. Ascanius, here called 
the king, as, in the sixth book, Ariadne is 
styled Regina: 

Magnum Reginae sed enim miseratus amo- 
rem. 

224. Somno. This is a beautiful military 
night-piece. Every thing is hushed in sleep 
and silence, except the Trojans, who, lean- 
ing on their spears, are consulting how to 
recal their absent prince. In the midst of 
this consultation these two young adventu- 
rers are introduced, who voluntarily offer 



their services in the point debated. The re- 
ply of Alethes is very moving, and the con- 
trast between youth and age, produced in 
his speech and embrace, has a fine effect. 

232. Rem magnam,- proinittunt unde rstood , 

239. Interrupti ignes. Are dying away, or 
burn by fits and starts; as appears from 
what follows, Aterque ad sidera fumus eri- 
gitur; the flame is now extinguished, and 
nothing but black smoke remains.. 

244. Primam urbem. The front of the 
houses, or the skirts of the city Palianteum, 
which was situated on a rising ground, as 
JEn. VIII. 54. 

248. Non tamen. The tamen shows that 



472 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



255 



260 



26; 



primo Dii et virtus yestra Dii moresque dabunt vestri: turn caetera reddet 
^ n dein* S pi r^S Actutum pius .Eneas, atque integer *vi 
statim retribuet reliquam: Ascanius, menti tanti non lmmcmor unquam. 
et Ascanius adhuc vigenslmmo ego vos, cui sola salus genitore reducto, 

l^WaSStf^.A**^ ** ma S»° s ' Nise, Penates, 
ro, addit Ascanius, cujus Assaracique Larem, et caiiae penetralia Vestae, 
unica salus est in patre re- Obtestor: quaecunque mihi fortuna fidesq; est, 
vocato, vospi-ecor, 6 Nise, j n vest 4 s pono ^ rem iis: revocate parentem, 
per magnos Penates, et per ,,.. l ° ., ., .,, . v ' 

Larem Assaraci, etperady- Reddite conspectum; nihil lllo triste recepto.^ 
ta Candida Vestie: qu«ecum- Bina dabo argento perfecta atque aspera signis 
que est mihi felicitasetfidu-p ocu i a) c ] ev icta ^enitor quae cepit Arisba: 
cia, banc depono in sinus -rv .„• j • , . , r . 

vestros: revocate patrem ^ tnpodas geminos, auri duo magna talenta: 
fneum, reddite mihi prsesen- Crate ra antiquum, quern dat SidoniaDido. 

tiam^s.-nihdfiinestummYSi verd capere Italiam sceptrisque potiri 

lllo recuperate Donabo fo-fV,,.- ^ •. • t . » 

bil duo pocula conflatu ar- Contigerit victori, et praedae ducere sortem: 

gento et insculpta signis, Vidisti, quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis, 

qua pater cepit capta Arisba: Aureus? ipsum ilium clypeum cristasque rubentes 270 

±££&£ Excipiam sorti, jam nunc tua pnemia, Nise. 

rem, quem Dido Sidonia de- -r^asterea bis sex genitor lectissima matrum 

dit mihi. Si autem accide- Corpora, captivosq; dabit, suaque omnibus arma: 

«MPs victor! doraare Ita- Insuper id campi quod r h b t ipse Latinus. 

liam.eteonsequiregnum, et™ r v 7 r * .. . . F. _ 

trahere sortem spoliorum: T e vero mea quem spatns propionbus aetas 275 

vidisti, quo equo et quibus Insequitur, venerande puer, jam pectore toto 

in armis Turnus ibat aurettsr Accipio, et comitem casus complector in omnes. 

ego eximani e sortitione il- XT n • , . , 

lum eundem clypeum, et Nulla meis sme te quaeretur gloria rebus: 

cristas rubras, quae jam nunc est tua merces, 6 Nise. Insuper pater mens donabit duodecim elec- 
ta corpora matrum captivarum, et captivos iotidem et Us omnibus arma propria: prseterea, 
quicquid agrorum possidet ipse rex Latinus. Te autem, 6 venerande juvenis, cui setas mea suc- 
cedit spatio viciniore, jam excipio te toto sinu, et adjungo socium in omnes eventus. Nullus 
honos acquiretur meis rebus sine te, 



NOTES. 



some such expression as this is understood, 
licet ad tempus irascamini. 

255. Integer <evi. In his prime of life, as 
JEn. II. 639. 

Vos 6 quibus integer aevi 

Sanguis. 
And in Terence, 

Mulier qusedam forma atque xtate Integra: 
So that the meaning is either, Ascanius 
when he comes to manhood, as Dr. Trapp 
understands it; or, who is but just begin- 
ning his days, and has a whole lifetime be- 
fore him wherein to reward your service. 

259. Assaracique Larem, i. e. the tutelar 
deity or guardian god of Assaracus and his 
family. 

259. Cance Vesta. Vesta is called cana, hoa- 
ry or aged, because she was the most an- 
cient of ail the goddesses, and deemed the 
mother of all living. 

260. Obtestor. Not I swear, as in Dr. 
Trapp, but I beseech you, as An. VII. 576. 
Obtestanturque Latinum. 

264. Devictd genitor qua cepit Arisba. Most 
interpreters understand by these words that 
Arisba was taken and pillaged by the Tro- 
jans* whereas Catrou, on the contrary, and 



some other French critics, allege that it 
was one of those cities which were taken 
by the Greeks during the first nine years of 
the Trojan war; and that these two cups 
here mentioned were saved by iEneas from 
the hands of the Greeks when they plun- 
dered that town. The rea^»n of their opi- 
nion is, that Arisba, according to Pliny, 
was a city of Troas, and one of Priam's nine 
dynasties. 

267. Sceptrisque potiri. This presumption of 
Ascanius, that iEneas would certainly suc- 
ceed in gaining this new kingdom, is quite 
consistent with the warmth and levity of a 
young mind. 

270. Cristasque rubentes, for galeas cristis 
rubentes. 

271. Tua prcemia. A beautiful horse and 
fine armour were objects which must have 
made an impression on the mind of one so 
young as Ascanius. He therefore promises 
these, as esteeming them a very great re- 
ward. 

273. Captivosque. Some understand by this 
captivos matrum, all the captives of those 
mothers before mentioned, i. e. their sons, 
husbands, servants. 



ANEIDOS LIB. IX. 



Seu pacem, sou bella geram: tibi maxima rerum 

Verborumque fides. Contra quern talia fatur 

Euryalus: Me nulla dies tarn fortibus ausis 

Dissimilem arguerk: tantum fortune secunda, 

Hand adversa cadat. Sed te super omnia dona 

Unum oro. Genitrix Priami de gente vetusta 

Est mini: quam iniscrum tenuit non Ilia tellus 

Mecum excedentem, non moenia regis Acestae. 

Hanc ego nunc, ignaram hujus quodcunq; pericli esrt,E st raihi mater ex antiquA 

Inque salutatam linquo: nox et tua testis sttrpe Priami: quam, nee 

Dextera, quod nequeam luchrymas perferre parentis. T^bjana tellus, nee urbs re- 

A l . t ^. _,_,, gis Acest«, impedmt mfeh- 

At tu, oro, colare inopem, ctsuccurre rehctae. 290£ enl) qud mi J s abiret me _ 



sive faciam pacem, sive 
ooq bella: committam tibi su- 
pvetnain curam agendi el 
dicebdi. Ad (|uem Euryalue 
respond et talia: Me nulla 
dies ostendet degtenerem d 
tarn audacibus eceptis: tnn- 
tuiiiniodo contingat mihi 
285 aors prospers, non t'unesta. 
At peto a te rem unain ma- 
gis Quam csetera munera. 



Hanc sine me spem ferre tui: audentior lbo 
In casus omnes. Perculsa mente dederunt 
Dardanidae lachrymas; ante omnes pulcher liilus, 
Atque animum patriae strinxit pietatis imago. 
Turn sic effatur: 

Spondeo digna tuis ingentibus omnia coeptis. 
Namque erit ista mihi genitrix, nomenq; Creiisse 
vSolum defuerit: nee partum gratia talem 
Parva manet; casus factum quicunque sequetur. 
Per caput hoc juro, per quod pater ante solebat: 
Quae tibi polliceor rcduci, rebusque secundis, 
Haec eadem matrique tuae generique manebunt. 
Sic ait illachrymans: humero simul exuit ensem 
Auratum, mira quern fecerat arte Lycaon 
Gnossius, atq; habilem vagina aptarat eburna. 
Dat Niso Mnestheus pellem, horrentisq; Ieonis 
Exuvias: gal&am fidus permutat Alethes. 
Protinus armati incedunt, quos omnis euntes 
Primorum manus ad portas juvenumque senumque 



cum. Ego desero nunc il- 
iam, insciam hujus discrimi- 
nis qualecumque est, et in- 
salutatam: testor noctem et 
dexteram tuam, quod, non 

095 possum tolerare fletus ma- 
tris. Sed tu, precor, solare 
egentem, et subveni dere- 
lictse: permitte me expor- 
tare nine hanc spem de te: 
curram audacior in omnia 
pericula. Trojani commotis 

300 mentibus eftuderunt lachry- 
mas; pne cieteris formosus 
Ascanius, et specimen cha- 
ritatis erga parentes percu- 
lit ejus animum. Deinde ita 
loquitur: Promitto omnia 

305 ^'o na m agnis tuis inceptis? 
quippe ilia mihi erit mater, 
et nomen Creiisse tantum- 
modo deerit: nee levis fa- 
vor debetur ipsi, quod pe- 
pererit talem filium; qui- 
cunque eventus sequatur 



Prosequitur votis: necnon et pulcher lulus, 3 10 hoc factum. Juro per hoc 

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem, ca P ut meum > P er r i uod pater 
Malta patri portanda dabat mandata: sed aur. £™ ^"oSS 

Omnia discerpunt, et nubibus irrita donant. redeunti et post rem felici- 

ter gestenn: eadem ilia servabuntur ture matri et famiiise. Sic dixit plorans: et simul extrahit ex 
humeris gladium auratum, quern Lycaon Gnossius fecerat mira industria, et incluserat accom- 
iiiodum in vagina eburnea. Mnestheus donat Niso vellus etspolium hispidi Ieonis: fidelis Alethes 
mutat cum eo cassidem. Continvo progrediuntur armati: quos abeuntes omnis turba procerum. 
et juvenum et senum comitatur votis usque ad portas: prseterea etiam formosus Ascanius, pT£ 
se ferens animum et solicitudinem virilem ante setatem, dabat ipsis mandata plurima perferenda 
ad patrem: sed venti dissipant omnia, et spargunt ilia inania per nubes. 



NOTES. 



1282. Tantum fortuna secunda , hand adversa 
cadat. This is the reading adopted by Hein- 
sius, instead of tantum fortuna secunda aut 
adversa; i. e. whether I meet with prospe- 
rity or adversity, which is Servius' reading. 
The tantum and the authority of the best 
manuscripts determine for the former. 

292. Perculsa mente. What an affecting 
picture is here! The brevity and simplicity 
of 

perculsa mente dederunt 

Dardanidse lachrymas; 
are inimitable. Virgil, besides the other 
proofs of his humanity and goodnature, ap- 
pears to have a strong idea of that swell in 
a g-ood man's breast which fills the eve with 



tears, on hearing any thing tender, good 
and great: 

perculsi mente. 

This is the more remarkable, because it is 
scarcely ever mentioned or described by any 
other ancient writer. Spencer, 

303. Humero simul exuit ensem. Because- 
the sword hung from his shoulder by the 
belt. So in book 8. 

Lateri atque humeris Tegeaeum subligat 
ensem. 

304. Lycaon Gnossius. This was an illus- 
trious artisan of the city of Gnossus in Crete, 
where arms were forged with exquisite 
art. 



3 P 



474 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

EgressitransiKunttbssas, et Egressi superant fossas, noctisque per umbram 

E£E%Jm£SZ&*** inimica P e . tunt: multis ^men ant^ futuri 315 
men futuri exitio plurimis. kxitio. Passim vino somnoque per herbam 
Aspiciunt corpora projecta Corpora fusa vident: arrectos litore currus, 
promiscue inter gramma j nter i ora rotasque, viros: simul arma iacere, 

per somnum et vinuni: cur- TT . • 1 t> • ft «i • i 

rus erectos in litore: homi- Vl » a simul - Prior Hyrtacides sic ore locutus: 

nes inter liahenas et rotas: Euryale, audendum dextra: nunc ipsa vocat res. 

arma simul jacere, simul vi- ft£ iC [ ter est: tu? ne qua manus se at to]lere nobis 320 

5c™ EStf ! K"" A te ^° P ossit > ™*odi, et consule longe. 

tandum est hliquid manu; Hsec ego vasta dabo, et lato te limite ducam. 

jam res ipsa yzosinvitat. Iter §i c me morat, voceraq; premiu simul ense superbum 

Z1 Z^ne ZtC Rhamnetem aggreditur, qui fort* tapetibus altis 

ma possit assurgere contra Extructus, toto proflabat pectore somnum: 325 

nos a tergo, et provide pro- Rex idem, et regi Turno gratissimus augur; 

jftija %&&!&%* non augurio potuit depellere pestem. 

viam. Sic loquitur, et cohi- 1 res juxta famulos temere inter tela jacentes, 

bet vocem: e^continuo inva- Armigerumque Remi premit, aurigamque sub ipsis 

£r^SS*S3£; N-tus equis, ferroque secat pendentia colla. . 33 1 

somnum toto pectore sufful- A um caput ipsi aufert domino, truncumq; rehnquit 

tus altis stragulis: idem rex Sanguine singultantem: atro tepefacta cruore 

^^se? 1 dl,ect "jJ m " s J m *~ Terra toriq; madent: necnon Lamyrumq; Lamumq; 

SSrtemxii^nafionef ^OppS Et juvenem Serranum; ilia qui plurima nocte 335 

mit prope ilium tres minis- Luserat, insignis facie, multoque jacebat 

tros promiscue stratos inter Membra Deo victus: felix, si protinus ilium 

arma, et armigerum Remi, 

et aurigam, reperiens eum sub ipsis equis, et abscindit gladio colla pendula. Deinde amputat ca- 
put JRemo ipsi domino eorum, et linquit truncum ejus singultantem sanguine: terra calefacta et 
lecti inficiuntur nigro sanguine. Praeterea opprimii Lamyrum, et Lamum, et juvenem Serra- 
num; qui formosus vultu luserat multum per banc noctem, et stertebat solutus membris ob 
multum Baccbum: fortunatus, si continu6 adtequassct ludum ilium 

NOTES. 

: 315. Inimica. Non tantum kostitia, says much that he should not cry out, and awakfc 

'Servius, sed pemiciosa, because they were his friends, at least after he was stabbed, if 

destined never to return thence. not before. It is likewise very strange that 

315. Ante- Not before they reached the those two adventurers themselves should 
camp; for it was in the camp they made not think they would come off very well if 
such slaughter of the Rutulians, verse 366. they could get safe through the enemy's 

Excedunt castris, et tuta capessunt; camp without taking it into their thoughts 

hut before themselves were slain. to do so much execution among them. To 

316. Passim vino. This whole description all this, I have nothing to answer, but that 
of the camp, the thing, though very strange, is possible; 

The medley of debauch and war, and possible and probable in heroic poesy sig- 

Dryden. nify much the same. If we deny this bold- 

and of the slaughter in it, is a most master- ness, we take away its greatest beauty, 

ly piece of painting. Especially in that verse which is the marvellous and surprising. 
Condidit assurgenti, et muita morte re- Trapp. 

cepit, 317. Arrectos litore currus, i. e. their beams 

-we see his breast rising full against the or poles were standing on end, as when laid 

point of the sword and meeting it half way. aside from use. 

But may not an objection be urged against 333. Sanguine singultantem. Dr. Trapp ren- 
ins conduct? Certainly none, to say as some ders it, weltering in blood; but this is not 
do, it is cruel to kill so many men in their the idea of singulto, which expresses the 
sleep. They were enemies in war, and but sound made by a liquid when poured out of- 
two against a whole army. The difficulty is a bottle or some narrow-necked vessel, 
in point of probability: how they were able 337. Deo; Bacchus, as JEn. I. 636. 
to do it without being discovered. It is Munera betitiamque Dei. 
strange that a whole army should be dead And Hor. 1. Od. XVIII. 3. 
drunk or fast asleep, however debauched Siccis omnia nam dura Deus proposuit. 
they had been. Nay, we are told that one 337. Protinus, without intermission, as 
w"as .actually awake and saw it all. It is above, JEn. VIII. 159. 



,ENEIDOS LIB. IX. 



475 



JEquasset nacti ludum, in luccmquc tulissct. 
Impastus ceu plena lco perovilia turbans, 
(Suadet enim vesana fames) manditq; trahitq; ! 
Molle pecus, mutumque metu: fremit ore cruento. 
Nee minor Euryali c;edes: incensus et ipse 



nocti, ct produxisset -usque 
ad diem. Quemadmoduni 
left jejunus, tumultufiiis iu 
'40 ovilibu8 plenis, devorat et 
lacerat pecudes teneraa et 
silentes />nc timore, eL fren- 
det gutture sanguinolento. 

Perfurit: ac multam in medio sine nomine plebem, nam [mmoderata fames im- 
Fadumq; Hebesumq; subit, Rhoetumq; Abarimq; pellit. Non minor esfstrages 

I^naros: Rhcetum vitrilantem et cuncta videntem; 345 edita ab fcuryalo: ipse quo- 

to , o , que mflammatus sicvit, et 

bed magnum metuens se post cratera teRebat: aggreditm-in medio multum 

Pectore in adverso totum cui cominus ensem vulgus sine honore, et Fa- 

Condidit assur^enti, et multa morte recepit. dum > et Hebesum, et Rhce- 

-n ° . ... . . turn, et Abanm, improvi- 

Purpuream vomit llle animam, et cum sanguine mixta jj os: R| ltEtura exper°-efac- 
Vina rcfert moriens: hie furto fervidus instat. 350 mm et aspicientem omnia, 

Jamque ad Messapi socios tendebat, ubi ignem sed Q lli timens occultabat se 

Deficere extremum, et religatos rite videbat K^SSSSSlS 

Carpere gramen equos: breviter cum taha Nisus, totum gtadium in pectore 

(Sensit enim nimia caede atque cupidine ferri) objecto, et retraxit emipost 

certam mortem. Hie Rhce- 
tus tjicit animam sanguineam, et moriens reddit vinum confusum cum sanguine. Hie Euryalus 
ardens continuat ccedem. Et jam pergebat ad socios Messapi, ubi spectabat ignem ultimum 
extingui, et equos solutos de more pascere Iierbam: quando Nisus dixit breviter talia verba, 
quippe animadvertit se et socium rapi nimia cupiditate stragis: 



NOTES. 



339. Ceu plena leo. It will not be necessary 
in the course of these remarks to take no- 
tice of every simile. They are mostly of the 
same kind with this relative to war and 
fighting-; taken from lions, bulls, boars, ea- 
gles, snakes, and such like animals: as also 
from fires, deluges, storms, &c. &c. They 
are most of them copied from Homer and 
well expressed. Trap p. 

The same author observes that Virgil has 
"copied them too often." The truth is Ho- 
mer his great example has introduced them 
too often. The metaphor of a lion alone is 
employed in the Iliad near twenty times. It 
may amuse and instruct the young reader, 
to take up Pope's translation and turn to the 
following places: 

A lion rousing to his prey is compared to 
Menelaus at sight of Paris." B. 3. 37. 

A lion falling on the flocks and wounded 
by a shepherd to Diomede wounded. 5. 174. 

A lion among heifers to the same. 5. 206. 

Two young lions killed by hunters to two 
young warriors. 5. 681. 

A lion destroying the sheep in the folds 
to Ulysses slaughtering the Thracians 
asleep. 10.564. 

A lion's sour retreat to that of Aiax. 11. 
675. J 

A lion or boar hunted to a hero distress- 
ed. 12. 47. 

A lion 'rushing on the flocks to Sarpe- 
don's march. 12. 357. 

A lion killing a bull to Hector killing Pe- 
riphas. 15. 760. 

A lion slain after he has made great 
slaughter applied to Patroclus. 16- 909 

Two lions fighting to Hector and Patro- 
clus. 16. 915. 



A lion and boar at a spring to the same. 
16. 993. 

A lion putting a whole village to flight 
to Menelaus. 17. 70. 

Retreat of a lion to that of Menelaus. 17. 
117. 

A lioness defending her young to his de- 
fence of Patroclus. 17.145. 

Another retreat of a lion to that of Me- 
nelaus. 17. 741. 

The rage and grief of a lion for his young 
to that of Achilles for Patroclus. 18. 371. 

A lion rushing on his foe to Achilles. 20. 
200. 

339. Turbans,- tumultuans. JEn. 6. 800. 
Turbant trepida ostia Nili. 
The word turbans may be considered as 
used neutrally, or, as Servius thinks, it is a 
Tmesis for perturbans omilia. 

348. JMultd morte recepit, receives him 
with copious or abundant death. Thus we 
understand -the passage with Dr. Trapp; 
not retraxit ensem multd morte, i. e. multo 
cruore, as in Servius. It is a poetical expres- 
sion, denoting the full stroke he had at his 
breast. 

349. Purpuream animam- So in Homer, 
II. 5. 83. 

TTogpugioz Gavxlo;. 
This mode of speaking is supported by an 
opinion of some of the ancients who ima- 
gined the chief seat of life and of the soul 
itself was in the blood. Some were of opi- 
nion that the blood is the soul. 

354. Nimidccede atque cupidine. The same 
as nimid ctede cupidinis,- by a hendyad, a fi- 
gure common among the poets. 



476 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Desinamus, nam dies non Absistamus, ait: nam lux inimica propinquat. 35S 

St™ 8 sga jw»?» exha » s i um satis est: , via facta p ei ' hostes - 

est: via apertat?^ into- hos- Multa virum solido argento perfecta relinquunt 
tes. Linquuntpiurimaarma Armaque, craterasque simul, pulchrosque tapetas. 
bominum ornata solido ar- Euryaius phaleras Rhamnetis, et aurea bullis 

gento, et poeula, et pretio- ~ J . n \., . ,^ . .. . . ,. us 

sos tapetas. Euryaius rapit Cmgufa: 1 lburti Remulo ditissimus ohm 360 

Rhamnetis phaleras, et bal- Quae mittit dona, hospitio ciim jungeret absens, 
team aureum clavis: quae Caedicus: ille suo moriens dat habere nepoti: 
raunera Cajuicus opulentis- n , , 1f „ -.. -. ,, y. 

simus miserat quondam Re- Post mortem bello Rutuli pugnaque potiti: 
muloTibiutino, cum absens Haec rapit, atq; humeris nequicquam fortibus aptat. 
pellet eum sociare hospitio: x um galeam Messapi babilem cristisque decoram 365 
die Remidm monens dedit r.i-..° ^ , . * . , A ■ 1 

possidenda nepoti suo: s ed ludm \ Excedunt castns, et tuta capessunt. 
post Beam K mortem, Rutuli Interea praemissi equites ex urbe Latina, 
cbtimizrunt ea tempore belli, Csetera dum legio campis instructa moratur, 

glST**33tlri2:5««»t. « T «™° ™& «*P<**» ferebant, 

modat robnstis humeris suis. lercentum, scutati omnes, Volscente magistro, 37$ 

Turn imponit capiti galeam Jamq; propinquabant castris, muroque subibant; 

^''eSl^SSgAmpro^l hos l*vo flectemes limite cernunt: 

castris, et petunt secma hi- -kt galea iuiryalum sublustn noctis in umbra. 

ca. Interim equites treeenti, Prodidit immemorem, radiisque adversa refulsit. 

omnes scutati, duceVolsoen. Haud teme re est visum, conclamat ab agmine Vol 

te, mcedebant, et portabant . ,. m 7 qt 

responsa regi Turno, prse- scens: ^ ^ ^ 375 

missiexurbeLaurente, dum State, viri: quae causa viae? quive estis in armis? 

reliqua legio manet parata Q UOV e tenetis iter? Nihil illi tendere contra; 

in agris JLaurentwus. Et c i , r -. tCJ 

jam attingebant castra, et ^ecUelerare fugam m sylvas, et fidere nocti. 

accedebant ad munimenta Objiciunt equites sese ad divortia nota 

castrensia: cum vident emi- Hinc atq; hinc, omnemq; aditum custode coronant. 

xSr^'ir r s y i va m m m* a t q u e nice m* ™ 1 

bra noctis sublucente cassis Horrida, quam densi complerant undique sentes: 
Messapi prodidit Euryalum ineautum, et emicuit object a radiis Ijinice: Volscens e turma excla- 
mat: Non falsd visum est nobis: sistite, viri: quse causa est vobis eundi? et quir.am estis ita 
armati? et quo habetis iter? lili nihil vohterunt respondere adversiim; sed caperunt properare 
fugam per sylvas, et committere se tenebris. Equites opponunt se hinc et inde ad transversa 
itinera eognita sibi, et circundant custodibus omnes ingressus. Fuit illic sylva aspera dumis 
et ilicibus opacis, quam spissi vepres undique implebant: 

NOTES. 

359. Phaleras et aurea bullis eingula. The mentioned before; and the rest, which were 
phaleras were ornaments worn by persons of commonly four thousand, consisted of in- 
distinction among- the Romans, as in Livy, fantry. 

Ut plerique nobilium aureos annulos et phale- 373. Et galea. The discovery of our ad- 

ras deponerent. And we find Euryaius deck- venturers is finely conducted. They are 

ing himself with them, verse 364. detected by so slight a circumstance as 

humeris nequicquam fortibus aptat. that of a helmet reflecting the moon beams. 

To -which Rmeus, Dr. Trapp and others, What can be more natural than this! The 

had not adverted, when they explained this beauty of this discovery consists in the 

of the furniture of Rhamnes' horse; and La slightness of the circumstance which occa- 

Cerda especially is in an error, when he as- sioned it. We are to remember that they 

sells that the phalerce are only caparisons. are betrayed by part of the spoil which they 

360. Remulo. It was anciently a custom had just been taking, the helmet of Messa- 
to make such military presents to brave ad- pus. 

venturers. So Jonathan, in the first book of ♦ 374. Radiisque adversa. Radiis lunar ibus, 

Samuel, vii. 4. stript himself of the robe says Servius: for we find Nisus afterwards 

that was upon him to give it to David; and making bis address to the moon, verse 403. 

his garments, to his sword, and his bow, Suspiciens altam Lunam, sic voce pre- 

and his girdle. Pope. catur. 

362. Dat habere. A Grecism; as Uokiv 375. Haud temere est visum. Some make 

lx m ' tu ^ s a P art °f ^ e exclamation of Volscens? 

'\368. Ccstera legio, the foot; for a legion It is not a rash, a delusive object, that 

had but three hundred horse s which are strikes our sight. 



jENEIDOS LIB. IX. 477 

Rara per occultas ducebat semita calks. pauere viae dcdueebant ad 

Euryalum tenebr* raraoruui onerosaque preda ™» &£?£>»*$ 

Impecliunt, fallique timor regione viarum. ?»$spotia gravia rctardant liu- 

Nisus abit: jamque imprudens evaserat hostes, ryaluni, et metus abqrraijdi 

Atque locos, qui post Alb* dc nomine dicti *£***> •Wf^Mg 

Albam: turn rex stabula alta Latinus habebat. an ,i co j am elapsus <?m* ab 

Ut stetit, et frustraabsentem respexit amicum: hostibus; et ex agris, qui 

Euryale infelix, qua te regione reliqui? 390 g^^^C^g 
Quave sequar? rursus perplexum iter omne revolvens Latinus collocabat Otic sta- 

Fallacis sylvae, simul et vestigia retro buia subiimia. Postquam 

Observata lee-it, dumisque silentibus errat: constitit, et frustrk respec- 

; ,. b ,. n . ;'• i4 _ tavit amicum absentcm, ait: 

Audit equos, audit strepitus, et signa scquentum. miser Euryale, quo loco 

Nee longum in medio lempus, cum clamor ad aures deserui te? aut qua quae- 
Pervenit: ac videt Euryalum; quern jam manus om- ram te? herum remetiens 

og^vias omnes dubias sylvae 

nls > . dolosse, simul et revolvit 

Fraude loci et nOCtis, SUbltO turbante tumultll, vestigia retro qucesita, et va 

Oppressum rapit, et conantem plurima frustra. gatur inter dumos tacitos: 

Quid fecial? qua vi juvenem, quibus audeat armis ?£^?SS^e1 
Eripere? an sese medios monturus in hostes 400 i on gum tempus abiit illo in- 

Inferat, et pulchram properet per vulnera mortem? tervallo, quando clamor at- 

Ocyus adducto torquens hastile laeerto, $£ ■*£ ^fuS 

Suspiciens altam Lunam, sic voce precatur: repentino strepitu ac sonitu 

Tu Dea, tu praesens nostro succurre labori, jam trabit, intercepting er- 

Astrorum decus, et nemorum Latonia custos. 405 r ? re loc \ et " octis > , et h i ca . s : 

t, . . TT sum agitantem multa. Quid 

Si qua tuis unquam pro me pater Hyrtacus aris agat? q ° u0 ro bore, quibus ar- 

Dona tulit; si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi, mis audeat Hberare juve- 

Suspendive tholo, aut sacra ad fasti^ia fixi: nem? an morjturus immittat 

, T r , , , -i se in medios hostes. et aece- 

Hunc sine me turbare globum, et rege tela per auras. leret per p]agas ne ' cem , _ 

Dixerat: et toto connixus corpore ferrum 410riosam? Statim libraus has- 

Con iicit: hasta volans noctis diverberat umbras, ti,e hrachio contracto, res- 

Et venit adversi in tergum Sulmonis, ibique £SU£S£?$K* 

tu propitia fave meo conatui: 6 Latonia, gloria siderum, et tutatrix sylvarum. Si pater meus 
Hyrtacus obtulit unquam pro me tuis altaribus aliqua munera; si ipse meis venationibus ac- 
cumulavi aliqua, aut appendi e fornice, aut affixi ad culmina tibi consecrata: permitte me dis- 
sipare hanc turmam, et dirige per aerem hoc hastile. Sic locutus fuerat: et adnitens toto 
corpore evibrat ferrum: hastile volans dividit caliginem noctis, et pervadit in dorsum Sulmo- 
nis oppositi, et illic rumpitur, 

NOTES. 

386. Nisus abit. Agreeably to that nim- spear is most affecting and suitable to his 
bleness and agility which are ascribed to circumstances. 

him in the fifth book: 397. Fraude loci et ?wctis. This expression 

Primus abit Jongeque ante omnia corpora poetically represents the place and night as 

Nisus two traitors, to whom he had intrusted his 

Emicat. safety, and who fatally betrayed him. 

387. Locos. Many read lacus; but Rujeus 408. Tholo. The tholus was the middle 
proves the first to be the best. and highest part of the arched roof of the 

389. Respexit amicum. Never was distress temple, from which the spoils of war used 

more strongly painted than this! He looks to be suspended. 

back for his best beloved friend, but in vain. 412. Adversi, is no more than e regio7ie t 

He retraces his steps through the mazes of over against him, without regarding whe- 

the silent wood, ther his face was turned, or his back; in 

Dumisque silentibus, which sense the attentive reader will often 

and on a sudden hears the approaching find the word in other places of Virgil. This 

horsemen. At last he perceives his friend explication one would think is no very hard, 

surrounded by the enemy; quid faciat? in matter: yet Servins reckons this among the 

this place is finely introduced by the poet, loci znsolubil??. 
His prayer to Diana before he throws his 



478 fc VIRGILII MARONIS 

et trajicit pr«cordia rup-Frangitur, ac fisso transit praecordia ligna. 

SitSe S P e e r S ^viumTolvitur ille, vomens calidum de pectore flumen 

calentem, frigescens, et sue FngldllS, et longlS smgultlbus ilia pulsat. 4 1 £ 

cutituterum longis singulti-Diversi circumspiciunt. Hoc acrior idem 

bus. Circumspectant in di- Ecce a ii U( j gumma telum librabat ab aure; 

versas partes, lile ierventior ^ ••, . •. , . rp. 

hoe« M icew« ecce mtorque- Dum trepidant: it hasta Tago per tempus utrumq; 

"bat a suprema auris /m?ve Stridens, trajectoque haesit tepefacta cerebro. 

Castile aiiud. Dum illi tn- Saevit atrox Volscens, nee teli conspicit usquam 420 

ra rT^m l ;rS Auctorem; nee q U 6 se ardens immittere possit: 

pora gemina, et calefactum 1 u tamen mterea calido mihi sanguine poenas 

steiit'm cerebro transfissp. Persolves amborum, inquit. Simul ense recluso 

lit^aTubSm^n-at in Euryalum. Tune ver6 extemtus, .mens 

nee quo t'ervidus possit in-Conclamat Nisus: nee se celare tenebris 42£ 

ferre se: At tu, ait, dabis Amplius, aut tantum potuit perferre dolorem: 

£&££&£££& Me. -»: adsum qui feei: in me eonvertite ferrum, 

Simul educto gladio irrue-O Kutuli, mea iraus omnis: nihil iste, nee ausus, 

bat in Euryalum. Tunc au-Nec potuit: coelum hoc et conscia sidera testor: 

tem Nisus territus, extra Tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum. 430 

mentem posttus, vociiera-rr, ,. ,. , , , . ., . , 

tur; nee ulterius potuit oc- ■*- aua dicta dabat: sed vinbus ensis adactus 

cultare se umbris, aut pati T ransadigit costas, et Candida pectora rumpit. 

tantum dolorem. Me, me Volvitur 'Euryalus leto, Dulchrosque per artus 

rapile: adsum qui id com- ,. . ' * • n u «^ 

misi: vertite in me arma, O lt cruor ' mc l ue humeros cervix collapsa recumbit. 

Rutuii, omnis dolus meus Purpureus veluti cumflos succisus aratro 435 

est.- iste nihil ausus est, Languescit moriens; lassove papavera collo 

foe S^fSS^SDemisere caput, pluvia cum forte gravantur. 

sciunt: tantummodb nimis At Nisus ruit in medios, solumque per omnes 

amavit amicum miseram. Volscentem petit, in solo Volscente moratur: 

Proferebat talia dicta; sed 

gladius totd vi immissus transfodit costas, et perfringit pectus candidum. Euryalus sternitut 
raorte, et sanguis fluit per formosa membra, et collum inflexum pendet in humeros. Quemad- 
modum, quando fios purpureus proscissus aratro languet moriens: aut quemadmodum papa- 
vera fesso collo inflectunt caput, quando forte obruuntur imbre. At Nisus irrumpit per medios 
hostes, et inter omnes unum quserit Volscentem, defigit oculos in uno Volscente: 

NOTES. 

413. Procardia. The Greeks call it hx<pgay- that it was the helmet of Euryalus that dis- 

fttx., or, as we say in English, the diaphragm, covered and occasioned the death of the 

It is a very muscular membrane separating young hero and his friend. The following 

the heart and lungs above from the liver, is the simile as translated from Virgil by 

spleen, stomach, bowels, &c. beloiv. Pitt and from Homer by Pope: 

420. Savit atrox Volscens. The rage of As a gay flow'r with blooming beauties 

Volscens on the death of his soldiers crown'd, 

heightens our fear. But when Nisus sees Cut by the share, lies languid on the 

hirrt running to his friend with a drawn ground; 

sword we are almost in as great a fright Or some tall poppy that, o'ercharg'd with 

and as much confusion as he. Trapp. rain, 

427. Me, me, &c. This abrupt exclama- Bends the faint head and sinks upon the 

tion admirably marks his disorder and per- plain; 

turbation of mind. So fair, so languishingly sweet lie lies, 

436. Papavera collo. This simile copied His head declin'd, and drooping as he dies, 

from Homer, is finely improved by the Ro- Pitt. 

man author with the particulars of succisus As full blown poppies overcharg'd with 

aratro, and lasso collo. But it may be ob- rain, 

served in favour of Homer that the cir- Decline the head and drooping kiss the 

cumstances of the head being oppressed plain; 

and weighed down with the helmet is so So sinks the youth; his beauteous head, de- 

remarkably just, that it is a wonder that press'd 

Virgil omitted it: and the rather be- Beneath his helmet, drops upon his breast. 

cause &e had particularly taken notice Pop'e; 



.ENEIDOS LIB. IX. 



479 



Quern clrclim glomerati hostes hinc cominus atque circa qucmAV'M/w hostescoi- 

^ i • ^aq ' cc *' cominus eum premunt 

ni . . x hinc atcjne hinc: Me non in- 

Proturbant: instat non segnius, ac rotat ensem ertius premiteo.?, et contor- 

Fulmineum: donee Rutnli clamantis in ore quet gladium fulrainaotem: 

Conclidit adverso, et moriens animam abstulit hosti. J^^ri e 
Turn super exanimem sese projecit amicum 



Hiituli voci- 
terantis, et moriens eripuit 
445 vitam honi: Turn transfixus 
jecit super amicum mor- 
tuum, et illjc taiulem quie- 
vit dulci nece. Arnbo feli- 
ces! si mei versus valent ali- 
quid, nulla dies vos unquam 
. n subtrahet tempori raemori: 
45 dum gens iEnese habitabit 
immotam rupem Capitolii, 
et fundator Romse tenebit 
imperium orbis. Rutuli vic- 
tores adepti prsedam et spo- 
lia, plorantes reportabant ip 
455castra Volscentem mortu- 
ura. Nee levior erat dolor 
in castris, Rhamnete inven- 
to mortuo, et tot proceribus 
unanocte interfectis, et Ser- 
rano, et Numa: concursus 
A e C ..fi t af l ip sa cadavera, et ad} 
^"^ homines semimortuos, et aa" 
locum tepefactum receuti 
strage, et ad rivos infectos 
spumoso sanguine. Reeog- 
noscunt inter se pra?dam, et 
fulgentem cassidem ^Messa- 
465 V 1 } et phaleras recuperatas 
multo labore. Et jam prima 
Aurora deserenslectum cro- 
ceum Tithoni collustrabat 
terras nova luce: Sole jam 
indueto, rebus jam detectis 
^erlueem, Turnus ipse cine- 
470 tus armisexcitathominesad 
arnaa: et unusquisque dux 
colligit ad pugnam agmina 
sua tecta cere, et stimulant 
furorem multiplici rumore. 
Prseterea, res visu terribilis, 
A*rc figunt in hastis sublatis ca- 
pita Nisi et Euryali, et pro- 
se quuntur multis vociferate 
onibus. JEneadae firmi in la- 
va parte murorum objecere 
exercitum, nam pars dextra munitur fluno; et tuentur magnas fossas, ettristes stant in excelsis 
turribus: simul spectabant capita juvenum prtefixa, nimis cognita miseris, et stillantia nigra 
sanie. Interim fama alata, volans per urbem territam, nuncia irrumpit, et pervenit ad aures 
matris Euryali: et calor subito deseruit ossa miserse: radii dejecti sunt e manibus et telse dilapssf: 
raisera ilia prsecipitat, et cum vociferatione muliebri lacerata 



Confossus, placidaque ibi demum morte quievit. 
Fortunati am bo! si quid mea carraina possunt, 
Nulla dies unquam memori vos eximet aevo: 
Dum domus Aneae Capitoli immobile saxum 
Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit. 
Victores prseda Rutuli spoliisque potiti, 
Volscentem exanimem Hemes in castra ferebant. 
Nee minor in castris luctus, Rhamnete reperto 
Exsangui, et primis una tot caede peremptis, 
Serranoque, Numaque: ingens concursus ad ipsa 
Corpora, seminecesq; viros, tepidaq; recentem 
Caede locum, et plenos spumanti sanguine rivos. 
Agnoscunt spolia inter se, galeamque nitentem 
Messapi, et multo phaleras sudore receptas. 
Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras 
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile: 
Jam Sole infuso, jam rebus luce retectis, 
Turnus in arma viros, armis circumdatus ipse, 
Suscitat, seratasque acies in pralia cogit 
Quisque suas, variisque acuunt rumoribus iras. 
Quin ipsa arrectis, visu miserabile, in hastis 
Praefigunt capita, et multo clamore sequuntur, 
Euryali et Nisi. 

jEneadae duri murorum in parte sinistra 
Opposuere aciem, nam dextera cingitur amni: 
Ingentesque tenent fossas, et turribus altis 
Stant moesti: simul ora virum praefixa videbant, 
Nota nimis miseris, atroque fluentia tabo. 
Interea pavidam volitans pennata per urbem 
Nuntia fama ruit, matrisque adlabitur aures 
Euryali: ac subitus miserae calor ossa reliquit: 
Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa: 
Evolat infelix, et faemineo ululatu, 



NOTES. 



448. Domus. Rome. 

448. Immobile saxum, signifies, that the 
foundations of the Roman empire were to 
be as fixed and lasting- as the Capitoline 
mount whereon Rome was built. 

449. Pater.. Either the Roman senate 
cr Romulus, the father and founder of the 
Roman nation, or Augustus; one of the 



most common inscriptions en whose medals 
was Augustus Pater. 

468. Sinistra. The east side, which look- 
ed towards Laurentum. 

476. Bevoluta. This word properly signi- 
fies wound off, which leads one to think 
that the radii before mentioned were the 
spindles on which those women who spu; : 
on the distaff wound up their yarn. 



480 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

secundum capillos, insaim Scissa comani, muros amens atque agminacursu 

dens homines, non ilia dis- Telorumq; memor: coelum dehinc questibusimplet: 
erimen et arma: deinde re- Hunc ego te, Euryale, aspicio? lu-ne ilia senectse 48 1 

f^STiSSST^Xfr n t Tf requies! , potuisti linquere solam ' 

an txxesmefuturus solatium Crudelisr nee te sub tanta pericula missum 

ultimum mece senectutis! an Affari extremum miserae data copia matri? 

potuisti deserere me solam, Heu j terrk i gnot a canibus data prxda Latinis 486 

6 inhumane? nequeconcessa A .. .. • i , r- l a * oa 

est matri infelici facultas ul- Alitibusque, jaces! nee te tua funera mater 

timd alloquendi te, missum Produxij pressive oculos, aut vulnera lavi, 

in tanta discrimina? heu! ja- Veste tegens; tibi quam noctes festina diesque 

ces m tellure incognita, TT , - ** . ■' ■.* ,p . . .. ^04 «^ 

prada objecta canibus La- Urgebam, et tela curas solabar amies. 

unis et avibus. Nee ego Quo sequar? aut quae nunc artus avulsaq; membra, 

mater protuli te ante *- £ t funus lacerum tellus habet? hoc mihi de te, 491 

etes, ut curatrix tui funens: X t a. p 5 1 * • ■» 

aut clausi oculos; aut lavi N . at . e ' refers? hoc sum terraque manque secuta? 

plagas, abscondens cadaver Figite me, si qua est pietas: in me omnia^ tela 

veste, quam festinans tibiae- Conjicite, 6 Rutuli: me primam absumite ferro. 

eSStS'tettS A « t* magne pater Divftm, miserere, tuoque 495 

testias senectutis. Quo ibo? Invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartaratelo: 

aut cpue terra nunc retinet Quando aliter nequeo crudelem abrumpere vitam. 

'S&3SE&8VSZ ? oc fletu co " c " ssi an r> ™*T sque - pe - r omnes 

put repraisentas mihide te, It gemitus: torpent miractas ad praelia vires. 

4 fill? hoc secnta sum et ter- Illam incendentem luctus Idaeus et Actor, 50© 

ra etmrui? Transfodite me, ui one i mon itu et multum lachrymantis Iiili, 

6 Rutuli, si ah qua est vobis „ . . J . t , j 

pietas: contorquete in me Compmnt, mterque manus sub tecta reponunt. 

omnia spicula: me primam At tuba terribilem sonitum procul sere canoro 

interficite ferro. A'ei tu, increpuit: sequitur clamor, ccelumque remusrit. 

magne parens Deorum, mi- ■'./ ■ > t. o 

seresce, et fulmine tuo demitte ad inferos hoc meum caput tibi odiosum: si non possum alitex" 
finire duram vitam. Animi commoti sunt hoc luctu, et tristia suspiria mittuntur ab omnibus: 
vires languent tardus ad pugnam. Idseus et Actor excipiunt illam excitantem fietus inter milites, 
«t m manibus referunt in domum ipsius, monitu Ilionei et Iiili plurimum plorantis. At tuba 
procul excitavit sere rauco formidabilem sonum: succedit clamor, et ccelum reboat. 

NOTES. ( 

481. Hunc ego. The manner in which Eu- 497. Aliter abrumpere. This phrase, not* 

ryaius's mother is affected on hearing the with standing- La Cerda and Dr. Trapp's 

distressing- news is highly moving; but the criticism, seems to signify no more than 

speech in which she breaks out on the occa- barely to rid me of my life, or rather, to 

sion is still more pathetic. The circum- break off, or cut, the thread of my life. See 

stances of distress are finely chosen, and JEn. IV. 631. and VIII. 579. where the 

expressed in a most striking manner. Sea- same expression occurs. As for aliter, we 

liger, says Trapp, had reason to be in rap- do not see why it may not be taken literal- 

tures upon it, for there is nothing in the ly; for, though the afflicted parent could 

fourth book more pathetic. have ended her life by other means, such 

4S5. Tua funera. Servius Xsk.es funera, in as stabbing, poisoning, &c. all that can be 
the nominative case, for one of the near re- thence inferred is, that she talks inconsist- 
lativesof the dead, called/zmme or funerece, ently, which is only acting in character, 
who had the care of the funeral. But, as he and no more than what her distempered si- 
produces no authority for this sense, we tuation of mind will justify. But it is not 
choose rather, with others, to make ad un- improbable that she had offered to lay vio- 
derstood; a mode of expression, of which lent hands on herself, and was hindered by 
other examples occur in Virgil. those about her. 

491. Funus lacerum. By funus a dead body 503. At tuba. After this exquisite piece 

is intended, as has been already observed, of pathos, and the damp struck into Ihe 

See Propert. 1. 1. 17. 18. Trojans by the lamentations of this distract-- 

Hscccire parva meum funus arena teget. ed mother, how are we roused at the sud- 

494. Ale primam. We are to consider that den sound of the trumpet: 

she is speaking from the rampart where At tuba terribilem sonitum, &c 

none had been killed hitherto. Here the martial action begins. 



J1LNEIDOS LIB. IX. 



481 



505 Volsci approperant simul 
admota testudine, etaggre- 
diuntur cumulare fossas, et 
eruere aggerem: pars vesti- 
gat ingressum, et superare 
scalis muros, qua exercitus 
rarus est, et qua multitudo 

51^* passim liiat non tam densa 
militibus. Contra Trojani 
incipiunt projicere omnes 
species aiunorum, et dispel- 



Accelerant acta pariter testudine Volsci, 

Et fossas implere parant, ac vellere vallum: 

Quae runt pars aditum, et scalis ascendere muros; 

Qua rara est acies, interlucetque corona 

Non tam spissa viris. Telorum effundere contra 

Omne genus Teucri, ac duris detrudere contis, 

Assueti longo muros defendere bello. 

Saxa quoque infesto volvebant pondere, si qua 

Possent tectam aciem perrumpere: cum tamen omnes i e 7e 7orYo»gis"l!gms, con- 

Ferre libet subter densa. testudine casus. 5 14 suetipropugnare mceniabel- 

Nee jam sufficiunfc nam qua globus imminet ingens, [? to™?- Dejieiebant e- 
* J " " . . A , b ° ' tiam lapides pevniciosi pon- 

Immanem 1 eucn molem volvuntq; ruuntq; ^ deriS) tentantes an p0S sent 

Quae stravit Rutulos late, armorumque resolvit aliqua parte perfringere ag- 

Tegmina: nee curant caeco contendere Marte 

Amplius audaces Rutuli; sed pellere vallo 

Missilibus certant. 

Parte alia horrendus visu quassabat Etruscam 

Pinum, et fumiferos infert Mezentius ignes. 

At Messapus, equum domitor, Neptunia proles, 

Rescindit vallum, et scalas in mosnia poscit. 

Vos, 6 Calliope, precor aspirate canenti; 

Quas ibi turn ferro strages, quse funera Turnus 

Ediderit, quern quisque virum demiserit Oreo: 

Et mecum ingentes oras evolvite belli: 

Et meministis enim, Divae, et memorare potestis. 

Turris erat vasto suspectu et pontibus altis, 

Opportuna loco: summis quam viribus omnes 

Expugnare Itali summaque evertere opum vi 

Certabant: Troes contra defendere saxis, 

Perque cavas densi tela intorquere fenestras. 

Pr.uiceps ardentem conjecit lampada Turnus, 

cadi intern: quas csedes, quas neces Turnus tunc ibi intulerit; 

se£t ad inferos; et explicate mecum totum ambitum hujus belli; nam vos, Dese, et recorda- 
mini, et potestis narrare. Turris stabat alta suspicieutib'us, et tabulatis sublimibus, commoda 
situ: quam Ttali omnes conabantur occupare totis viribus, et diruere tota vi potential sues; 
contra Trojani conabantur propugnare lapidibus, et vibrare sagittas crebras per apertas fenes- 
tras. Turnus primus immisit t»dara flammantem, 



men tectum clypeis: tamen 
interea Rutuli gaudent sue- 
tinere casus omnes sub spis- 

520 sa testudine. Deinde non 
possimt sustinere: nam qua 
parte magnus globus appro- 
pin quat, Teucri advolvunt 
et impellunt vastum saxum, 
q^od late oppressit Rutulos, 

525 et se P arav ^t tegmina clypeo- 
rum; nee ulterius Rutuli ar- 
dentes volunt certare ob- 
scuro certamine testudi- 
nis; sed conantur dimovere 
jaeulis Trojanos ex aggere. 
Alia ex parte Mezentius ter- 

530ribilis visu librabat pinum. 
Tyrrhenam, et injicit fumi- 
das tsedas. AtMessapus, sub- 
actor equorum, filius Nep- 
tuni, diruit palos aggeris, et 
petit scalas ad muros scan- 

- « _ dendos. Yos,6 Muses etpree- 
cipue Calliope, oro, docete 

quern hominem unusquisque mi- 



NOTES. 



505. Actd testudine. For the testudo see the 
note on JEn. II. 441. 

515. Sufficiunt — imminet. These verbs be- 
ing in the present tense, point out the ac- 
tion as in our view. 

5l6.jRuunt. So Terence: 
Cxteros ruerem, agerem, raperem, tunde- 
rem, prosternerem. 

518. Cceco testudine,- because they fightun- 
der a testudo, covered and protected by 
their shields. 

525. Vos, 6 Calliope. Vos, all ye muses, 
but particularly Calliope, the presider over 
heroic verse and eloquence. She is said to 
be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo. She 
was represented with a trumpet in one 
hand and with books in the other, which 
signified that her office was to take notice 
of the famous actions of heroes; particular- 



ly, she held the most celebrated poems of 
antiquity, and appeared, like her votaries, 
generally crowned with laurels. 

528. Oras evolvite belli. This expression is 
borrowed from a verse of Ennuis: 

Qui potis ingentes oras evolvere belli. 
Ores here are the limits, extent, and com- 
pass of the war. 

530. Pontibus. Planks on which they as- 
cended from one story of those towers to 
another. 

535. Lampada. This engine was a kind 
of flaming brand made up of hemp, pitch, 
resin, and the like combustible materials; 
which, being stuck round with sharp points 
and hooks of iron, was flung against wooden 
walls or munitions, where it stuck fast till 
the flames seized the boards. 



* Q 



482 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

etaffrxit later! turns ignem; Et flammam affixit lateri: quae plurima vcnto 
S^dStSS' atCompwt tabulas,et postibus haesit adesis. 

sumptis. Trojani turbati cm- lurbati trepidare mtus, frustraque malorum 
permit intus tumultuari, et Velle fugam: dum se glomerant, retroq; residunt 

?3&ffi3$ffiS S 1 pa T m ' ^* P este c f **'> *« pondere turris 54© 
et retro recedunt In spa- Procubuit subito, et coelum tonat omne fragore. 
tiamquod vacabatigne; tum Semineces ad terram, immani mole secuta, 
repente turris ceeidit, et to- Confixique suis telis, et pectora duro 

turn caelum sonat strepitu. rp, „r * : ij • T xr« TT t 

Cadunt semimortui in ter- *iansiossi hgno, veniunt. Vix unus Helenor, 

ram, yasta mole superinci- Et Lycus elapsi: quorum primaevus Helenor, 545 

dente, et confossi propriis Maeonio regi quern serva Lycimnia furtim 

*T t£^S£ifi2&*$*Wi retUi «l ue ad Tr ?J a ™ $«* armis: 

lenor et Lycus evaserunt: Ense levis nudo, parmaque inglorius alba, 
quorum natu major erat Isque ubi se Turni media inter millia vidit: 

ttS^SSS*^ 1 ^ acies ' atque hinc acies astare Latinas: ■ 55Q 

I-ydio, et miserat ad Tro- Ut fera, quae densa venantum septa corona 
jam, bello ipd prohibito: Contra tela furit, seseque haud nescia morti 

3*Tffl!^i&|^y* *»«» *«?>* venabulafertur; ; 

file, cum agnovit se in me." aud aliter juvenis medios monturus in hostes 

diis millibus Turni, agmina Irruit; et, qua tela videt densissima, tendit. 555 

Latinacircumsistere hinc et At pedibus longe melior Lycus, inter et hostes, 

Hide; quemadmodum fera, T , r . ,P A / , ,. 

qua cincta multitudine spis- Inter et arma tu g a muros tenet J altaque Certat 

sa venatomm savit adversus Prendere tecta manu, sociumque attingere dextras, 
ti r t m ses etn0tl ignara immit "Q uem Turnus pariter cursu, teloque secutus, 
ruit Se s S up?aZst t mT: , nJiflS Increpat his victor: Nostrasne evadere, demens, 56© 
tcr juvenis irrumpit moritu- Sperasti te posse manus? simul arripit ipsum 
rus in medios hostes, et in- Pendentem, et magna muri cum parte revellit. 

:E»Tit e L™u S 3t6 P ve:Q ualis . ubi > aut le P° rera ? aut candenticorpore cycnum 

locior pedibus, et inter hos- Sustulit alta petens pedibus Jovis armiger uncis: 

tes, et inter arma occupat Quaesitum aut matrimultis balatibus agnum 565 

"Srr^ref pL a „t ^ a " ius a sta * ulis ra P f uit lu P us ' Undiqne clamor 
et apprehendere manus so- 1 ollitur: mvadunt, et fossas aggere complent: 
eiorum. Quem Turnus vie- Ardentes taedas alii ad fastigia jactant. 
tor, persecutes simul cursu iu oneus saxo atque w e nti fragmine montis, 

et iaculo, obmrgat bis ver- T . "■*•,.» . *> r w ^ 

Ms: Stuite, 'an sperasti te Lucetium, portae subeuntem, ignesque rerentem; 570 
posse evitare manus meas? Emathiona Liger, Chorinseum sternit Asylas: 

simul apprehendit ipsum 

pendentem, et excutit cum magna parte muri. Qualis armiger Jovis, quando evolans in altum, 
abripuit unguibus falcatis, aut leporem, aut cycnum nitido corpore: aut quando lupus, sacer 
Marti, subtraxit e caulis agnum qusesitum a matre multis balatibus. Undique clamor surgit: ag- 
grediuntur, et cumulant fossas terra aggesta: aiii torquent taedas flammantes ad culmina: Ilio- 
ueus lapide et magno fragmine rupis opprimit Lucetium, appropinquantem porta? et conjicien- 
lemignes: Liger Emathiona, Asylas Chorinseum: 

NOTES. 

537. Postibus adesisy i. e. Quos exedlt adhce- 548. Parma alba. He had no heroic device 

rendo. upon his escutcheon, never having distin- 

546. Furtim — sustulerat. Virgil, and Apol- guished himself by any valorous action. 
lonius, whom Virgil imitates by an odd kind 559. Pariter cursu, teloque secutus. He pur- 
of affectation, attribute more bravery to the sued him so fast as to keep pace with the 
illegitimate brother (for they have both in- flight of the dart which he flung after him. 
troduced two brothers) than the legitimate 563. Qualis ubi. Helenor is compared to 
one^ Cateou. a tiger or leopard who makes his way 

547. Vetitis armis. Slaves by the Roman through the weapons of the hunters. Lycas 
law were not allowed to bear arms till they is compared to a hare or lamb. These corn- 
were enfranchised, except in cases of the parisons are proportioned to the bravery of 
greatest public danger, as in the time of the one and the cowardice of the other. 
Hannibal, when the Romans were glad to Catrou. 
break through that rule, and employ all 564. Armiger, the eagle- See the note on 
hands in the common cause. JEn. V. 255. 



JENEIDOS LIB. IX. 



483 



Hie jaculo bonus, hie longe fallente sagitta: alter peritUB jaculamli, alter 

Ortygium Cacneus, victorcm Cxnea Turnus: ^.TSTTSum 

Turnus Ityn, Gloiuumque, Uioxippum,rromiilumque,Ortygi.mi, Turnus victorem 

Et Sagarim, et summis stantem pro turribus Idam: C»neum: Turnus Ityn, e« 

PrivenmJtapys: hunc primd levis hasta Themills ' gSZEk.'SsSS&.-S 

Stnnxerat: llle manum projecto tegmme clemens 577i ( j am sta „tem ante summas 

Ad vulnus tulit: ergo alis allapsa sagitta, turres: Capys PrivermW: 

Et l*vo infixa est later; manus, abciitaque intus J%£&2££&& 

Spiramenta animse letah yulnere rupit. 580j ecto clypco tullt mconsu i. 

Stabat in egregiis Arcentis filius armis, 

Pictus acu chlamydem, et ferrugine clarus Ibera, 

Insignis facie: genitor quern miserat Arcens, 

Eductum Martis luco, Simethia circum 

Flumina, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Palici. 

Stridentem fundam positis Mezentius armis 

Ipse ter adducta circum caput egit habena: 

Et media adversi liquefacto tempora plumbo 

Diffidit, ac multa porrectum extendit arena. 

Turn primum bello celerem intendisse sagittam 

ca Simethum fluvium, ubi est opima et benigna ara Palici. Mezentius depositis armis impulit 

ipse stridentem fundam, loro ter rotato circa caput: et discidit calefacto plumbo medium caput 

oppositi juvenis, et prostravit eutri in vasta arena. Ascanius, priiis assuetus terrere feras fugi- 

entes, fertur turn primd evibrasse velocem 



tus manum ad plagam: ergo 
sagitta pennis appulsa est, 
et manus affixa est lateri si- 
nistro, et occulta intus pene- 
travit mortifero ictu pulmo- 

585 nes > quibus respirat anima. 
Filius Arcentis stabat indu- 
tus pulchris armis, habens 
cjilamydem variatam acu, et 
splendens purpura Iberica, 
formosus vultu: quern pater 
Arcens miserat J£ne<e, edu- 

5 90 catum in sylva Martis, cir- 



NOTES. 



572- Longe fallente sagzttd. This is a most 
beautiful epithet of an arrow, which steals 
on its object unawares, and surprises him 
with unseen death. 

580. Spiramenta anima, the lungs. 

582. Ferrugine. The colour of polished 
iron, which nearly approaches purple. 

585. Placabilis ara Palici. The Palici were 
gods worshipped in Sicily near the river 
Simethus. It is not easy to assign the rea- 
son why their altar is called placabilis: the 
most probable account is, that they were at 
first appeased only by human victims, but 
that afterwards this barbarous superstition 
was abolished, and they were appeased by 
common offerings. For the rise, worship, 
and nature of those gods, see Banier's My- 
thology, vol. II. of the English. Perhaps 
their altar is called placabilis, merely be- 
cause it was an altar of atonement, in con- 
tradistinction to other altars, which were 
for thanksgiving or divination. 

588. Liquefacto plumbo. This is only a po- 
etical exaggeration to express the great ve- 
locity with which this ball of lead was car- 
ried through the air. The thought is bor- 
rowed from Lucretius, Lib. VI. 177. 
Plumbea vero 

Glans etiam longo cursu volvenda li- 
quescit. 

590. Turn primum. What Mr. Segrais 
has observed concerning the age of Asca- 
nius does not seem to be satisfactory. Dr. 
Trapp offers the following remarks: 

" If the JEneis takes up no more than a 
year, how could Ascanius, who was carried 
in the arms of Venus in the first book, be so 



wise a counsellor and so considerable a war- 
rior in the ninth. Mr. Segrais answers these 
objections, at large, in his last remark 
upon this book, and though what he says 
may be defended, yet I am not wholly of 
his opinion. He makes Ascanius between 
thirteen and fourteen years when he was at 
Carthage. But sure such a one must be too 
big a boy and too near a man to be carried 
to bed in arms as this pi*ince was by Venus, 
or kissed and dandled upon a lady's lap as 
Cupid in his shape was by Dido. Nor is 
there any necessity of allowing him so ma- 
ny years at that time. It was seven years, 
says Segrais, since the destruction of Troy, 
when he was big enough to walk by his fa- 
ther's side. This, continues he, cannot be 
said of a child in a cradle. True; but it may 
be said of a child of two years old. Howe- 
ver we will allow him three. So at Car- 
thage he will be ten, and in Italy between 
ten and eleven. The caresses of Dido may 
well enough agree with that age, nor is 
there any thing in the idea at all incongru- 
ous or unnatural. Venus's carrying him in 
her arms and laying him to sleep was upon 
an extraordinary occasion. At this age he 
might very well be possessed of discretion 
enough to be informed of the state of things 
by his father: 

Ascanio ferat hxc; 
and strong and bold enough to ride a hunt- 
ing: 

At puer Ascanius, mediis in vallibus acri 

Gaudet equo; 

and here in Italy he may be supposed an 
extraordinary person and son of a demigod 



484 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

sagittamznbeilcetstravisseDicitur, ante feras solitus terrere fu^aces, 

S^SSSSJA^ f-temque •»»« fudisse Numanum, 
et qui nttper conjugio copuXui Remulo cognomen erat; Turnique minorem 
latusduxeratminoremsoro-Germanam, nuper thalamo sociatus, habebat. 
rem Turni. Hie ante prima Is pr i mam ante ac i em d ^ na atque mdifmaifRatU 595 
agmina mclamans digna et TT r .~ . , *> ^ isuw^iam 

indignadietu,etinflatuscor- vociferans, tumidusque novo praecordia regno 
da ob novam potentiam, in- Ibat, et ingenti sese clamore ferebat: 
cedebat, etjactabat se mag- ^ on puc | e t obsidione iterum valloque teneri, 
no clamore: Non pudet vos Ti . r . n . . *. ' , 

rursus claudi aggeribus et Bls ca pti Phryges, et morti prsetendere muros? 
obsidione, 6 Phryges bis En qui nostra sibi bello connubia poscunt! 608 

capti, et opponere muros Q u i s jjeus i ta liam, quae vos dementia adeeit? 

morti? ecce illos, qui bello -vf u^ a* *i r j*c^. tti 

petunt sibi conjugia nostra! Non hic Atndae: nee fandi fictor Ulysses; 

quis Deus, qu£ insania vos Durum a stirpe genus. Natos ad flumina primum 

impulit in Italiam? non hie Deferimus, ssevoque gelu duramus et undis. 

StfatS TerboS V ^n invigilant pueri, sylvasque fatigant; 605 

zed gens fortis ab ipsa ori- Flectere ludus equos., et spicula tendere cornu. 

gine. Portamus statim ad At patiens operum parvoque assueta iuventus, 

tt$ft£5*K3A«« ^stris terram domat, aut quatit oppida bello. 

indulgent venatui, et per- Omne sevum ferro teritur, versaque juvencum 

currunt sylvas: ludus eorum Terga fatigamus hasta. Nee tarda senectus 610 

est domare equos, et jaeere Deb Hj tat vires animi mlltatque vigorem. 

sagittas arcu corneo. Juven- „ . . , A '. ^ & 

tusautem patiens laboris, et Canitiem galea premimus; semperque recentes 

contenta tenuivictu, aut ex- Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto. 

ercet terram rastris, autim- Vobis p i cta croco et f u W nt i mur i C e vestis; 

pugnat urbes bello. Omnis -^ .,. r ,. . • i i i ,. , ,. 

itas traducitur in armis ; et Desidiae cordi; juvat mdulgere choreis; 6 1 5 

impellimus dorsa juvenco- Et tunicae manicas et habent redimicula mitrae. 

rum arantium hasta inversa. q ver £ Phryeriae, neque enim Phryq;es! ite per alta 

S&3&&S&3E Dind y ma > ubi assuetis biforem dat < ibia cantura - 

rem. Tegimus casside ca- Tympana vos buxusq; vocat Berecynthia matris 
pillos albos; et semper nos ldaese: sinite arma viris, et cedite ferro. 620 

Z7« JtateTngETalia jactantem dictis, ac dira canentem 

Vobis vestimentum tinctum est croco et micanti purpura: vobis inertia est in deliciis: placet va- 
care choreis: et tunicse vestrce habent manicas et mitrse ligamina. O vere Phrygue, neque enim 
estis Phryges! ite per excelsa Dindyma, ubi tibia emittit sonum imparem, vobis assuetis hide 
sono. Tympana et tibia Berecynthia buxea matris Idseae vos invitant: relinquite arma viris, et 
abstinete ferro. Ascanius non passus est spargentem vex-bis talia, et loquentem 



NOTES. 

to be able to discourse as he does on the 616. Manicas, &c. Other nations, particu- 

expedition of Nisus and Euryalus, and larly the Romans, had their arms and necks 

strength and skill enough to draw a bow naked and exposed, and looked upon the 

and kill a man. The thing is possible. For covering of these parts as a mark of effemi- 

the rest, it ought to be extraordinary, and nacy. 

was intended to be so." 618. Dindyma. All Phrygia was sacred to 

591. Fug aces. Timorous, and that cannot Cybele, the mother of the gods. In it were 

fight but fiy. the mountains Dindymus, Berecynthus, 

604. Scevo gelu et undis, for undis gelidis, by and Ida. 

a hendyad. 618. Biforem cantum. Some understand, 

605. Venatu. A contracted dative for ve~ by biforem, a pipe with only two stops; 
natui. See Eel. V. 29. < others two pipes with different stops; which 

609. Versaque juvencum. We plough arm- being played on together, in those times 

ed. We drive on our oxen, when ploug-hing, when music was in its simplicity, made ve- 

not with goads and whips, but with the ry indifferent harmony, 
point of a spear. 



^LNEIDOS LIB. IX 485 

Non tulit Ascanius: nervoque obversus equino indigna: et oppositus ad- 

... . , ,• 1 , , • j . (luxit sagittam mrvo cqui 

Contendit tclum: divcrsaque braclua ducens, no: et * listrahcns bracbia 

Constitit ante Jovem supplex per vota precatus: sejuncta, Btetit, prite sup- 

Jupiter omnipotens, audacibus annue cceptis. 625plex obsecrans Joveaa per 

T •, • , * , r , • j*^^ A<ec vota: Jupiter onmipn- 

Ipse xibi ad tua tcmpla feram solemnia dona, tenSj f;ivc ince ; nis:uI(iacib l ns . 

Et statuam ante aras aurata fronte juvencum Ego ducam tibi ad tuum 

Candentem, parit-erq; caput cum niatre ferentem, templum raunera solemnia, 

Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenas, *£Z&S££gS£ 

Audiit, et coeli genitor de parte serena. 6j0 dum, et tollentem caput 

Intonuit laevum. Sonat una letifer arcus, asqualiter cum matre sua.- 

Et fugit horrendum stridens elapsa sagitta, ^ >» <££ °~ 

Perque caput Remuh venit, et cava tempora ierro Aodivit pater, et e suda re- 
Trajicit. I, verbis virtutem illude superbis. gione cceli tonuit ad sinis- 

Bis capti Phryees hsec Rutulis responsa remittunt. 635 tram - Simul .mortifer arcus 

,, r v J p . rr, • , sonat, et sagitta emissa vo- 
Haec tantum Ascanius; Teucn clamore sequuntur, lat stridens terribiliter, et 

Laetitiaque fremunt, animosque ad sidera tollunt. pervenit ad caput Rutuli, et 

^Etherea turn forte plaga crinitus Apollo perfoditcuspide cava tempo- 

Desuper Ausonias acies urbemque videbat, 3u£tf£*2"?E£: 

Nube sedens: atq; his victorem affatur lulum: 640 bis capti reddunt h£ec"res= 

Macte nova, virtute, puer: sic itur ad astra, P onsa Rutulis. Ascanius 

Diis genite et geniture Decs: jure omnia belia *£**, gS^jg 

Gente sub Assaraci lato ventura resident: tiunt gaudio, et extoHunt 

Nee te Troja capit. Simul haec effatus, ab aJto ad coelum virtutem ejus. 

JEthere se mittit, spirantes dimovet auras 645 7™? .forte Apollo comatus 

. r r . . in aeris spatns desuner spec- 

Ascaniumque petit: forma turn vertitur oris tabat exercitum Italicum et 

Antiquum in Buten. Hie Dardanio Anchisse urbem Trojanontm, insi- 

ArmiErer ante fuit, fidusque ad limina custos: dens ™ mb ? : et alloquitur 

m . A ' * jj.j V T1 - ■ -\ t , his verms Ascanium victo- 

Tum comitem Ascanio pater addidit. Ibat Apollo rera; Cresce, 6 puer, tali 

Omnia longaevo similis, vocemque, coloremq; 650 virtute: sic tenditurad side- 
Et crines albos, et saeva sonoribus arma: ra > £ e d Diis > e \ produc- 

A . ,. j . j- «• re . T .., ture JJeos: cuncta belia per 

Atque his ardentem dictis affatur Iulum: fatum oritura qmesce ntme- 

Sit satis, i£neide, telis impune Numanum rito sub posteritate Assara- 

Oppetiisse tuis: primam hanc tibi magnus Apollo ci: neque Troja te compre- 
Concedit laudem, et paribus non iuvidet armis. 655^.^0^ £ 

seoat aerem spirabilem, et tendit ad Ascanium: turn mutatur specie vultiis in Buten sen em. 
Hie prius fuerat Anchisx Trojano armiger, et fidelis satelles ad portanu tunc pater ^Eneas 
adjunxerat hunc Ascanio comitem. Apollo incedebat similis hide seni per omnia, et vocem, et 
eolorem, et capillos canos, et arma sono aspera. Atque alloquitur acrem Ascanium his ver- 
bis: Fili JEnese, sufficiat tibi Numanum occubuisse sagitta tua absque tuo damno: magnus 
Apollo dedit tibi hunc primum honorem, et non invidet cequali gloria armorum. 

NOTES. 

622. Nervo equino. Hesychius informs us of Philip to Alexander, when he dismount- 
that bow-strings used to be made of horse- ed from the fierce Bucephalus: seek a king- 
hair, dom equal to thyself; Macedonia is not fit 

623. Diversaque brachia ducens. These for thee: Non enim te capit Macedonia, 
words express the posture of a man draw- 645. Spirantes auras. The soft-breathing 
ing the bow to its full stretch. or whispering gales. 

631. Intonuit Itevum,- that is, in the east, 654. Oppetiisse. This verb, according to 

which was reckoned the lucky quarter the opinion of some judicious critics, pro* 

of the sky. perly signifies to die like a hero in the field 

641. Macte. According to Ruxus, niacins of battle; oppetere, quasi ore peter e terrain** 

is quasi mauctus; that is, magis auctus. as we say in English, to bite the ground. 

641. Macte nova virtute, puer: sic itur ad 655. Paribus armis. As Apollo, when a 

astra. Virtus is here applied to the exercise boy, slew the serpent Python with his ar- 

of courage in a good cause. Extended to the rows, in defence of his mother, so Ascanius 

signification of virtue in general, it conveys is here represented as killing Numanus in 

an impressive moral. revenge of his country, 

#44. Nee te Troja capit. Like the saying 



486 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Cieterura abstine pugni, ^6 Caetera parce, puer, bello. Sic orsus Apollo, 

puer. Apollo ita locutus fu- a/c . , ,. r 7 7 .. ^ . ' 

gitm medio colloquio visus Mortal es medio aspectus sermone rehquit, 

humanos, et longe ab oculis Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram. 

abiit in levem aerem. Prin- Agnovere Deum proceres divinaque tela 659 

3Zj2&3S^*>*>^ Pharetramque fuga sensere sonantem. 

audiverunt pharetram so- Ergo avidum pugnae dictis ac numine Phoebi 

nantem dum abiret. Itaque Ascanium prohibent: ipsi in certamina rursus 

tUSSSESttf™*** ^masque in aperta pericula mittunt. 

censum ad pugnam: ipsi ite- xt clamor totis per propugnacula muns. 

mm redeunt ad pr»lia, et Intendunt acres arcus, amentaque torquent. 665 

exponunt yitam manifestis Sternitur omne solum telis: turn scuta cavaeque 

pencuhs. Clamor spargitur y^ . . n , um^muw.*^ 

pet- aggeres totis mcembus. Ustnt sonitum flictu galeae, pugna aspera surgit. 

Adducunt fortes arcus, etQuantus ab occasu veniens pluvialibus hoedis 

Jibrant hastas amentatas. Verberat imber humum: quam multa ^randine nimbi 

1 erraomrus tesritur spicuhs: t i • • v r • ■ . ,° „_^ 

pr»tei-ea ciype? et cava; cas- ln vada Precipitant, cum Jupiter horndus Austns 670 
sides reddunt sonum aDisu Torquet aquosam hyemem, et ccelo cava nubila rum- 

spiculorum: oritur crudele pit 

^fe^^' .« Bitias, Id*o Alcanore creti, 

ta ab occidente percutit ter- Quos Jovis eduxit luco sylvestris Hiera, 
ram: quam crebra gra»dine Abietibus juvenes patriis et montibus aequos: 
r^r L%TlS"s"P°» am - 1«* du ? s ^Periocotnmissa, recludunt, 675 
emittit coslo tempestatem rreti armis, ultroque invitant moembus hostem. 
plmiosam, jet solvit cavas Ipsi intus, dextra ac laeva, pro turribus astant, 
nubes. Pandarus et Bitias, Armati ferro, et cristis capita alta corusci. 

geniti Alcanore Idseo. quos^ , .. - .. . n r . . 

Hiera sylvestris educavit Q uales aerise hquentia flumma circum, 

in sylva Jovis, juvenes »- Sive Padi ripis, Athesin seu propter amoenum, 680 

quales abietibus et monti-Q onsura „ int Qr em i nae quercus, intonsaque c<e1o 

bus patriae sine: aperiunt a., ,, °, .. ^ !,• .• ^ ■". 

portam, qua credita erat ip- Attollunt capita, et sublimi vertice nutant. 
«?sjussu regis, contisi armis, Irrumpunt, aditus Rutuli ut videre patentes. 
etultro alliciunt hostem in Continuo Quercens, et pulcher Equicolus armis, 
SSSiSTdSffiSSffiE® P^"P s ammiTmarus,etMavortius H*mon, 685 
tram, induti ferro, et ruti- A g minibus totis aut versi terga dedere, 
Jantes cristis supra capita Aut ipso port<e posuere in limine vitam. 
m& S^^4Z: Tum magis increscunt animis discordibus ire: 

vios liquidos, aut in ripis Eridani, aut juxta gratum Athesin, et erigunt ad ccelum capita incse- 
dua, et motant altum cacumen. Rutuli, cum viderunt ingressum apertum, irruunt. Statim 
Quercens et Equicolus spectabilis armis, et Tmarus temerarius animo, et Hsemon Martius, vel 
repulsi objecere tei-ga totis turmis hostiwn, vel amiserunt vitam in ipso aditu portse. Tunc fu- 
ror magis accenditur in animis infensis; 

NOTES. 

656. Orsus signifies here having thus said; Whose spreading arms with leafy honours 

as also iEn. XII. 806. Sic Jupiter orsus. crown'd, 

665. Amentaque torquent. The amenta were Forbid the tempest, arid protect the 

properly thongs tied to a sort of javelin, by ground, 

which they were darted out of the hand. High on the hills appears their stately form, 

668. Hoedis. Erichthonius, or Bootes. And their deep roots for ever brave the 

677- Pro turribus. Some explain it like storm; 

towers, in vicetn turrium. So graceful these," &c. 

679. Quales. Homer in the twelfth book 680. Athesin. Athesis, now Adige, a ri- 

of the Iliad has the same comparison: ver of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling 

" As two tall oaks, before the wall they into the Adriatic sea. It has its rise in the 



rise, 



Tirol. 



Their roots in earth, their heads amid the 688. Animis discordibus. In the hostile 
skies; minds, namely, of the Trojans. 



JENEIDOS LIB. IX. 487 

Et jam collecti Troes glomerantur eodem, et jam Trqjani densantur 

Et con&rre manum et procurrere longius audent. •»aS5S£S'*25 - 

Ductori Turno diversa in parte turenti, progredi longius. Nunciua 

Turbantique viros, perfertur nuntius: hostem tertur regi Turno, sjevienti 

Fervere ode nova, et porta* prebere patentes. gJJJ; £g* *JJ*-| 

Deserit inceptum, atque immani concitus ira centi strage, et offeree por- 

Dardaniam ruit ad portam, fratresq; superbos. 695 tas apertas. Retinquit in- 
Et primum Antiphaten, is enira se primus agebat, -g- ^ *Jff~ 
Thebana de matre nothum Sarpedonis alti, portam Trojanam etfratres 

Conjecto sternit jaculo: volat Itala cornus superbos. Et intorto telo 

Aera per tenuem, stomachoque infixa sub altum dejicit primum Antiphaten, 

■^ r , . , ,. • * i w_ _ nlium spunura masrni Sar- 

Pectus abit: reddit specus atn vulnens undam^ 700 pe donis ex matre Thebana, 
Spumantem, et fixe- ferrum in pulmone tepescit. nam is se primus offerebat' 

Turn Meropem atque Erymantha manu, turn steraitJ aCtt ' MW » e corno Italia vo- 
Afik..^nii m . lat per aerem levem, et im- 

Apnyanum. pactum stomacho penetrat 

Turn Bitian ardentem oculis animisq; frementem: profundum pectus: hiatus 
Non jaculo, neque enim jaculo vitam ille dedisset; profunda piaga emittit flue- 
Sed magnum stridens contorta falarica venit 705 &£**&$&£ 

Fulmmis acta modo, quam nee duo taurea terga, sauciato. Deinde dejicit ma- 

Nee duplici squama lorica fidelis et auro »« Meropem, et Eryman- 

Sustinuit: collapsa ruun.t immania membra: $J : dei ". d + ? Aphydnum: de- 

ta n f. . , -, •■■■•'•"*• ,nde Titian flaramantem 

Dat tellus gemitum, et clypeum super mtonat mgens. ocu ii Sj et f uren tem animo: 

Qualis in Eubo'ico Baiarum litore quondam 710 non jaculo, nam ille non a- 

Saxea pila cadit, masrnis quam molibus ante misisset vitam jaculo; sed 

^ . r . J* * • -n • talanca evibrata venit valde 

Constructam jaciunt ponto: sic ilia ruinam # stridens impulsa more fulmi- 

Prona trahit, penitusque vadis illisa recumbit: nis, quam nee duo coria tau- 

Miscent se maria, et nigrae attolluntur arenas: ™^ nec loriea defensa du- 

Turn sonitu Prochyta alta tremit, durumq; cubile 7IS^^ b ^3£; 
dejecta: terra reddit gemitum, et grandis Bitias tonat cadens super clypeum. Qualis in Cumano 
Baiarum litore agger saxeus aliquando cadit, quern immittunt mari eductum prius vastis moli- 
bus: sic ille agger pracipitans facit ruinam, et profunde subsidit impactus undis: maria turban- 
tur, et nigrse arena eriguntur: tunc Prochyta intima tremit sonitu, et Inarime 

NOTES. 

693. Fervere signifies to be hot at work, Nonius Marcellus, who asserts that Virgil 

to be as busy as possible, as is plain from uses both dypeus and clypeum for a shield, 

the use of this word in many other places, and for the one quotes ardentes clypeos, and 

Ruseus renders it animari, which is one in- for the other this passage. Besides, it seems 

stance, of many, where his translation, a plain imitation of Homer's agxCta-t Sb liv^t 

though generally good, serves to mislead et' ccvtu; which Virgil elsewhere expresses 

his reader by the substitution of one idea by Sonitum super arma dedere. 

for another. 710- Baiarum. Baia was the place the 

697. Sarpedonis alti. Sarpedon was suppo- Romans chose for their winter retreat, and 

sed to be the son of Jupiter, and on that ac- which they frequented on account of its 

count has the epithet alius, high or nobly warm baths. Some few ruins of the beauti- 

born. ful villas that once covered this delightful 

700. Atri vulneris. Though this be the coast, still remain. Nothing can give' one a 

reading in most manuscripts, there are some higher idea of the prodigious expense and 

of good authority that read sanguinis. magnificence of the Romans in their private 

705. Falarica was an oblong kind of j a- buildings than the manner in which some 

velin, bound about with wildfire, which of them were situated. It appears from Pli- 

they shot out of an engine, especially against ny, 1. 9. and from several other passages in 

wooden towers. the classic writers, that they actually pro- 

707- Duplici squama. The nails or small jected into the sea, being erected on vast 

plates in a coat of mail, from their resem- piles sunk for that purpose. Virgil draws a 

blance to scales, were called squama. The beautiful simile from this custom where he 

phrase, squama et auro, is a hendyad for compares the massy spear which Turn us 

squama aured. let fly at Bitias to one of those enormous 

709. Clypeum super intonat ingens. Servius piles thrown into the Baian sea. 

takes clypeum for the nominative; so does Melmoth, 



488 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

injecta Typhreo quad as- Inarime Jovis imperiis imposta Typhceo. 
&££&£&££ ?* M™ armipotens animum viresque Latin* 

mumetrobur Lafmis adje- Addidit, et stimulos acres sub pectore vertit: 

tit, et agitavit sub eorum Immisitque fugam Teucris, atrumque timorem. 

pectore stimulos acutos: et Undique conveniunt: quoniam data copia puense, 720 

miecit Teucris tuffam.etiu-T, „■ "* . t\ - ■ r- r f"&"*'j *" 

grum timorem. i^W con- Beliatorque ammo Deus mcidlt. 

currant undecumque: siqui- Pandarus, ut fuso germanum corpore cernit, 

dem facultas pagnandi ipsis £ t quo s i t fortuna loco, qui casus aeat res; 

concessa est a Iroiams: et^ * . _ ,.* ? j- ? 

Deus beilicosussubiit eorum P 01 tam vi multa converso cardme torquet, 

animum. Pandarus, ubi vi- Obnixus latis humeris: multosque suorum, 72,5 

det fratrem prostrate cor- Minibus exclusos, duro in certamine linquit: 

CI' &*££!!$&£;*- alios se <: um «**«*, recipitque ruentes: 

Trojanas: magno conatu Demens! qui Rutulum in medio non agmine regem 

trudit portam revoluto car- Viderit irrumpentem, ultroque incluserit urbi; 

STe? 3£Ef X-* mm ? ne ™ veluti pecora inter inertia tigrim. 730 

prtelio plurimos sociorum, Contmuo nova lux oculis effulsit, et arma 

exclusos muris: alios vero Horrendum sonuere: tremunt in vertice cristae 

K?Z£££$i£ Sanguine*, elypeoque micantia fulgura mittit 

agnoverit in media multitu- Agnoscunt raciem mvisam atq; immania membra 

dine regem Rutulum irruen-Turbati subitd iEneadse, turn Pandarus ingens 735 

tem, et ultro clauserit in ur- Emicat, et mort i s fraternae fervidus ira ' . 

be; quasi crudelem tignm r , «, • XT . . ■ . . . 

inter ignavas pecudes. Sta- kffatur: Non haec dotalis regia Amatae, 1 

tim novum lumen emicuitNec muris cohibet patriis media Ardea Turnum. 

ex oculis Tumi, et arma e- Castra inimica vides: nulla hinc exire potestas. 

^iSSrStSWS ©Hi subridens sedato pectore Turnus: 740 

et emittit e clypeo fulgura Incipe, si qua ammo virtus, et consere dextram: 

rutilantia. Trojani statimHic etiam inventum Priamo narrabis Achiilem. 

?uTntbuou a re S t%:dt Di^rat: ille rudem nodis et cortice erudo 

membra: tummagnus Pan- Intorquet, suffimis adnixus viribus, hastam. 

dams exilit, et ardens dolore Excepere aurae vulnus: Saturnia Juno 745 

N« hi^dSwuSSA DetorBit . veniens, portaeque infigitur hasta. 

mat£e: nee media Ardeaclau- At non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat, 

dit Turnum mamibus pa-Effugies: neque enim is teli nee vulneris auctor. 

triis. Cernis castra hostilia: sic ^ t et su hl a tum alte consurgit in ensem: 

nulla est tacultashine erum--,, \. c . 7 . . p ~ w ^ 

pendi. Turnus subridens illi Et mediam terro gemma inter tempora frontem 750 
reapondet sedato animo: In- Dividit, impubesque immani vulnere malas. 
cipe, si vis aliqua est animo F i t sonus i nJ? enti concussa est pondere tellus: 
ttco, et congredere mecum ° r 

manu: referes Priamo hie etiam repertum fuisse a te Achiilem. Dixerat: Ille Pandarus con- 
siitens toto robore, vibrat hastam asperam nodis, et scabro cortice. Aer excepit ictum: Juno filia 
Saturni deflexit eum venientem, et hasta inhseret portse. Tu vero non evitabis hiec arma, quae 
mea dextra rotat cum robore: nam non est idem auctor armorum et ictus. Sic dixit Turnus, et 
erigit sein gladium alte eductum: et dissecat ferro mediam frontem Pa?w/anhorrendo vulnere, 
inter utraq; tempora etgenas imberbes. Fit sonitus, terra quassata est magno illo pondere: 

NOTES. 

716. Inarime. Inarime was a high island to ahorse, and turning the rowels in his 

between the promontory of Misenum and side, to quicken his spirit and progress. 

Prochyta; which last, according to Pliny, 731. Contmuo nova lux oculis effulsit. Tur- 

being torn from it by an earthquake, was nus shone so much above the rest, both in 

thence called Prochyta a-xo t« ireoxytiv, pro- comeliness of person, and the brightness of 

fundere. It stands in the bay of Puteoli. This his arms, that it was easy for any one to dis« 

passage is borrowed from Homer, 11. II. tinguish him. Oculis effulsit, we refer to the 

783. but we may observe that Virgil has Trojans, not to Turnus; as above, verse 110, 

carelessly compounded Homer's w Agi/xoic, Hie primum nova lux oculis effulsit. 

in Arimis, into one word Inarime. 747. Telum; for a sword. JEn. V. 438. 

718. Stimulos sub pectore vertit. A meta- 751. Impubes — malas. Servius observes 

nhor taken from the application of the spur that there is a pathos produced by the epi- 
thet impubes: " Fathvs ex estate mvvet.'" 



-ENE1D0S LIB. XL 



529 



Pectora moerentum, pueriquc parentibus orbi 
Dirum execrantur bellum, Turnique hymen aeos: 
Ipsum armis, ipsumque jubent decernerc ferro; 
Qui regnum Italia: et pnmos sibi poscat honores 
Ingravat haec saevus Drances: solumq; vocari 
Testatur, solum posci in certamina Turnum. 
Multa simul contra variis sententia clictis 
Pro Turno, et magnum rcginae nomen obumbrat: 
Multa virum meritis sustehtat fama trophaeis. 
Hos inter motus, medio flagrante tumultu, 
Ecce super mcesti magna Diomedis ab urbe 
Legati responsa f'erunt: nihil omnibus actum 
Tantorum impensis operum: nil dona neq; aurum, 
Nee magnas valuisse preces: alia arm a Latinis 
Quaerenda, aut pacem Trojano ab rege petendum. 
Deficit ingenti luctu rex ipse Latinus. 
Fatalem JEnean manifesto numine ferri 
Admonet ira Deum, tumulique ante ora recentes 
Ergo concilium magnum, primosque suorum 
Imperio accitos, alta intra limina cogit. 
Olli convenere, fluuntque ad regia plenis 
Tecta viis. Sedet in mediis, et maximus aevo, 
Et primus sceptris, haud lseta fronte, Latinus. 
Atque hie legatos yEtola ex urbe remissos, 
Quae referant, fari jubet: et responsa reposcit 
Ordine cuncta suo. Turn facta silentia Unguis, 
Et Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit: 
Vidimus, 6 cives, Diomedem Argivaque castra, 



el pueri oi'bati patribus de- 
testanttir funestum bellum, 
et nnptias Tumi: voluut ill 
ipse arraia, ipse gladio diu- 
rnal rem,- si quid era petit si- 

99Q hi inipeiium halite et prasci- 
puam potestatem. Drances 
acerbus asperat hrce: et tes- 
tatur Turaum unum vocari, 
unura peti ad pugnam. Con- 
tra multiplex est sinml sen- 
tentia variis verbis pro Tur- 

225 no, et magna auctoritaa rc- 
giose prolegit eum: multa 
tama tuetur virum partis 
trophxis. J nter has disscn- 
siones medio tumultu arden- 
t.e: ecce prrcterea tristes le- 
gati rererunt responsa e 
magna urbe Diomedis: ahint 

231 nihil perfectum esse omni- 
bus impensis tantorum labo- 
rum: nihil dona effecisse, nee 
aurum, nee magnas preces: 
alia auxilia quosrenda esse 

235 Latinis, aut pacem peten- 
dam a rege Trojano. Ipse 
rex Latinus concidit ex mag- 
nitudine doloris. Furor Deo- 
rum, et sepulchra recentia 
ante oculos, ostendunt iE- 

_ .,. neam fatalem juvavi eviden- 

^^^ti auxilio Dec-rum. Itaque 
congi'egat in excelsam regi- 
am magnum concilium, et 
prxcipuos suorum accersitos 
jussu suo. llli congregantui-, 



et plenis viis currunt addomum regis. Latinus, et grandior cetate, et prsecipuus regno, sedet in- 
ter medios, non bilari vultu. Atque bine imperat legatos, reversos ex urbe JEtolica, dicere quse- 
nam reportant: et quaerit singula responsa suo ordine. Tunc in dictum est linguis silentium; et 
Venulus obediens imperio incipit ita loqui; O cives, vidimus Diomedem et castra Graeca, 



NOTES. 



223. Regina nomen. Meaning Armata, who 
favoured Turnus who was her nephew. 

226. Super. Ad cumulationem malorum, 
says Servius. 

230. Petendum. Here the manuscripts are 
divided; some read petendam, others peten- 
dum; the last, though not so common, is 
equally agreeable to the Latin idiom: thus 
Lucretius, Lib. II. 491. 
iEternas quoniam poenas in morte timen- 
dum. 
See also verse 139, 382. and Lib. II. 491. 

232. Fatalem. By the words J at a I em JE- 
neavi, the commentators in general under- 
stand that iEneas would prove fatal or de- 
structive to the Trojans. Mr. Pitt with great 
propriety follows the interpretation of Ca- 
trou; that iEneas was called by the fates to 
marry Lavinia. 
Point out the Trojan chief ordain'd by fate, 
To sway the sceptre of the Latian state. 

239. ^Etold ex urbe,- meaning Arpi, the ci- 
ty built by Diomede. 

242. Venulus. One of the Latin elders sent 
into Magna Gr.ecia to demand the assist- 
ance of Diomede. 

243. Diomedem. He was the son of Tv- 
dcus And Deiphyle, was king of JEtolia, 



and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs 
in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector and 
iEneas, and by repeated military acts ob- 
tainedthe character of a most valiimt hero. 
He went with Ulysses to steal the Palla- 
dium from the temple, of Minerva 'at Troy, 
and assisted in murdering Rhesus, kingvof 
Thrace, and carrying away his horses. Du- 
ring his absence from his country, his wife 
JEgiale prostituted herself to Cometes one 
of her servants. Disgusted with her infide- 
lity, he resolved to abandon his native coun- 
try, and came to that part of Italy which 
has been called Magna Grzecia, where he 
built a city and called it Argyrippa, and 
married the daughter of Daunus, king of 
the country, where he died with extreme 
old agr, or, according to a certain tradition,, 
he perished by the hand of his fatherinlaw. 
His death was greatly lamented by his com- 
panions, who, in the excess of their grief, 
were changed into birds resembling swans. 
These birds took their flight to a neigh- 
bouring island in the Adriatic, and became 
remarkable for the tameness with which 
they approached the Greeks, and for the 
horror with which they shunned all other 
nations. They are called the birds of Die 
Y 



530 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 

et perfecto itinerc evasimus Atque iter emensi casus superavimus omnes.; 
Zu^TuTlegn.™^ Contigimusque manum, qua concidit Ilia tellus. 245 
num periit. Hie victor ex- Hie urbem Argynpam, patriae cognomme gentis, 
truebat in campis Gargani Victor Gargani condebat Iapygis agris. 
Japygis urbem Argyripam, Postquum imrogressi, et coram data copia fandi; 

fie nomine patriae gentis. _ _ l r P ' f 

Postqnam ingress! ramjet Munera praeferimus, nomen patnamq; docemus: 
facultas con'cessa est alio- Qui helium intulerint, quae causa attraxerit Arpos. 250 
quendi prasentcm: ofteri- Auclitis ille haec piacido sic reddidit ore: 

mus dona, profitemur no- ~ r A /•• o ^ • 

men et patriam: qui indixe- ° tortunatae gentes, Saturma regna, . 
rint nofi/sbellum, quae causa Antiqui Ausonii: quae vos fortuna quietos 
ho* adduxerit in urbem Ar- Sollicitat, suadetque i^nota lacessere bella? 

pos. Ille sic tranqiulla voce ^ . ti« r • 1 • «*v- 

respond* its guJ audierat; Quicunque Ihacos ferro violavimus agros, ^ 25a 
O felices populi, imperium ( Mitto ea, quae muris bellando exhausta sub altis, 
Saturm, Ausonii veteres: Q UO s Simois premat ille viros) infanda per orbem 

qusesorsvos turbat tranquu- ^ ,• • , ' , y ,. * 

los, etimpellit movere bella kupplicia, et scelerum poenas expendimus omnes, 

insueta?quotquotvastavimus Vel Priam o miseranda manus. Scit triste Minerva; 

ferro arva Trojana (omitto Sidus, et Euboicae cautes, ultorque Caphareus. 260 

^tK £ r Militia ex ilia diversum ad litus abacti, 

ros,et quotilleSimoissepe- Atrides Protei Menelaus ad usque columnas 

liverit viros) luimus per or- Exulat: JEtnseos vidit Cyclopas Ulysses. 

bem immanla suppl.ca et R Neoptolemi referam, versosque Penates 

omnes posnas cnminum, _ , ° . , /.. , , • •• T -> 

turba deploranda ipsi etiam Idomeneir Libyco-ne habitantes litore Locrosf 265 
Priamo. Noyit istafmiestwn Ipse Mycenaeus magnorum ductor Achivum 
sidus Palladis, etscopub Ku- Coniuaris infandae prima intra limina dextra 

brace, et mons vindex bapha ,. J ?. , . . \ . A . .. , - 

reus. Post illam Troja ex- Oppetnt: devicta Asia subsedit adulter. 

peditionem pulsi ad diversa Invidisse Deos, patriis ut redditus oris 269 

litora, Menelaus films Atrei Conius;ium optatum et pulchram Calydona viderem? 

Girca columnas rrotei exu- jo*- r j 

lat: Llysses adiit Cyclopas 

JEtnasos. An memorabo regnum Pyrrhi, et domum Idomenei subversam? aut Locros degentes 

litore Libyco? ipse rex Mycenarum, dux magnorum Grcecorum, periit in primo aditu domds, 

manu sceleratre uxoris: post Asiam subactam adulter insidiatus est ei. An memorabo Deos obsti- 

tisse mihi, quo minus revectus in patriam regionera videi'em dilectam conjugem et speciosam 

Calvdona? 



NOTES. 

mede. Altars were raised to Diomede as a violating Cassandra in her temple. 

god, one of which raised at Timavus is 260. Caphareus. A rock in the island of 

mentioned by Strabo. Eubcea, where Ajax was shipwrecked. 

247. Gargani. Garganus, now Monte di S. 262. Atrides Protei. The visit of Menelaus 

Angeloy a mountain in Apulia. to Proteus, the king of Egypt, is related at 

247. Iapygis. Apulian, so called from la- large in Homer, Odyss. B. IV. 

pyx, the son of Daedalus, who first settled 262. Menelaus. The folio wing is an epi- 

ih those parts. tome of the sufferings and adventures of all 

254. Ignota bella. Wars, to which you are the Grecian chiefs that assisted at the siege 
unaccustomed. of Troy. It is very natural to make this old 

255. Violavimus. ^uasi sacros, says Ser- hero dwell at large on the misfortunes 
vius. as if it had been sacrilege to injure which had happened to his companions in 
them. There is something vastly pleasing the war. 

to the mind in seeing the old hero, whom 264. Regna. Versa is to be supplied from 

we remember to have seen so active and the other clause of the verse, 

fierce in the Iliad, retiring from war in his 269. Invidisse, &c. Diomede chose to aban- 

old age, and exhorting the ambassadors to don his native country, and went a volun- 

peace. tary exile into Apulia, on account of the 

256 Exhausta. Sustained to the utmost, scandalous behaviour of his wife iEgiale 

259. Minervce Sidus The storm in which with the son of Sthenelus. Venus is said to 

Ajax Oileus was drowned, and the raging have inflicted on him this domestic plague 

constellation, Arcturus, by whose influence for wounding her in battle. To this circtim- 

that storm was raised, are here ascribed to stance the words ir.vidisse Deos refer. 



Liner 



•a, whom that hero had incensed by 



^NEIDOS LIB. XI. 



531 



Nunc etiam horribili visu portenta sequuntur: uu,1( ' quoquq monstra tern- 

Et socii amissi petierunt *thera pennis, SJaffi-SSSSi * 

Fluminibusque vagantur aves (heu dira meorum in aerem, et volucres errant 

Supplicia!) et scopulos lachrymosis vocibus implent. circa fluviqsetreptentrupes 

H$c aded ex illo mihi jam speranda fuerunt 275 tl ' 

Tempore; cum ferro ccelestia corpora demens 

Appetii, et Veneris violavi vulnere dextram. 

Ne vero, ne me ad tales impellite pugnas. 

Nee mihi cum Teucris ulluni post eruta bellum 

Pergama, nee veterum memini laetorve malorum. 

Munera, quae patriis ad me portastis ab oris, 

Vertite ad jEneam. Stetimus tela aspera contra, 

Contulimusque manus: experto credite, quantus 

In clypeum assurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. 

Si duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset 

Terra viros; ultro Inachias venisset ad urbes 

Dardanus, et versis lugeret Giaecia fatis. 

Quicquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Trojae, 

Hectoris jEneaeque manu victoria Graium 

Haesit, et in decimum vestigia rettulit annum. 

Ambo animis, ambo insignes praestantibus armis: 

Hie pietate prior. Coeant in foadera dextrx, 

Qua datur: ast, armis concurrant arma, cavete. 

Et responsa simul quae sint, rex optime regum, 

Audisti, et quae sit magno sententia bello. 

Vix ea legati: variusque per ora cucurrit 

Ausonidum turbata fremor: ceu, saxa morantur 

Cum rapidos amnes; clauso fit gurgite murmur, 

Vicinaeque fremunt ripae crepitantibus undis. ' 

Ut primum placati animi, et trepida ora quierunt; 
Praefatus Divos solio rex infit ab alto: SO 1 

Ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, 
Et vellem, et fuerat melius: non tempore tali 
Cogere concilium, cum muros obsidet hostis. 

responsa, et quis sit ejus sensus de tanto bello. Vix legati ea dixerant: et varium murmur diffusum 
est per ora turbata Italorum: veluti quando saxacoercent fluvios torrentes: tunc obstructo alv'eo 
murmur editur, et propinquse ripse fremunt aquis strepitantibus. Statim atque animi sedati et 
ora tumultuantia composita fuerunt; rex precatus Deosincipite summo solio: Equidem, 6 Latini, 
et cuperem, et utilius fuisset deliberare prius de summa rerum: non vero convocare concilium 
tali tempore, cum hostis premit muros. 



heu criideli: 
supplicia meorum! hsee au- 
tem expectanda mihi jam 
fuerunt ab illo tempore: 
quango insanus invasi gladio 
corpora immortalia, et sau- 
ciavi plaga dextram manwv 
Veneris. Ne verd, ne hor- 

231 tetnini me ad talia prselia. 
Nee mihi bellum ulkim est 
cum Trojanis post excisam 
Trqjam: nee recordor, aut 
gaudeo de antiquis calamita- 

cjo ► tibus. Ferte ad JEneam dona 
qu'se tttlistis ad me e patriis 
teiris. Stetimus adversus 
valida ejus arma, et cqnse- 
ruimus manus: credite mihi, 
experto, quantus attollat 
clypeum, quo irnpetu vibret 

290 hastam. Si terra Idaea pro- 
duxisset duos tales viros 
prseter eum; Trqjanus prior 
intulisset bellum urbibus 
Argivis, et Gnecia doleret 
mutatis fatis. Quamdiu tar- 
datum est circa muros perti- 
nacis Troj»: victoria Graj- 
corum substitit manu Hec- 
toris et JEnese, et retr6 tulit 
pedem in decimum annum. 
Ambo erant illusi^cs animis, 
ambo bellicafortiludine: iste 
superior erat religione. Dex- 
trse vestry conveniant in fce- 
dera, siquidem zY/conceditur: 
sed cavete, ne arma vestra 
congrediantur cum illius ar- 
mis. Audivisti simul, rex op- 
time regum, et qusc sint ejus 



295 



NOTES. 



276. Demens. Diomede imputes his mis- 
fortunes to having wounded Venus, which 
circumstance gives a weight and impor- 
tance to this goddess, the mother and pro- 
tectress of -Slneas. It is observable he does 
not even mention his having wounded Mars. 

283. Contulimus manus. Virgil here con- 
trives to compliment j£neas. But let the 
reader peruse in Homer the conflict be- 
tween him and Diomede and he will find 
the former came off by the ivorst in no small 
degree 



JEneas with Hector is n.o exaggeration of 
Virgil in favour of his own hero: this Ho- 
mer had done before him. The goodness 
and clemency of iEneas, which followed 
from his piety, are a reason why the Latins 
should hope for peace. Catuou. 

294. Regum. Pierius reads regis, connect 
ing- it with responsa. 

301. Prcefatus Divos. It was the custom 
for orators to usher in their harangues, at 
least when the subject thereof was spiemn 
and of public concern, with an address to 



284. In clypeum assurgat. Raises himself the gods. Thus Pliny commences his Pu- 

to the elevation of his buckler, as if it lifted negyric on Trajan, with a solemn prayer to 

him up with itself. the gods. All the speeches of Cato and 

292. Hie pietate prior. This comparison of Gracchus begin in this solemn manner. 



532 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Facimus beijum difficile, 6 Bellum importunum, elves, cum gente Deorura, 305 

cives, cum stirne Deorum.et t •*.••: • ii r +? 

ho m inibusmvicti S :quosnul. Invictlsc l' virls ' genmus: quos nulla tatigant 

lai pugnae debilitant, et y;«Pr3eIia, nee victi possunt absistere ferro. 

etiam superati non possunt Spem si quam accitis yEtolum habuistis in armis, 

ssss&r^rs^* ■«>?• > M **»&* sed > h ^ c q uim a "g^ta, vi- 

ercitu JEtolorum advocato, CietlS. 

deponite earn.- unusquisque Ccetera qua rerum jaceant perculsa ruina, 310 

sitstin sua spes; sed yidetis, A nte ocu j os intern; manus sunt omnia vestras. 

quam tenuis spes ilia sit. , T i . *■' . , 

Quo casu rerum nostravum Nec quemquam mcuso: potuit quae plunma virtus 
csetera concussa jaceant, Esse, fuit: toto certatum est corpore regni. 
GmmzMeniqvf sunt ob ocu- Nunc ac ] e ^ U3e sit fa^ sententia menti, 

los et in mambus vestris. At -p. ,. * . • „ ., , , 

ncminem accuso: fuit vobis kxpediam; et paucis, animos adhibete, docebo. 3 1 5 
fortitude, qu» potuit esse Est antiquus ager, Tusco mihi proximus amni, 
maxima: pugnatum est tota Longus in occasum, fines super usque Sicanos. 

moleregni. Itauucexponam, A ° . „ . ,- . * l , 

uuis seusus jam sit incertw Aurunci Rutuhque serunt, et vomere duros 

menti me<e> et ostendam Exercent colles, atque horum asperrima pascunt. 

paucis verbis: advertite ani-pi^c omnis regie- et celsi plaga pinea montis 320 

™d^ S 'SSriT^ASS^edat amiciti* Teucroram: et federis sequas 

protensusinoccidentem,ul-Dicamus leges, sociosque in regna vocemus. 

traterminosSicuIos.Aurun-Considant, si tantus amor, et mcenia condant. 

ci et Rutuii colunt, et ver- gj y lines aliamque capessere gentem 

sant aratro colles asperos, _•■■-. i i i 

et utuntur sterilissimis eo- Est animus, possuntque solo decedere nostro: o25 

rum locis ad pascua. Tota Bis denas Italo texamus robore naves, 

ilia regio et tractus pineus g eu pi ures complere valent: iacet omnis ad undam 

ftlti montis detur amicitise , _ r . . . r J . 

Trojanorum; et statuamus Matenes: ipsi numcrumque modumque carinis 

justas conditiones fo?deris, Praecipiant; nos sera, manus, navalia demus. 

et admittamus eos socios in p ract erea, qui dicta ferant et foedera firment, 330 

rcenum nostrum. Quiescant ^ * . „ , T . 

iute, si tanta est cupiditas, Centum oratores prima de gente Latinos 
et struant urbes. Siverd vo- Ire placet, pacisque manu praetendere ramos: 
Juntas est ipsis adire alias Munera portantes eborisque, aurique talenta, 
*$£S!*£82££** sellam regni trabeamque insignia nostri. 
tra: struaraus/psj'.? ligno Ita- Consulite in medium, et rebus succurrite fessis. 335 
lico viginti naves, aut piures, Xum Drances idem infensus, quern gloria Tumi 

si possunt implere; tota ma- 
teries jaeet prope aquas: ip- 

ii praescribant numerum et formam navium: nos suppeditemus cera, operam, et nautica omnia. 
Insuper placet, centum oratores Latinos e prsecipuo genereire,utexponant Trojanis mea dicta, 
et jungant fcedera: et placet eos prseferre manibus ramos pacificos, portantes dona eboris, et ta- 
lenta auri, et sellam, et togam, notas nostri imperii. Vos deliberate in commune, et subvenite 
rebus fractis. Turn idem Drance9 infestus, quern gloria Turni 

NOTES. 

320. Hiec omnis regio. This proposal of 529. Navalia. Navale signifies a harbour 

Latinus, concerning the cession of lands to where vessels stand; a dock in which they 

JEneas, is founded on history. Cato men- are built, or the wood and tools employed 

tions it, and gives us the length and situation in their conformation. 

of the ground. It consisted of seven hun- 333. Munera. This is an allusion to the 
dvedjugera or acres, and extended from the Roman custom of sending such presents to 
Trojan camp to the city Laurentum. This kings. Legati dona tulere, togamque et 
piece of ground was called antiquus, be- tunicam purpuream, sellam eburneam, pa- 
cause the ancient dominion of the Latin teram auream, Liv. lib. 25. 
kings. Cato reports that JEneas accepted 334. Sellam. The curule chair, 
these proposals. Catrou. 335. Consulite in medium, i. e. for what 

325. Possuntque solo decedere nostro; that is, will conduce to the common good. So Geor. 

if- they can do it consistently with fate; for 1. 127. In medium qiuerebant. 

he well knew the oracles of Faunus, and 336. Turn Drances. It has been by some 

had been informed by llioneus that the Tro- critics imagined that under the character of 

jans had come to Italy in obedience to fate: Turnus Mark Antony is represented, and 

Sed nos fata Deurh vestras exquirere terras that Cicero is shadowed by Drances. The 

Imperils egere sitis. circumstances of r/uo pulchrior alter n&nfuif, 



jENEIDOS LIB. XI. 



53; 



Obliqua invidia stimulisque agitabat amaris: 

Largus opum, et lingua melior, sed frigida bello 

Dextera, consiliis habitus non futilis auctor, 

Seditione potens: genus huic matcrna superbum 

Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat: 

Surgit, et his onerat dictis, atque aggerat iras: 

Rem nulli obscuram, nostrae nee vocis egentem, 

Consulis, 6 bone rex. Cuncti se scire fatentur 

Quid fortuna ferat populi, sed dicere mussanfr 

Det libertatem fandi, flatusque remittat, 

Cujus ob auspicium infaustum moresque sinistros, 

(Dem equidem, licet arma mihi morternq; minetur) tentur se cognoscere q 

Lumina tot cecidisse ducum, totamque videmus postulet sors gentis nostra, 

Consedisse urbem hictu: dura Troia tentat 350 s , ed verentur dicere. Gonce- 

<. ~ , , •, . • dat beentiam loquendi, et 

Castra fugas fidens, et ccelum terntat armis. deponat tnmOFeu i m> *y M 

Unum etiam donis istis, quae plurima mitti propter ominaadversaet fu~ 

Dardanidis dicique jubes, unum, optime regum, nest a studia (dicam enimve- 

Adjicias: nee te ullius violentia vincat, 354 



pungebat occulta invidia ct 
stimulis acerbis: abundant 
divitiis, et abundantjor elo- 
quentia; sed manus ejus erat 
34()inersrtf/ bellum; tamen re- 
putahatur non vaniis auctoi 
in consiliis: potens factioni 
bus: maternus splendor da- 
bat illi genus illustre, a patre 
babebat ignotum genua: 
surgit, et accusat bis verbis 
o45 7'//r/<7//w, augetque invidiam: 
Suades, 6 bone rex, rem ig 
notam nemini, nee indigen 
tern voce nostra. Omnes fa- 



o, quamvis man commine- 
tur arma et uecem) videmus 



tot lumina ducum perusse, 
et urbem universam jacere 
in dolore: dura Hie oppugnat 
castra Trojana confidens fu- 
gce, et dum armis minatur 
coelo. Unum pneterea, opti- 
gQ me regum, unum addas istis 
muneribus, quae multaimpe- 
ras ferri et dici Trojanis: nee 
vis cujusquam te impediat, 
qu6 minus, 



Quin gnatam egregio genero dignisque hymenaeis 

Des pater, et pacem hanc aeterno fosdere jungas. 

Quod si tantus habet mentes et pectora terror; 

Ipsum obtestemur, veniamque oremus ab ipso; 

Cedat jus proprium regi, patriaeque remittat. 

Quid miseros toties in aperta pericula cives c 

Projicis? 6 Latio caput horum et causa malorum! 

Nulla saltis bello: pacem te poscimus omnes, 

Turne, simul pacis solum inviolabile pi^nus. <l u0 , mu ?, us > «f™ «* P ater . 

_, . . . . •,. c ■ •*? tradas fdiam dlustri e-enera 

Primus ego, mvisum quern tu tibi fingis, et esse v e t splendidis nuptiis, It con- 
Nil moror, en supplex venio: miserere tuortim, 365 firmes banc pacem perpetuo 
Pone animos, et pulsus abi: sat funera fusi fodere. Quod si tanta formi- 

Vidimus, ingentes et desolavimus agros. jJ^i&S&SSS 

Aut si fama mover, si tantum pectore robur , ipsum, et pvecemur ab ipso 

veniam: precemur, ut permittat regi, et relinquat patriae jus suum. Cur toties propellis miseros 
cives in manifesta pericula? 6 tu qui es Latinis origo et causa calamitatum illarum! nulla est sa- 
lus in bello: omnes flagitamus a te pacem, O Turne, et simul pignus certissinmm pacis Lavini- 
am. Ego, quem tu existimas tibi inlensum, et verb non euro esse, ecce primus accedo supplex: 
miseresce tuorum, depone iram, et ejectus recede. Satis videmus ca^dium, fugati ab JEned, et. 
satis vastavimusarva spatiosa. Aut si gloria te excitat, si con tines pectore tantas vires, si denique 
tibi cbara est hcec aida quam ambis in dotem, 



NOTES. 



of avis atavisque potens; of a sarcastic and 
ironical vein; of a heat and impetuosity of 
temper, painted by the epithets turbidus, a- 
mens,furens, have been all alleged as strong- 
characteristics of Antony. The four fol- 
lowing lines seem to exhibit the unfavoura- 
ble idea which the courtiers of Augustus 
entertained of Tully: 

Largus opum et lingua melior, 8cc. &c. 
Potent and. rich, in factious counsels skill'd, 
Bold at the bar; a coward in the field, 
Loud he harangued the court, &c. — Pitt. 
Virgil certainly appears to have been no 
friend of Cicero. He does not at all intro- 
duce him among the Roman heroes, al- 
though he introduces with disgust the cha- 
racter of Cataline. 

337'. Obliqud invidia. Obliqua here is not 
occulta, as Ru?eus lias it, but oculos habeas 
distortos, squint-eyed, as this passion is re- 



presented by the poets; nusquam recta acics, 
says Ovid: for which, as Dr. Trapp justly 
observes, there is this plain reason to be 
given, that envy is uneasy at the sight of 
another's happiness, and so cannot look di- 
rectly upon it. 

338. Frigida bello dextera. Literally, his 
right hand was cold in war: that is, lie had 
not the courage requisite for a warrior. 

339. Futilis. Vain-speaking, useless, con- 
taining nothing. According to Servius, Do- 
natus and LactantiuSj the word is taken. 
from a vessel called futilis, whose mouth 
is wide and open, but whose base is narrow 
and acute; so that the vessel, if attempted 
to be set down would tumble over and the 
water be poured out. This kind of vessel 
was used in the sacred rites of Vesta, be- 
cause in those rites it was unlawful to se4 
water on the ground, or on a table 



534 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

aude, et securus oppone Concipis: et si aded dotalis regia cordi est: 
S^:r*i Aude, atque adversum fidens fer pectus in hostcm. 
detur Turno, noe fundamur Scilicet, ut Turno contingat regia conjux, 37- 

campis, animse ignobiles, Nos, animae viles, inhumata infletaque turba, 
^SCAJSftfc fternamur campis. Et jam tu, si qua tibi vis, 
tus ulla, si habes quicquam ^i patrn quid Martis habes, ilium aspice contra, 
patriae fortitudinis, contuere Qui VOCat. 375 

ex adverso ilium qui te ap- Talibus exarsit dictis violentia Turni: 

pellat. violentia lurm ac- ^ . . . 

censaesthis verbis: dat ge- D at gemitum, rumpitque has imo pectore voces: 

mitum, et emittit e profun Larga quidem, Drance, tibi semper copia fandi, 

do pectore verba ista: Sera- June cmT1 beIla manus poscuilt: patribusq: vocatis 

per qmdera, O Drance, r> • i i i i , • 

copiosa tibi est facultas lo- rnmus ades: sed non replenda est curia verbis, 380 
quendi, tunc cum bella exi- Quae tuto tibi magna volant; dum distinet hostem 
gunt opus: et senibus convo- Agger murorum,' nee inundant sanguine fossae. 

catis primus mteres: sed aula r>. • i . , - ,. .,. ° 

non est implenda verbis, quee Promde tona eloquio, solitum libi; meq; timons 

magnifica excidunt tibi im- Argue tu, Drance: tot quando stragis acervos 

pune; dum propugnaeula Teucrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque trophaeis 385 

r°^e C tdSr & l ™^ Hp* P °** VM ^a virtus, 

guine. Itaque tona vi elo- kxpenare licet: nee Ionge scilicet hostes 

quenti£e,gwoJ^?*consuetum Quxrendi nobis: circumstant undique muros. 

est; et tu, O Drance, aecusa j mils in adversos ? quid ceS sas? an tibi Mavors 

me timons: quandoquulem _ T „ . „ A * ... r .... _ n ^ 

tua manus edidit tot cumulos Veiitosa in lingua pedibusque fugacibus istis 390 

cadaverum Trojanorum, et Semper erit? 

passim lllustras campos tro- p u } sus e ^ ? au t quisquam meritd, foedissime, pulsum 

pineis. Licet tibi explorare, A ^jtt *. • i • t* j • 

quid valeat virtus ardens: Arguetr Iliaco tumidum qui crescere Tybrim 

scilicet hostes non erunt no- Sanguine, et Evandri totam cum stirpe videbit 

bis petendi procul: undiq; Procubuisse domum, atq; exutos Arcadas armis? 395 

circumdant muros. An lbi- tt i •.. *• n-J *. n i 

mus contra illos oppositos ^ aud lta me experti Bitias et Pandarusingens, 
nobis? curmoraris? an forti- Et quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi, 
tudo bellica semper erit tibi Inclusus muris hostilique aggere septus. 
l^^aiS » egoS: Nulla salus bel!o> capiti cane talia demens 
gatus sum,6 igmavissime? an Dardanio, rebusque tuis, proinde omnia magno v 400 
ver6 ullus accusabit me, Ne cessa turbare metu, atque extollere vires 
Sj£2fc*1$Efr 'StaZ Ge » tis bis vict *> contrd premere arma Latini. 
crescere sanguine Trojano, et universam domum Evandri extinctam esse cum sobole, et Ar- 
cadas spoliatos exercitu? Bitias et vastus Pandarus non sic experti sunt me, et mille alii quos 
wio die victor dejeci ad inferos, clausus muris et circundatus munimentis hostilibus. Nulla est 
salus in bello, (lis? ominare talia, 6 insane, homini Trojano, apt rebus tuis; itaque ne desinas 
commovere omnia magno timore, et extollere potentiam natfonis bis superatss, contra vera mi- 
jauere potentiam Latini. Nunc etiam principes Myrmidonum reformidant arma Trqjana? 

NOTES. 

369. Dotalis regia. Some of Turnus's ex- found in Virgil. The consequence is that 

clamutions are bitter in the highest degree, there must be in the Iliad many continued 

In this dispute our poet shows himself a conversations, a little resembling common 

great master of artful and elegant abuse, chit chat. This renders the poem more na- 

There are not to be found even in Tully tural and animated, but less grave and ma- 

faimself higher strokes of oratory than in jestic. Pope. 

the speeches of Drances and Turnus, 384. Quando — dedit. This is plain irony, 

371. Ut Turno contingat. Literaily, that a and therefore ought not to have been trans- 

royal spouse may happily befal Turnus. lated, as Dr. Trapp has it, when thy hand 

378. Tibi semper copia fandi. There is a shall have raised, &c. for then it must have 

great deal more dialogue in Homer than in been quando dederii; but since thy hand has 

Virgil. The Roman poet's are generally set raised. 

speeches; those of the Greek more in the 394. Evandri totam cmnstirpe videbit pro- 

vvay of conversation. What Virgil does by cubuisse domum. Pallas was Evander's only 

two words of a narration, Homer brings out son. 

bv a set speech. He hardly raises one of his 402. Gentis bis victce. Turnus reckons that 

heroes out of bed without some talk about he had already conquered the Trojans, who 

it. There are not only replies, but rejoin- were before subdued by the Greeks. Ant*. 
ders in Homer; a thing scarce ever to be 



jENEIDOS LIB. XL 



535 



Nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phrygia arma tre-n^etiamMome3e8,etiam 

r J ° Larissicus Achilles? fluvius 



miscuntf 



etiam Aufidns retr6 fugit 
marc Hadiiaticum? eoclem 
405 'P so tempore, quo sceles- 
tus ille accusator simulat 
se timidum adversus meas 
rixas, et exasperat metu suo 
accusation em suam. Desine 
turban, nunquam perdes ta- 
lem animam hac raaou med: 
maneat tecum, et stet in ill© 
1 tuo pectore. Jam redeo ad 
te et ad tuam deliberation 
item, 6 magne pater. Si nul- 
lamdeinceps constituis speui 
in nostris armis, si sumus 



Nunc et Tydidcs, et Larissaeus Achilles? 

Amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undas? 

Vel cum se pavidum contra mea jurgia fingit 

Artificis scelus: et formidine crimen acerbat. 

Nunquam animam talem dextra hac, absiste moveri, 

Amittes: habitet tecum, et sit pectore in isto. 

Nunc ad te et tua, magne pater, consulta revertor. 

Si nullam nostris ultra spcm ponis in armis; 41 

Si tarn deserti sumus, et semel agmine verso 

Funditus occidimus, neq; habet fortuna regressum: 

Oremus pacem, et dextras tendamus inermes. 

Qu.mquam 6! si solit* quicquam virtutis adesset, 415 ^ST^!SSt& 

Ille mihi ante alios, fortunatusq; laborum, 

Egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, 

Procubuit moriens, et humum semel ore momordit 

Sin et opes nobis, et adhuc intacta juventus, 

Auxilioq; urbes Italae populiq; supersunt; 

Sin et Trojanis cum multo gloria venit 

Sanguine, sunt illis sua funera, parque per omnes 

Tempestas: cur indecores in limine primo 

Deficimus? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artns? 

Multa dies variusque labor mutabilis aevi 

Rettulit in melius: multos alterna revisens 

Lusit, et in solido rursus fortuna locavit. 

Non erit auxilio nobis ./Etolus, et Arpi? 

At Messapus erit, felixque Tolumnius, et quos 

Tot populi misere duces: nee parva sequetur 

Gloria delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris. 

Est et Volscorum egregia de gente Camilla, 

Agmen agens equitum et florentes aere catervas. 

Quod si me solum Teucri in certamina poscunt, 

JV , , ., ; r , , . ^ norum instabihum vertit 

Idque placet, tantumq; bonis communibus obsto: 43a pi ur j ma - ni me \\ us . f or tuna 

Non adeo has exosa mailUS victoria fugit, alternating revisens decepit 

Ut tanta. quicquam pro spe tentare recusem. piurimos, et rursus consti- 

T , ■ • . % i . * u*n _~ tmt eos m nvmo statu. JhtQ' 

Ibo animis contra: vel magnum praestet Achillem, lus et Arpi non erunt nobis 

subsidio? sed erit Messapus, et fortunatus Tolumnius, et diictores, quos tot nationes miserunt: 
nee parvus bonos comitabitur con gregatos e Latio et campis Laurentibus. Est etiam Camilla, 
ex illustri gente "Volscorum, ducens agmen equitum et turmas fulgentes aire. Quod si Trojani 
me vocant unum ad pugnam, et id vobis videtur, et tantum noceo publics utiiitati: victoria non 
adeo fugit adversata meas istas manus, ut abnuam audere quicquam pro spe tanta. Ibo virtute 
raed adversus JEneam: quamvis ille prase ferret magnum ipsum Acbillem, 



fugatum, et si fortuna nul- 
lam habet vicissitudinera: 
precemur pacem, et porri- 
gamus manus exarmatas. 
Tamen, 6 si restaret nobis 

420 aliquid virtutis pristinas, ille 
videretur mihi felix in labo- 
ribus, et virtute prrestans 
prce ceteris; qui, ne cerneret 
quicquam tale, semel procu- 
buit moriens, et momordit 

a n r ore tellurem. Si vero nobis 
restant vires, et juventus ad- 
huc ilhesa, et urbes ac na- 
tiones liaise ad subsidium: si 
vero prseterea victoria con» 
tigit Trojanis cum multo 
sanguine, si sunt illis sua? 

430 mortes, et par clades in om- 
nibus: quare ignavi defici- 
mus in primo ingressu belli? 
cur tremor invadit membra 
ante sonitum buccinse? tem- 
pus, et multiplex motus an- 
instabilium 



NOTES. 



indeed he appears to have had greatly the 
advantage over them during the absence of 
iEneas. 

405. Aufidus. Now l'Gffanto, a river that 
takes its rise out of the Apennine mount in 
the territories of the Hirpini, and runs 
through Apulia, Daunia, and Peucetia, into 
the Adriatic sea. 

406. Jurgia must signify menaces in this 
place; for only these are mentioned above — 
minatur arma morttmque. 

407- Artificis scelus. Literally, that villain of a 
disseviblcr; scelus here being put for scelestus. 
409. Isto is, in this place, a word of con- 
tempt. 

. 421. Sin et Trojanis, &c. Literally, But if 
glory comes men to the Trojans with much 
bloodshed. 



424. Cur ante tubam. Sterling- says, ivjiy 
do you cry before you are hurt? 

429. Messapus. An invulnerable Tuscan 
general. 

429. Felix Tolumnius. Tolumnius is qatt- 
ed felix, fortunate or auspicious, because he 
was an augur or soothsayer, and animated 
the troops by foretelling their good fortune. 

436. Non adeo has exosa manus victoria 
fugit. As abundance of persons in old coins 
are to be seen holding a victory in one hand, 
Mr. Addison thence conjectures that Virgil 
is here alluding to that custom. 

437- Tanta pro spe, of victory, or of La- 
vinia, or of the honour which shall result 
from the possession of both. 

438, Vel magnum pnestet Achi!km> Pra ■ 



536 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et haberet arma paria .?- Factaque Vulcani manibus paria induat arma 

c/uueis, iabricata manibus tii i* S*. it- i • • 1 r 

Vulcani. Ego Turnus nc- J* le Ilcet Vobls ammam banc, soceroq; Latino, 440 
mini majorum inferior vir- Turnus ego, haud ulli veterum virtute secundus, 
tute, devovco hanc vitam Devoveo: solum iEneas vocat? et vocet, oro. 
S? "JiZrZl/l Ncc Drances potius, sive est h*c i» Deorum, 
verd precor, ut poscat me Morte luat; sive est virtus et gloria, tollat. 
Mw^.-potiiisquamMifDran- Illi haec inter se dubiis de rebus agebant 445 

ces morte pereat mecum,* Certantes: castra iEneas aciemque movebat. 

talis est ira Deorum ut pe- XT . . " , v,"»«.. 

r mmus, ant rcfevntgtoriam, Nuntius mgenti per regia tecta tumultu 

si virtus ant gloria est hie Ecce ruit, magnisque urbem terroribus implet: 

SZAJl£T& * nst "/ ctos acie Tyberino a flumine Teucros, 

rebus anibiguis: iEneas mo- A yrrhenamq; manum totis descendere campis. 4,50 

vebat loco eastra et exerci- Extemplo turbati animi, concussaque vulgi 

turn. Ecce mmcius currit p ec tora, et arrectae stimulis haud mollibus irae. 
jnagno tumultu per domum A . ,. , c 

reg?am, et replet urbem Arma manu trepidi poscunt, tremit arma juventus, 
magno metu, dicens: Troja- Flent mcesti mussantq; patres: hie undique clamor 
nos ordinatos in aciem, et Dissensu vario macmus se tollit in auras. 455 

exercitum Etruscum de- tt i \ v lt • , \ r . y 

scendere e fluvio Tyberi per -Haud secus atque alto in luco cum forte catervse 
tota arva. Statim turbatte Consedere avium; piscosove amne Padusse 
sunt mentes et commota Dant sonitum rauci per sta^na loquacia eyeni. 

sss'jsrsjfi.'ss*: i™<. ^ ° <™' arrepto te "\ po \ e > Tur r- 

Tumultuantes corripiunt ar- Cogite concilium, et pacem laudate sedentes: 460 
ma manibus, juventus fre- Illi armis in regna ruunt. Nee plura locutus 
mens fagitat beiium, pa- C orripuit sese, et tectis citus extulit altis. 

tres plorant queruntorque A ' . . 

tris-tes: cum in gens clamor * u> Voluse, armari Volscorum edice maniplis: 
effcrt se undique in aerem Due, ait, et Rutulos: equites Messapus in armis, 

cum multiplici discordia. Et cum fratre Coras j t j d i ffund i te cam pis. 465 

Non ahtei ac cum torte tur- _, , . . . » *■ 

mse avium sederunt in pro- " ars aditus urbis nrment, turresq; capessant: 
funda syha: aut cum rauci Caetera, qua. jusso, mecum manus inferat arma. 

eyenieraittuntcantusinpis- Ilicet m muros tot & discumtur lirbe. 

eoso nuvio radusse, inter a- ^ .... • A t ..• 

quas garrulas. Nempe, 6 ci- Concilium ipse pater et magna mcepta LaUnus. 

ves, inquit Turnus, arrepta Deserit, ac tristi turbatus tempore differt. 470 

•ccasione, , eonvocatc concili- Multaque se incusat, qui non acceperit ultro 

urn, et otiosi nriedicate pa- i-v i • a- - •. i • 

eem: dum illi irrumpunt in Dardamum JEneam, generumque ascivent urbi. 
regnum armati. Nee plura Prsefodiunt alii portas, aut saxa sudesque 
eftatus, proripuitse.etceier Subjiciunt: bello dat signum rauca cruentum 

exportavit se ex alta domo. 

Tu, ait, 6 "Vol use, significa tnrmis Volscorum ut armentur: due etiam Rutulos: Messape, et 
Coras cum fratre, explicate per agros equites in armis. Pars defendant ingressus urbis, et oc- 
cupent turres: reliqua inultitudo ferat arma mecum, qua parte jussero. Confestim ex urbe 
tota curritur ad muros. Ipse pater Latinus abrumpit concilium et magna exorsa, et turbatus 
lactuoso tempore, differt ea in aliud: et accusat se plurimum; quod non uitro admiserit et 
*rbi adoptaverit generum, Trojanum iEneam. Alii faciunt ibssas ante portas, aut supponunt 
stipites et saxa: rauca tuba dat signum sanguineum 

NOTES. 

stet here may either signify exhibeat, reprce- ing part of his .'speech to the king", yet he 

sentet, pr<s se ferat, or antecellat; for this verb cannot conclude without falling- once more 

sometimes governs the accusative in that into a passion, and giving a severe stroke to 

sense, as Quintilian says: Prcestat ingenio a- Drances. 
litis alium. 457* Padusce. One of the mouths of the 

439. Vulcani manibus. JEneas possessed, Po. 
though Turnus knew it not, arms, obtained 463. Maniplis. A maniplus was a certain 
by Venus, fabricated by Vulcan. number of soldiers who fought under the 
" 443. Nee Drances potiiis, &c. Mr. Dryden same standard. Some say they were so call- 
has expressed the sense of these two lines ed, because their standard was a handful of 
with great elegance and conciseness: hay tied up neatly; manipuli, quod manum 
Drances shall rest secure, and neither share itnpleant. 
The danger, nor divide the prize of war. 467. jriissu, for jussero. So also prxcepsis 

Though Turnus had recovered his tern- for prctceperis, rupsis for ruperis, rtf/sis for 

per a little, during the time of his address- rapueris, Sec. 



^NEIDOS LIB. IX. 



489 



Collapsos artus atquc arma cruenta cerebro trahit moriena in tend 

Sternit humi moriens: atone illi partibus cequis membra defici^tfa, et ar- 

TT , j'j. m r r ma sanguinolenta: et caput 

Hue caput atque llluc humcro ex utroq; pependit. 755 scission in partes jequales 

Diftugiunt versi trepida ibrmidine Troes. pependit illi hinc atq; hinc 

Et si continuo victorem ea cura subisset, \ liv0 % numerd; Trojani 

Rumpere claustra manu, sociosq; immittere portis, 

Ultimus ille dies bello gentique fuisset. 

Sed furor ardentem caedisque ins an a cupido 

Egit in adversos. 

Principio Phalarim, et succiso poplite Gygen 

Excipit: hinc raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas 

In tergum: Juno vires animumque ministrat. 

Addit Halyn comitem, et confixa Phegea parma: 

Ignaros deinde in muvis, Martemque cientes, 

Alcandrumq; Haliumq; ^bemonaq; Prytanimq; 

Lyncea tendentem contra, sociosque vocantem, 

Vibranti gladio connixus ab aggere dexter 

Occupat; huic uno dejectum cominus ictu 

Cum galea ionge jacuit caput: inde ferarum 

Vastatorem Amycum, quo non felicior alter 

Ungere tela manu ferrumque armare veneno: 

Et Clytium ^Eoliden, et amicum Cretea Musis: 

Cretea Musarum comitem; cui carmina semper 

Et ckharae cordi, numerosque intendere nervis; P art ? aggens intercipit fui- 

Semper equos atq; arma virum pugnasque canebat. S^ex ad ^rso?t appel- 

Tandem ductores audita caede suorum lantern socios; caput comi- 

Conveniunt Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus: nus excisumuno ictuprocul 

PaUntesque vident socios, hostemq; receptum 780— ^A^S t 

lit Mnestheus, Quo deinde fugam: qno tendiusr mquit, natorem ferarum, quo nul- 



fugiunt dispulsi tumultuoso 
metu: et si ilia cogitatio 
succurrisset statim victori 

760 T urno -> frangere manu obi- 
ces, et excipere socios por- 
tis, dies ille fuisset supre- 
mus bello et populo Troja- 
no. Sed ira et immoder'ata 
cupiditas straps impulit in- 
flammatum Vurnum adver- 

765 sus oppositos hostes. Primo 
interficit Phalarim, et Gy- 
gen poplite ejus subsecto: 
deinde intorquet in dorsum 
fugientium hastas ereptas 
his occisis: Juno sufficit ip.si 

ffQ robur et animum. Adjicit 
MS socium Halyn, et Phege- 
um perforato ejus scuto; 
postea super miiris inscios 
ingressus sui et agitantes 
pugnam, Alcaudrum et Ha- 
lium, et Noemona, et Pry- 

775 tanim. Connitens a d extra 



Quos alios muros, quae jam ultra mcenia habetis 

Unus homo, vestris, 6 cives, undique septus 

Aggeribus, tantas strages impune per urbem 

Ediderit? juvenum primos tot miserit Oreo? 

Non infelicis patriae, veterumque Deorum, 

Et magni jEneae segnes miseretque pudetque? 

cantabat equos, et bella hominum, et certamina. Denique duces Trojani coguita strage suorum 

congregantur, Mnestheus, et fortis Serestus: et cernunt socios vagos, et hostem admissum. Et 

Mnestheus clamat: Quo, quo dirigitis fugam ultra? quos jam habetis muros alios, quae prseterea 

munimenta? vir unus, clausus undique vestris aggeribus, 6 cives, fecerit per urbem tantas css- 

des absque ultione? dejecerit ad inferos tot principes juvenum? 6 inertes! nonne pudet et mi- 

seret vos patriae infortunata? et antiquorum Deorum, et ingentis iEnese? 



lus alter emt solertiorilline- 
re manu spicula, et imbuere 
ferrum veneno; et Clytium 
iEoli filium, et Greteum cha- 
785 rum Musis, Creteum socium 
Musarum, cui semper can- 
tus et lyrce erant cura?, et 
sonos edere chordis: semper 



NOTES. 



761. Egit in adversos. He could not resist 
the temptation of pursuing his revenge on 
his foes, when he had them full in his view. 

763. Excipit. He salutes or meets them 
with death. 

766. Ignaros. While they were not mind- 
ful of their danger, little dreaming that 
Turnus and death were so near them. 

767. Alcandrumque. A mere translation or 
echo of Homer: 

"AXxavJ^o'v, 3-' "AMovli, No^ova??, TlevTCCvivIt; 
whence Servius infers that the names are 
not real, and taken from history, but intro- 
duced merely to fill up and embellish the 
poem. 
771. Jacuit. Servius says, Virgil makes 



use of the preterperfect tense to express 
the quickness of the action. 

774, JEoliden, i. e. He was skilful in play- 
ing on wind instruments, and is therefore 
metaphorically called a son of iEolus; which 
shows a propriety in joining- him with Cre- 
teus, who was also a fine musician. 

776. Numerosque intendere nervis, i. e. 
Rkythmos or numeros facer e intentione nervo- 
rum. 

781. ®>uo deinde fugam? This, says Ser- 
vius, is a bitter sarcasm; as if they had al- 
ready fled into their camp, and shut them- 
selves up for fear within their intrench- 
ments. 



3 R 



490 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Talibus verbis inflammati Talibus accensi firmantur, et agmine denso 
r^r.^fnun'^Consistunt. Turnus paulatim excedere pugna, 
sensim recedere e prselio, et Et fluvium petere ac partem quae cingitur amni. 790 
accedere ad flumen, et ad Acrius hoc Teucri clamore incumbere magno, 

SEESF^jE* S'°T rare m ^T- - CeU S£EVU - m "J** leonem 

gunt eo ardentius incurrere ^ um tells premit llltensis: at territus llle 
magno clamore, et cogi in Asper, acerba tuens, retro redit: etneque terga 
turbam. Veluti cum turbaj ra dare aut virtus patitQr; nec ten dere COntrd 795 

aliqua ureet lacuhs intestis T11 . , . *. 1 . , 

immanem leonem: ille au- llle quidem hoc cupiens potis est per tela virosq; 
tem turbatus, iratus, torve Haud aliter retro dubius vestigia Turnus 
aspiciens, cedit retrd: nec i m p ro perata refert, et mens exaestuat ira. 

tamen furor aut virtus sunt ^ * V. ,. / .. . 

eum obvertere terga; nec il- W uln etiam, bis turn medios mvaserat hostes, 
le valet, propter multitudi- Bis conversa fuga per muros agmina vertit. 800 

nem armorum et hominum, Sed manus e castris propere coit omnis in unum: 
ZfateT'Tut^aT^Nec contra vires audet Saturnia Juno 
retrd figit gressus absque Sufficere: aeriam coelo nam Jupiter Irim 
festinatione, et animus ex- Demisit, germanae haud mollia jussa ferentem; 
atltlirSpe^tthotNi Turnus ceda< Teucrorum mcenibusaltis. 805 

tes medios, bis verterat in krgo nec clypeo juvenis subsistere tan turn, 
fugam per muros turmas in Nec dextra valet: injectis sic undique telis 
?e converses. Sed omnis ex- Qbruitur. Strepit assiduo cava tempora circum 
ercitus festinanter congre- „. . . *\ . .. , r r . 

gatur e castris in unum: Tmnitu galea, et saxis solida sera fatiscunt: 
nec Juno fiiia Satumi au- Discussaeque jubae capiti, nec sufficit umbo 8 10 

det suppeditare Turno ro- i ct ibus; ingeminant hastis et Troes, et ipse 
our adversus eos: nam Jupi- -p, . . ° A/T - . r . 

ter misit e ccelo Irim aeri- * ulmineus Mnestheus: turn toto corpore sudor 
am, portantem soi-ori man- Liquitur; et piceum, nec respirare potestas, 
data non grata; nisi Turnus Flumen agit: fessos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. 
exeat ex altis muris Iroja-rr. , s *, ,, w ° ., _,„ 

norum. To-itur juvenis nec * um demum prseceps saltu sese omnibus armis 8 1 5 
amplius potest resistere cly- In fluvium dedit: ille suo cum gurgite flavo 
peo, nec manu: ita premi- Accepit venientem, ac mollibus extulit undis: 
&SSS5E' l«tum sociis abluta csde remisit. 
flictu circa cava tempora, et arma valida ex sere rumpuntur lapidibus, et cristas dejects sunt e 
capite, nec clypeus par est adversus tot ictus: ingruunt hastis et Trpjani, et ipse Mnestheus in- 
star fulminis: prseterea sudor e toto corpore labitur, et efficit nigrum fluenturn, nec facultas est 
respirandi: dijficilis anhelitus commovet membra fatigata. Tunc denique prsecipitans immisit se 
saliendo in fluvium cum omnibus armis: fluvius in suo flavo sinu excepit cadentem, et portavit 
placidis aquis: et revexit gaudentem adsocios, sanguine cadis purgato. 

NOTES. 
797. Turnus. The retreat of Turnus is no- 814. JEger anhelitus. Such difficulty of 

ble. Though attacked by the whole army breathing as they have who are sickly and 

of Trojans he does not fly, but moves off by asthmatic. 

degrees, and still sustains his courage till 816. Ille suo cum gurgite. Servius has a 
he perceives himself deserted by Juno. puerile criticism upon the passage. Hystero- 
809. Saxis. The whole description is co- login est, says he, non enim pro cedit cum suo 
pied from Homer's sixteenth Iliad, and imi- gurgite, quasi posset fieri ut cum Tyberis sine 
tated by Tasso: suisfiuentis exciperet. The whole stress of 
Meantime the soldan, in this latest charge, this shrewd remark lies upon the cum; but 
Had done as much as human force was there are not wanting examples where this 
able: particle is in the same way used. Thus En- 
All sweat and blood appear'd his members nius says, Shiod te cum precibus pater orat; 
large, < and Catullus, Bona cum bono nubit alite vir- 
His breath was short, his courage wax'd go. We may observe here how poetry 
unstable; heightens circumstances in themselves 
His arm grew weak to bear his mighty most minute. Instead of saying that Turnus 
targe, divided the flood, and swam over it, it re- 
Hls hand to rule his heavy sword una- presents the river god expanding his gulfy 
ble; bosom to receive him, and bearing him over 
Which bruis'd, not cut, so blunted was upon his waves. 
the blade 
It lost the use for which a sword was 
made. Fajrfax. 



jKNEIDOS lib. X. 



491 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



/ENEIDOS 



LIBER X. 



PANDITUR interea domus omnipotentis Olympi: 

Conciliumque vocat Divum pater atque hominum rex 

Sideream in sedem: terras unde arduus omnes, 

Castraq; Dardanidum aspectat, populosq; Latinos. 

Considunt tectis bipatentibus, incipit ipse: 

Coslicoiae magni, quianam sententia vobis 

Versa retro? tantumq; animis certatis iniquis? . 

Abnueram bello Italiam concurrere Teucris: 

Quae contra vetitum discordia? quis metus, aut hos 

Aut hos arma sequi ferrumque lacessere suasit? 10 res coeli, quare consilium vo- 

Adveniet iustum pu^nse, ne accersite, tempus: b . is mutatum est in contra- 

Cim fera Carthago Romanis arcibus olim StlSTSSg *M 

Exitium magnum atque Alpes immittet apertas. bueram «£, Italia bello con- 

grederetur cum Trojanis: quse dissentio est contra prohibitionern? quis timor impulit, vel hos, 
vel istos capere arma, et commovere ferrum? veniet iegitimum pugnte tempus, ne accelerate 
Mud: quando aspera Carthago inferet Romanis urbibus raagnam perniciem et Alpes pate- 
factas: 



INTERPRETATIO, 

Interim regia coeli omni- 
potentis aperitur: et geriitor 
Deorum atque rector homi- 
num cogit concilium in au- 
5 lam stellatam: unde subli- 
nes despicit cunctas terras, 
et castra Trojanorum et 
gentes Latinas. Sedent in. 
domo apertd valvis bifori- 
bus; ipse Jupiter orditur 
sermonem: Magni habitato- 



NOTES. 



Jupiter calls a council of the gods, and 
forbids them to engage on either side. At 
the return of JEneas there is a bloody battle. 
Turnus kills Pallas; iEneas, Lausus and 
Mezentius. Mezentius is described as an 
atheist; Lausus as a pious and virtuous 
youth. The different actions and death of 
these two are the subject of a noble epi- 
sode. 

1. Omnipotentis. Omnipotens here may be 
taken in the sense of omnia complectens, or 
omnibus potiens, according to the etymology 
of the word in Cicero 2. de Leg. Nam ut 
reor, inde dicitur omnipotens, non tantum 
quod omnia possit, sed etiam quod omnibus 
potitur. Others make it a metonymy for 
omnipotens rex Olympi; which way of ac- 
counting for difficulties ought to be avoided 
as much as possible. This verse is borrow- 
ed from N?eviU5, the epithet only being 
changed: 



Panditur intere& domus altitonantis O- 
lympi. 

5. Tectis bipatentibus. Whose gates open 
with two folds, as was usual in apartments 
of state. 

6. Quianam sententia, &c. that is; why 
are ye unmindful of my injunction that the 
Italians should not oppose the Trojans; or, 
why have you changed the determination 
which yourselves had made to favour nei- 
ther party. 

11. Ne accersite; forestall it not. See Ti- 
bullus, 1. l.el. 10. 
Quis furor est atram bellis arcessere mar- 

tem, 
Imminet, et tacito clam venit ilia pede. 
13. Alpes immittet apertas. An expression 
highly figurative and poetical, which repre- 
sents Hannibal's troops pouring through the 
passages of the Alps, as if the mountains 
themselves had been moving against Rome? 



492 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



tunc licebit puguave odiis, Turn certare odiis, turn res rapuisse licebit: 
^^Unc'^t^Nunc sinite, et placitum laeti componite fedus. 



15 



et Ueti conciliate p~acem,?w<c Jupiter haec paucis: at non Venus aurea contra 
placet mild. Jupiter dixit Pauca refert. 

luecpauciswr^.atpuichraQ ter 6 hominum Divumque aeterna potestas, 

Venus non paucarespondet ,. T K ,. , . , . ,\ . , * "-""""J 

adversum. O genitor, 6 sem- (Namque ahud quid sit, quod jam implorare queamus?) 
piterna virtus hominum ac Cernis ut insultent Rutuli? Turnusque feratur 20 

Deorum (scilicet est quid p er me( ji os insignis equis, tumidusque secundo 

ahud, quod nunc possiraus - _ « , . . • • m 

invocare?) vides quomodo Marte ruatr non clausa tegunt jam moenia Teucros: 
Rutuli insoiescant? et <?wo- Quin intra portas atque ipsis praelia miscent 
modo Turnus conspicuus Aegeribus murorum, et inundant sanaruine fossae. 

equis rapiatur inter medios, „ oc> . , / XT , & . A „ 

et irrumpat superbns felici^neas ignarus abest. Nunquamne levari 25 

prteiio? munimenta clausa Obsidione sines? muris iterum imminet hostis 
jam non tuentur Trojanos: Nascentis Trojse, nee non exercitus alter: 
intrTporta s"ethi ipsiTpr™ Atc i ue iterum . in Teucros jEtolis surgit ab Arpis 
pugnaculis murorum, et fos- Tydides. Equidem, credo, mea vulnera restant: 

sse replentur sanguine. JE- 

neas abest iltinc inscius rerum illarum. An nunquampermittis eos liberari obsidione? rursus hos- 
tis instat muris Trojse resurgentis, etprseterea alter exercitus: et rursus Tydei filius insurgit in 
Teucros ab Arpis JEtolis. Sane, opinor, superest ut ego rursus vulnerer; 



NOTES. 



14. Res rapuisse. To plunder and offer 
acts of hostility. Servius explains it by cla- 
rigationem exercere, to make reprisals. 

14. lies rapuisse licebit. As the gods are 
here represented as divided into parties, 
and disposed to fights and animosities, Jove 
tells them there would be a time for them 
to gratify that disposition: 
Adveniet justum pugnse, ne arcessite, 

tempus: 
Turn certare odiis, turn res rapuisse licebit. 
And therefore licebit res rapuisse plainly re- 
fers to the gods; though Dr. Trapp, to save 
their honour, applies it to the Trojans and 
Latins, on whose account they were split 
into factions. But it is no ne w thing for wri- 
ters, both sacred and profane, to ascribe the 
evil actions of men to the superior powers 
under whose influence and patronage they 
are supposed to act. 

18. O pater. The art and address which 
Venus makes use of in her speech are finely 
contrasted with the haughtiness which runs 
through that of Juno. Venus begins with 
the greatest reverence and modesty: 

O pater, O hominum, &c. 
Juno like a fury, > 

— — Quicr me alta silentia cogis 
Rumpere. 
This abrupt beginning in the very middle 
of a verse is quite in character. 

23. Bffitia miscent, they join battle. Mis- 
cent gives a lively idea of men engaged in 
the tumult and confusion of the battle. 

28. JEtolis Arpis. Diomede came from iE- 
tolia, and built Arpi in Apulia. The ruins 
of this city are to the present day called 
Arpe. 

29. Mea vulnera. Alluding to the wound 
given by Diomede to Venus when she was 
rescuing iEneas from danger: 



Meanwhile, his conquest ravish'd from his 

eyes, 
The raging chief in chase of Venus flies; 
Through breaking ranks his furious course 

he bends, 
And at the goddess his broad lance ex- 
tends; 
Through her bright veil the daring weapon 

drove, 
Th' ambrosial veil which all the graces 

wove ; 
Her snowy hand the razing steel profan'd, 
And the transparent skin with crimson 

stain'd; 
From the clear vein a stream immortal 

flow'd, 
Such stream as issues from a wounded 

god, &c. Pope. 

In Homer's days a notion prevailed that 
gods were corporeal; they ascribed them 
bodies, but supposed them more subtile than 
those of mortals, and their blood of a finer 
nature. Milton has not scrupled to imitate 
and apply this to angels, in the christian 
system, when Satan is wounded by Michael 
in the sixth book: 

-Then Satan first knew pain, 

And writhed him to and fro convplv'd; so 

sore [wound 

That girding sword, with discontinuous 
Pass'd through him; but th' ethereal sub- 
stance clos'd, 
Not long divisible, and from the gash 
A stream of nectarous humour issuinj 

flow'd [bleed; 

Sanguine; such as celestial spirits may 
Yet soon he heal'd; for spirits that live 

throughout 
Vital in every part, not as frail man 
In entrails, head or heart, liver or reins, 
Cannot but by annihilating die. 



JENEIDOS LIB. X. 



493 



Et tua progenies mortalia demoror arma. 
Si sine pace tua atque invito numine Trots 
Italiam petiere; luant peccata, neque illos 
Juveris auxilio: sin tot responsa sccuti, 



30 et ego tua filia expecto ar- 
mamortalis vivi. SiTrojani 
adicrunt Italiam absque tua 
venia ct in vita, divinitatc 
tua: expendant/>anas delic- 

°5 seculi tot oraculis, quce cce- 
lum et infei-i dabant illis; 
cur ullus nunc potest fran- 
gere vim mandatorum tuo- 
rum, vel cur potest statuere 
nova fata? Cur metnorabo 

4Q naves incensas in litore Si- 
culo? cur rcgem procella- 
rum, et ventos furiosos e- 
ductos ex JEolia. insula, aut 
Irim demissam ex aere? 
nunc quoque Juno concitat 
inferos, hsec sola pars i*erum 

45 restabat inexperta: et Alec- 
to immissa subito in loca 
superiora, sxviit in mediis 
urbibus Italorum. Non mo- 
veor ob regnum: speravi- 
mus itlud, dum sors favit; 

^q superent, quos mavis supe- 
rare. Si nulla est plaga, 
quam aspera uxor tua relin- 
quat Ti-ojanis: 6 pater, ob- 
secro per fumantes ruinas 
Trojse dirutse; liceat mint. 
eripei*e Ascanium salvum e 

5 5 bello, liceat tit restet nepos, 
JEneas quidem agiteturfluc- 
tibus incognitis, et sequatur 
iter quodcumque sors offert 



Flectere jussa potest? aut cur novacondere fata? 

Quid repetam exustas Erycino in litore classes? 

Quid tempestatum regem, ventosque furentes 

jEolia excitos, aut actam nubibus Irim? 

Nunc ctiam manes (haec intentata manebat 

Sors rerum) movet: et superis immissa repente* 

Alecto, medias Italum bacchata per urbes. 

Nil super imperio moveor: speravimus ista, 

Dum fortuna fuit: vincant, quos vincere mavis. 

Si nulla est regio, Teucris quam det tua conjux 

Dura: per eversae, genitor, fumantia Trojse 

Excidia obtestor; liceat dimittere ab armis 

Incolumem Ascanium, liceat superesse nepotem. 

JEneas sane ignotis jactetur in undis; 

Et, quamcunque viam dederit fortuna, sequatur: 

Hunc tegere, et dirae valeam subducere pugnae. 

Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atq; Cythera, 

Idaliaeque domus: positis inglorius armis 

Exigat hie aevum: magna ditione jubeto 

Carthago premat Ausoniam: nihil urbibus inde 

Obstabit Tyriis. Quid pestem evadere belli 

Juvit, et Argolicos medium fugisse per ignes? 

Totque maris vastaeque exhausta pericula terrse, 

Dum Latium Teucri recidivaque Pergama quserunt? ipsi; at possinitueri, et sub- 



Non satius cineres patriae insedisse supremos, 



trahere e crudeli prselio 

Atqj solum quo Troja fuit? Xanthum et Simoenta *£&£&&&££ 
Redde, oromiseris: iterumq; revolvere casus szmt Cythera, et a^des Ida- 

Da, pater, Iliacos Teucris. Turn regia Juno j«; *\ H S ducat vitam ignobi- 

hs abjectis armis: impera ut 
Cartbago opprimat Italiam gravi potentia, nihil ab eo Jlscanio obstabit urbibus Punicis. Quid 
profuit vEneam evitasse ruinas belli, et fugisse per medios ignes Grcecos? et quid profuit eva- 
sisse tot pericula maris et terrse immense, dum Trojani quserunt Latium, et Trojam rursiis 
cadentem? nonne potius erat manere in ultimis ruinis patrite, et in terra ubi fuit Troja? O pa- 
ter, redde, precor, miseris illis Xanthum et Simoenta, et permitte Trojanis rursus adire casus 
TroYeos. Turn Juno regina, 



NOTES. 



34. Manesque. This refers to the predic- 
tions ajid intimations he had received from 
the ghosts of Hector, Anchises, Crelisa, &c. 

36. Erycino in litore. See iEn. V. 660. 

38. J&olia excitos. See JEn. I. 56. 

38. Irim See JEn. V. 606. 

40. Immissa. Sent to rage without con- 
trol: such is the force of the word, as is 
obvious from the way it is used in other 
places. 

48. Sane, I oppose it not, since it must 
be so. It is somewhat ironical, and implies 
involuntary submission, and a false appear- 
ance of complaisance. 

54. Inde, i. e. From Ascanius. 

58, Rccidiva Pergama- Pergamns again 



tottering to its fall. Commentators are not 
agreed about the meaning of the word reci- 
dfous; but as the etymology of it is from red- 
do, to fall again into ruin, since the i in the 
second syllable is short, this determines the 
sense to be what we have given, and agrees 
best to the design of this speech. We are 
therefore inclined to think the word ought 
to be so translated all along. 

62. Da, pater. The characters of these 
two goddesses, Venus and Juno, are here 
as well distinguished as, had they been real 
beings, their faces could have been by their 
pictures. Observe how differently they be- 
gin and end. Venus opens her's in a most 
solemn, soft, and submissive manner. She 



494 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



oommota furore aspero, off,- Acta furore gravi: Quid me alta silentia cOtus 
Quare cogis me solvere pro- r> ^ «j 7" i> , , , ^ % 

fundum sllentium, et pate- Rum P ere ' e * obductum verbis vulgare dolorem? 
facere sermone dolorem oc-^nean hominum quisquam Divumque subegit 
cultam? an ullus hominum Bella sequi, aut hostem rein se inferre Latino? 

dXzs»S:^»> r tUt fatis au ? to ^ us ' esto ' 

se hostem regi Latino? adiit Cassanclrae impulsus funis. Num linquere castra 
Italiam fatis suadentibus, Hortati sumus, aut vitam committere ventis? 

SSjSf 'aSS-N™ :PW* s T, mam belli ' num credere rauros? 

mus ei, ut desereret castra L yrrnenamve hdem, aut gentes agitare quietas? 
sua, aut crederet vitam Quis Deus in fraudem, quse dura potentia nostra 

SS^^SSSLW ubi hic J T un , ' demissave nubibus Iris? 
trationem belli et urbem maignum est, ltalos 1 rojam circundare flammis 
mam,- aut ut solicitaret fi- Nascentem, et patria Turnum consistere terra; 
dem Etruscam et popuios Cui pii umnus avuS) cu j d i va Venilia mater. 



65 



70 



75 



tranquillos? quis Deus, quse ~ m 

infesta vis nostra impulit Q ulcl > tace Trojanos atra vim ferre Latinis? 

eum in hoc damnum? ubi est Arva aiiena jugo premere, atque avertere praedas? 

in ea re Juno, et Iris missa Q u i d SOC eros legerc, et gremiis abducere pactas? 

ex aere? Injustum est nempe ° 7 ° ^ 

quodltuXi cingant ignibus Trojam novam; et quod Turnus maneat in patria tellure: Turnus, 
inquam, cui Piiumnus est ayus, cui Dea Venilia est mater. Quid ergo iltud est, quod Trojani 
nigris tsedis inferunt vim Latinis? opprimunt imperio regiones non suas, et adducunt prtedas 
quid est quod decipiunt soceroe, et eripiunt sponsas e sinu sponsorum? 



NOTES. 



addresses Jupiter with modesty, reverence, 
and fear; and ends with the humblest and 
lowest petition that can be conceived: 
Xanthum et Simoenta 

Redde, oro miseris: iterumque revolvere 
casus 

Da pater,, lliacos Teucris. 
But Juno ends, as she began, with a far dif- 
ferent temper. Her closing words are, 

Tunc decuit metuisse tuis: nunc seraque- 
relis 

Haud justis assurgis, et irrita jurgiajactas. 
In these last words irrita jurgia jactas, the 
very cadence of them tells us that she 
strikes her hands against one another, and 
sits down in the same abrupt rage with 
which she rose. They are distinguished too 
by this circumstance that Venus all along 
applies herself to Jupiter, and reflects upon 
Juno only in the third person, and that, 
once excepted, by mere hints and insinua- 
tions. When she does name her, it is as 
softly, though as invidiously as possible: 

Si nulla est regio, Teucris quam det tua 
conjux. 
Juno, on the contrary, speaks to her adver- 
sary directly, and attacks her in person. 
The manner of the one expresses art and ad- 
dress; that of the other haughtiness and 
fury. Trap p. 

72. Qiuz dura potentia, refers to the harsh 
epithet dura t which Venus uses in relation 
to Juno, verse 45, 



Si nulla est regio, Teucris quam det tua 

conjux 
Dura. 

76. Piiumnus. Piiumnus and Picumnus 
were two deities at Rome who presided 
over the auspices, that were required be- 
fore the celebration of nuptials. Piiumnus 
was supposed to patronize children, as his 
name seems in some measure to indicate, 
quod pellat mala infantice. The manuring of 
lands was first invented by Picumnus, for 
which reason he is called Sterquilinius. Pi- 
iumnus is also invoked as the god of bakers 
and millers, as he is said to have first in- 
vented the art of grinding corn. 

77. ^uid,face. Literally, What is it for 
the Trojans to offer violence to the Latins 
with black or hostile brands? Atrdface Ser- 
vius explains saw bello: fax signifies the 
first motives or incentives that kindled the 
war; in which sense Cicero uses the word. 
And as fax belli intimates the commence- 
ment of a war, so Virgil uses incendia belli 
to express a war when it has reached its 
height, and lays all waste before it like a 
devouring conflagration. Allusion is here 
had to the killing of the stag of Sylvia, 
which was, by the rustics, so much resent- 
ed, and proved the incit amentum malorum. 

79. Legere. Servius renders it furcri; 
whence those are called sacrilegi, qui sa~. u 
legunt, i. e.furantur. See Horace, 1 Ser. 
III. 117. 

Et qui nocturnus sacra Divum legerit 



iENElDOS LIB. X. 



495 \ 



Pacem orare manu, pracfigere puppibus arma? 
Tu potes JEneam manibus subducerc Graium, 
Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendere inanes; 
Et potes jn totidem classem convertcrc Nymph as: 
Nos aliquid Rutulos contra juvisse, nefandum est. 
^Eneas ignarus abest: ignarus et absit. 
Est Paphos, Idaliumque tibi, sunt alta Cythera: 
Quid gravidam bellis urbem et corda aspera tentas? 
Nos-ne tibi fluxas Phrygiae res vertere fundo 
Conamur? nos? an miseros qui Troas Achivis 
Objecit? qux causa fuit consurgere in arma 
Europamque Asiamque, et foedera solvere furto? 
Me duce Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter? 
Aut ego tela dedi, fovique cupidine bella? 
Tunc decuit metuisse tuis: nunc sera querelis 
Haud justis assurgis, et irnita jurgia jactas. 
Talibus orabat Juno: cunctique fremebant 
Ccelicolae assensu vario: ceu flamina prima 
Cum deprensa fremunt sylvis, et caeca volutant 
Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos. 
Turn pater omnipotens, rerum cui summa potestas, 
Infit: eo dicente, Deum domus alta silescit, 
Et tremefacta solo tellus, silet arduus aether: 



80 quod manu precantur pa- 
cem, et prsetendunt arma 
navibus? Tu potes suffurari 
JEneam e manibus Grteco- 
rum, et opponere pro viro 
Mo nubem, et vamts auras: 
et potes transformare naves 

85 i n totidem Nympbas: cri- 
men est, nos adjuvisse ali- 
quantulum Kutulos adversus 
eutn. JEneas abest inscius 
periculi urbis, et vern absit 
inscius. Est tibi Papbus et 

gQldalium, sunt Cythera subli- 
mia: cur ergo solicitas ur- 
bem potentem bello, et ani- 
mos bellicosos? an nos sv:b- 
ruere tibi a fundamentis 
fragile regnum Troadis con- 
tendimus? an, inquam, nos? 

95 an potius Me, qui commisifc 
. Trojanos cum Gratis? qute 
fuit causa cur Europa et A- 
sia surgeret in bella, et soei- 
etas dirimeretur clandestino 
amove? an adulter Trojanus 
cepit Spartam me duce? an 
ego subministravi arma, et 
101 alui bellum amoribus? tunc 



decebat te timere tuis: jam. 

Turn Zephyri posuere, premit placida aequora pontus. tJ iF dior '***&$. ^erimo- 

«... v j r 7 r r n • j- mis non legitimis, et moves 

Accipite ergo animis, atque haec mea tigite dicta.^ rixas inanes . Juno i q Ue b a .. 
Quandoquidem Ausonios conjungi foedere Teucris tur talibus verbis: et omnes 
Haud licitum est, nee vestra capit discordia finem: inco ! s eoeU mussitabant di- 

r versis sententns: veluti 

quando primi flatus fremunt inclusi sylvis, et volvunt obscuros sonitus, significantes nautis immi- 
nentem ventum. Tunc genitor omnipotens, cui est suprema potentia rerum, incepit loqui: illo 
loquente, alta aula Deorum conticescit, et tellus territa a fundamentis et sublimis ssther tacet: 
turn Zephyri quieverunt, mare sternit tranquillam planitiem. Ergo accipite ha?e mea verba, et 
imprimite ea mentibus. Si quidem non permittitur Latinos sociari Trojanis per fcedus, et vestra 
dissensio non habet finem: 



NOTES; 



80. Pacem orare. Literally, Implore peace 
with the hand, and at the same time fix up 
arms on their sterns. Pacem orare manu re- 
fers to the olive boughs in their hands, 
which they held forth in sign of peace. 

85. JEneas ignarus, &c. Dr. Trapp is at a 
loss to find out the wit. But, whether there 
be wit in it or not, it implies a severe sar- 
casm; as much as to say, If JEneas, the ge- 
neral of an army, chooses to be absent in so 
critical a conjuncture, and is not careful to 
inform himself of their state, let him, for 
me, remain in ignorance, and never return. 

89. £>ui Troas Achivis objecit. He refers to 
Paris who violated all friendship and hospi- 
table rights by bearing away Helen, the 
wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, by whom 
he had been received as a guest, during the 
absence of her husband. Some historians 
however say that Paris did not carry off 
Helen in an amicable and clandestine way, 
but by war and force. Dr. Trapp, who ge- 
nerally obliges his reader with all he knows, 
adds, She might in her heart be inclined to it. 



97. Assensu vario. Some for Juno, some 
for Venus. 

98. Fremunt sylvis. Milton has finely im- 
proved upon this hint: 

He scarce had finish'd, when such murmur 

fill'd 
The assembly, as when hollow rocks re- 
tain 
The sound of blust'ring winds, which all 

night long 
Had rous'd the sea, now with hoarse ca- 
dence lull 
Seafaring men, o'erwatch'd; whose bark 

by chance 
Or pinnance anchor in a craggy bay 
After the tempest; such applause was 

heard 
As Mammon ended. 

98. Cceca murmura. Murmur scarcely 
heard. 

102. Solo. That which supports any thing 
is called its solum. Solum terra, therefore, 
is the foundation of the earth. 



196 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ab hoc die, qusecumque sit Q uae cuique est fortunahodie,quam quisve secat suem; 

^rS»sSatIutui»- Tros Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrhnine habebo: 

que, sive Trojanus, sive Ru- keu fatis Italum castra obsidione tenentur, 

tutus fuerit, hos tiactabo Sive errore malo Trojae, monitisque sinistris. 110 

£fi l\uSrS; e „ne1:Nec Rutulos solve Sua cuique exorsa laborem 

damnum Italorum; sive per- rortunamque ferent. Rex Jupiter omnibus idem. 

nicioso errore Trojanorum, Fata viam invenient. Stygii per flumina fratris, 

et ominibus intaustis Nee p er p i ce torrentes atraque vorapine ripas, 

itberoRutulos fatis. Unicui- A .. n ,. ? „, ^ ' 

que sua incepta pr^stabunt Annu ,it, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. 1 15 

damnum aut felicitatsm. Hie finis fandi: solio turn Jupiter aureo 

Rex Jupiter aquus mf om- gurgit: coelicolse medium quern ad limina ducunt. 

mbus. Fatalacientszfoviam. T -*. ■ \ ' ,. .. . % ., 

Firmavit hoc per fluvium Interea Rutuh portis circum omnibus instant 
fratris Stygii, per ripas flu- Sternere csede viros, et moenia cingere flammis. 
entes pice et nigris vortici- Ast legio .Eneadum vallis obsessa tenetur, 120 

T^XSSSSS^Si^ s P es ulla %*• Miseri «an t turribus altis 

fait finis sermonuni: tunc Nequicquam, et rara. muros cinxere corona. 
Jupiter surgit £ solio aureo: A si us Imbracides, Hicetaoniusque Thymcetes, 
S Z^ISTm^ Assaracique duo, et senior cum Castore Tybris, 
urn. Interim Rutuli adom- Prima acies: hos germani Sarpedonis ambo, 125 

nes portas pergunt circum Et Clarus, et Hsemon, Lycia comitantur ab alta. 
delere^rosinternecione, et Fen mgens toto connixus corpore saxum, 
circum dare muros mcendus. T , . ° . . r T • » 

Exercitus autem Trojano- *iaud partem exiguam montis, Lyrnessius Acmon, 
rumciauditurobsessusm^*aNec Clytio genitore minor, nee fratre Mnestheo. 
aggeres; nfest u!!a spesfu- Hi j acu iis, mj certant defendere saxis: 1 30 

{neiuu. Inrelices till excu- i»/r i* •• • 

bant frustram altis turribus, Molmque ignem, nervoque aptare sagittas. 

et cingunt muros exiguo nu- Ipse inter medios. Veneris justissima cura, 

mero. Asius filius Imbraci, Dardanius caput ecce puer detectus honestum, 

et Thy mestes films Hicetao- ^ ,. r " . .;, ■"'« , ,. . ,. 

nis, etduo Assaraci, et se- Quahs gemma micat, fulvum quae dividit aurum, 

nex Tybris cum Castore, Aut collo decus, aut capiti: vel quale per artem 135 

^.'praseipui in twhk pro- Inclusum buxo, aut Oricia terebintho 

IgS et d cV't"" Lucet ebur - Fusos cervix cui Iactea crines 

Hsemon e nobili Lycia, comitantur illos. Acmon ex urbe Lyrnesso, non inferior patre Clytio aut 
fratre Mnestheo, contendens toto corpore jacit vastum saxum, quod erut non parvum fragmen- 
tum montis. Alii conantur propugnare urbem jacuiis, alii lapidibus: etimmittere taedas, etimpo- 
nere sagittas nervo aretes. Ecce ipse puer Dardanius, dignissimus amor Veneris, in mediis 
nudatur secundum pulchrum caput, fidget quasi gemma, qua} distinguit aurum rutilum, et orna- 
mentum est colli vel capitis: aut quemadmodum splendet ebur infixum ex arte, vel buxo, vel 
terebintho Oricise urbis. Huic cervix Candida sustinet capillos promissos, 

NOTES. 

109. Fatis. The evil fates of the Italians, the battle, it forcibly strikes us! He is re- 
■malis being- supplied from the following presented bareheaded, says Donatus, be- 
line. cause he was forbidden by Apollo to fight, 

110. Errore malo, i. e. if all the prophe- caput detectus, id est, non pugnaturus. Some 
cies of their settlements in Latium on which commentators think that Virgil alluded to 
they depended were only impostures. the custom of the Romans who were al- 

117. CcelicoU medium ad limina ducunt, al- ways bareheaded, excepting- during the Sa- 

ludes to the Roman custom of conducting turn alia. Perhaps it is introduced only to 

the consul from the senate house to his own render his appearance more graceful, 

apartments. 134. Qualis gemma micat. This sii :, e is 

128. Lyrnessius. So called from Lymes- beautiful, but nearly related to that in the 

sus, a city of Cilicia, the native country of first book: 

Briseis, who was from thence called Lyr- Quale manus addunt, &c. &c. 

nessius. It was taken and plundered by A- 136. Oricia terebintho. Terebinthus is the 

chilles in the time of the Trojan war, and turpentine tree, whose wood bears a near 

the booty divided among the conquerors. resemblance to ebony. Pliny calls it eximii 

133. Honestum. How artful is this grace- acnigri splendor is, Lib. XIII. 6. Oricum was 

fid description of the appearance of Asca- a town in Macedonia, on the confines of E- 

nius! Introduced amid the ruder scenes of pirus, which abounded with those trees. 



^NEIDOS LIB. X. 



497 



Accipit, et molli subnectit circulus auro. 

Te quoque magnanimae viderunt, Ismare, gentes 

Vulnera dirigere 5 ct calamos armare veneno, 

Maeonia generose domo: ubi pinguia culta 

Exercentque viri, Pactolusque irrigat auro. 

Affuit et Mnestheus, quern pulsi pristina Tumi 

Aggere murorum sublimem gloria tollit: 

Et Capys: hinc nonien Campancc ducitur urbi. 

Illi inter sese duri certamina belli 

Contulerant: media iEneas freta nocte secabat. 

Namque ut ab Evandro castris ingressus Etruscis 

Rcgem adit, et regi inemorat nomenque genusq; 

Quidve petat, quidve ipse ferat, Mezentius arma 

Qua; sibi conciliet, violentaque pectora Tumi 

Edocet: humanis quae sit fiducia rebus 

Admonet, immiscetq; preces: haud fit mora, Tarchon chontem, ingressus in castra 

Jungit opes, fcedusque ferit. Turn libera fatis 

Classem conscendit, jussis gens Lydia Divum 

Externo commissa duci. jEnei'a puppis 

Prima tenet, rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones: 

Imminet Ida super, profugis gratissima Teucris. 

Hie magnus sedet ^Eneas, secumque volutat 

Eventus belli varios: Pallasque sinistro 

Affixus lateri, jam quaerit sidera, opacae 

Noctis iter; jam quae passus terraque marique. 

Pandite nunc Helicona, Deae, cantusq; movete: 
Quae manus interea Tuscis comitetur ab oris 
jEnean, armetque rates, pelagoque vehatur. 
Massicus aerata princeps secat aequora Tigri: 
Sub quo mille manus juvenum: qui moenia Clusi, 



et circulus auri flcxilis sub- 
ligateos. O Ismare, bellicosi 
populi viderunt etiam te in- 

*40tentare vulnera, et ungere 
sagittas veneno; te inquam, 
generose juvenis e patina 
Lydia, ubi homines colunt 
opimos agros, et Pactolus 
spargit eos auro. Aderat 

145 ( l uor l ue Mnestheus, quern, 
honor pristinus ejecti e mu- 
rorum propugnaculis Tumi 
rvehit in altum: et Capys, 
a quo nomen inditum est 
urbi Campanse. Illi comrai- 
serant inter se praelium as- 

150 peri belli: JEneas autem me- 
dia nocte seindebat mare. 
Scilicet postquam ab Evan- 
dro venit ad regem Tar- 



155 



Tyrrhena; et operuit regi 
nomen et genus; et expo- 
suit quid poscat, aut quid 
ipse offerat, quas vires Me- 
zentius associet sibi, et qudm 
sit violentus animus Turni: 
monuit, quse sit habenda fi- 
des, rebus hominum, et ad- 
1 60 jecit preces: mora nulla ad - 
hibetur, Tarchon sociat vi- 
res suas, et init ibedus. Tune 
populus Etruscus, non im- 
peditus fatis, conscendit na- 
ves, creditus duci extero ex 
. imperio Deorum. Xavis JE- 
^"^nece habet primum locum 
ornata circa rostrum leoni- 
bus Phrygiis. Ida assurgit 
supra, mons gratissimus Tro- 
janis exulibus. Ingens -.Eneas hie sedet, et meditatur secum varios casus belli, et Pallas admotus 
ad laevum latus ejus, modo inquirit de astris, quce sunt itinera noctis; modo de iis, quae JEneas 
sustinuit terra et mari. O Musce, aperite nunc Helicona, et suggerite mihi hos cantus: quse mul- 
titudo sequatur interim JEneam e regione Etrusca, et impleat naves, et feratur mari. Primus 
Massicus findit mare Tigri ssrata: sub quo stmt mille manus juvenum: qui venerunt e muris 
Clusii, , 



NOTES. 



141. Mceonid. The same country in the 
Lesser Asia which was afterwards called 
Lydia. 

145. Campancc urbi; meaning Capua, 
which is supposed to have been founded by 
Capys, the father, or rather the companion, 
of Anchises. The city was very ancient, and 
so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and 
was called altera Roma. The soldiers of 
Annibal, after the battle of Cannx, became 
enervated by residing in a city so much ad- 
dicted to luxury as was this. 

154. Libera fatis. Disengaged from the 
restraint of fate; because it was destined 
that their expedition should have no suc- 
cess, unless it was conducted bv a foreigner, 
.En. VIII. 502. 

Nullifas Italo tantam subjungere gentem: 
Externos optate duces. 

157- Phrygios leones. It bore lions for its 
ensign, those animals being sacred to Cy- 
bele, who presided over Phrygia, and es- 



pecially over mount Ida, of whose pines the 
ships of JEneas were built. 

158. Imminet Ida. The Roman poets 
scarcely ever say any thing in a personal 
manner of mount Ida, unless perhaps in this 
passage. 

160. Pallas. He was a son of Evander 
sent with some troops to assist JEneas, and 
who, after making great slaughter among 
the enemy, was killed by Turnus. Several 
other persons have the same name; as one 
of the giants; a son of Lycaon, a freed- 
man of Claudius, 8cc. The young reader 
will remember that the word Pallas, ap- 
plied to any of these, is declined Pallas — 
antis, but when used of Minerva, it is Pal- 
las — adis. 

163. Pandite nunc. See JEn. 7. 641. 

166. JVIassicus. He was an Etrurian prince, 
and assisted JEneas against Turnus with a 
thousand men. 

167. Quit Clusium, now called Chiusi, 

S 



498 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ct urbe CosA; quibus ar- Quique urbem liquere Cosas: queis tela, saeittae, 

&2&K£ &orytiq Ue leves humeris, etletifer areas. 

cus mortifer. Simul est fe- Una torvus Abas: huic totum msignibus armis 170 

rox Abas: tota hujus acies Agmen, et aurato fulgebat Apolline puppis. 

splendebat armis iconspicuis, Sexcentos illi dederat Populonia mater 

et puppis Apolline aurato. _ , ... . \ T . 

Populonia patiia subjecerat Expertos belli juvenes: ast Ilva trecentos, 

illi sexcentos juveues peritos Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis. 

belli: Ilva autem trecentos, Tertius, ille hominum Divumq; interpres Asylas, 175 

insula nobilre eopiosis metal- -, . , £ , .. . 7' r J ' 

lis Chalybum. Tertius erafCui peeudum librae, coeli cm sidera parent, 

ille Asylas interpres rencm Etjinguae volucrum, et praesagi folminis ignes: 

divinarum et humanarum, ^iHe rapit densos acie, atque horrentibus hastis. 

",Smat,:,?Tasr el 'cceH;Hos parere jubent Alphe* ab engine Pis*, 

et voces avium, et fiammse Urbs Etrusca solo. Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur, 180 

fulminis ominosi: trahit s0- Astur equo fidens et versicoloribus armis. 

cum mille vivos contertos rp. * t* • . / m »■* 

numero etrigidis hastis. Pi- Ter centum adjiciunt (mens omnibus una sequendi) 

see, urbs Tuscasitu, ortce ex Qui Caerete domo, qui sunt Minionis in arvis; 

Pisis Al P heis,jusseranthosEt Pyrgi veteres, intempestaeque Graviscae. 

SSS^ESfflSSHCg* e .s° te > L !e urum ductor fo « issime bell <" 183 

dens equo et armis pictis. Tran sienm, Cinyra; et paucis comitate Cupavo, 

Qui sunt ex patria Cserete, Cujus olorinae surgunt de vertice pennse. 

qui in campis Minionis; et Crimen amor vestrum, formaeq; insigne paternae. 

antiqui Pyrgi, et Graviscse ._ _ , ' V», .. ° • 

uU mala temperies ams, Namque terunt luctu Cycnum Phaetontis amati, 

adjungunt trecentos: omni- Populeas inter frondes umbramque sororum 190 

bus par est voluntas sequen- Dum can i t et mcestum mus & so latur amorem: 

oi. Non ego omittam te, o ,, . ... . A , 

Cinyra generosissime bello Canentem molh pluma duxisse senectam, 

dux Ligurum; et Cupavo Linquentem terras, et sidera voce sequentem. 

^/ewpaucisequuntur, cujus Filius jequales comitatus classe catervas, 

e capite attolluntur plumse T • *■ . ,, ... , _ • 

eyenea.. Amor crimen est Ingentem remis Centaurum promovet: ille 195 

vestpse familix, et insigne Instat aquae, saxumque undis immane minatur 

petitum ex transformatione 

patris. Scilicet aiunt Cycnum, dum desiderio dilecti Phaetontis cantat inter arbores populos ac 
umbracula sororum ejus* et dum recreat cantu tristem amorem: albescentem teneris plumis 
traduxisse senectutem, deserendo terras et petendo ccelum cantu. Filius secutus classe turmas 
xqualium, propellit remis magnam navem Centaurum: flle Centaurus impendet aquse, et subli- 
nes intentat fluctibus vastum saxum, 

NOTES. 

is a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls un- pointment was envied by the people of Elis, 

der Brennus. Porsenna was buried there, who made a war against the Pisaeans, and 

At the north of Clusium was a lake called after many bloody battles took their city, 

Clusina lacus, which had a communication and totally demolished it. 
with the Arnus.. 183. Minionis. Minio was the name of a 

169. Corytique. Corylus is a word original- river in Tuscany: its modern name is Mug- 

ly Greek* of the same import with pharetra. none. 
Ovid and Statius have likewise adopted it. 184. Pyvgi. A maritime fortified place of 

172- Populonia, or Populonium, was a Elis, in the Peloponnesus. It derh ' its 

town of Etruria near Pisx, destroyed in the name from Tv^yot, turres. Martial calls it li- 

civil wars of Sylla. Not far from its ruins, a toreos Pyrgos. 

town has been built which bears the name 184. Intempestceque Graviscce. A town in 

of Piombino. Etruria, on the sea coast, unwholesome on 

179. Pis^e. Pisa or Pisa:, a town of Elis, account of the fens in the neighbourhood: 

on the Aiphe.us, at the west of Pelopon- hence arose the name Gravisca, a gravitate 

nesus, founded by Pisus, the son of Perie- a'e'ris. 

res, grandson of Mollis. Its inhabitants 195. Centaurum. The name of the ship 

accompanied Nestor to the Trojan war, and was the Centaur, so called from having a 

they long enjoyed the privilege of presiding Centaur painted or carved on the stern, 

£t the Olympic games which were cejle- wielding a huge stone in his hand, which 

brated near their city. This honourable jap- he seemed to be dashing against the waves 



jENEIDOS lib. X. 



499 



et fintllt profundum mare 
tonga trabe. IlleetiamOcnus, 
filius Mantus vatifi et fluvii 
Ktrusci, movet exercitum h 
200 patria regione: illc, 6 Man- 
tua, qui dedit tibi muros et 
nomen matris ma, o Man- 
tua illustris majoribus, sed 
stirps non est eadem omni- 
bus: babet tribus tres, po- 



Arduus, et longa sulcat maria alta carina. 
Ille etiam patriis agmen ciet Ocnus ab oris, 
Fatidicae Mantus et Tusci filius amnis, 
Qui muros matrisq; dedit tibi, Mantua, nomen; 
Mantua dives avis; sed non genus omnibus unum: 
Gens illi triplex, populi sub gente quaterni, 
Ipsa caput populis: Tusco de sanguine vires. 
Hinc quoque quin^entos in se Mezentius armat, 

^ M x „ A & , .. . * 0/ ~ ~ pulos quatuor sub unaqua 

Quos patre Benaco, velatus arundine glauca, 205 qve tribUj ipsa est pri maria 

Mincius infesta ducebat in aequora pinu. populorum tfforwm, roburfc 

It gravis Auletes, centenaque arbore fiuctum £ ex *1 U IT* co " natione 

,, c, 1 n , Prasterea Mezentius eonci- 

Verberat assurgens: spumant vada marmore verso. tat contra se q U i n gentos ex 
Hunc vehit immanis Triton, et cosrula concha ilia regione, quos Mincius, 

Extcrrens freta: cui laterum tenus hispida nanti %\Qh(Aem patrem Benacum. 
Erons hominem praefert, in pristin desinit alvus, 
Spumea semifero sub pectore murmurat unda. 
Tot lecti proceres ter denis navibus ibant 
Subsidio Trojae, et campos salis sere secabant. 
Jamq; dies coelo concesserat, almaq; curru 
Noctivago Phoebe medium pulsabat Olympum: 
i&neas (neque enim membris dat cura quietem) 
Ipse sedens clavumque regit, velisque ministrat. 
Atque illi medio in spatio, chorus ecce suarum 
Occurrit comitum, Nymphse, quas alma Cybele 
Numen habere maris, Nymphasq; e navibus esse 
Jusserat: innabant pariter, fiuctusq; secabant; 
Quot prius seratse steterant ad litora prorse. 
Agnoscunt longe regem, lustrantque choreis. 
Quarum quae fandi doctissima Cymodocea, 
Pone sequens, dextra puppim tenet: ipsaq; dorso 
Eminet, ac laeva tacitis subremigat undis. 

gubernaculum, et dat operam velis: non enim solicitudo permittit ejus corpori ullam quietem 
Et ecce turba suarum sociarum offert se ipsi in medio cursu: scilicet, Nymphae, quas benefica 
Cybele voluerat frui divinitate mains et fieri Nympbas e navibus: natabant slmul, et scindebant 
uudas: quot antea naves seratce stabant ad litus. Agnoscunt procul regem, et circumeunt eum 
saltando. Cymodocea, quse erat peritissima loquendi inter illas, tenet manu dextra puppim, 
sequens proper et ipsa emergit tergo, ac subnatat sinistra manu per aquas quietas*. 



coronatus arundine viridl, 
ducebat in mare navibus ini- 
micis Mezentio. Ducit eos 
Auletes gravis, et erigens se 
percutit undam centenis re- 
mis ligneis: fluctus spumant 

2 1 5 agitato mari. Portat ilium 
Triton vastus, et terrens 
mare cceruleum tuba e con- 
cha: huic Tritoni merso us- 
que ad latera, vu'tus pilosus 
exbibet hominem, venter 

22Q ex »t in pristin, unda spumo- 
sa sonat sub pectore semi- 
ferino. Tot principes selecti 
navigabant triginta navibus 
in auxilium Trojse novte, et 
scindebant serato rostro spa- 
tia salsa? aquas. Et jam lux, 

225abierat e ccelo, et benefica 
Luna attingebat medium 
caelum curru nocturno: JE- 
neas ipse sedeas moderator 



NOTES. 



201. Non genus omnibus unum. They came 
partly from Tuscany, partly from Venetia, 
and partly from Gaul, which explains what 
follows. 

202. Gens triplex, populi sub gente quaterni. 
The gens triplex marks their original from 
those three nations; and the populi quaterni 
sub gente signify that there were three cities 
besides Mantua in the Mantuan territory, 
which were all subject to so many lucumons 
or petty kings, of which four cities Mantua 
was the chief; and those four cities made a 
part of the domination of Etruria, which in 
all was divided into twelve of those lucu- 
monies or regalities. 

204. In se armat, that is, he furnished 
them with a just cause of rising in arms 
against himself. 

205. Patre Benaco, Mincius. Benacus is a 
lake in the territory of Verona, now called 
Lago di. Garda; the river Mincius, now 



Menzo, rises out of it: therefore the epithet 
patre is added to Benaco. 

207. Arbore. The oars, so called to denote 
their bulk. 

209. Triton, a sea deity, the son of Nep- 
tune. He was very powerful among the sea 
deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
the storm at pleasure. He is generally re- 
presented as blowing a shell; his body above 
the waist like that of a man; and below, 
a dolphin. Some represent him with the 
fore-feet of ahorse. Many of the sea deities 
are called Tritons. 

216. Phcebe. Luna, the sister of Phoebus. 

218. Clavumque regit. The leader of a co. 
lony should be equal to every task which 
the business requires. JEneas does not dis- 
dain to pilot his own vessel in the night. 
This he had done before, B. 5. 

CATROfr. 



500 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Deinde sic affatur JEneam Turn sic ignarum alloquitur: Vigilasne, Deum c;ens 
'11730=,,:=; £*nea? vigila, et velis immitte rudentes. 
vigilas? vigila, et laxa fu- Nos sumus Idaeae sacro de vertice pmus, 230 

nes velis. Nos sumus pinus Nunc pelagi Nymphae, cla^sis tua. Perfidus utnos 
Idaeae sacro cacumine Mi- p rseci pites ferro R utu lus fiammaque premebat: 

us montis, naves ohm tuae, _, . r . , ~i r 

nunc Nymphas maris. Cum Rupimus mvitse tua vincula, teque per aequor 
Rutulus fceditragus perse- Quserimus. Hanc genitrix faciem miserata refecit: 
queretur ferro et igne rros Et c | ec ji t esse £) eas ^ YVLUi< ^ agitare sub UlldlS. 235 
submersrenuas; abrupimus A . . r ■ 

non sponte tua retinkcula, At puer Ascanius muro fossisque tenetur 
et te quserimus per mare. Tela inter media, atque horrentes Marte Latinos. 
Mater C#&efemiserta?ws*rij am l oca j ussa tenet f ort j pe rmixtUS Etrusco 
reparavit formam nostrum: A J ,. .,,. 

etpermisitn^ esse Deas, et Arcas eques: medias llhs opponere turmas, 
ducerevitam sub aquis. Sed Ne castris jungant, certa est sententia Turno. 240 
juvenis Ascanius dauditur Surge, age, et Aurora socios veniente vocari 
r^rtSosS^bd- Primus in armajube: et clypeum cape, quem dedit 
lo. Jam equitatus Arcadius ipse 

juuctus generosis Etruscis, Invictum Ignipotens, atque oras ambiit auro. 
tT£?£S£*£Z ?rastina lux (mea si non irrita dicta putaris) 
objicere illis agmina inter- Ingentes Rutulae spectabit caedis acervos. 245 

jecta, ne Mi promoveant ad Dixerat, et dextra discedens impulit altam, 
urbem sua. Age, surge: et Haud j modi puppim: fugit ilia per undas, 

prima luce immmente, pn- ^ ° . , > r i i » y a 

ius impsra socios excitari Ocyor et jaculo et ventos aequante sagitta. 
ad arma: et sume clypeum, Inde alize celerant cursus. Stupet inscius ipse 
quem ipse Vulcanus donavit x r0 s Anchisiades : animos tamen omine tollit, 250 

tibiimpenetrabdem, etcnix-™ , 

it extremitatem illlns auro. Tum breviter supera aspectans convexa precatur: 
Crastina dies videbit magnos Alma parens Idaea Deiim, cui Dindyma cordi, 

cumutos Tftutuiorum cadave- Xurrigeraeque urbes, biiugique ad fraena leones: 
rum, nisi existimavens mea rp. m_* • •** 

verba vana. Sfc-tocuta fue- Tu m1 ^ nunc pugn* princeps, til rite propinques 
rat, et abien,s, pepulit manu Augurium, Phrygibusq; adsis pede, Diva, secundo. 
dextra puppim sublimem, non inscia modi quo erat impellenda: ilia puppis currit per aquas, 
celerior et telo et sagitta pari ventis. Deinde alisc naves properant. Ipse Trojan us Alius Anchi- 
sw miratur nesciens causam: tamen erigit animos suorum hoc praesagio. Deinde suspiciens con- 
cavas partes sumrai cceli, sic orat breviter: O mater Idtea, altrix Deorum, cui Dinctyma chara 
sunt, et urbes turritae, et leones bini allig-ati jugo et dociles ad fraena: tu nunc e s mihi auctor 
pugnse, tu bene secundes omen, et accedas ad Phrygas cursu prospero, 6 Dea. 

NOTES. 

229. Veils immitte rudentes, i. e. Spread out good success; so that this episodical machine 

your sails at the utmost length of the hal- is properly part of the great poem; for be- 

sers. See thejpoteon JEn. VIII. 708. sides what has been said, they push on his 

233. Rupimus invitee. Catrou mentions navy with celestial vigour, that it might 

this part of Cymodocea's speech as a speci- reach the port more speedily, and effect a 

men of the politeness of the sea-nymph, landing with greater ease and success. 

Nothing (says this polite Frenchman) can 250. Animos tamen omine tollit, i.e. Raises 

be more polite than the language of this the spirits of his men (as verse 268. ultro 

new nymph. She gives JEneas to understand animos tollit dictisj; not is raised or anima- 

that she was turned into a goddess sorely ted by the omen himself, as Dr. Trapp has 

against her own will, and that she had ra- it. 

ther still have continued in his service un- 252. Ida a. Cybele, the mother, who, be- 

der her original shape. cause she is taken for the earth which sus- 

246. Dixerat . Mr. Dryden justly observes, tains cities on its surface, is described with 

that the transformation of the ships, as vio- a turreted crown. She is drawn by lions, 

lent a piece of machinery as it is, serves intimating that as a kind and common mo- 

here to carry on the main design. These ther she is able to govern and tame her most 

new made divinities not only tell JEneas ferocious children. 

what had passed in his camp during his ab- 254. Propinques, i.e. Propinquum or pre- 
sence, and what was the present distress of sens reddas, render it propitious; the neuter 
his besieged people, and that his horsemen verb propinquo being here used transitively, 
whom he had sent by land were ready to after the manner of the Greeks (and like 
join him on his descent, but warn him to the Hebrew hithpahelj as jtwa" signifies 
provide for battle next day, and foretell him either stoj or stare facto. 



.fcNEIDOS LIB. X. 



50J 



Tan turn eftatus: et interest rcvoluta ruebat 
Matura jam luce dies, noctemque fug&rat. 
Principio sociis edicit, signa sequantur, 
Atque animos aptent arm is, pugnaeque parent se. 
Jamque in conspectu Teucros habet et sua castra, 
Stans celsii in puppi: clypeum turn deinde sinistra 
Extulit ardentem. Clamorem ad sidera tollunt 
Dardanidie e muris: spcs addita suscitat iras: 
Tela manu jaciunt. Quales sub nubibus atris 264 

Stiymoniae dant signa grues, atque aethera tranant 
Cum sonitu, fugiuntque Notos clamore secundo. 
At Rutulo regi ducibusque ea mira videri 
Ausoniis: donee versas ad litora puppes 
Respiciunt, totumque allabi classibus aequor. 
Ardet apex capiti, cristisque a vertice flamma 
Funditur, et vastos umbo vomit aureus ignes. 
Non secus ac liquida si quando nocte cometae 
Sanguinei lugubre rubent: aut Sirius ardor, 
Ille sitim morbosque ferens mortalibus aegris, 
Nascitur, et laevo contristat lumine coelum. 
Haud tamen audaci Turno liducia cessit 
Litora praeripere, et venientes pellere terra. 
Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultro: 
Quod votis optastis, adest, perfringere dextra: 
In manibus Mars ipse, viri: nunc conjugis esto 
Quisq; suae tectiq; memor; nunc magna referto 

bis ille Sirius oritur, portendens hominibus male affectis siccitatem et morbos, et contristat cre- 
lum luce sinistra. Tamen non periit audaci Turno spes occupandi litus, et prohibendi terra de- 
scendentes. Ultro excitat verbis animos suorum, et ultro adhortatur: O viri, promptum est vo- 
bis perficere manu, quod cupivistis votis: pugna ipsa est in potestate vested: jam unusquisque 
sit memor uxoris et domus suae; nunc memoret 



256H«o solum locntus: ct in- 
terim dies reversa prove- 
hebatur lumine jam plena, 
ctexpulerat noct'em. Primo 
imperat sociis, ut sequantur 
vexilla etexohent animos ad 
b»lla, et accingant se ad eer- 
tamen. Et jam habet pra*. 
oculis Trojanos, et muni? 
raenta urbis sua;, erectus in 
puppi excelsa: turn posted 
extulit heva manu clypeum 
fuigentem. Trojani e mceni- 
bus emittunt clamorem ad 
astra: spes aucta accendit 
iras; vibrant manibus jacula. 
Quales grues Strynionis^ij- 
vii emittunt voces inter ni- 

070 S ras nubes, et trajiciunt cce- 
lum cum sonitu, et fugiunt 
Austros cum Iseto clamore, 
Scd ea cceperunt videri mi- 
rabilia regi Rutulo et duci- 
bus Italis: donee viderunt 
naves detortas ad litus, ct 

275 totum mare appelli cum na- 
vibus. Conus galece fulget e 
capite, et splendor spargU 
tur e summitate per cristas, 
et umbo clypei aureus emit- 
tit copiosos ignes. Non ali- 

^oq ter ac si cometae cruenti ali - 
quando triste rubescunt per 
humidam noctem: aut si isr- 



NOTES. 



264. Nubibus atris. Clouds black or lour- 
ing with storm, as is plain from what fol- 
lows, Fugiuntque, Notos clamore secundo. 

265. Strymonite. This comparison of the 
martial clamour of the Trojans with the cry 
of cranes is borrowed from Homer, Iliad 3. 

So when inclement winters vex the plain 
With piercing frosts or thick-descending 

rain, 
To warmer seas the cranes embodied fly, 
With noise and order, through the mid- 
way sky. 
To pigmy nations wounds and death they 

bring, 
And all the war descends upon the wing. 

Pope. 
Mr. Pope observes, if wit has been truly de- 
scribed to be a similitude of ideas, and is 
more excellent as that similitude is more 
surprising, there cannot be a truer kind of 
wit than what is shown in apt comparisons, 
especially when composed on such subjects 
having the least relation to each other in 
general, have yet some particular that ex- 
actly agrees. Of this nature is the simile 
that Homer has conceived and Virgil adopt- 
ed. 

272. Cometce. Virgil again derives a com- 



parison from his great original, II. 4. He 
speaks of Minerva: 
Fir'd with the charge, she headlong urg'd 

her flight, 
And shot like lightning from Olympus' 

height. 
As the red comet from Saturnius sent, 
To fright the nations with a dire portent, 
(A fatal sign to armies on the plain, 
Or trembling sailors on the wintry main) 
With sweeping glories glides along in air, 
And shakes the sparkles from its blazing 

hair; 
Between both armies thus, in open sight, 
Shot the bright goddess in a trail of light, 
Milton has copied the same, and in the opi- 
nion of Wharton, exceeds both Homer and 
Virgil in sublimity: 

" Like a comet burn'd 

That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge 
In th' arctic sky; and from his horrid hair 
Shakes pestilence and war." 
273. Sirius ardor. Sirius or Canicula, a 
dog-star, whose appearance, as the ancients 
supposed, always caused great heat on the 
earth. The term dog days is still in use. 

279. g)uod optastis. Tempus is understood, 
Perfringere dextra, Servius observes, is a 



502 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

prasciaragestaetlaudes ma- Facta, patrum laudes: ultro occurramus ad undam, 

jorum: ultro objiciamus nos rj um trep idi, egressisq; labant vestigia prima. 

admare,dumtumultuantur, A , ^ r r . • / r or 

ct primi gressus vacillant ex- Audentes fortuna juvat. 

seendentibus; Fortuna auxi- Haec ait: et secum versat, quos ducere contra, 285 

liatm-audacibus. Dicit base: Vel quibus obsessos possit concredere muros. 

%£*££ !EStfZi*««* * neas s ° cios de P«P P ibus altis 

neam,mt quibus possit com- Pontibus exponit. Multi servare recursus 

mittereurbemobsessam.In-Languentispelagi, et brevibus se credere saltu; 

MK^JSta** »«■ alii. Speculate litora Tarchon, 290 

Multi incipiunt quaere re- Qua vada non sperat, nee fracta remurmurat unda, 

iluxum maris tranquillioris, Sed mare inoffensum crescenti allabitur aestu, 

ctexponere se inhc^Ao- Advertit subito proras: sociosque precatur: 

sa per saitum: ahi ope re-__ A ■ * .*-,.." r , . 

morum. Tarchon contem- -Nunc, o lecta manus, validis mcumbite remis: 

platus litora, qua parte non Toilite, ferte rates: inimicam findite rostris 295 

putat reperin ^vada, e t "nda jjanc terrain, sulciimque sibi premat ipsa carina. 

non sonant aihsse; sed qua ^ ' ,. *. F r 

parte mare sine offensione * rangere nee tali puppim statione recuso, 
advolvitur, .sstutumescente: Arrepta tellure semel. Quae talia postquam 
subito impellit proras, et Effatus Tarchon: socii consurgere tonsis, 

orat socios: ISiunc, o turba . . r ° r . . 0/w . 

electa, intendite validos re- Spumantesque rates arvis inferre Latinis: 300 

mos: erigite, invebite naves: Donee rostra tenent siccum: et sedere carinae 
scindite rostris banc terram Omnes innocuae; sed non puppis tua, Tarchon. 
gfiftilffi* 2SJT Namque inflicta vadis dorso duro pendet iniquo, 
mel arripuero terrain, non Anceps sustentata dm, fluctusque fatigat, 
abnuolacerarenavem in fafe* Solvitur, atque viros mediis exponit in undis: 305 

loco. Qu* talia cmn _ Tar- p • remorum quos et fluitantia transtra 

chon dixisset: socu cceperunt T & 1 m 

erigere se in remos, et inve- lmpediunt, retrahitque pedes simul unda relabens. 
here naves spumosas in li- Nee Turnum segnis retinet mora, sed rapit acer 
tus Latin um: donee rostra Totam aciem inTeucros, et contra* in litore sistit. 

attigerunt siccum locum, et . . 

omnes naves steterunt ill»- kigna canunt: primus turmas mvasit agrestes 310 

sse; non tamen navis tua, 6 i£neas, omen pugnae: stravitque Latinos, 

Tarchon. Quippe impac- Q cc i so Therone: virum qui maximus ultro 

fa arenis, dum pendet ex _, tt • i j- 

incequali cumulo earwm, nu- ^ueam petit. Huic gladio, perque aereasuta, 

tabunda, diu suspensa, etPer tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum. 
dum agitat undas, laceratur, j n( je Lycam ferit, exsectum jam matre perempta, 
l£^2u%£J*£! Et tibi, Pho.be, sacrum: casus evadere ferri 3.6 

morum et scamna subna- Quod Iicuit parvo. Nee longe Cissea durum, 
tantia obstant, et fluctus re- Immanemque Gyam, sternentes aermina clava, 

fluens simul retrahit pedes 
allabentium. Nee pigra mora retardat Turnum: sed promptus ducit universum exercitum con- 
tra Trojanos, et ex adverso stat in litore. Signa Ln sonant: -/Eneas primus aggreditur agmina 
rustica/gziorfy^wVinitium pradii: et dejicit Latinos, interfectoTberone: qui hominum maximus 
primus tendit in iEneam. &neas ense pervadit huic latus perfossum, per loricam asperam au- 
ro, et per textus rereos clypei. Inde occidit Lycam, excisum e matre jam mortua, et dicatum 
tibi, 6 Apollo: quod adkuc infans potuisset evadere periculum ferri. Nee procul stravit morte 
asperum Cissseum, et grandem Gyam, vastantes clava turmas. 

NOTES. 

military phrase, and imports farther facere, 304. Fluctusque fatigat. Servius explains 
to exert the resistless force, as it were, of it, fluctus fatigat navim; Ruseus navis fatigat 
your right hand, to crush and beat down all fluctus. 
before you. 310. Turmas — agrestes. By these we are 

286. Obsessos concredere muros. Literally, to understand men levied in the country by 
to whom commit the besieged walls, the Latins. These were much better sol- 

290. Per remos alii. The whole of this diers than the militia raised in towns. The 
description is extremely concise. Others by army of the Latins was made up in a hurry, 
oars, viz. get on shore. and did not consist of regular troops. 

299. Tonsis, i.e. remis. See .JEn. VII. 28. 



jENEIDOS lib. X. 503 

Deiecit lcto. Nihil illos Herculis arma, Nihil profuerun* iilis arma 

Ni/ valid* juvere manus, genitorque Melampus, 320^;^^^-^^- 
Alcidae comes, usque graves dum terra labores c i us Herculis quamdia terra 

Praebuit. Ecce Pharo, voces dum iactat inertes, * proposuit Ikrcvli difficiles 
Intorquen. jaculum, clamanti. sistit in ore. S«Ei"«2T3S 

Tu quoque flaventem prima lanugine malas stolida verba, defigit Mud in 

Dum sequeris Clytium infelix, nova gaudia, Cydon: ore voeiferantis. Tu etiam, 
Dardani. stratus dextra, securus arnorum, 326 ^SSSg^J* 

Qui juvenum tibi semper erant, miserancle, jaceres: um gerus f, pr i m0 rem bar- 
Ni fratrum stipata cohors foret obvia, Phorci bam, novum amicum tuum, 

Progenies: septem numero, septenaque tela jacuissesde S;^ m r U Z r<? " 

^ v. . r . * T 1^ 00 _. jana, non soucitus cfeamori- 

Conjicmnt: partim galea clypeoque resultant 330 bus j uvenum Qui t i bi era nt 

Irrita, deflexit partim stringentia corpus semper cordi: nisi den satur- 

Alma Venus. Fidum ^Lneas affatur Achaten: ™ a fratrum, proles Phorci, 

o i -L- / n j *«„„ f*,,, <-„.* iuisset obvia^netf.- numero 

Suggere tela mihi (non ullum dextera frustra > ■ septem sunt) et ^ bpailt sep . 
Torserit in Rutulos) steterunt quae in corpore Graium tern tela: sed ea partim ecas- 
Iliacis campis. Turn magnam corripit hastam, 335 side et clypeo resiliunt ina- 
Et jacit: ilia volans clypei transverberat «m TiSSZSSffSS^ 

Maeonis, et thoraca simul cum pectore rumpit. JEnece. iEneas alloquitur fi- 

Huic frater subit Alcanor, fratremque ruentem delem Achaten: subministra 

Sin&tpntit rlpvtra- traiprtn rnksa larprro mihi arma, qua? in arvis Tro- 

bustentat clextra. ttajecto missa lacerto janis fixa mnt b oribus 

Protinus hasta fugit, servatq; cruenta tenorem; 340 Gracorum: nullum telum 

Dexteraq; ex humero nervis moribunda pependit. ex Us dextera vibrabit in- 

Tum Numitor, iaculo fratris de corpore rapto, cassum » Rutuios. Turn 

_ .. ' J , P f x r ' apprehendit mgentem has- 

JEneam petnt: sed non et figere contra^ - tanij et vibrat: ab volaus 

Est licitum, magnique femur perstrinxit Achatae. transfodit sera scuti Maonis, 

Hie Curibus, fidens primsevo corpore, Clausus 345 et penetrat simul loricam 

., . L . . , A -^ ~ - r . v , , A cum pectore. Alcanor frater 

Advenit, et ngida Dryopen ferit emmus hasta , aU xUiatur illi, et sustinet 

Sub mentum graviter pressa, pariterque loquenti dextra fratrem cadentem: 

Vocem animamq; rapit trajecto gutture: at ille hasta yaw vibrata contmud 
Fronte ferit terram, et crassum vomit ore cruorem. ^^S^JSt^. 

Tres quoq; Threicios, Boreae de gente suprema: 350 pe tum: et dextra Mcunoris 

Et tres, quos Idas pater et patria Ismara mittit, Janguens nervis pependit ex 

p pr vamn*! sfPrnit miK Orrnrrit Halpsns humero. Tunc Numitor telo 

fei \ alios sternit casus. UCClirilt nalesus, extracto e corpore fratris 

Auruncaeque manus: subit et Neptuma proles, appetiit vEneam: sed noa 

Insignis Messapus equis: expellere tendunt permlssumest vicissim eti- 

Nunc hi, nunc illi: certatur limine in ipso 35 5 ZgZESg ^* 

Ausoniae. Magno discordes aethere venti Tunc Clausus eonfidens ju- 

Praelia ceu tollunt, animis et viAbllS aequis: venili corpore venit e Curi- 

bus, et procul ladit Dryo- 
pen rigenti hasta dure inflicta sub mentum, et simul aufert loquenti vocem et spiritum trans- 
l'osso jugulo: ille autem verberat fronte tellurem, et effundit ore spissum sanguinem. Dejicit 
etiam per varios rnodos tres Thracas, de sublimi stirpe Borea; et tres quos pater Idas et pa- 
tria urbs Ismara misit ad helium. Halesus occurrit, et turma Aurunca: occurrit et progenies 
Neptuni Messapus conspicuus equis: modo hi, mod6 illi conantur expellere: pugnatur in ipso 
ingressu Italia. Quemadmodum venti oppositi excitant pugnas in spatioso aere, paribus animis, 
et viiibus: 

* \ 

NOTES. 

319. Herculis arma; a club, from the trunk have two significations, namely, that these 

of a hard tree. three first Thracians were of the divine 

324. Flaventem prima lanugine malas. Li- family of Boreas, that is to say, sons of Ze- 

terally, Having his cheeks shaded yellow thus or Calais, who were the offspring of 

with the first down. Boreas and Orythya; but my interpretation 

326. Securus arnorum, regardless of loves, is the most simple, namely, that these three 

So JEn. I. 343: brothers were of the most northern part of 

" Securus arnorum, Germana." Thrace where Boreas reigns. 

334. Steterunt, &c. Literally, Which stood Catrou. 

in the bodies of the Greeks. 351. Ismara, plur. (or as Ruaus thinks, 

350. £ore* de genu. These words may sinj.) a rugged mountain of Thrace, C o 



504 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

non cedit mare ipsis, rion Non ipsi inter se, non nubila, non mare cedit: 
$& SS2TS&EZ Anceps pugna diu, stant obnixi omnia contra. 

manent obluctantes contra Haud aliter Trojanee acies, aciesque Latinae 360 

omnia. Non alitor agmina Conc'urrunt: haeret pede pes, densusque viro vir. 

S&SlS&X h?2 At parte ex alia, qua saxa rotantia late _ , 

pedi, et vir spissus vho. Scd Intulerat torrens, arbustaque diruta npis: 

ab alia parte, qua torrens Arcadas, insuetos acies inferre pedestres, 

late disjecerat lapides con- Ut vidit p alIas Lado dare t sequac i : 365 

tortos, et arbores evulsas e A . ..,.•? l . 

ripis: postquam Pallas con- Aspera queis natura loci dimittere quando 

spexit Arcadas, non assuetos Suasit equos: unum quod rebus restat egenis, 

incuwere agmine pedestri, >j unc pre ce, nunc dictis virtutem accendit amaris. 

omicerc teri?a Latino perse- ^ v « •.,■ • ••) . « •. « .„ 

qtienti: quandoquidem dim- Q u ° fugitis socii^ per vos, et fortia facta; 
cilis natura loci coegit eos Per ducis Eyandri nomen, devictaque bella, 370 

descendere ex equis: modo Spemque meam, patriae quae nunc subit aemula laudis, 
precibus, modo dictis aspe-rr v. n r i i 

risinflavnmat virtutem ilh- Fldlt( r ne pedibus: ferro rumpenda per hostes 
rum, quod solum supererat Est via, qua. globus ille viriim densissimus urget: 
in rebus angustis. Quo fugi- Hac vos et Pallanta ducem patria alta reposcit. 
& v£^*S£2& Numina nulla premunt: mortali urgemur ab hoste 
per nomen Evandri regis, et Mortales: to tide m nobis animaeq; manusque. 376 

relatas victorias, et meam ex- Ecce, maris magno claudit nos objice pontus: 
pectationem, qux nunc sur- D t • t f pelagus, Troiamne petemus? 

int semula glorias paternse, TT J ,. & * & J . * 

vte committite vos fugse: via Haec ait, et medius densos prorumpit in hostes. 

est aperienda inter hostes, Obvius huic primum fatis adductus iniquis 380 

qua parte multitude- ilia ho- p it L as?us: h unc ma p-no vellit dum pondere saxum, 

minum spississima premit T . °~ . . , ,. °. . . r ' 

nos.- nobilis patria hac vocat Intorto figit telo, discrimma costis 
vos, et ducem Pallanta. Nul- Per medium qua spina dedit: hastamque receptat 
liDii urgent nos, mortales Qssibus haerentem. Quern non super occupat Hisbon. 

ureemur ab hoste mortali: T n • i i n n . v ■ 

simt nobis tot manus et ani- IIle quidein hoc sperans: nam Pallas ante ruentem, 
ma?, quot UUs. Ecce mare Dum furit, incau turn, crudeli morte sodalis, 386 

coercet nos magno obstaculo Excipit: a tq; ensem tumido in pulmone recondit. 
^tfSnStSfS Hinc Helenum petit, et Rhceti de gente vetusta 
Trojam? Dixit ha^c, et me- Anchemolum, thalamos ausum mcestare novercae. 
dius irruit in hostes confer- Vos etiam gemini Rutulis cecidistis in arvis, 390 

tos. Lagus occurrit primum 

obvius illi, attractus fatis adversis: dum hie attollit saxum vasti ponderis, Pa/las occidit eum 
immissa hasta, qua parte spina facit divortium costarum per medium dorsi: et retrahit has- 
tam infixam ossibus. Hisbon non intercipit ilium Pallanta in hoc opere, quamvis ille hoc spera- 
vet. Nam Pallas prius intercipit irrumpentem, improvidum, dum furit ob mortem asperam so- 
cii: et occultat gladium in pulmone turgido. Deinde invadit Helenum, et Anchemolum e veteri 
fornilia RluEti, ausum constuprare cubile novercoe. Vos quoque gemini fratres occidistis in cam- 
pis Rutulis, 

NOTES. 

vered with vines and olives, near Hebrus, Trapp understands it, namely, Shall we re- 

with a town of the same name. Its wines are pair to Troy, or shall we plunge into the 

excellent. The word Ismarius is indiscri- sea? meaning that both are equally impos- 

minately used for a Thracian. sible. But we rather take this to be the 

359. Stant obnixi. Pierius found obnixa in meaning: We must either do the one or 

all the ancient manuscripts he consulted. the other; we must either plunge into the 

361. Pede pes. Servius says, for pedi. sea, or face our foes, and cut our way 

362. Saxa rotantia. Passively for rotata, through the ranks to Troy; that is, to the 
as Georg. I. 163. volventia plaustra for <vo- camp of Troy, which we are come to re- 
luta. lieve from siege. 

363. Arbusta. Not small trees, but places 383. Receptat. This word, as Servius ob- 
thick with trees. serves, expresses the difficulty of recover- 

371. Spemque meam. When my father ing his spear; it stuck so fast that it took 

shall have returned home from all his bat- some time to draw it out. 
ties a conqueror, I, emulous of his glory, 387. In pulmone. Virgil by no means 

hope to return a conqueror too. equals Homer in the variety of wounds am! 

378. Pelagus, &c. All the commentators modes of dying, 
explain the passage in the same way as Dr. 



jENEIDOS LIU. X 



505 



Daucia, Laride Tymberque, simillima proles, 

Indiscreta suis, gratusque parcntibus error: 

At nunc dura dedit vobis discrimina Pallas. 

Nam tibi, Tymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis: 

Te decisa suum, Laride, dextera quaerit: 

Semianimesque micant digiti, ferrumq; retractant, 

Arcadas accensos monitu, et praeclara tuentes 

Facta viri, miruus dolor ct pudor armat in hostes. 

Turn Pallas bijugis fugientem Rhoetea praeter 

Trajicit: hoc spatium, tantumque morae fuit Ilo. 400 tus pudori excitat in hdstem 

Ilo namq; procul validam direxerat hastam: Arcades .mflammatos moni- 

/■A T- ni • •. rr. .v lis, et videntes egregia gesta 

Quum medius Rhosteus mtercipit, optime Teuthra, du ' cig Tunc Pa fi as * COI ?fodit 
Te fugiens. fratremque Tyrcn: curruque volutus Khceteum fugientem ulteri 



Laride et Tymber, soboles 
Dauoi, aiuf e.rat similli- 
ma, et indistincta suis paren - 
tibus ct causa jucundi erro- 
ris. Scd Pallas nunc posuit 
3Q5 crudelia discrimina inter vos. 
Nam gladius Evandri, /?/« ab- 
scidit tibi caput, 6 Tymber: 
dextra?Hfl?n^s amputataqutc- 
rit te suum, 6 Laride: et di- 
giti moventnr scmimortui,et 
motant gladium. Dolor junc- 



Caedit scmianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva. 
Ac velut optato, ventis aestate coortis, 
Dispersa immittit sylvis incendia pastor: 
Correptis subito mediis, extenditur una 
Horrida per latos acies Vulcania campos: 
Ille sedens victor flammas despectat ovantes. 
Non aliter sociiim virtus coit omnis in unum, 
Teque juvat, Palla. Sed bellis acer Halesus 
Tendit in adversos, seque in sua colligit arma. 
Hie mactat Ladona, Pheretaque, Demodocumque: 
Strymonio dextram fulgenti diripit ense, 
Elatam in jugulum: saxo ferit ora Thoantis, 
Ossaque dispergit cerebro permixta cruento. 
Fata canens sylvis genitor celarat Halesum: 
Ut senior leto canentia lumina solvit; 
Injecere man um Parcae, telisque sacrarunt 
Evandri: quem sic Pallas petit ante precatus: 
Da nunc, Tybri pater, ferro, quod missile libro, 
Fortunam atque viam duri per pectus Halesi: 
Haec arma exuviasque viri tua quercus habebit. 
Audiit ilia Deus: dum texit Imaona Halesus, 



vis cquis binis jugo alligatis: 
405 tantundem spatii et morce 
fuit Ho ad mortem. Nam 
Pallas intenderat eminus 
in Hum hastam robustam: 
quam Rhoeteus medius ex- 
cepit, fugiens te, fortissime 
Teuthra, et fratrem tnum 
410Tyren: et excussus e curru 
semimortur.s ferit talis agros 
Rutulorum. Et sicut per ses- 
tatem ventis subortis ex voto 
pastor defunditm sylvis spar- 
sa incendia: continuo cor- 



, , - reptis mediis sylvis horren- 
da vis Vulcani f unditur simul 
in vastos agros: ille verb pas- 
tor sedens voti compos aspi- 
cit ignes exultantes. Non ali- 
ter vis tota sociorum, colligi- 
tur in unum, et adjuvat te, 6 
420 Palla. At Halesus ardens 
bello currit contra oppositos, 
et convolvit se in arma sua. 
Hie interficit Ladonem et 
Phereta, et Demodocum: 
abscindit Strymonio splen- 
dente gladio dextram erec 
tam in guttur suum: vulneratlapide frontem Thoantis, et diffindit ossa mista cerebro sanguino- 
lento. Pater Halesi prxdicens futura occultaverat Halesum in sylvis: postquam senex dissolvit 
morte oculos seniles, Parcce miserunt manus in Halesum, et addixerunt eum armis Evandri. Pal- 
las aggreditur ilium, sic prius precatus: O pater Tybri, da nunc felicem exitum, et viam per 
pectus fortis Halesi, telo, quod libro volatile: quercus tua feret liajc arma et spolia hominis. Deus 
Tybris exaudivit ilia verba. Dum Halesus legit Imaona, 



NOTES. 



394. Tymbre. The words Tymber and 
Tymbrus are both used; like Evander and 
Evandrus. 

402. Teuthra. Teuthras, Teuthra:: as JE- 
neas, iEnese: vocative in a. Tyren, Tyres, 
Tyrx, as Anchises, Anchisx: accusative in 
en. 

408. Acies Vulcania. This conveys a lively 
idea of a devouring conflagration that rages 
without control, and still multiplies its 
forces in its progress, like an army po.uring 
in troops after troops. 

409. Ovantes. Overpowering, triumphant. 
412. Seque in sua colligit arma, i. e. Stoops 

and contracts his body behind the covert of 
his armour, particularly his bugkler, as An. 
XII. 491. 



Substitit JEneas, et se collegit in arma, 
Poplite subsidens. 

413- Phereta. Pheres, Pheretis; as Dares, 
Daretis, accusative in a. 

418. Solvit. Breaks the eye-strings, — ca- 
nentia, the eyes swimming in death, and 
casting up their white. 

419. Parcce. Virgil here alludes to two 
customs, the one belonging to the civil law, 
and the other to the pontifices. By the 
words injecere manum parens we are to un- 
derstand what the lawyers signify by the 
manus injectio, that is, seizing or taking 
possession. The telis sacrarunt alludes to 
the practice of the pontifices when they 
destined a victim to the altar. Catrou. " 



3 T 



506 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

offert miser ■ jatulo Aicadico Arcadio infelix telo dat pectus inermum, 425 

SKSSSSSSS&A* "on c^de viri tantu perterrita Lausus 

li, non permittit exercitum Pars ingens belli, smit agmina. Primus Abantem 

terreri nece tanti hominis. Oppositum interimit, pugnae nodumq; moramque. 

Pnmus interfkit Abantem stcrnitur Arcadiae proles, sternuntur Etrusci: 

adversum, qui erat chfhcul- „ A ^ .. . l ,. „„ 

tas et firmamentum puguse. kt vos, o Grans imperdita corpora, 1 eucn. 430 

Soboles Arcadia eseditar, Agmina concurrunt, ducibusque etviribus aequis: 

Tusci csjduritur: et vos, Tro- Extremi addensent acies: nee turba moveri 

iam, corpora qua Gneci non n-. • • •- tt* n'li • 

potuerant perdere. Exerci- T f la manusque smit. Hmc Pallas mstat et urget; 
tus miscentur, paribus due- Hinc contra Lausus: nee multiim discrepat setas: . 
toribus, et vhibus: ultimi Egre^ii forma; sed queis fortuna neearat 435 

compnmunt multitudinem T f • ,. y 

pugnantmm: nee multitudo In patriam reditus. Ipsos concurrere passus 
permittit expediri arma et Haud tamen inter se magni regnator Olympi: 
manus. Hinc Pallas imminet Mox illos sua fata manent majore sub hoste. 
et urset; nhnc Lausus ex T . \ , J T 

adverse: nee »tas valde dis- Interea soror . aIma monet SUCCUITere LaUSO 

tat: pulcbra erant specie; Turnum, qui volucri curru medium secat agmen. 
sed sors negaverat illis re- Ut vidit socios: Tempus desistere pugna, 441 

illos certare inter se: mox Bebetur: cuperem, ipse parens spectator adesset. 
sua funera destinata sunt il-Haec ait: et sccii cesserunt aequore jusso. 
las sub hoste nobiliorelnte- At R utulum a bscessu juvenis, turn jussa superba 445 
rim soror benevola lurni... . r _ J 7 J . r 

admonet Turnum, qui traji- Miratus, stupet m I urno: corpusq; per mgens 
cit celeri curru mediam tur- Lumina volvit, obitque truci procul omnia visu, 
bam, ut auxiiietur Lauso. Talibus et dictis it contra dicta tyranni: 
Fostquam aspexit socios, . ... . . , . : . 

ait.- Tempus est recedendi Aut spolns ego jam raptis laudabor opimis, 

a pralio, ego solus irruo in Aut leto insigni: sorti pater aequus utriq; est: 45Q 

Paiianta, Pallas debeturmi- Xolle minas. Fatus medium procedit in aequor. 

hi soli: optarem, ut ipse ejus r , • ., A ,., ."- . r ,. *•'. 

pater /uVessetpWsens.Dix- f ri g ld " s Arcadibus coit m praecordia sanguis. 

it hsec, et socii recesserunt e campo prsescripto. Sed juvenis Pallas, turn ob recessum Rutulo- 
rum, turn admiratus jussa imperiosa, obstupet fixus in Turuo: et versat oculos per magnum 
corpus Ulius, et circuit omnia fero aspectu, et talibus dictis respondet ad versus verba regis: Ego 
mox prsedicabor, aut propter direptas magnificas exuvias, aut propter necem illustrem: genitor 
meus paratus est utrique fortune: abstine minis. Locutus prodit in medium campum. Sanguis 
frigidus concurrit Arcadibus circa cor. 

NOTES. 

426. Cade viri tantd. Most expositors make 439. Soror alma. The sister of Turnus. 

this another hypallage for cade viri tanti; She heard with contempt the addresses of 

but it is much more, natural to understand Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not 

it of the great havoc made by Pallas. unfavourable to his passion: so that the god 

433. Pallas instat et urget. It was natural rewarded her with immortality. She was 

for the reader to think that these two young afterwards changed into a fountain of the 

princes, being so equally matched and now same name near Numicus, falling into the 

so near together, must meet and fight. The Tiber. The waters of that fountain were 

poet shows us that he was not unmindful of used in sacrifices, and particularly in those 

this, and so starts this idea, but passes to of Vesta. They had power to heal diseases, 

quite a different one, and gives us a hint of 441. Tempus, &c. Here inquit is omitted, 

what would be the fate of them both. This with a view of showing haste, 

is extremely ingenious and judicious; first 445. Rutulum abscessu; that is propter ab- 

causing in the mind, that which never fails scessum. 

to please it, vicissitude and surprise; se- 449. Spoliis opimis. These were the rieh- 

condly, showing the art of the poet in tell- est spoils, particularly those which one ge- 

ing.us what he could have done though he neral took from another, 

does it not. It may be observed too that it 450. Sorti pater cequus utrique est. This is 

was more of glory to these two youthful in answer to what Turnus vaunting had 

heroes to be slain as they were, by enemies said, 

so far superior to themselves, than for either Cuperem, ipse parens spectator ad- 

to have killed the other; or for both to have esset, 

been killed by each other. Not to mention and determines pater to mean Evander, the 

the beautiful use which the poet afterwards father of Pallas. 

makes of their death. Trapp. 



jENEIDOS LIB. X. 507 

Desiluit Turnus bijugis, pedes apparat ire Turnus descendit ex eqiris 

Cominus: utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta duobusjugo alUgatis, paral 

OA i • »•: ■• A A e c Pi'des accedorc propms: et 

Stare procui campis meditantem praeha taurum, 455 quem admodum leoaecuyrit, 

Advolat: haud alia est Turni venientis imago. quando & sublimi specula 

Hunc ubi continuum missae fore credidit hastse, conspexit taurum cogitan 

Ir» n • \ r i- lem pugnas stare lon^e in 

re prior Pallas, si qua iors adjuvet ausum, agris: l n 5 0n alia est ^^ 

Viribus imparibus: magnum*}; ita ad aethera fatur: Tumi appropinquantis. Tal- 

Per patris hospitium, et mensas quas advena adisti, las > quando existimavit fore, 

Te precor, Alcide, coeptis ingentibus adsis: 461 -£ £ff$&g!*g 

Cernat semineci sibi me rapere arma cruenta, robore inaequali, exphrans 

Victoremque ferant morientia lumina Turni. an sors aliquandofaveretin- 

Audiit Alcides juvenem, magnumque sub imo %*«££ fS&S 

Corde premit gemitum, lachrymasq; efludit inanes. te , p er hospitalitatem met 
Turn genitor natum dictis affatur amicis: 466 patris, et mensas quibus ex. 

Stat sua cuique dies, breve et irreparabile tempus I**** fllisti .peregrinus,aux- 

._. .. * . jr ^i p. ■ ,_• iliare masnis mceptis meis: 

Omnibus est vitae; sed tamam extendere tactis, Turnus videat me auferre 

Hoc virtUtis opus. Trojae sub mcenibllS altis sibi moribundo arma sangui- 

Tot nati cecidere Deiim: quin occidit una 47onoienta, et oculi exanimes 

o j '.*■'■■■ rn i unu patiantur me victo- 

Sarpedon, mea progenies: etiam sua Turnum rem . H l rcules audivlt juve . 

Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad sevi. nem, et comprimit sub pi-o- 

Sic ait, atque oculos Rutulorum reiicit arvis. fundo cortle magnum dolo- 

At Pallas magnis emittit viribus hastam, £&* rS>SSSgS 

Vaginaque cava fulgentem diripit ensem. 475 Us alloquitur fiiium verbis 

Ilia volans, humeris surgunt qua tegmina summa, mitibus: Dies fixa est uni- 

Incidit: atque viam clypei molita per oras, cui ^ K e sua ' sp f um 7- tse est 

_, \ J r . . , v ' omnibus angustumetimmu- 

Tandem etiam magno stnnxit de corpore 1 urni. tabile: sed augere gloriam 

Hie Turnus ferro praefixum robur acuto gestis, hie est affectus virtu- 

In Pallanta diu librans iacit, atque ita fatur: ' 480 tis - J oi : filii Deorum occide- 
. . \ ■_ J ■ i m i runt circa muros sublimes 

Aspice, num mage sit nostrum penetrabile telum. Tro j^ : qu i n s -, mul Sarpedon 

Dixerat: ac clypeum, tot ferri terga, tot aeris, occidit, meus filius: etiam fa- 

Cum pellis toties obeat circumdata tauri, ta sua reposcunt Turnum, et 

-,7-r * • • ,■ , , • . accedit ad termmum vitse 

Vibranti cuspis medium transverberat ictu, coneess*. Sic dixit, et retulit 

Loricaeque moras et pectus perforat ingens. 485 oculos ad campos Rutulo- 

Ille rapit calidum frustra de vulnere telum: rum - Pallas autem libr at 

Una eademque via sanguisq; animusq; sequuntur. ^cTgS™ &&& 
Corruit in vulnus: sonitum super arma dedere: e vagina cava. Hasta ilia vo- 

lans pervenit, qua suprema armatura humerorum erigitur: et aperiens sibi aditum/>er extremi- 
tatem clypei, denique libavit etiam de magno corpore Turni. Tunc Turnus diu quatiens iramittit 
in Pallanta lignvm armatum ferro acuto, et sic loquitur: Vide, an telum raeum melius penetret. 
Dixerat: mucro autem tell perfodit ictu coruscante medium clypeum: quamvis tot laminae ferri, 
tot a>ris, corium tauri toties circumplicatum ambiat earn: et pervadit moras thoracis, et magnum 
pectus. Ille 7 J allas ineassum extrahit e plaga telum calidum: sanguis atque anima exeunt una et 
eadem via. Concidit super plagam: arma ediderunt sonitum super eum: 

NOTES. 

454. Speculd. A high spot of ground, Turnus. Is not this espousing the cause of 

whence the prospect all around might be the Trojans? Trapp says, that he turned his 

viewed. eyes away that he might not see a death 

473. Oculos. Not, as Ruseus says, ad cam- which he woujd have prevented, but was 

pos, but d campis. Catrou remarks, that Ju- not able. 

piter, in turning his eyes from the field of 482. Tot ferri terga. Literally, so many 

battle, shows that he will espouse neither hides of iron; because the bulls' hides were 

party, Trojan or Rutulian; according to his stuck full of iron or brass nails, 

promise, but, as Wharton well observes, is 485. Ingens may be here taken adver- 

not this promise afterwards broken? He bially, as iEn. IX. 709: 

sends down a fury (book xii.) to terrifv Et clypeum super intonrat ingens. 



503 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ct morions mordet .ore san-Et terram hostilem moriens petit ore cruentb. 
K™tSSTpS Quem Tumus super assistens: 490 

lum, ait: Arcades, reportate Arcades, haec, inquit, memores mea dicta referte 
memores h»c niea verba Evandro: qualem meruit, Pallanta remitto. 

fo".-quacumque est gloria se-Largior: ha ud nil stabunt iEnei'a parvo 

pulchri, quodcumque sola- Hospitia. Et laevo pressft pede, talia fatus, 495 

tium inhumationis: hoc con- Exanimum: rapiens immania pondera baltei, 

cedo: non constabunt nil T r / a , ,. 

exiguo pretio hospitia data Impressumque nefas (una sub nocte jugah 

iEnese.Etlocutus talia, eom-Caesa manus juvenum foede, thalamique cruenti) 

pressit pede sinistra mor-Q uae bonus Eurytion multo coelaverat auro: 

tuum: auterens srrande pon- p: n- ,• , 

dus baltei, et crimen in eo Q uo nunc ^ urnus ovat spollO gaudetq; potltUS. oOO 

pictnm: quod erat, turba ju- Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae, 

venum turpiter occisa per Et servare modum, rebus sublata secundis! 

noctem coniufifalem, et cu- rp , v 

biiiasangmnoienta:qu»doc * urno tempus ent, magno cum optavent emptum 
tus Eurytion seulpseratmul-Intactum Pallanta; et cum spolia ista diemque 
to auro: quo spolio potitus Oderit. At socii multo sremitu lachrymisque 505 

£S° n.err^S^POBitumscutoreferuat Pallanta frequentes. 
ignara fati, et casus venturi, O dolor, atque decus magnum rediture parenti! 
et servanda modestise in for- Haec te prima dies bello dedit, haec eadem aufert: 
^!et P SveK^Cum.tamen ingentes Rutulorum linquis acervos. 
emptum ingenti pretio, ««Nec jam tama mah tanti, sed certior auctor 51G 

iiunquamietigsset Pallanta: Advolat iEneae: tenui discrimine leti 
etcumdetestao!turistaspo : £ sse suos tempus versis succurrere Teucris. 
na et istum diem. At socu _ r . ... . j 

Pallantis densati multis la- Proxima quasq; merit gladio, latumq; per agmen 
mentis et fletibus reportant Ardens limitem agit ferro: te, Turne, superbum 
Pallanta impositum chpeo. c&dz nova, quaerens. Pallas, Evander, in ipsis 515 

O Palla rediture ad patrem, ^ • , •.• *■-''".* 

magne ejus dolor, luctus, et Omnia sunt oculis: mensae, quas advena pnmas 
honor! hac prima dies ex- Tunc adiit, dextraeque datae. Sulmone creatos 

posuit te bello, hxc eadem 

eripit: tamen postquam reliquisti magnos cumulos Rutulorum. Nee jam rumor, sed certus nun- 
eius tantse calamitatis, accurrit ad iEneam: suos parum distare ab exitio: tempus esse opem fe- 
rendi Teucris fugatis. &neas caedit ense vicina omnia, et furens tacit sibi ferro viam per latarn 
turbam: quaerens te, Turne, ferocientem nova strage. Pallas, Evander, omnia versantur JEnea?, 
ante ipsos oculos: imprimis mensae quas primas externas turn adivit, et dexterse junctae. Illic ca- 
pit vivos quatuor juvenes, natos Sulmone; 

NOTES. 

497. Una sub nocte, &c. The story of the Milton puts into the mouth of Eve an apos- 

fifty Danaids who murdered their husbands trophe of the like kind upon her leaving 

the first night. Adam before she met the serpent: 

501. Nescia mens. Thus Homer of Chro- She to him engag-'d 

mias and Aretus: To be return'd by noon amid the bow'r. 

In vain, brave youths, with glorious hopes And all things in best order, to invite 
ye burn, Noontide repast, or afternoon repose; 

In vain advance, not fated to return. O much deceiv'd, much failing, hapless 

These beautiful anticipations, says Pope, Eve! 

are frequent in the poets, who affect to Thou never from that hour in Paradise 
speak in the character of prophets and men Found' st either sweet repast, or sound re- 
inspired with the knowledge of futurity. So pose. 

Tasso, Canto 12. 503. Turno tempus erit, kSfc. Literally, To 

O vanity of man's unstable mind, Turnus the time will come when he shall 

Puff'd up with every blast, with friendly wish he had purchased at a great price the 

wind! not having touched Pallas. 

Why joy'st thou wretch, O what shall be 507. O dolor, i.e. O (~Palla quiesj reditu- 

thy gain, rus magnus dolor, Zsfc. This is an exclama- 

What trophy this the bold Tancredi rears tion of the poet according to Minelius, or 

Thine eyes shall shed (in case thou be not of the companions bearing away the dead 

slain) body; particularly with a view to the grief 

For every drop of blood a sea of tears. of the old Evander when he should be ac- 

Fairfax, quainted with the death of his son. 



jENEIDOS LIB. X. 



509 



Quatuor hie juvenes, totidem, quos educat Ufcns, totidem, quos Ufcns alebat: 
Viventes rapit: inferias quos immolet umbris, KwBw&'SSSE 

Captivoq; rogi petiundat sanguine tlammas. 520 cl . uorecaptivoi . umignesbu3 . 

Inde Mago procul infensam cum tenderet hastam; ti. Deinde cum long$ tnten- 
Ille astusubit, ac tremebunda supervolat hasta: taret inimicam hasteyi Ma 

„ rr- . ,• i S° : die (lolo SUpposuil SO, et 

Et genua amplectens effatur talia supplex: hasta tremens supecvolavit: 

Per patrios manes, et spes surgentis Iiili, etMagua amplectens genua 

Te precor, banc an imam serves natoq; patrique. 525 ^j^j&J^}?*;.?*? 

Est domus aha: jacent penitiis defbssa talenta 

Ccelati argenti: sunt auri pondera facti 

Infectique mihi: non hie victoria Teucrum 

Vertitur: haud anima una dabit discrimina tanta. 

Dixerat: ^Eneas contra cui talia reddit, 

Argenti atque auri memoras qua? multa talenta, 

Gnatis parce tuis: belli commercia Turnus 

Sustulit ista prior, jam turn Pallante perempto. 

Hoc patris Anchisae manes, hoc sentit lulus. 

Sic fatus, galeam lseva tenet, atque reflexa 

Cervice orantis capulo tenus abdidit ensem. 

Nee procul iEmonides, Phcebi Triviaeq; sacerdos, 

Infula cui sacra, redimibat tempora vitta: 

Totus collucens veste atque insignibus armis. 

Quern congressus agit campo, lapsumq; superstans 

Immolat, ingentique umbra tegit: arma Serestus 

Lecta refert humeris, tibi, rex Gradive, trophaeum. 

Instaurant acies, Vulcani stirpe creatus cervice retorta deprecantis 

Nee erut longe iEmonides, sacerdos ApoHinis ac Dianaj, totus resplendens veste et armis con- 
spicuis: cui infula cingebat caput tseniis. »£?ieas aggressus illuni persequitur in campo, et incum- 
bens lapso mactat eum, et opprimit magnis tenebris. Serestus reportat humeris arma ejus Col- 
lecta, trophaeum futurum tibi, 6 Mars rex belli. Calculus natus e stirpe Vulcani, 



te per animam patris tui, et 
per spes iuas tie liilo cres- 
cente; serva hanc vitam 
meam et patri et mihi filio. 
Est mihi domus sublimis: 
jacent in time infossa talenta 

5 30 argenti signati: sunt pondera 
am i elaborati et non elabo- 
rati: victoria Trojanorum 
non hiccontinetur: vita uni- 
ca non exponot vos tantis 
periculis. Dixerat: JEneas 

535 a dversum respondet illi ta- 
lia: Serva tuis filiis talenta 
ilia plurima auri et argenti, 
qu« narras: Turnus jam an- 
te occiso Pallante abstulit 

_„q prior ista belli pacta. Hoc 
iy sentit anima patris Anchisce, 
hoc sentit lulus. Sielocutiio, 
corripit sinistra manu cassi- 
dem ejus, et condidit gladi- 
um usque ad capulura in 



NOTES. 



524. Per patrios manes. Thus Adrastusin 

Homer supplicates Agamemnon; Book 6. 

Iliad: 

Oh spare my youth, and for the life I owe 

Large gifts of price my father shall bestow; 

When fame shall tell that not in battle 

slain 
Thy hollow ships his captive son detain; 
Rich heaps of brass shall in thy tent be 

told, 
And steel well temper'd and persuasive 
gold. Pope. 

Virgil has beautifully improved upon the 
Greek poet. Nothing, says Mr. Pope, can 
be a more artful piece of address, than the 
first lines of this supplication, if we consi- 
der the character of vEneas to whom it was 
made, per patrios manes: 
By thy dead father's shade, thy suppliant 

spare! 
By ail the hopes of thy surviving heir! 
Preserve, victorious prince, this life alone 
To glad a longing father and a son. 

Pitt. 
527. Auri facti, signifies gold wrought in- 
to vases, statues, &c. Infecti is bullion. 



536. Capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Virgil had 
Homer in view. Those lines of the prayer, 
where he offers a ransom, are translated 
from Adrastus. Both the prayer and answer 
iEneas makes when he refuses him mercy 
are very much heightened and improved. 
They also receive a great addition to their 
beauty and propriety from the occasion on 
whi^h he inserts them. Young Pallas is just 
killed, and JEneas, seeking to be revenged 
on Turnus, meets this Magus. While no- 
thing can be more artful than the first lines 
of this supplication, nothing can exceed the 
closeness and fulness of that reply to it: 

Belli commercia Turnus 

Sustulit ista prior, &c. 
This removes the imputation of cruelty from 
iEneas, which had less agreed with his cha- 
racter than it does with Agamemnon's, 
whose reproof to Menelaus in this place is 
not unlike that of Samuel to Saul for not 
killing Agag. Pope. 

538. Infula vitta. The infula was a sort of 
diadem worn by priests and illustrious per- 
sons; The vitta was the label or fillet that 
hung down from it on each side. 



510 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

ct Umbro ortus e montibusCgeculus, et veniens Marsorum montibus Urnbf*. 
*»*£ «?£ Dardanides contra furit. Anxuris ense sinistram, 545 
vit. Absciderat ense manum kt totum clypei terro dejecerat orbem. 
sinistram Anxuris, et fcno Dixerat ille aliquid magnum, vimq; affore verbo 
totum ambitum clypei. llle Crediderat, coeioque animum fortasse ferebat, 

cecmerat aiiqmd niusruum, ,, . . .,.t _ , 

etputaverai virtuiera i adfu- v anltletT, q ue S1DI et longos promiserat annos. 

turam ineantamento, et for- Tarquitus exultans contra fulgentibus armis, 550 

tetolleba^aiiiauua ad cce- Sylvicolse Fauno Dryope quern Nympha crearat, 

turn* ct nroniiscrcit sibi ax- /ni • % -, .* . i< * M ■, A 

pillos albos et prolixam vi- Obvius ardenti sese obtuht: ille reducta 

tam. Tarquitus, quem Nym-Loricam clypeique ingens onus impedit hasta: 

pha Dryope pepererat Fau- Turn caput orantis nequicquam, et multa parantis 

no syl varum mcolse, contra y^- i * i *. ,. A , 

gestiens armis micantibus Dicere, deturbat terra truncumq; tepentem 555 

dedit se obvium furesiti JE- Provolvens, sup^r haec inimico pectore fatur: 
nex. .Eneas detorta hasta Istic nunc, metuende, jace: non te optima mater 
came" magnum pondus ciy* Condet humf, patriove onerabit membra sepulchro; 
pei:deindedejicitmteiTamAlitibuslmquere feris, aut gurgite mersum 
caput Lllius, frustra depre-Unda feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent. 56D 
SSgSXJS^****'. iAWif* et Lycam, prima agmina Tumi 
calentem, hostili animo lo- Persequitur; fortemq; Numara, fulvumq; Camertem, 
quitur hsec super eum.- O Magnanimo Volscente satum, ditissimus agri 
SbottterSL'nT-Q" 1 fuit Ausonidum, et tacitis regnavit Amyclis. 
teget terra, nee imponet -nigaeon qualis, centum cut bracnia dicunt 565 

corpus patrio tumulo: relin- Centenasque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem 
queris avibus rapacibus, aut p ec toribusque arsisse: Jo vis cum fulmina contra 

aqua vehet te abiectum in ™ ., ^ . . . 

profundum, et pisces avidi Tot paribus streperet clypeis, tot stnngeret enses. 

sugent vulnera. Continuo in- Sic toto iE.neas desaevit in aequore victor, 

sectatur Antaum etLycam, rj t semel intepuit mucro. Quin ecce Nyphsei 570 

pnmas turraas l urni: et ro- ^ , •• . , ^ _. . j*. 

Lstum Numam, et flavum Quadnjuges in equos adversaque pectora tendit: 
Camertem, natum generoso Atque illi longe gradientem et dir? frementem 

Volscente, qui fuit agrisopu-utvidere, metu versi, retrdque ruentes, 

lentissimus inter Ausonas, 

et imperavit Amyclis silentibus. Qualis JEgseon, cui aiunt fitisse centum brachia et centum ma- 
nus, et flammam erupisse quinquaginta faucibus et pectoribus: quando adversus tonitrua Jovis, 
sonabat totidem clypeis aequalibus et nudabat totidem enses. Sic JEneas victor furit per totam 
planitiem, ex quo glatlius semel incaluit. Immo ecce irrumpit in equos quatuor Nyphssi alUgatos 
jugo, et in pectora opposita eorum; 

NOTES. 

546. Dejecerat, i. e. Umbro had struck Mihinecesse estloqui; nam scio Amyclas 

Anxur's left hand just when JEneas came tacendo periisse. 

up against him. This, and some other em- Ruaeus adds another reason for their being 

barrassed sentences, occur particularly in called tacitce, a city of silence. He suppo- 

this book, which plainly show that Virgil ses them too modest to resent an injury, 

had not put the finishing- hand to it. Servius thinks the epithet arose from the 

552- Reducta hastd, i. e. drawing back his doctrine of Pythagoras which they held, 

spear to dart it from him with full force. In and which enjoined to keep silence for five 

the same sense the poet has used reductis years, and never offer any violence to ser- 

remis for the labouring oars, or oars plied pents. This, he says, occasioned their de- 

with vigour, JEn. VIII. 690. struction; for upon some of these venotnous 

564. Tacitis Amyclis, The silent Amyclae. animals breaking out of a lake near their 

This was a city of Latium near Terracina, city, they rigorously refused to attack them 

which is said to have perished through the and kill them, and so became their prey, 

preposterous silence of the inhabitants; for, Either interpretation justifies the singular 

the city having been frequently thrown into epithet applied to them by Pitt. He calls 

the utmost confusion by false alarms, at them soft: 

length a law was made that none should - — - Soft Amyclae own'd his easy reign, 

ever mention the approach of an enemy: so 568. Tot paribus clypeis, i. e. equal innum- 

that, when the enemy actually advanced, ber to his hands and arms. f 

the city was suddenly destroyed for want 571. Adversa pectora. This is rather to be 

of timely intelligence- Helice says Luci- understood of the breasts of the steeds than 

iius, of the rider. It gives one a much higher 

idea of the hero's valour. 



JENEIDOS LIB. X. 



511 



iiffunduntque ducem, rapinntque ad litora currus. sed iui, cum videront JE- 

Interea bijugis infert se Lucagus altis 575 '''"/'' J**™? M**** et 

i-r i • ii- (ln( -' wrentera, turbati ti- 

In medios, fraterque Liger: sed irater habenis more, etretr6Fugientes,ex- 

Flectit equos. strictum rotat acer Lucagus cnsem. o^Uunt duoem, et trahunt 
Haud tulit JEneas tanto fervore furentes: 
limit, adversaque ingens apparuit hasta. 

Cui Liger: 580 et frater ejus Liger: sed fra- 

Non Diomcdis equos, non currum cernis Achillis, 
Aut Phrygiae campos: nunc belli finis et aevi 
His dubitur terris. Vesano talia late 
Dicta volant Ligeri: sed non et Tro'i'us heros 
Dicta parat contra: jaculum nam torquet in hostem 
Lucagus, ut pronus pendens in verbera telo 
AdmonuM bijugos, projecto dum pede laevo 
Apiat se pugnae; subit eras hasta per imas 
Fuigentis ciypei, turn laevum perforat inguen. 
Ex:ussus curru moribundus volvitur arvis: 
Quern pius Jineas dictis affatur amaris: 
Lucage, nulla tuos currus fuga segnis equorum 
Prodidit, aut vanae vertere ex hostibus umbrae: 
Ipse rotis saliens juga deseris. H?ec ita fatus, 
Arripuit bijugos. Frater tendebat inernies 
Infelix palmas, curru delapsus eodem: 
Per te, per qui te talem genuere parentes, 



eagus nnmittit se in medios 
equis duobus albis jugalibus, 

Va 
ter Liger regit equos loris, 
Lucagus ardens quatit gla- 
dium nudatum. JEneas non 
passus est eos tanto ardore 
ferocientes: irrumpit, et op- 
posita hasta sublimis occur- 
rit. Cui Liger ait: Non vides 

586 equos Diomcdis, non currum 
A chillis, RUt arva PhrygUc: 
mox terminus belli et vitsc 
luce ponetur in his terris. 
Talia verba volant late ab 

590 insano Ligere: at heros Tro- 
janus non sic meditatur ver- 
ba ex adverso: nam librat 
telum in hostem. Lucagus, 
postquam incurvatus immi- 
nens in verbera excitavit te- 
Q lo binos equos, dum sinistra 

5"5p e( j e pvotenso parat se ad 
certamen; jaculum wEneoe 
inti'at per infimam extremi- 
tatem civpei splendentis, de- 

Vir Irc-jane, sine hanc animam, et miserere precan- inde pe l4dit inguen sinis- 
tis. tram. Dejectus e curru se- 

Pluribus oranti iEneas: Haud talia dudum sggmianimus sternitur humi; 

Dicta dabas : morere, et fratrem ne desere frater. ^SS^SS 
Turn latebras animse pectus mucrone recludit. la iners fuga equorum pro- 

didit tuum currum, aut umbra; inanes averterunt eos ab hostibus: hi ipse exiliens e rotis reiin- 
quis jugum curves. Sic locutus ista, apprehendit binos jugales. Frater miserandus, dejectus eo- 
dem curru, porrjlgebat manus exarmatas dicens: Vir Trojane, per te ipsum, per parentes qui te 
produxerunt talem, omitte banc animam, et miseresce orantis. iEneas oranti pluribus verbis 
fdt: Non proferebas prius talia verba: morere, et frater ne deseras fvatrem. Deinde aperit acu- 
mine gladii pectus, quo latet anima. 



NOTES. 



575. Bijugis , from the nominative bijugis. 
There is bijugis of the third declension, and 
bijugus of the second. Hence JEn. X. 587: 
Admonuit bijugos. 

591. Pkcs JEneas. The word pius, while 
he is insulting a dying enemy may here 
seem a little incongruous. Some soldierly 
epithet one would think might have been 
more proper on such an occasion. But we 
must consider that he is revenging his 
friend, which according to the heathen no- 
tion was an act of piety. Trap p. 

592. Lucage, Sift. This is certainly a very 
poor sentiment, an ill-timed affectation of 
wit, quite unworthy both of the poet and 
his hero. Virgil appears to have been led 
into it from too great fondness for Homer, 
whom he was willing to imitate even in his 
blemishes. 

599. Haud talia dudum. Macrobius quotes 
this passage among many others to prove 
how great a master Virgil is of a diversity 
of style. These are his words? 



" If we diligently survey the world, we 
shall find a great resemblance between that 
divine work and this poem. For as the elo- 
quence of Mars is ever fitted to the subject 
he is sometimes concise, at other times co- 
pious; here he is reserved and there florid. 
Sometimes flows like a rivulet, sometimes 
like a torrent, and often comprehends at 
once all the different species. So that earth 
is here beautified with corn and gr sen grass, 
is there rough with rocks and forests; ex- 
hibiting in one place a sandy desert and in 
another is moistened with fountains; among 
the rest too is to be seen the vast ocean. 
Pardon me, nor call me an enthusiast, who 
have thus dared to compare Virgil to na- 
ture; I should speak beneath the merit of 
this great poet if 1 were to pionounce that 
Virgil has blended all the different styles of 
ten Rhetoricians which did so much honour 
to Athens-" 



512 P.VIRGILII MARONIS 

Dux Trojanus talcs laciebat Talia per campos edebat funera ductor 

^pS^S^'?/ rda ? iusj torremis a i us veI turbinis atri 

procellse. Deniquc juveuis More furens. Tandem erumpunt et castra relinquunt 

Ascanius, et juventus frus- Ascanius puer et nequicquam obsessa juventus. 605 

tra obsessa, egrediuntur, et j unonem interea compellat Jupiter ultro: 

deserunt muramenta sua. ,^ ... l l 

Interim Jupiter alloquitur U germana mihi atq; eadem gratissima conjux: 

prior Junonem: O soror Ut rebare, Venus (nee te sententia fallit) 

mea, et eadem uxor accep- Trojanas sustentat opes? non vivida bello 

tsssima: an Venus fuleit vi- lx * . . . * r . . ' .,, „ • 

res Trojanomm ut putabas? Uextra vins, animusq; ferox, patiensq; pencil? 610 

nee opinio tua decepit te? Cui Juno submissa: Quid, 6 pulcherrime conjux, 

non est Mis hominibus ma- Sollicitas aegram et tua tristia dicta timentem? 

nus ardens ad bellum, et c . •, • ° , r % , . . 

animus asper ac tolerans la- bl . m . lhl > <{"& quondam fuerat, quamq; esse decebat, 

boris? Cui Juno ait humilis; Vis in amore foret; non hoc mihi namq; negares, 

O formosissime marite, cur Omnipotens; quin et pugnae subducere Turnum, 

lacessis me dolentem et me-r, p* _ • , j- cyc 

tuentem verba tua dura ? kt Uauno possem incolumem servare parenti. 616 

quippe si mihi esset in amo-Nunc pereat; Teucrisq; pio det sanguine poenas. 

re ea auctoritas, qu» mit nie tamen nostra deducit online nomen: 

°o^eVirh d „rSl e SP"«™n^q"e illi quartos pater; et tua larga 

possis omnia: imo possem Saepe manu multisq; oneravit limma donis. 620 

subtrahere Turnum e pne-Cui rex setherei breviter sic fatur Glympi: 

Ho, et servare salvum patri s[ p rse sentis leti tempusque caduco 

5-JM8 uauno. Nuncmonatur, ,_ .* , \ ^ 

et persolvat pio sanguine Oratuf juveni, meque hoc ita ponere sentis; 

peenas Trojanis. Tamen iile Tolle fuga Turnum, atq; instantibus eripe fatis: 

trahit nomen e stirpe i nos- Hactenus indulsisse vacat. Sin altior istis 625 

tra: et Pdumnus est xili pa- c . ., . , ,. . ]_ .. , 

lev quarto gradu, et ssepe Sub precibus venia ulla latet, totumque moven 

cumulavit portas temphnun Mutarive putas bellum; spes pascis inanes. 

tuorum liberal! manu, et Qui Juno illachrymans: Quid si, quod voce ^ravaris, 

plunmis munenbus. Cmrex ,yr . , . u t> \ *i „.? 

ioeli sic loquitur breviter: Si Mente dares; atq; haec Turno rata vita maneret? ^ 
petitur d te pro ilia juvene Nunc manet insontem gravis exitus: aut ego veri 630 
morituro dilatio mortis in- Vana feror: quod ut 6 potius formidine falsa 
rm^^SiLudar; et in melius tua, qui potes, orsa reHectas. 
aufer Turnum fuga, et eripe Hsec ubi dicta dedit, coelo se protmus alto 
eum fatis urgentibus: licet Misit, agens hyemem nimbo succincta per auras: 
& gS uultmpfff Iliacam * »™ ^ Laurentia eastra petivit. 635 

cultatur sub istis precibus, et si existimas bellum universum posse mutari et transferri: alis spem 
van am. Cui Juno flens ait: Si saltern permitteres ex animo, id quod segre permittis verbo: et 
si hsec vita superesset eerta Turno? nunc verb acerbus finis destinatur innocenti, aut ego dicor 
ignara veritatis: quod ita potius sit, utego decipiar inani metu; ettareferas in melius incepta 
tua, tu qui id potes. Postquam protulit hssc verba, statim dimisit se e snmrao coelo, involuta 
nube, propellens procellam per aerem: et adivit exercitum Trojanum et castra Latina. 

NOTES. 

603. Turbinis. Turbo is a wind, driving 614. Namque. The importof the particle is 

all before its sudden impetus* answering to — I have lost my wonted influence over your 

the Greek, rvpuv. heart; for else you could not, Sec. 

608. Ut rebare, Venus, &c. This is plainly 617. Pio sanguine. His blood is called pius, 

an irony, as appears both from the turn of because he was descended from the gods, 

the sentence, and from the strain of Juno's 618. Nostrd orighie. He has descended 

answer, which shows her to have consider- from us. 

ed it in that light.. 619. Quartus pater. Stirling says, his great 

611. Pulcherrime conjux. My lord, in whom grandfather's father, 

the perfection of beauty dwells. This is the 630. Aut ego viri vana feror. Vana, here, 

import of pulcherrimus, which signifies ac- has the same signification with igfiara; or 

complished in virtue, and all the beauties augur or aruspex is understood, 

of the mind, as well as in outward beauty: 632. Potes. Jupiter could control the 

hence it is applied to Mercules, JErK VII. fates, by deferring or impeding their pur- 

656. > poses. 



jENEIDOS lib. X. 



51 



Turn Dea nubc cava tenucm sine viribus umbram, Deinde Dea instruit armis 
In feciem Mne* (visu mirabile monstrum) SSSKSS^STShSfc 

Dardamis ornat tehs: clypeumque jubasque in figuram JEncse, quoderai 

Divini assimulat capitis, dat mania verba, 639 prodigiom mirabile aspectu: 

Dat sine mente sonum, gressusque effing* euntis. -*£g* *gSC&& 
Morte obita quales lama est vohtare hguras, vana verba, tribuit sonum 

Aut quae sopitos deludunt somnia sensus. 
At primas laeta ante acies exultat imago, 
Irritatque virum telis, ct voce lacessit. 
In stat cui Turnus, stridentcmque eminiis hastam 645 aut qualia somnia deeipiunt 

Conjicit: ilia dato vertit vestigia tergo. sensus , s °P itos - £} s j mula - 

m J \ ^ j rr« crura lxtum gestit ante pn- 

Tum vero ^Enean aversum ut cedere 1 urnus ma agm i na ; | t pr0 vocat ar- 

Credidit, atq; animo spem turbidus hausit inanem: mis Turnum, et urget yer- 

Quo fugis, Jinea? thalamos ne desere pactos: 

Hac dabitur dextra. tellus quaesita per undas. 

Talia vociferans sequitur, strictumque coruscat 

Mucronem: nee ferre videt sua gaudia ventos. 

Forte ratis, celsi conjuncta crepidine saxi, 

Expositis stabat scalis et ponte parato, 

Qua rex Clusinis advectus Osinius oris. 

Hue sese trepida iEneae fugientis imago 

Conjicit in latebras: nee Tumus segnior instat, 

Exuperatque moras, et pontes transilit altos. 

Vix proram attigerat: rumpit Saturnia funem, 

Avulsamque rapit revoluta per asquora navem. 

te navis, admota margini lapidis alti stabat scalis extensis et ponte prseparato, qua nave rex Osi- 
nius -rectus fuerat e Clusina regione. Simulacrum iEnese fugientis conjicit se illuc timidum in 
latebras: nee lentior imminet Turnus, et omittlt moi'as, et trans volat pontes excelsos. Vix 
pervenerat ad proram; cum filia Saturni Juno sccat funem, et trahit navem solutam per 
mare turbatum. 



vocis absque anima, et ex- 
primit incessum ambulantis. 
Qualia simulacra rumor est 
volare post mortem obitam, 



bis. Turnus imminet illi, et 

~_~procul evibrat hastam so- 

** nantem: illud con vertit gres- 

sus oblato dorso. Tunc au- 

tem quando Turnus credidit 

iEneam retrd versum fu- 

gere, et turbatus accepit a- 

nimo spem van am, ait: Quo 

655 fu gi. s 5 ? iEnea? ne desere 

eonjugia promissa: terra 

qusesita per mare dabitur 

tibi hac manu med. Incla- 

mans talia persequitur, et 

intorquet ensem nudum: 

nee animadvertit ventos ra- 

"oOpere suam voluptatem. For- 



NOTES. 



636. Turn Dea nube cava. Taken from Ho- 
mer, Iliad V. 449. 

637. InJaciemJEnecE. This fiction is imi- 
tated from Homer, Iliad V. where Apollo 
raises a phantom in the shape of iEneas. 
There the spectre is raised by Apollo or the 
sun, hereby Juno or the air; both, says Mr. 
Pope, equally proper to be applied in form- 
ing an apparition. Whoever will compare 
the two authors on this subject, will observe 
with what admirable art and with what ex- 
quisite ornaments Virgil has improved and 
beautified his original. Spencer, in his Fairy 
Queen, seems to have still farther improved 
this imagination in the creation of his false 
Florimel, who performs all the functions of 
life and gives occasion for many adventures. 
This formation is described with the utmost 
luxuriency of fancy: 

" The substance whereof she the body 

made, 
Was purest snow, in massy mould con- 
ge al'd, 
Which she had gather'd in a shady glade 
Of the Riphxan hills, to her reveal'd 
By errant spirits, but from all men con- 

ceal'd; 
The same she temper'd with fine mercury, 



And virgin wax, that never yet was seal'd; 
And mingled them with perfect vermily, 
That like a lively sanguine it seemed .to 

the eye. 
Instead of eyes, two burning lamps she set 
In silver sockets, shining like the skies; 
And a quick moving spirit did arret 
To stir and roll them like a woman's eyes: 
Instead of yellow locks she did devise 
With golden wire to weave her curled 

head; 
Yet golden wire was not so yellow thriGe 
As Florimel's fair hair; and in the stead 

of life 
She put a spirit to rule the carcase dead." 
638. Jubas. Crests made of horse-hair. 

651. Coruscat. A neuter verb used fre- 
quently by Virgil for an active one. JEn. V. 
642. 

652. Nee ferre videt sua gaudia ventos. A 
poetical phrase this, denoting- disappoint- 
ment. It is used in English as well as in 
Latin. 

653. Crepidine. Crepido is the summit of 
a hill or an abrupt rock. Crepidine is here 
used for crepidini, as JEn. X. 361. pede for 
pedi. 

660. Revoluta per cequora. This Servius 



3 tr 



514 P. VIRGILII MARONJS 

JEneas vei-6 vocat ad cer- Ulum autem jEneas absentem in praelia poscit: 

tamina absentem i urnum; rvi • i.. • * 1 •..:«. L« 

tradit morti plurima cor- ° bvia multa vlrum demittit corpora morti. 

pora hominum obvia. Tunc Tunc levis haud ultra latebras jam quaerit imago, 

tenue simulacrum non qu«- Sed sublime volans nubi se immiscuit atrae: 

liL U '!fa^f "iulur^Cum Turnum medio interea fen xquore turbo. 665 

cum nigra nube: dum tote- Respicit ignarus rerum, ingratusque salutis: 

rim ventus vehit Turnum Et duplices cum voce manus ad sidera tendit: 

™"^£TS^ mni P° tens genitor, tonton' me crimine dignum 

iusservat£ewte.ettoi)itad- Uu xistir et tales voluisti expendere poenas? 

astra geminas manus cum Quo feror? unde abii? quae me fuga, quemve reducet? 

his verbis; O pater omnipo-Laurentes-ne iterum muros aut castra videbo? 
tens, an existimasti me ap- ^ . , ... . A . ., 

turn tanto sceleri, et voluisti ^ Uld manus ilia virum, qui me meaq; arma secuti? 
me luere tale supplicium? Quosque, nefas, omnes infanda in morte reliqui? 

out fu e a°et uafem d referet Et n . U " C P alantes video ' gemitumq; cadentum 674 

mSan^ursu^aspldam ml Accipio. Quid agam? aut quae jam satis ima dehiscat 
ros Laurentes, aut castra Terra mihi? vos 6 potius miserescite, venti: 
men? quid dicet multitudo i n rupes, in saxa, volens vos Turnus adoro, 

ula hominum, qui secuti v „,. , • ..... . .„_ 

sunt me et meum bellum, et * e \ te rat em, saevisque vadis immittite syrUs, 678 

quos omnes, 6 scelus, dese- Quo neque me Rutuli, neque conscia fama sequatur. 

rui in crudeli morte? et jam Haec memorans, animo nunc hue, nunc fluctuat illuc: 

;S^S: . QuL° A" sese mucrone ob tantum dedecus amens 

tkciam? aut qu» terra jam Induat, et crudum per costas exigat ensem; 

satis aperiatur mihi? 6 venti, Fluctibus an jaciat mediis, et litora nando 

vos potius miserescite mei: Curva tat . Teucrumque iterum se reddat in arma. 

ego I urnus vos colo sponte: r _ * ^ . . 

aliidite navem ad scopulos, x er conatus utramque viam: ter maxima Juno 685 

ad saxa: impellite in vada Continuit, juvenemque animo miserata repressit. 

aspera syrtium: quo neque Lab}tur a j ta secails fl uc tuque aestuque secundo: 
Rutuli, neque fama sciens ,^ , , . V-. • i <» * 

weam/^-a^sequanturme. kt patris antiquam Dauni defertur ad urbem. 

Ha?c dicens nunc agitur ani- At Jovis interea monitis Mezentius ardens 

mo hue, nunc illuc; an furens Succedit pugnae, Teucrosque invadit ovantes. 690 

ob tan tarn ignominiam trans- ^ * 'r> i • -i 

fodiatsecuspid^ettraducat 001 ? 0111 ; 1 . 11 " 1 I yrrhenae acies, atque omnibus uni, 

per costas durum gladium; Uni odiisque viro telisque frequentibus instant. 

an immktat se in medias \\\ t ^ ve i ut ru p es vastum quae prodit in sequor, 

aquas, et adeat natatu sum- rw • *. r •• * i *. 

oia litora, et se referat rur- °^ via ventorum funis, expostaqiie ponto, 

sus in arma Trojanorum. Vim cunctam atque minas pertert ccelique marisq; 

Ter tentavit utramque viam: ip Sa immota manens: prolem Dolichaonis Hebrum 

%X%!%£S£*&fr humi > c ™ W° L ^agum, Palmumque fuga- 

cuit juvenem. Provehitur Cem: 

findens maria, unda et fluxu Sed Latagum saxo atque ingenti fragmine montis 

maris favente: et portatur ad 

urbem veterem Dauni patris sui. Sed interea Mezentius impulsu Jovis ardens succedit ei in 
prselio, et aggreditur Trojanos. Irrumpunt in eum turmse Etruscje, et imminent uni viro; uni, 
inquam, omnibus odiis et densis jaeulis. Hie Mezentius, sieut rupes quie procurrit in magnum 
mare, objecta furori ventorum etopposita fluctibus, sustinetomnem violentiam et minas cceli et 
maris, ipsa stans inconcussa: sic dejieit in terram Hebrum filium Dolichaonis, et cum eo Lata- 
gum et Palmum fugientem: sed opprimit saxo et magno fragmento rupis Latagum, 

NOTES, 

will have to be an hypallage for navem, revo- see J&n. III. 120. 

lutam per ccquora,- but as we should always 678. Syrtis. A sand bank, 

shun as much as possible the having re- 682. Crudum; for cruentum. From crudus 

course to such unnatural substitutions, so crudelis is derived, as is Jidelis from Jidus. 

here there appears no manner of necessity 687. Fluctu secundo. Literally, the waves 

for it, since revoluta is a very proper epithet being prosperous: i.e. the motion of the 

of the sea. waves, instead of opposing, carried the ves- 

671. Laurentes muros. The city of king sel forward; which is saying, in other 

Latinus. words, that the wind was for him. 

677. Adoro. The winds, of whose divinity 



jENEIDOS LIB. X. 515 

Occupat os faciemq; adversam: poplite Palmum secundum os et vultum dbi 

• , • l ■ ■. i .«_,„ *r Ar .o n iectum: pemuttit Pal- 

Succiso volvi segnem sunt: armaqiie Lauso 700 J^ ^^ jacenlem sub . 

Donat habere humeris, et vcrtice figere cristas. secto poplite: et dat Lauso 

Nee non Evantem Phrygium, Paridisq; Mimanta »™a ejus fereuda humeris, 

jc i . . £ «^^ T'U^o,-.^. et cristas imponendas ca- 

jEqualem comitemque: una quern nocte 1 heano piti 0pprimi } elistm Evan . 

In lucem genitori Amyco dedit; et face praegnans tem Phrygium et Mimanta 
Cisseis regina Parin creat: urbe paterna 705 cosetaneum et socium Pari- 

Occubat, ignarum Laurens habet ora Mimanta. ^uS\™T°pK 

Ac velut ille canum morsu de montibus altis dem nocte; qua retina fi- 

Actus aper (multos Vesulus quern pinifer annos lia Cissei, gravida ex face, 

Defendit, multosq; palus Laurentia) sylva 709 **»«&* ££& 

Pastus arundinea: postquam inter retia ventum est, tus nabet Mimanta incogi- 
Substitit, infremuitque ferox, et inhorruit armos: tantem. Et quemadmodum 

Nee cuiquam irasci propiusve accedere virtus, aperaliquis morsibus canum 

„ , . \. . l l , , ., • pulsus ex altis montibus, 

Sed jacuhs tutisque procul clamonbus instant; nutritus in sylva arundinea, 

Ille autem impavidus partes cunctatur in omnes, quem Vesulus pinifer texit 

Dentibus infrendens, et tergo decutit hastas. nsannis pturimis, vel palus 

Haud atiter, just* qmbus est Mezentius i«, JT3MS!«SS 

Non ulli est animus stricto concurrere lerro; frendet asper, et cohorreseit 

Missilibus longe et vasto clamore lacessunt. humeris: nee animus est ulli 

Venerat antiquis Corythi de finibus Acron, 7 1 9 -«* &££!&* 
Graius homo, infectos lmquens profugus hymenaeos. eminus telis et securis ela- 

Hunc ubi miscentem longe media agmina vidit, moribus: ille verb intemtus 

Purpurea.., pennis et pact* conjugis ostro: Jg* ™£- gjg 

Impastus stabula alta leo ceu ssepe peragrans te l a ^ tergo. Non aliter ne- 

(Suadet enim vesana fames) si forte fugacem 724 mini eornm, quibus Mezen- 
Conspexit capream, aut surgentem in cornua cervum; tiu * \ e S itira0 «* od }°> est 

--. , r i • • v ° , audacia congredi nudo ense 

Gaudet hians immane, comasque arrexit, et haeret cum eo: pr0 cul infestant ew?/i 
Visceribus super accumbens: lavit improba teter jaculis et alta voeiferatione. 

Ora cruor: Acron, vir Grsecus, venerat 

Sic ruit in densos alacer Mezentius hostes. adve^^omitt^upSta- 

Sternitur infeiix Acron, et calcibus atram 7 30 perfeetas. Postquam Mezen- 

Tundit humum expirans,, infractaque tela cruentat. tius aspexit procul eum tur- 

A . -j r • , i j , j. , n t bantem medias turmas, pur- 

Atque idem fugientem haud est dignatus Oroden pureum ob cristas et pu J. pu= 
Sternere, nee jacta caecum dare cuspide vulnus: ram spons^promissa;: quem- 

admodum ssepe leo famelicus percurrens alta stabula (nam impellit immoderata fames) si forte 
vidit capream fugacem, aut cervum sublimem ob cornua; lsetatur aperiens fauces immaniter, 
et arrigit jubas, et stat incumbens super viscera, et sanguis tingit os fcedum: sic gaudens Me- 
zentius irrumpit in hostes confertos. Miser Acron sternitur, et moriens ferit talis nigram terram, 
et inficit sanguine hastam ruptam. Atque idem Mezentius dedignatus est occidere Oroden fugi- 
entem, et librato jaculo acuto infligere ei plagam improvisam: 

NOTES. 

704. In lucem genitori Amyco dedit; efface Jamque aderat Theseus proles ignara pa- 

prcegnans Cisseis regina Parin creat. Dr. renti. 

Bentley observes that creat here is quite re- 707. Ille. Ille is often redundant in Virgil, 

dundant, since the sentence is perfect with- or signifies something superior. Ille aper? 

out it; besides that there is something in- is magnus aliquid aper. JEn. XII. & 

congruous in making creat and dedit of dif- 710. Pastus. Servius tells us very gravely 

ferent tenses; as also that the omission of that pastus here is an antiptosis for pastum* 

the nominative to the following verb occubat as if a plain solecism could be justified 

perplexes the sense; on all which accounts merely by a pompous name. Dr. Bentley 

that learned critic conjectures that the ge- will have it that Virgil wrote pascit or pavit- 

nuine reading, as Virgil left it, must be, but an easier solution of the difficulty is, to 

una quem nocte Theano enclose the words between actus aper and 

In lucem, genitore Amyco, dedit; et face syhd pastus arundinea in a parenthesis, as in 

prsegnans some good editions. 

Cisseis regina Parim. Paris urbe paterna 712. Irasci, i. e. ird in eumstzvire. 

Occubat. 725 . Surgentem in cornua. This phrase po» 

706. Ignarum,i.e.ignotum; for so the word etically expresses the stately motion of a 

is sometimes taken in a passive sense; Ovid large stag, whose branched horns, as he 

Met B. VII. 403: moves,, seem to lift him up from the ground, 



516 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

seel obviam pr*currens t et Obvius adversoque occurrit, seque viro vir 
otlett"e ad ,r°me C UoTS CootoHd haud furto meiior, sed fortibus amis. 735 
diis, sed generosis armis. Turn super abjectum posito pede nixus et hasta: 
Deinde pede imposito, et in- Pars belli haud temnenda, virL jacet altus Orodes. 
t n mr S o h v^V Uper T stra "Conclamant socii, latum pseana secuti. 

turn: Uuri,eccejacetmgens _.. . .. r . . 

Orodes pars exercitus ndn Hie autem expirans: Non me, quicunque es, multo, 
aspeman da. Socii exclamant, Victor, nee longum laetabere: te quoque fata 740 

SSSoS Prospectant paria, atque eadem mox arva tenebis. 
tor, quisquis es, non gaude- Ad quern subndens mixta Mezentius ira: 
bis diu, nee me inuito: sors Nunc morere: ast de me Divum pater atque hominum 

aequalis te etiarn spectat, et vex. 

mox mordebis eandem ter- -r r . , .. TT .. , . A , 

ram. Ad quem respondet viderit. Hoc dicens, eduxit corpore telum: 
Mezentius subridens misto Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget 745 

Mtem^taSaf °Sorl)Sr Somnus ' in *ternam clauduntur lumina noctem. 
rum|etrex^ormnu l m. r idlo-^' 3e ^ clls Alcathoum obtruncat, Sacrator Hydaspen: 
quens, extraxit hastam e Partheniumque Rapo, et praedurum viribus Orsen: 
corpore: qaies acerba et Messapus Cloniumque, Lycaoniumque Ericeten: 

somnus terreus premit 1II1 T n • r • • 1 ' n • »m 

oculos: oculi clauduntur in Illum > inn ;£™s equi lapsu tellure jacentem; : 750 
perpetuam noctem. Csedicus Hunc, peditem pedes. Et Lycius processerat Agis, 
jugulat Alcathoum, Sacrator Quem tamen haud expers Valerus virtutis avitae 
KeO^a^ilS?^^ AtKmium Salius; Saliumque Nealces, 
robore: Messapus, et Cloni- Insigms jaculo et longe fallente sagitta. 
um, et Ericeten Lycaonium; Jam gravis aequabat luctus et mutua Mayors 755 

ilium dejectum in terram F unera; cadebant pariter pariterque ruebant 

lapsu equi mdomiti: hunc XT . ^ . . * .K ~ ^ .... 

pedes peditem. Agis quoque Victores victique: neque his tuga nota, neque llhs. 
Lycius cucurrerat in Mes- Dii Jovis in tectis iram miserantur inanem 
sapum: hunc tamen detur- Amborum, et tantos mortalibus esse labores. 

bat Valerus non carens vir- „. Tr ■ ' ,. ^ v ^ o . • t »c^ 

jtute avorum: Salius Atroni-^inc Venus, nine contra spectat baturnia Juno. 760 
um: et Salium Nealces, bo- Pallida Tisiphone media inter millia saevit. 
nus jaculo et sagitta eminus At ver6 ingentem quatiens Mezentius hastam 
decipiente. Jam Maes asper rp, -,• ■, • ,. A x n ^ . 

adaquabatdoloresetmortes l urbl dus ingreditur campo: quam magnus Orion, 
mutuas: victores et victi pa- Cum pedes incedit medii per maxima Nerei 764 

riter occidebant, et pariter Stagna viam scindens, humero supereminet undas; j 

SuS? ££■ iKin A >* summ « « fercns alm ° sam »«tibu. ornum, 

domo Jovis miserantur va- Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. 

num furorem utriusque partis, et tantas difficultates esse hominibus; Hinc Venus, hinc Junofi- 
lia Saturni aspicit ex ad verso. Tisiphone pallida furit in mediis millibus. At ver6 Mezentius li- 
brans magr.am hastam intrat in campum turbulentus: quantus Orion excellit humeris super fluc- 
tus, quando graditur pedes, aperiens sibi itev per vasta stagna medii Nerei; aut^wancforeportans 
antiquam ornum e summis montibus, ambulat in terra, et tegit caput inter nubes, 

NOTES. 

739. Hie autem expirans. Virgil more than Valerian family, to whom the famous Popli- 

once mAkes his dying warriors prophesy. In cola belonged. 

this he follows Homer, who makes the ex- 763. Ingreditur campo. He had hitherto 

piling Hector foretel the cWath of Achilles been only in the skirts of the battle: now 

his conqueror. C atrou. he presses forward into the midstand thick- 

747. C<edicus. Virgil has been censured for est of the ranks, which agrees best with 

not every where distinguishing who were the following comparison, 

of the Trojan and who of the Latin party. 763. Orion. Orion is mentioned here in 

It is only by observing what names are pro- regard to his magnitude among the con- 

perly Latin, as Caedicus, Sacrator, Rapo, stellations. There is great majesty and sub- 

Uc. "and what are drawn from the Greek as limity in this figure, Orion, stalking through 

Alcathous, Hydaspes, Parthenius, &c. and the waves, and it is not borrowed from Ho- 

the confusion is easily removed. C atrou. mer. 

752. Valerus. A compliment to the noble 766. Referens, perhaps, here signifies re- 

semblingj as in some other places. 



jENEIDOS lib. x. 517 

Ta»:s se vastis infert Mezentius armis. Talis Mczentius immittit 

Huic ccntrd £neas, speculates in agmine longo, ZZ*&&&£ 

Obvius ire parat. Manet lmperterritus llle, ttO eum \ n \ on ^ turma, parat 

Hostem magnanimum opperiens, et mole sua stat: he obviam illi. llle stat in- 
Atque oculis spatium emcnsus quantum satis hastae: tre P l<lus » expectans genero- 
^. l .. . * i • -i i-L sum hostem, etnniuotuse^' 

JUextra mini Deus, et telum, quod missile libro, su ^ m - ceritate: et mensus 

Nunc adsint. Voveo praedonis corpore raptis spatium, quantum sumciebat 

Indutum spoliis ipsum te, Lause, trophseum 775 »» stse » ."/{•; Nuiu ; *?***&> 

„ t\- • -, • v , ow#mihiDeus est,- ec hasta, 

TiLneae. Dixit, stridentcmque eminus nastam q Uam v ib ro volatilem, auxi- 

Jecit: at ilia volans clypeo est excussa, proculque lientur mihi. Voveo, 6 Lau- 

Egregium Anthorem latus inter et ilia figit: s £> te f ore trophseum ipsum 

Hr . ,, • • u * • iEneae, vestitum spoliis de- 

ercuhs Anthorem comitem, qui missus ab Argis tractis fe corpote raptoris. 

Haeserat Evandro, atque Itala consederat urbe. 780 Sic ait, et procul evibravit 

Sternitur infelix alieno vulnere, ccelumque hastam sonantem: ilia autem 

Aspicit, et dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos. %Zffi%&3&£. 

Turn puis iEneas hastam jacit: ilia per orbem ter ilia et latus illustrem An - 

jEre cavum triplici, per linea terga, tribusque thorem: Anthorem socium 

Transiit intextum tauris opus: imaque sedit 785 ^erculis, qui profectus Ar- 

Inguine; sed vires naud pertulit. Ocyus ensem femanserat in urbe Itala. 

JLneas, viso Tyrrheni sanguine laetus, Miser dejicitur aliena plaga, 

Eripit a femore, et trepidanti fervidus instat. et s P e ,, ctat coe j!i m > et m [* iens 

T r ... . r . record? tur ddectos Areos. 

Ingemuit chain graviter genitons amore, Tunc pUls ^ neas imm f ttit 

Ut vidit, Lausus; lachrymaeque per ora volutae. 790 hastam: ilia pervadit per dy- 

Hic mortis durae casum, tuaque optima facta, peum cavum trino sere, per 

Si qua fidem tanto est operi latura vetustas, ^ compact™ trmuTcoriSS 

Non equidem, nee te, juvenis memorande, silebo. ri: et summa mi pane ste- 

Ille oedem referens, et inutilis, inque ligatus t]t in inguine: sed non tulit 

Cedebat, clypeoque inimicum hastile trahebat: 795 Tn^Z^'to^Z 

Prorupit juvenis, seseque immiscuit armis. ' sanguine regis Etrusci, edu- 

Jamque assurgentis dextra, plagamque ferentis cit gladium a femore, et ar- 

./Enese subiit mucronem: ipsumque morando t^T^fiTtf^ H"" 

<-, .. , r ^ sus, cum id conspexit, alte 

bustmuit: socn magno clamore sequuntur, ingemuit ex amore in ditec- 
Dum genitor nati parma protectus abiret: 800 turn patrem, et lachrymal 

Telaque coniiciunt: proturbantq; eminus hostem sparse sunt per vultum. Sa- 

*\/r- ? i-u A -^ icf i + ne si ahqua posteritas da- 

Missilibus: funt jEneas, tectusque tenet se, tura es t fidem tanto facto, 

Ac velut, effusa si quando grandine nimbi nonh)ctacebo exitum aspe- 

Praecipitant, omnis campis diffugit arator, raj mortis, et tua fbrtia ges- 

r\-'t *. • 1 i ^ 1 1- A *. • «. nnr ta 5 nec te ipsum, o celebran- 

Omnis et agncola, et tuta latet arce viator, 805 de jtiTenis . J Ille ' ret r6 ferens 

Aut amnis ripis, aut alti fornice saxi, gressum, etdebilis,et impe- 

Dum pluit; in terris ut possint, sole reducto, aitus > recedebat; et trahebat 

Exercere diem, sic obrutus undique telis ^ZSTS^^^. 

-fineas, nubem belli, dum detonet, omnem 809 suit armis, et objecit se cus- 

Sustinet: et Lausum increpitat, Lausoq; minatur: P idi -Ene» attolientis dex- 

tram, et inferentis vulnus, 
et ipsum sustinuit retardando: socii adjuvant ingenti clamore, dum pater excederet tectus par- 
ma filii: et evibrant spicula, et longe propellunt hostem jaeulis: iEneas s^evit, et continet ^e 
tectus clypeo. Et quemadmodum, si aliquando nubes ruunt effusa grandine, omnis arator et om- 
nis agrlcola fugit ex agris, et viator abdit se sub aggere securo, aut sub creoidine fiuvii, aut sub 
cavorupis arduse, dum pluit; ut possint Sole revocato operari per diem in tsrris: sic -iEneas ob- 
rutus undequaque spiculis, sustinet omnem nubem armorum, donee cesset tonare: et objurgat 
Lausum, et comminatur Lauso: 

NOTES. 
790. Lausus. This alludes to a circum- he retreat until he had received seven and 
stance in the Roman history. Scipio Africa- twenty wounds. . Servius. 

nus, when he was but seventeen years old, 805. Arce. Arx here, as in other places^ 
protected his father in this manner, nor did signifies any place of shelter or safe re- 
treat. 



518 P.VIRGILII MARONIS 

Quocurris, 6 moriture, «t Q uo moriture mis? majoraque viribus audes? 
2JKta3SZ£3! *■>*«• «*•**» pietas tuu. Nee mi„*s ille 
dura. Ille nihnominits insa- Exultat demens: saevae jamque altius irge 
nus gaadet: etjam favor as-Dardanio surgunt duetori, extremaque Lauso 

Krt'sss&ss""* *}* le T l - Valldum namq; exigit ensem 815 * 

ultima fila Lauso. NaraiE.^er medium iEneas juvenem, totumque recondit. 
ueasimmittitvalidum ensem Transiit et parmam mucro, levia arma minacis, 
in medium juvenem, et ab- Et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro: 

dit totum: cuspis traiecit T . .' . •,; ■■. \ 

quoque parmam, leveni ar- Implevitque sinum sanguis: turn vita per auras 
maturam minacis juvetiis, et Concessit moesta ad manes, corpusque reliquit. 820 

tunicam quam mater neve- At vero ut vu l tum v idit morientis et ora, 

rat auro flexdi: et cruor re-,* ,. A , . . , „ . . . ' 

plevit sinum: tunc vita tiis- Ura modis Anchisiades pallentia miris: 

tis abiit per aerem ad infe- Ingemuit miserans graviter, dextramque tetendit: 

ros: et deseruit corpus. At Et mentem patriae subiit pietatis imago: 824 

vero cum nlius Anchisse vi- r » • j . -i • i i . ~ »•« • • 

ditfrciem etora morientis, W u . ld u . bl mmc ' miser a nde puer, pro laudibus istis, 

ora pallentia miris modis: in- Quid pius iEneas tanta dabit indole dignum? 

gemuit graviter- miseres- Arma, quibus lastatus, habe tua: teque parentum 

3%«E£%t$Z& Manibus, et cineri, si qua est ea cura, remitto. 

in parentem penetravit a- Hoc tamen mfelix miseram solabere mortem: 

nimum. O puer infelix, iEneae magni dextra cadis. Increpat ultro 830 

quid nunc pro istis meri- c unctantes soc i os , et terra sublevat ipsum, 

Us: quid puis iLneas dabit ' . r ... 

tibi dignum tanta virtute? Sanguine turpantem comptos de more capillos: 
retine arma tua, quibus gau- Interea genitor Tyberini ad fluminis undam 
debas; et te reddo umbris Vulnera siccabat lymphis, corpusque levabat, 

parentum et sepulchro, si A1 . r • „. f • „„^ 

qua ratione id curas. Tamen Arboris acclinis trunco: procul aerea ramis 83a 

6 miser solaberis necem in- Dependet galea, et prato gravia arma quiescunt. 
faustameare.-morerismanustant lecti circum juvenes: ipse ae^er, anhelans 

nisrentis iEnese. Ultro exci- r« n r * x* - \ u, l 

tat socios morantes,eteri g it Colla fovet > fusus propexam m pectore barbam. 

e terra ilium fedantem cru- Multa super Lauso rogitat: multosq; remittit 

ore crines de more composi- Q u i re vocent, mcestique ferant mandata parentis. 840 

S21SEiStoH?&£ At Lausl l m socii ^animum super arma ferebant 

bat aquis piagam, et curabat Flentes, ingentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum. 

corpus adnixus trunco arboris: area cassis longepemlet e ramis, et onerosaarmajacent in prato. 
Juvenes prsecipuicircumsistunt: ipse saucius, anhelans, sustentat collum, deponens in pectus bar- 
bam promissam: quserit plurima de Lauso: et mittit plurimos qui retraliant ewn, et portent ei 
Jussa patris. Sed socii plorantes portabant in clypeo Lausum mortuum, magnum, et magna 
plaga occisum. 

NOTES, 
811. §>uo 'moriture. Pallas is overcome and haviour of a hero more valiant than Turnus, 
slain by Turnus, and Lausus by ^neas. but more pious than valiant. Bossu. 
These young- princes were equal in valour, 819. Implevit sinum. Every thing is ex- 
but there is a wide difference betwixt the cellent in the incident of Lausus's death, 
bravery of the conquerors. Turnus eagerly especially the contrast of ideas between so 
seeks the combat, boastfully challenges wicked a father and so pious a son; between 
and insults his young enemy, who appeared the rash valour of the youth, and the gene"- 
in the field of battle for the first, time. He rous care and concern and friendly dissua- 
wishes Evander himself was present that sion of his heroic enemy; the obstinate pro- 
he might murder the son before the father's vocations of the first overpowering the pa- 
eyes. This is the courage and behaviour of tience of the last. Trapp. 
an Achilles. JEneas is very far from attack- 834. Siccabat. Not rinsed, as in Dr. Trapp 
ing Lausus in this manner, when he expo- and Ruueus, but stanched, as Servius ex- 
ses himself for the sake of his father. On plains it; Quia fluxus sanguinis aquarum 
the contrary, he would fain save his life, frigore continetur. 

He begs him to retire from the combat; 835. Procul, i. e, apart, by themselves, at 

tells him his tenderness for his father Me- some distance from him: for it seems very 

zentius will bring on his destruction, and absurd to make it signify sometimes near, 

does not attack him with eagerness or fu- sometimes far off, as Servius alleges. In our 

ry till he finds himself obliged to kill him opinion, it always signifies distance, though 

in his own defence. This anger is worthy of that distance may sometimes be very small. 
iEueas, and is the proper character and be- 



JENEIDOS LIB. X. 519 

Ao-novit lonse ^emitum praesae-a mali mens: Mens patris praesagtens ca- 

":* b . . . ° ° , , r . 1 ~., * ^^,k^o lamitatem agnovit procut 

Canitiem immundo deformat pulvere, et ambas lamenta: deturpat canSa cri- 
Ad coelum tendit palmas, et corpore inhaeret: 845 nes uedo pulvere, tollit 

Tanta-ne me tenuit vivendi, Date, voluntas; ad calum geminas pahnaa, 

TTi , ,.,. . i _^ i *„♦«,_ et incumbit cadaven: O fdj, 

Ut pro me hostih paterer succedere dextrae an tauta cupido viUc corri : 

Quern genui? tua-ne haec genitor per vulnera servor, puitrae,utpatererewmquem 
Morte tua vivens? heu! nunc misero mihi demum genuisupponi pro medexte- 
Exilium infclix, nunc ulte vulnus adactum. 850 Z%?g' i £& l g* 

Idem ego, nate, tuum maculavi cnmine nomen, t uam vivns per mortem? 

Pulsus ob invidiam solio sceptrisque paternis. lieu! nunc dcnique mihi mi- 

Debueram patriae pcenas. odi.sque meorum SSfSSKtSS^E 

Omnes per mortes animam sontem ipse dedisse: 854 „ 0> 6 filij ipse , nfcci sce iere 
Nunc vivo, neq; adhuc homines lucemq; relinquo, tuum nomen, ejectus solio et, 

Sed linquam. Simul haec dicens, attollit in aegrum ^S" P atem0 propter cupi- 
r, ~ L .- u ■■ , j® ditatem me am. Debcbam. 

Se femur: et, quanquam vis alto vulnere tardat, pffinas patri , c> et &beiam 

Haud dejeCtUS equum duci jubet: hoc decus illi, ipse dare animam scelera- 

Hoc solamen erat; bellis hoc victor abibat tam indignation! meorum 

Omnibus: alloquitur mcerentem, et talibus infit: 860 SfS^tfM* 

^Rhcebe, diu, res si qua diu mortalibus ulla est, nee adhuc relinquo vitam. 

ViximUS: aut hodie victor spolia ilia Cl'Uenta, et homines: at relinquam. 

Et caput *ne* referes, Lausique dolorum ^^S/:^ 

Ultor eris mecum; aut, apent si nulla viam vis, et quamvis violentia profun- 
Occumbes pariter: neque enim, fortissime, credo 865 di vulneris retardet eum, 

Jussa aliena pati et dominos dignabere Teucros. ^SoVSISi! 

Dixit: et exceptus tergo consueta locavit mentum, hoc solatium; per 

Membra: manusque ambas jaculis oneravit acutis; nunc exibat victor ex om- 
Mvc caput futeens, cristaque hirsutus equina. ' nibuspra#is: alloquitur mces- 

~. r . -° ', ?, , .. _ * . turn equum. etaffatur taubus 

Sic cursum in medios rapidus dedit. ^Estuat ingens ver bis.- Rhcebe,diu viximus, 

Imo in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu, 87 1 si ulla res diu durat homiui- 

Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus. bu ^= vel , ho J e victor report 

Ai ,n ° 2I? a' •'. tabis spohama sanguinea et 

Atque hie ^neam magna ter voce vocavit. caput ^ nea5j et m | cum eris 

iEneas agnovit eum, laetusque precatur: ultor mortis Lausi: vel si nul- 

Sic pater ille Deum faciat, sic altus Apollo, 875 lu « impetus pandit mihi viam 

T • . r ad ultionem. cades simul: o- 

Incipias conferre manum. ; : pinor eoim ; 6 fortLssimej de . 

Tantum effatUS, et infesta SUbit obvius liasta. dignaberis ferre imperia ex- 

terorum, et Trojanos dominos. Sic ait: et exceptus dorso, composuit corpus assuetum hide 
equo: et armavit binas manus telis acutis: spiendens serea. casside secundum caput, et horrens 
crista e jubis equinis. Sic prseceps cepit cursum per medios. Pudor magnus ardet in corde 
intimo, et amentia juncta cum dolore, et amor turbatus furore, et fortitudo sua sibi co^nita. 
Tunc vero appellant JEneam ter alta voce. iEneas agnovit eum, et gaud ens orat Deos: Sic pa- 
ter ille Deorum, sic magnus Apollo efficiat, ut incipias conserere manum mecum. Hoc solura 
locutus est, et occurrit ad versus minaci hasta. 

NOTES. 

848. £>uem genui. This speech of Mezen- ter, he could not be so easily justified: bui 

this over his son's dead body is perhaps as for the master thus to address the animal 

fine a piece of pathos as any in our poet. has nothing in it singular. 

852. Invidiam. Invidia here may either 871. Imo In many of the copies which 

signify Mezentius' invidious measures, or Pierius consulted, he found uno, i. e. in one 

the odium of his subjects. The former and the same breast. 

seems most suitable to the context, as Me- 872. Et furiis. This verse does not appear 

zentius is now awakened to a sense of his in the ancient Roman manuscript, 
crimes, and heartily condemns himself. Ser- 875. Sic pater ille TJeton faciat. This ad- 

vius however chooses the other sense. dress of iEneas to the gods is a fine contrast 

861. Rhosbe, diu. Such apostrophes, both to the impiety of Mezentius, who acknow- 

to the animal and vegetable world, instead ledges no other divinity than his own arm, 

of being unnatural, are amongst the greatest dextra mihi deus. It is to be observed that 

beauties in poetry, and always show high this prayep is very short. The presence of a 

emotion of soul. Had the poet, indeed, sup- furious enemy would not permit him to say 

^posed the horse to make a reply to his mas- any more. Catrop, 



520 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Hie autem Mezentius mV.-.Me autem: Quid me erepto, saevissime, nato 
SSrtSSSfa'SSiS'Terreri h*c via so]a fuit, quaperdere posses. 

ille modus, quo posses me Nee mortem horremus, nee Divum parcimus ulli: 880 

occidere; nee timemus mor- Desine, jam venio moriturus, et hsec tibi porto 

tern, nee reyeremur ullum Dona Hus# Dixit te l um q U e intorsit in he-Stem; 

nuraen: abstine ab ilhs: T . \. , 7 •• , «•' • , «"*», 

nunc venio moriturus, et Inde al . iud super atque aiiud figitque, volatque 

prius fero tibi liaec munera. Ingenti gyro: seel sustinet aureus umbo. 

Dixit, et libravit jaculum in T* e r circum astantem lxvos equitavit in orbes, 885 

hostem: demne mngit auud, rp. , • t< •• i 

et pr^terea aiiud, It circuit l ela manu jaciens: ter secum 1 roius heros 
in magnum orbem: sed cly- Immanem aerato circumfert tegmine sylvam. 
peus aureus excipit ilia. Ter T nc j e u bi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet 
£&&£ £%£*& Vellere ; « "fgetur pugna congressus imqufc _ 889 
«?», spargens manu jacuk: Multa movens animo, jam tandem erumpit, et inter 
ter heros Trojanus secum Bellatoris equi cava tempora conjicit hastam. 
ffirtS£2?t nU ^oTollit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras 
clypeo defixum, Denique Verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus 
cum pigeret ducere tot mo- Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo. 

&£££$£&£££« «r ° re i? cendunt ^ lum Tr -°^ que Latini i ue - 895 

eertans prselio impari: medi- Advolat JEneas, vagmaque eripit ensem: 

tans mentepiurima, turn de-Et super haec: Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et ilia 

nique irruit et impingit has- Effera v i s animi? contra Tyrrhenus, ut auras 

tarn inter cava tempora pug- . . 7 . . J 

nacis equi: equus attollit se Suspiciens hausit coelum, mentemque recepit: 
rectum, ferit aerem unguiis Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mortemque minaris? 
posteHoribus, et ipse cadens N u n um i n C3e d e nefas, nee sic ad praelia veni, 901 
SdttSre^ronSraputNec tecum meus haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus. 
opprimit projectum hume- Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro; 
rum. Trojani et Latini com- Corpus humo patiare tegi: scio acerba meorum 
STiSSS "Text^eireumstare odia: hunc, oro, defende furorem, 905 
gladium e vagina, et simul Et me consortem nati concede sepulchre 
hxc ditit.- Ubi est jam ferox Haec loquitur, juguloq; haud inscius accipit ensem, 
^"Sa^nimi'T^casUndantique animam diffundit in anna cruore. 

postquam aspiciens aerem hausit spiritum, et collegit animum, ait contra; Hostis acerbe, cur 
objurgas me, et intentas necem? nullum crimen est in med cjede: nee sic redii ad prselium, ut 
mihi par ceres,- nee meus Lausus fecit mihi tecum hsec foedera. Hoc solum precor, per veniam 
quce datur superatis hostibus, si datur nliqua: patere ut cadaver meum tumuletur humo. Novi as- 
pera odia meorum circumsistere me: precor, contine hunc furorem, et redde me tumulo con- 
junctum cum filio. Hsec dixit, et excipit gladium gutture sciens.e£ videns et spargit animam cum 
sanguine exundante in arma. 

NOTES. 

878. Quid me erepto, saevissime, nato terres? the next verse — Ter secum Trot us heros, isfc. 

Mezentius, seeing ^Eneas come up against So that Dr. Trapp's remark on this occasion 

him, with his lance protended in a threaten- was quite superfluous. 

ing manner, instead of discovering any fear, 906. Concede sepukhro. Notwithstanding 

appears hardened against the terror of Mezentius's contempt of all religious rites, 

death, since his son, for whose sake he his praying to -Eneas for sepulture is highly 

lived, was now taken from him. natural. We see every day the most reso- 

880. Nee Diviim parcimus ulli. Parco here lute and hardened change their opinion and 

has the sense of cesiimo, pretio habeo; as fa- language at the hour of death. So natural is 

in<c parcere'm Propertius. Mezentius either it for man to acknowledge the power of 

did not believe in the gods, or reckoned a deity in spite of himself, and so difficult is 

them his enemies; and would even have it to efface entirely religious impressions, 

oischarged his wrath on them, had they ap- We should likewise remember that the an- 

peared'in the field, as some understand his cients thought it was the most severe mis- 

W ords. fortune to be deprived of the rites of bu- 

885. Lcevos equitavit in orbes. He coursed rial, as we have seen in the instance of Pa- 

about the left, that he might reach ./Eneas' linurus, and which might be proved from a 

right side, which was uncovered by the thousand passages among ancient writers, 
shield. He wheeled quite round, but JEneas Sbgrais, 

at the same time turned as he turned, as in 



a:neidos lib. xl 



521 



P. VIRGILII MABONIS 



^NEIDOS 



LIBER XI 



OCEANUM interea surgens Aurora reliquit. 
iEneas (quamquam et sociis dare tempus humandis 
Praecipitant curse, turbataque funere mens est) 
Vota Deum primo victor solvebat Eoo. 
Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramis 
Constituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma, 
Mezenti ducis exuvias; tibi, magne, trophseum, 

tatis: et imponit ei arma splendida, spolia ducis Mezentii: quod 
magne Deus 



INTERPRETATIO. 

Interim Aurora oriens de= 
seruit mare, JEneas victor, 
primo mane reddebat vota 
Diis: quamvis et urgeat soli- 

s citudo dandi tempus sociis 
tumulandis, et animus tur- 
batus sit morte Pallantis. 
Defigit in colle quex'cum ex- 
celsam, ramis circum ampu- 

erat trophjeum tibi sacrum, 6 



NOTES. 



JEneas erects a trophy of the spoils of 
Mezentius, grants a truce for burying the 
dead, and sends home the body of Pallas 
with great solemnity. Latinus calls a coun- 
cil to propose offers of peace to JEneas, 
which occasions great animosity between 
Turnus and Drances. In the mean time 
there is a sharp engagement of the horse, 
wherein Camilla signalizes herself; is killed, 
and the Latin troops are entirely defeated. 
This book is adorned with the episode of 
Camilla, as is the ninth with that of Nisus 
and Euryalus. There are but few books 
which are entirely taken up in relating the 
affairs belonging to the subject. It is howe- 
ver a little singular that eight of the twelve 
books conclude with a death. Those which 
do not are the first, the sixth, seventh, and 
eighth. 

2. Tempus humandis. It was a custom of 
the Romans never to sacrifice when they 
were polluted with the rites of burial: but 
ifit so happened that any one died and there 



was at the same time a necessity of per- 
forming a sacrifice, the friends of the de- 
ceased always strove to go through with it 
before they buried him. Thus when it was 
told to Horatius Pulvillus while he was con- 
secrating the capitol that his son was dead, 
he cried out, cadaver sit, nor would he en- 
gage in his funeral till he had finished the 
consecration. According to this custom JE- 
neas is here introduced paying his vows to 
heaven before he celebrates the sepulture 
of Pallas and his companions. 

4. Primo Eoo, i. e. primo matutino subau- 
ditur tempore: Eous, matutinus, from the 
Greek noig, the morning. 

7. Trophaum. In Greek Tpitxm, from 
Tgo7rt). The aspirate in the middle of the 
word is retained here, as in Riphxos montes 
from pi-rata. og»j; and in Bosphorus from /3o<r- 
xogov. Trophies consisted of large trunks of 
trees hung round with the arms of a de- 
ceased hero 



3X 



522 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



belli: accommodat quercui Bellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristas, 

cristas stillantes saneruine.et p i • • <. i • °i ZZ. 

spicula hominis fracta, et lo- l elaC l Ue trunca V1 ™' et blS seX thoraca petltum 

ricam appetitam et apertam Perfossumque locis: clypeumq; ex sere sinistra^ 1© 
duodecim locis: et annectit Subligat, atque ensem collo suspendit eburnum. 
ZZ£!£!5?£EZ Tum'socios (namque omnis eum stipata tegebat 
manubrio eburneo. 'Deinde Turba ducum) sic incipiens hortatur ovantes: 
sic exorsus hortatur socios Maxima res effecta, viri: timor omnis abesto. 

stakes? t £5s»°'! ? upe, ' est : hsc sunt s p° lia ' et de ie r superbo 

densa: O socii, res maxima Pnmitiae: manibusque meis Mezentius hie est. 16 
perfects est: omnis metus Nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos. 
absit. Quantum ad reliqua: Arma parate a nimis et spe praesumite belium: 

haec sunt spolia et primitive x ^ r . , ,\ *\. N ,. 

deferoci rege Tumo: et hic-N e q ua mora ignaros (ubi primum vellere signa 
jacet Mezentius mea manu. Annuerint Superi, pubemque educere castris) 20 

Nunc nobis eundum est ad i m p e diat, segnesque metu sententia tardet. 

Regem et urbem Latinam. T J %, . 9 . -/ 

Parate arma, et cum animo lnterea S0C10S inhumataque corpora terrae 

ac spe desiderate pugnam: Mandemus: qui solus honos Acheronte sub imoesr. 

ne ulla mora detineat vos ite, ait: egregias animas, quae sanguine nobis 

imperitos, et dubia senten- tt t • j i „• o« 

fia retardet pigros pr* time Hanc patnam peperere suo, decorate supremis 25 
re; cum primum Dii permi- Muneribus: moestamq; Evandri primus ad urbem 
serint nobis eruere signa e Mittatur Pallas, quern non virtutis egentem 

£3 iSfgStaS: £*»* atra dies > et funer . e 'nersit acerbo. 

damus terra? socios et cada- Sic ait lllachrymans, recipitque ad hmina gressum: 
vera insepulta: qui honos Corpus ubi exanimi positum Pallantis Accetes SO 

unicus superest iis qui ««»*Servabat senior, qui Parrhasio Evandro 

sub profundo Acberonte. . \ r • i i> ,• m \ 

Ite, inquit: donate ultimis Armiger ante luit; sed non felicibus aeque 
honoribus animas Ulas insig- Turn comes auspiciis charo datus ibat alumno. 

^^f^! ^ omn . es fem ^mq; ma ™ s > Trojanaqj turba, 
Pallas primus reducatur in Et mosstse Iliades crinem de more solutae. 35 

urbem tristem Evandri: Pal- 
las quem non inopem virtutis funestadies eripuit, et extinxitneceaspera. Sic dixit plorans, et re- 
fert pedem ad portam, ubi senex Accetes custodiebat depositum cadaver Pallantis mortui: Acoetes 
qui prius fait armiger Evandro Arcadi; sed jam non venerat tamfaustis ominibus comes addictus 
dilecto alumno. Circumstant omnes, et turba famulorura, et multitudo Trojanorum, et Trojaase 
tristes passis capillis juxta ritum. 



NOTES. 



11. Collo suspendit. This trophy in all res- 
pects represented the figure of a man in ar- 
mour. 

11. Eburnum. Because the sheath or han- 
dle was ivory. 

15. Hxc spolia, et de rege superbo, &c. By 
the rex superbus here some understand Tur- 
nus: from him he had won the spoils in ge- 
neral, to which he first points; then to the 
■trophy representing Mezentius, of which 
he says, JWanibusque meis JYlezentius hie est. 

16." Primitice. The first fruits of the war 
against Turnus, which ^-Eneas dedicated to 
Mars, after the same manner as the first 
fruits of the field or of the flock were dedi- 
cated to the gods. 

19- Ubi primum vellere signa annuerint Su- 
peri. Because they never raised the stand- 
ard to march, without first consulting the 
gods by auguries. 

23. Qui solus, &c. See JEn. VI. 326. 

Hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti. 

Nee ripas datur, &c. 



29. Recipitque ad Hmina gressum. This al- 
ludes to the custom of laying out a dead 
body in the vestibule before the door, after 
it was washed, anointed, and crowned witk 
garlands: 

O? /xoi £ vi ■KXia-in — — — 

Klilctt CCVXTTQOfVQOV Ttlgcc/Ltfttvoc; 

who lies in my tent with his face turned 
towards the door? 

31. Parrhasio, Arcadian, from Parrhasia, 
a country and city in Arcadia. 

35. Iliades. Why does the poet represent 
the Trojan dames surrounding the body of 
Pallas, since the poet leaves them all in Si- 
cily excepting the mother of Euryalus; So- 
ils e matribus ansa? Servius understands 
female slaves in this place, has J£ne<e anciU 
lulas, but why are they termed Iliades.? 
This is an oversight which the poet, had he 
lived, would have corrected. The last hand, 
the jEneid never received 



jENEidos lib. xr. 



523 



Postquam vero JEneas 5n- 
gressus est portis sublirai- 
bus: einittiint ad astra mag- 
num gemitum peotoribus 
perculsis, ct insonuit aula 

4Qtristi fletu. Ipse jEncas, 
postquam aspexit caput can- 
didi Pallantis sustentatum, 
et ejus faciem, ct plagam 
mucronis I tali apertam in 
molli pectore; lacbrymis 
erumpentibus, sic loquitur: 

45 O deplorande juvenis, au 
fortuna, cum prospera ac- 



Ut vero iEneas foribus sese intulit altis: 

Ingentem gemitum tunsis ad sidera tollunt 

Pectoribus, moestoque immugit regia luctu. 

Ipse caput nivei fukum Pallantis et ora 

Ut vidit, levique patens in pectore vulnus 

Cuspidis Ausoniae, lachrymis ita fatur obortis: 

Te-ne, inquit, miserande puer, cum laeta veniret, 

Invidit fortuna mihi? ne regna videres 

Nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas? 

Non hsec Evandro de te promissa parenti 

Discedens dederam: cum me complexus euntem 

Mitteret in magnum imperium; metuensque moneret ce . < J eret ; ad me .\ erl P ult te 

A • \ i a V m»hi; ut non videres lrape- 

Acres esse viros, cum dura praeha gente.^ rium nos trum, neque victor 

Et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus inani, reducereris ad urbem pater- 

Fors et vota facit, cumulatque altaria donis: 50 nam? 110 . n hfiec dederam de 

■vt • : -i • _i .». *<•• te promissa patri tuo Evan- 

Nos juvenem exanimum, et nil jam coelestibus ullis (h . \ chn ab \ abii; cura am _ 

Debentem, vano mcesti comitamur honore. 

Infelix! nati funus crudele videbis. 

Hi nostri reditus, expeotatique triumphi! 

Haec mea magna fides! at non, Evandre, pudendis 

Vulneribus pulsum aspicies: nee sospite dirum 

Optabis nato funus pater. Hei mihi, quantum 

etiam con ci pit vota pro te, et onerat aras muneribus; dum nos tristes prosequimur inutili honore 
juvenem mortuum, et jam nullatenus subjectum Diis ullis superis. O miser, spectabis mcestum 
funus filii. Hi sunt nostri reditus, et triumphi sperati! hsec magna mea confidential tamen, 6 
Evander, non videbis eum csesum plagis indecoris: nee, filio turpiter salvo, optabis tibi mortem 
acerbam. Hei mihi! quantum 



plexus me abeuntem, dimit- 
teret me'\x\ magnum imperi- 
um Etruscorum; et timens 
admoneret me, Latinos ho- 
55 mines esse asperos, bellum 
esse mihi cum forti natione. 
Et nunc quidem ille, delusus 
spe admodum vana, forsan 



NOTES. 



39. Nivei Pallantis. Late patet hoc epithe- 
ton, says Servius; Referri enim potest et 
ad candorem pristinx pulchritudinis, et ad 
pallorem ex morte venientem, et ad frigus 
quod proprium mortuorum est. 

42. Te-ne, inquit, &c. Literally, Did for- 
tune, when she came propitious, envy me 
the possession of thee? - 

47. In magnum imperium, either in pros- 
pect of mighty empire; or, which best 
agrees with the context, against a powerful 
empire. 

51. Nil jam coelestibus ullis debentem. By 
this all the commentators understand his 
being no more a subject of the gods above, 
but in subjection to the infernal powers. 
But perhaps it means, that, as he was now 
discharged of every vow he had made to 
the celestial gods, he would never return to 
perform any of the vows uttered by him- 
self, or which his father was making in his 
behalf. This seems best to agree with what 
's said, verse 49. 



Et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus 

inani, 
Fors et vota facit, &c. 

55. Pudendis. The matrons of Lacedsemon, 
when they received the news that their sons 
were slain in battle, were wont to come 
forth and inspect their wounds both before 
and behind. When they found the greater 
number was before, they conducted the bo- 
dies of their children to the monuments of 
their ancestors with great solemnity, and a 
kind of stern pride in their countenances; 
but if they perceived any wounds behind, 
weeping and blushing for shame, they de- 
parted with the utmost secrecy, leaving the 
dead bodies to be interred in the common 
sepulchre, or carried them away by stealth 
to be privately buried at home. 

56. Non pulsum. Who had not been beaten 
from the field, or received dishonourable 
wounds. 

57. Nee optabis ncto funus, may either 
mean thy own or thy son's death; the. latter 






524 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

omittis tutamen, 6 Italia! et Presidium, Ausonia, et quantum tu perdis, Iiile! 

quantum tu, o lute! Post- u u- j n * «• • i -i 

quam hsc flens dixit, jubet Haec ubl de A evlt > tolh miserable corpus 

cadaver depkirabile auferri: Imperat: et to to lectos ex agmine mittit 60 

et mittit mine viros electos Mille viros, qui supremum comitentur honorem, 

££££ ESS jggtfjrBgl^ patri, Jachrymis: solatia luctfls 

mam, et adsint luctui patris: Exigua mgentis, misero sed debita patri. 

gitce sunt soiamina parva Haud segnes alii, crates et molle feretrum 

SSmtt-EEfSSi £ rbuteis texunt «rgis et vimine querno, 65 

componunt crates et flexile kxtructosque toros obtentu frondis inumbrant. 
feretrum, e ramis arbuteis Hie juvenem agresti sublimem in stramine ponunt: 

g^TSZSI^f^&P** demess <™ Police florem 

umbraculo foiiomm. uiic ^eu mollis violae, seu languentis hyacmthi; 

constituunt juvenem excel- Cui neq; fulgor adhuc, necdum sua forma recessit; 70 

km S5S5?Si^N«o jam water alit tellus, viresque nunistrat. 

sive tener» viola?, sive lan- * um gemmas vestes, auroque ostroque rigentes, 

guentis hyacintbi, decerp- Extulit ^Eneas: quas illi laeta laborum 

turn poiUcepueite: cui non- i psa su i s quon dam manibus Sidonia Dido 

dum splendor, nondum sua t? . /\ • t , ,. 

pulchritudo periit; nee ta- * ecerat, et temn telas discreverat auro. 75 

men terra parens jam nutrit, Harum unam juveni, supremum moestus honorem 
et sufficit ei vires. Tum JE- Induit, arsurasque comas obnubit amictu. 
*!vlv*sZ™ eT^purt M ^^^ pratere^ Laurentis praemia pugnae 
quas ipsa Dido Sidonia ei Aggerat, et longo prsedam jubet ordine duci. 
olim elaboraverat gaudens Addit equos et tela, quibus spoliaverat hostem. 80 
^r s *SSSl Vinxerat et post terga manus, quos mitteret umbris 
tis unamillarum juveni, ^fl-infenas,caeso sparsuros sanguine flammam; 
^'ultimum ornamentum; et Indutosque jubet truncos hostilibus armis 
%*£2£S£2t JP»f ferre duces, inimicaque nomina figi. 
accumuiatpiurimadonapr»-Ducitur mlelix aevo confectus Acoetes, 85 

lii Laurentini, et imperat Pectora nunc foedans pugnis, nunc unguibus ora: 
spona portai-i longa serie. Sternitur et toto projectus corpore terrae. 
Addit equos et tela, quse en- -~ t „ , v J r r . 

puerat hosti. Aiiigaverat Ducunt et Kutulo perfusos sanguine currus. 
quoque manibus post dorsum Post bellator equus positis insignibus -/Ethon 
eos, quos pater demissurus j t i ac hrymans, tmttisq; humectat ^randibus ora. 90 
esset ut lnfenas umbris filn, J ' ° 17 ° 

irrigaturos rogum f'uso sanguine: et imperat ipsos duces portare arbores vestitas armis hostium 
et nomina hostium insci-ibi arboribus. Miser Accetes obrutus annis ducitur, nunc turpans pec- 
tus pugnis, nunc vultum unguibus: et sternitur humi profusus toto corpore. Trabunt quoque 
currus rigatos cruore Rutuloimm. Deinde iEthon, equus bellicus, depositis ornamentis, incedit 
plorans, et rigat caput longis guttis. 

NOTES, 

sense is the stronger, and the pater leads to 81. Vinxcrat, &c. This barbarous custom 

it. he borrows from Homer; but, as we have 

67. Stramine. Stramen signifies the litter, observed elsewhere, however it may suit 
such as straw, leaves, 8cc. thrown under with the temper of Achilles, it quite out- 
cattle, rages that of iEneas. 

68. £>ualem; a beautiful simile. He looks 81. JWitteret umbris. Human sacrifices 
fair and still blooming like a flower among were common on these occasions, among 
leaves. Dr. Young has a similar elegant the ancients. 

comparison: 88. Currus. Great men and princes often 

Like blossom'd trees o'erturn'd by vernal fought in their chariots; as Niphaeus, JEu. 

storm, X. 570. 

Lovely in death, the beauteous ruin lay. 90. It iachrymans. Aristotle and Pliny in- 

69. Languentis hyacinthi. Virgil often makes form us that these animals often lament 

a final syllable long which is by nature their masters when killed in battle, and 

short, by making an h begin the following even shed tears for them. JElian reports the 

word, as same of elephants when carried from their 

Mn. Z. 126. Et Clarus et Hsmon. native country. Rollin says, that when ti- 

720. Linguens profugus hymenxos. dings of the approach of an Asiatic con- 

VII. 398. Turnique canit hymen xos. queror were brought to Athens (Credat 

IX. 418. Dum trepidant, et hasta Tago. Judaus Appeiks) the very dogs themselves 



jENEIDOS LIB. XI. 



Hastam alii galeamque ferunt, nam caetera Turnus 
Victor habet. Turn maesta phalanx; Teucrique se 

quuntur, 
Tyrrhenique duces, et versis Arcades armis. 
Postquam omnis longe comitum processerat ordo 
Substitit iEneas, gemituque haec addidit alto: 
Nos alias bine ad lachrymas eadem horrida belli 
Fata vocant. Salve aeternum mihi, maxime Palla, 
jEterniimque vale. Nee plura effatus, ad altos 
Tendebat rauros, gressumque in castra ferebat. 
Jamque oratores aderant ex urbe Latina, 
Velati ramis oleac, veniamque rogantes: 
Corpora, per campos ferro quae fusa jacebant, 
Redderet, ac tumulo sineret succedere terrae: 
Nullum cum victis certamen et aethere cassis: 
Parceret hospitibus quondam socerisq; voccV.is. 
Quos bonus iEneas, haud aspernanda precantes, 
Prosequitur venia, et verbis haec insuper addit: 
Quaenam vos tanto fortuna indigna, Latini, 
Implicuit bello, qui nos fugiatis amicos? 
Pacemne exanimis et Martis sorte peremptis 
Oratis? equidem et vivis concedere vellem. 
Nee veni, nisi fata locum sedemque dedissent: 
Nee bellum cum gente gero. Rex nostra reliquit 
Hospitia, et Turni potius se credidit armis. 
^Equius huic Turnum fuerat se opponere morti. 
Si bellum finire manu, si pellere Teucros 
Apparat; his decuit mecum concurrere telis: 

prjelii? sane cuperem dare illara etiam viventibus. Nee venissem hue, nisi fata assignassent iriflii 
hanc regionem et hanc sedem: nee facio bellum cum gente Latina, Rex vester abru pit ju ra nos- 
tri hospitii, et potius se commisit armis Turni. Justius fuisset Turnum exponere se huic morti. 
Si statuit terminare bellum manu, et ejicere Trojanos, decuit eum pugnare mecum his armis: 



Aliiportant hastam et ens- 
sidem Pallantis: nam vic- 
tor Turnus possidet reliq.ua 
anna. Postea tristis turma 
sequitur, ct Trojani, et duc- 
tores Etrusci, et Arcades 
Q conversis hastis. Postquam 
^^tota scries prosequentium 
funus longe transiit, ./Eneas 
constitit, et adjecit luec alte 
gemens: Eadem aspera sors 
belli nos appellat bine ad 
alios fletus. Salve in perpe- 

1 QO tuum mihi, o Palla maxime, 
et vale in perpetuum. Nee 
locutus plura, ibat ad mnros 
excclsos, et referebat pedem 
in urbem. Et jam oratores 
venerant ex urbe Latini re- 
gis, tecti ramis olivse, et pe- 

105 tentes hanc facultatem: ui 
i*edderet cadavera, quae jace- 
bant ferro strata per agros: 
et permitteret ed subire se- 
pulchrum terras: nullum esse 
bellum cum victis et privatis 

jjQluce ccelesti: ignosceret lis, 
quos olim appellaverat hos- 
pitcs et soceros. Ulos orantes 
ea qiue non erant neganda 
./Eneas clemens donat ilia 
facilitate, et prceterea voce 
adjicit ista: O Latini, qufc 

115 sors immerita vos immiscuit 
tanto bello, ut recusetis nos 
amicos? an petitis pacem 
mortuis et interfectis casa 



NOTES. 

howled their lamentations. Suetonius in 97. Salve mihi. This is after the manner 

Vit. Cscs. tells us, Proximis diebus, &c. &c. of the Greeks, who used the pronoun fu>i in 

"The next day the horses whom in passing the same manner. Thus Achilles says in 

the Rubicon he had consecrated to Mars Homer: 



and turned loose on the banks, were ob- 
served obstinately to abstain from food and 
to weep abundantly." Virgil has taken the 
thought from Homer, II. 17. 
Meantime at distance from the scene of 

blood, 
The pensive steeds of great Achilles stood; 
Their godlike master slain before their 

eyes, 
They wept and shar'din human miseries. 
In vain Automedon now shakes the reign, 
Now plies the lash, and sooths and threats 

in vain, 
Nor to the fight nor Hellespont they go, 
Restive they stood and obstinate in woe. 

along their face 

The big round drops cours'd down with silent 

pace 
Conglobing all the dust. 



Xaif s <ko/, a n«T^oxXf, £ uv cu$xo Sofioicru 

97- Salve, vale. The novissima verba, or 
last words with which they departed from 
a funeral. The sentiments of this farewell 
speech have a noble simplicity. The con^ 
ciseness of it is admirable and highly pro- 
per to the occasion. 

104. ^Ethere cassis. Cassus is not from 
quassus, as Servius foolishly supposes, but 
from careo. 

110. Pacemne. Several of the ancient ma- 
nuscripts read pacem me. 

114. Turni se credidit armis. Not of his 
own accord, but by the importunities of his 
wife Amata. 

llT.Jlfecum concurrere. The first proposal 
of deciding the war by single combat was 
made bv -/Eneas. 



526 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

xixhset is nostrum, culDew Vixet, cui vitam Deus aut sua dextra dcdisset 

aut virtus sua servasset vi- N U t miseris su pp nite civibus ignem. 

tam. Abite ]am, et subjicite „ . ' ... , \ r .. & 

flammas miseris civibus mor- Dixerat ^Eneas: olli obstupuere silentes, 12© 

tuis. JEneas locutus erat: il- Conversique oculos inter se atque ora tenebant. 

li taciti obstupuerunt, ac te- T urn senior, semperque odiis et crimine Drances 

nebant oculos et vultus inter T r • : >-p • ... 

se obversos. Tum senex Infensus juveni Turno, sic ore vicissim 

Drances, semper infestus o- Orsa refert: O fama. ingens, ingentior armis, 

diis et criminatione juveni vir Troiane, quibus ccelo te laudibus aequem? 125 

JS^SJo^r^Z Ju.titi.-ne prins mirer, belli-ne labornm? 

fama magne, major factis: Nos vero haec patnam grati referemus ad urbem: 

quibus laudibus extollam te Et te, si qua viam dederit fortuna, Latino 

^TjustiSm! a a "X J«nsemns regi: qo^rat sibi federa Turnus. 

pera bellica? nos autem me- Qum et fatales murorum attollere moles, 13© 

mores beneficii reportabi- Saxaque subvectare humeris Trojana juvabit. 

mus ista qtut dlcis in .urbem Dixerat haec: unoque omnes eadem ore fremebant. 

patnam : et sociabimus te re- _. ^ . 

gi Latino, si aliqua fortuna Bis senos pepigere dies: et pace sequestra 

imodum offerat: Turnus Per sylvas Teucri, mixtique impune Latini, 

quarat sibi alia fo^dera. Im- Erravcre iugis. Ferro sonat alta bipenni 135 

mo delectabit etiam nos, en- „ . J ° . r . 

gere moles fatales murorum Fraxmus: evertunt actas ad sidera pinus: 

tuorum, et portare humeris Robora nee cuneis, et olentem scindere cedrum, 
saxa Trojan* urbis. Dixerat j^ec pi aus tris cessant vectare gementibus ornos. 

^iSSSSSSS. E ' i<™ fama ™ lans - tanti pnenunda luctus, 

runt inducias ad duodecim Evandrum Evandnq; domos et moenia complet; 140 

dies: et pace intermedia, Q uae mo do victorem Latio Pallanta ferebat. 

^Veticu^aul'M Arcades ad porta, mere, et de more vetusto 

permontes et sylvas. Fraxi- Funereas rapuere faces: meet via longo 

mis alta sonat securi utrim- Ordine flammarum, et late discriminat agros. 

que acuta: eruunt pious e- Contr £ turba Phrygum veniens plagentia jungit 145 

re etas ad astra; nee inter- . J & r & J & m 

mittunt secare cuneis quer- Agmma. Quae postquam matres succedere tectis 

cus et cedros odoratas, nee Viderunt, moestam incendunt clamoribus urbem. 

vehere ornos piaustris stri- At non Evandrum potis est vis ulla tenere; 

dentibus. Etjam fama, prce- r 

nuncia tanti doloris, dispersa implet Evandrum, et Evandri sedes atque urbem; quae fama prius 
narrabat per Latium, Pallanta victorem esse. Arcades incipiunt concurrere ad portas urbis, et 
juxta ritum veterem corripuerunt funebres tsedas: iter splendet longa serie flammarum, et late 
dividit campos. Multitudo Trojanorum adversum veniens conjungit magmina sua dolentia. Qu» 
quando matres viderunt ingredi domos, commovent clamoribus urbem oranem. At nulla violen- 
tia potest cohibere Evandrum, 



NOTES. 

118. Vixet, fovvixisset. the war, before and after; and also because 

I26.jfustiti<£-ne — laboruvi.This is the read- it mediates between the two parties, both 

trig of all the printed editions, except that having a right to appeal to it and being obli- 

of Catrou, who reads the line thus: ged injustice to be determined by it. 

Justitiane prius mirer, belline labore? Trap p. 
which Pierius assures us is the reading of 135. Ferro bipenni. Pinna is the summit, 
the Roman manuscript, and some others of point or edge of any thing, hence the sum- 
very great antiquity. Servius however jus- mit of a temple is called pinnaculum. Bi- 
tifies the common reading, by making it a penna, bipennis, orferrum bipenne is an ax or 
Grecism, Srav/^x^a £y.«va: So Horace says, hatchet with a double edge. 
Agrestum regnavit populorum, Lib. III. Ode 140. Mania complet. This is the reading 
XXX. 11. So also 1. II. 9. Desine mollium of almost all the printed copies; but all the 
tandem quer elarum; and in this book, v. 280 ancient manuscripts which Pierius exa- 
ineminl Utorve malorum. mined have replet. The former seems to 

133. Pace sequestra. Conciliatrice. By the have been adopted by the editors for the 

word sequester or sequestris is meant an urn- more harmonious sound, 
pire or arbitrator. It is applied here to a 147. Incendunt. A metaphor, for concitant. 

truce, because that is intermediate between JEn. IV. 260. 



jfiNEIDOS LIB. XI. 



527 



Sed venit in medios: feretro Pallanta reposto sed eurnt in racdios: feretro 

„ ,. iii ^^,«»>c.^,,«. deposito, concidit super Pal- 

Procumbit super, atq; haeret lachrymansq; gemensque: ^ ^ inh;eret l neiis et 
Et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est: 151 gemens: ac demum difficile 

Non hsec, 6 Palla, dederas proniissa parenti: vi " *P«*t» est voci per dolo- 

rs r \ ii * i«..~ i\/T<>^«; rem: O Palla, non dederas 

Cautius ut saevo velles te credere Marti. > hiec promissa ' patri tuo: sed 

Haud ignarus eram, quantum nova gloria in armis, f ore ut velles te committere 
Et praedulce dec us primo certamine posset. 155 duro Marti circumspectius. 

Primitive juvenis misery, beilique propinqui %ESZ%&E2% 

Dura rudimenta, et nulli exaudita Deorum riie fa bello, et jucundus Me 

Vota, precesque meae! tuq; 6 sanctissima conjux, honor in prima pugna. O 
Felix morte ma, nequein hunc servata dolorem! K^etTSai^rimtt 
Contra ego vivendo vici mea lata, superstes 16 ° belli vicini, et vota preces- 

Restarem ut genitor. Troiim socia arma secutum que mea; d nullo Deorum 

Obruerent Rutuli telis: animam ipse dedissem; auditBe ' , et ™> 6 san f issinia 

« , , •» 11 r uxor, felix per mortem tu- 
Atq; haec pompa domum me, non Pallanta, referret. am> nec 8U £ er stes ad hunc 

Nee vos arguerim, Teucri, nec faedera, nec quas luctum! contra ego vivendo 

Junximus hospitio dextras: sors ista senectse 165 excessi mea fata, ut pater 

Debita erat nostra,. Quod si immatura manebat KHS&ftelg 

Mors natum; cassis Volscorum milhbus ante, ed qudd junxi societatem 

Ducentem in Latium Teucros, cecidisse juvabit. beui cum Trojanis, ipse li- 

Quin ego non alio digner te funere Palla, 1 69 £» ^j^SS £ 
Quam pius ^neas, et quam magni Phryges, et quam mU m me, non Pallanta. Nee 

Tyrrheniq; duces, Tyrrhenum exercitus omnis. incusabo vos, 6 Trojani, nee 

Ma^na trophaa ferunt, quos dat tua dextera leto. farius, nec quas manus socia- 

,- s r > M . . vimus per hospitmm; calami- 
I u quoque nunc stares immanis truncus in armis, t as ista debita erat mea se- 

Esset par aetas et idem si robur ab annis, nectuti. Tamen si mors im- 

Turne. Sed infelix Teucros quid demoror armis? 175 matura destinata erat filio: 
Vadite, et haec memores regi mandata referte: 
Quod vitam moror invisam, Pallante perempto; 
Dextera causa tua est, Turnum gnatoq; patrique 
Quam debere vides meritis: vacat hie tibi solus 
Fortunaeque locus. Non vitae gaudia quaero, 
Nec fas: sed gnato manes perferre sub imos. 
Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam 



oportebat enm mori indu~ 
centem Trojanos in Latium s 
occisis prius midtis millibus 
Volscorum, Ego vero, 6 Pal~ 
la, non honorabo te alia 
pompa; quam pius iEneas, 
180 et quam illustres Trojani, et 
quam ductores Tusci, et om- 
nis exercitus Tuscorum. llli 
portant magna trophasa, ex 
'is quos tua manus demisit morti. Tu etiara, 6 Turne, stares jam grandis truncus vestit-usa.rm.is, 
si par fuisset setas, et vis sequalis ab setate. Sed miser, cur cobibeo Teucros d pugna? abite, et 
memores reportate regi vestro htec mea dicta: O JF<nea, si sustineo adbuc vitam odiosam occiso 
Pallante: dextera tua causa est, cur idfaciam: dextera, quse, ut intelligis, debet Turnum et filio 
Pallanti, et mihi patri, qui anibo Emeriti sumus: unicus hie modus solandi me restattibi et for- 
tune. Non cupio gaudia vitce, nec licitum est: sed cupio ferre hsec gaudia filio ad profundos infe» 
ros. Interim Aurora reddiderat miseris hominibus 



NOTES. 



151. Via <vix tandem voci. This grief for a 
considerable time implied in the words vix 
and tandem stopped the passage of his voice, 
and at length opened it. Both these are 
true as to different parts of time. Excess of 
sorrow first makes us dumb and then makes 
us speak. 

160. Vici tneajata. I have overcome or 
outlived my fates, or my time: for fate 
seems to dictate that a father shall die be- 
fore a son. A true pathos pervades this 
whole speech of Evander. The various 
turns of passion, and the alternate addresses 
to the living and the dead, are the very lan- 
guage of sorrow. 

10%. Juvabit. Ruseus very oddly renders 



this by oportebat. 

170. Phryges. The Trojans; so called from 
Phrygia, a country in Asia Minor, bounded 
on one side by Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and 
Bithynia; on the other by the Propontis, 
the Hellespont, and the iEgean sea. Phry- 
gia is divided into the Major, which was 
the inland part, and the Minor, lying toward 
the sea. This also was called Troas, being 
the ancient kingdom of the Trojans. 

174. Esset par aetas. Either to me or to my 
son; but I am too old, and my son too 
young, to cope with and vanquisli thee. 

178. Turnum gnatoque,&c. Literally, Which 
you see owes Turnus to the son and to the 
sire who have both deserved it, 



528 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

},eneficum lumen, reduccns E x t u ierat lucem, referens opera atque labores. 

r„Xi- sir, ss jam p. atei - ^ neas > j am curv ° in ut ? re Ta « h °» 

crunt rogos in sinuoso litore: Constitute pyras: hue corpora quisque suorum 185 
unusquisque juxta morem More tulere patrum: subjectisque ignibus atris 
SSfett^fnT^Conditur in tenebras altum caligine crclum. 
flammis, sublime cceium te- Ter circum accensos cmcti lulgentibus armis 
giturfumo in similititdinem Decurrere rogos: ter moestum funeris ignem 
noctis Ter induti rutiiis ar- Lustravere in equis, ululatusque ore dedere. 190 

mis pechtes ambulaverunt .,_ : ,, ? . , . * 

circa rogos: ter in equis cir- Spargitur et tellus lachrymis, sparguntur et arma: 
cuiverunt tristem flammam It coelo clamorque virum, clangorque tubarum. 

funeris et emiserunt ore u- Hinc aJii spolia occ i s i s direpta Latinis 
lulatus. 1 ellus etiam. rigatur r , ...*.. . r . 

flctu, arma etiam rigantur. Conjiciunt igni, galeas, ensesque decoros, 

Et clamor hominum etsoni- Fraenaque, ferventesque rotas: pars, munera nota, 195 

tns buccinarum toilitur «tfl ps0 rum clypeos, et non feliciatela. 

coelum. Demde alu mittunt A V ,u » • \ 

in ignem spolia ablata Lati- Mu . lta boum circ a mactantur corpora morti: _ 

nis interfectis, et cassides, Setigerosque sues, raptasque ex omnibus agris 

et puichros giadios, et frse-l n flammam jugulant pecudes: turn litore toto 

£*° lot* SScuS Ip 3 ! Ardentes spectant socios, semustaque servant 200 

sorum, et jacuia non fausta. Busta: neque avelli possunt, nox humida donee 

Pim-ima corpora boum cir- Invertit ccdum stellis fulgentibus aptum. 

iZ"n-;r"e'ioio Q ; Nee minus et miseri diversa in parte Latini 

porcos, et pecudes direptas Innumeras struxere pyras: et corpora partim 

ex omnibus campis: deinde Multa virum terrae infodiunt; avectaque partim 205 

per totixm litus aspiciunt so- pinitimos tollunt in a^ros, urbiq; remittunt: 

cios qui cremantur: obser- ~, r P ' . - ■,. 

vant rogos semustos: neque Caetera, confusaeque ingentem caedis acervum, 
possuntm^abstrahi,quous-Necnumero nee honore cremant. Tunc undiq; vasti 
que nox trigida mutavit cce- Certatim crebris collucent ignibus aim. 

lum distmctum astns mican- ^ .. , ,. , i j* ■ *. i_ *,%,*. 

tibus.NecaiiterinfeiicesLa- Tertla lux gehdam coelo dimoverat umbram: 210 

tini erexeruut quoque rogos Mcerentes altum cinerem et confusa ruebant 

innumevos in alia parte; et Ossa focis, tepidoque onerabant aereere terrae. 

£3JffiKE3KE:£«» Yer6 in teetis prsedivitis urbe Latini 

tim quoque auferunt aspor- Praecipuus fragor, et longe pars maxima luctus. 

tata in vicinos campos, et re- Hie matres, miseraeq; nurus, hie chara sororum 2 1 5 

mittunt in urbem. Combu- 

runt reliqua, et immanem cumulum promiscuse stragis, nee numerando, nee honorando. Tune 

undequaque spatiosi campi resplendent certatim frequentibus ignibus. Tertia dies expulerat e 

coelo frigidam noctem: doientes evertebant altam cinerem et ossa permista in rogis, et tegebant 

ea tepido acervo terra. Jam vero prsecipuus tumulus et pars doloris longe maxima erat per do- 

mos, in urbe Latini opulenti. lllie matres, et nurus infausta: illic dilecta pectora sororum dolen- 

tium, 

NOTES. 

189. Decurrere — lustravere in equis. The Metaque fervidis e vitata rotis . 

first referring to foot-soldiers, the last to 202. Cceium stellis aptum, for cui aptce et 

horsemen. The prophet David gives us a connexce sunt stelUt. iEn. IV. 482. 

similar combination: " He delighteth not 206. Urbique remittunt. In what manner 

in the strength of the horse, he taketh not bodies were buried, burned, the ashes 

pleasure in the legs of a man." Ps. cxlvii. separated and introduced into an urn, has 

10. i. e. in neither cavalry nor infantry. already been described. See iEn. V. 48. 

192. It coelo may be it per caelum, as well VI. 227. and V. 48. 

as ad cceium; for so it is used, iEn. XII. 283. 211. Ruebant, is here used in an active 

It toto turbida coelo sense, as in other places of Virgil. 

Tempestas telorum. 215. Nurus. Nurus is properly a son's wife, 

195. Ferventesqite rotas. The wheels be- or a daughter-in-law; but it is often used for 

coming hot by the rapidity of the motion, any young married woman. iEn. II. 501. 
So Horace Od. I. B. 1. 



^NEIDOS LIB. XT. 



537 



480 



48: 



Buccina. Turn muros varia cinxere corona 
Matron ae puerique: vocat labor ultimus omnes. 
Nee non ad tempi urn summasq; ad Palladis arces 
Subvehitur magna mat rum regina caterva, 
Dona ferens: juxtaque comes Lavinia virgo, 
Causa mali tanti, atqj oculos dejecta decoros. 
Succedunt matres, et lemplum thure vaporant, 
Et moestas alto fundunt de limine voces: 
Armipotens belli prases, Tritonia virgo, 
Frange manu telum Phrygii prsedonis, et ipsum 
Pronum sterne solo, portisq; effunde sub aitis. 
Cingitur ipse furens certatim in praelia Turnus: 
Jamque ade6 Rutulum thoraca indutus ahenis 
Horrebat squamis, surasqufc incluserat auro, 
Tempora nudus adhuc: lateriq; accinxerat ensem 
Fulgcbatque alta decurrens aureus arce: 
Exultatque animis, et spe jam prsecipit hostem. 
Qualis, ubi abruptis fugit prsesepia vinclis 
Tandem liber equus, campoq; potitus aperto; 
Aut ille in pastus armentaq; tendit equarum; 
Aut assuetus aquae perfundi flumine noto 
Emicat, arrectisque fremit cervicibus alte 
Luxurians, luduntq; jubae per colla, per armos. 
Obvia cui, Volscorum acie comitante, Camilla 
OccurVit, portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis 
Desiluit: quam tota cohors imitata relictis * 
Ad terram defluxit equis: turn talia fatur: # 
Turne, sui merito si qua est fiducia forti, 
Audeo et iEneadiim promitto occurrere turmse, 
Solaque Tyrrhenos equites ire obvia contra. 
Me sine prima manu tentare pericula belli: 505 

Tu pedes ad muros subsiste, et mcenia serva. 
Turnus ad hsec, oculos horrenda in virgine fixus: 
O decus Italic, virgo, quas dicere grates, 
Quasve referre parem? sed nunc, est omnia quando 



475 ad pugnam. Tunc matron a> 
et puerj ciroumdederuot 
muros multiplici eo?tu: ex- 
trema neeessitas invitat om- 
nes. Regina quoque cum in- 
genti comitatu matrura ve- 
hitur ad templum et suprc- 
raam arcem Palladis,portans 
munera: ct prope comes est 
Lavinia puelia, causa tanUe 
calamitatis, et submittens 
formosos oculos. Matres se- 
qunntur, et implent tern- 
plurri vapove thuris, et « 
porta sublimi emittunt voces 
ljictuosas: O virgo Tritonia, 
potens in armis, prajsideus 
hello, rumpe iud manu arma 
Trojani priedatoris, et dejice 

' ilium humi prspeipitem, et 

490 disturba sub altis portis.Tur- 
nus ipse ardens armatur ad 
pugnam: et jam arm at us 
secundum loricam Rutulam 
erai asper »reis squamis, et 
texerat auro tibias, adhuc 
delectus secundum caput: et 
alligaverat gladium lateri: et 
splcndebat aureus exiliens b 
summa arce: et gestit am- 
mo, et spe jam prteoccupat 
hostem. Qualis equus post- 
quam ruptis retinaculis fugit 

500 stabula, demum liber, etfru- 
ens paten te campo; ille aut 
vadit ad pascua et greges e- 
quarum; aut solitus lavari 
nqto fluvio aqua; exilit, et 
collo alte ei'ectopetulans fre- 
mit, et crines errant per eol- 
lum et per humeros. Cui Ca- 
milla, sequente turma Vol- 
scorum, obvia occurrit, et re- 
gina descendit ex equo sub 
ipsis portis: quam tota turma: 
imitans descendit ad terram, 



495 



Iste animus supra, mecum partire laborem. 5 10 relictis equis: deinde Camil- 

.Encas, ut fama fidem missique reportant ^MS&jb£t 

Exploratores, equitum levia improbus arma liquam in se confidentiam, 

audeo et polliceor obstare exercitui Trojanorum, et sola procedere obvia adversus equites 
Etruscos. Permitte me experiri manu prima discrimina pugnse; tu pedes mane ad muros, et tuere 
urbem. Turnus respondet ad ista hasrens ocu!is in terribili puelia: O virgo, gloria Italise: quas 
conabor dicere, quas referre tibi gratins? sed jam, quandoquidem animus ille tuns est supra om- 
nia pericula, divide mecum periculum. Ut tarn a et missi observatores faciunt fidem, iEneas 
callidus pramisit equites ievis armatures qui 

NOTES. 
477. Ad Palladis arces. It was a privilege Troy's strong- defence, unconquer'd Pallas, 



of the Roman ladies, says Catrou, to be car- 
ried in a chariot to the gates of the temples. 
Virgil alludes to this custom in represent- 
ing- Amata and Lavinia carried to the tem- 
ple of Pallas. But the worship of this god- 
dess was introduced into Italy by iEneas, 
and yet the poet speaks of a temple already 
existing, dedicated to her at Laurentum. 
These anachronisms are allowable in poetry. 
483. Armipotens, Cfc. This prayer is copied 
almost word for word from the seventeenth 
book of the Iliad, where tlve Trojan matrons 
thus invoke the aid of Paulas against Dio- 
mede, according to Mr. dope's elegant 
translation. 
Oh awful goddess! ever-dread' ful maid, 

3 



aid! 

Break thou Tydides' spear, and let him fail 
Prone on the dust before the Trojan wall. 

484. Phrygii p)\edonis. Who would not on- 
ly rob me of my fame and my country, but 
of my wished for Lavinia. 

488. Suras. Sura is the fleshy part, or 
calf of the leg. The ocrece covered the leg 
and thigh. 

500. Desiluit. Here Virgil gives an illus- 
trious example of the high respect that was 
anciently paid to the general of an army; 
Camilla, though a queen, dismounts with 
her whole squadron, to do honour to Tur« 
nus. 

512. Improbus, \. e. contilio satis callidg at- 
Z 



538 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

vastarent agros: fpse, acce Praemisit, quaterent campos: ipse ardua montis 
£^15?£KB** deserta jugo properans adventat ad urbem. 
urbem. Meditorinsidias bel- Furta paro belli convexo in tramite sylvse, 5 15 

li, in curva semita sylvas, ut Ut bivias armato obsidam milite fauces: 
occupem miiitibus armatis T Tyrrhenum equitem collatis excipe si^nis. 

angustias bifidas. Tu, signis _, J ** •< v , &! * 

conjunctis, occurre equita- Tecum acer Messapus erit, turmaeque Latin*, 

tui Etrusco. Messapus ar-Tiburtique manus: ducis et tu concipe curam. 

dens erit tecum, et catervse S j c ait et par ibus Messapum in prselia dictis 520 

Latinse, et turmce JTiburti- TT ^ . ■ ■ i T ■ , 

tiiK same tu quoque munus Hortatur, sociosque duces: et pergit m hostem. 

ducis. Sic dixit, et simiiibus Est curvo anfractu vallis accommoda fraudi 

verbis animat Messapum et Armorumq; dolis: quam densis frondibus atrum 

duces sociose/z^s ad pugnam; TT ■. . •"- i , . • \ •, i • 

etipse vaditiu hostem. Est Ur g et utrmque latus: tenuis quo semita ducit, 

vallis flexu sinuoso, apta Angustaeq; ferunt fauces, aditusq; maligni. 525 

fraudibus et insidiis belli: Hanc super, in speculis summoq; in vertice montis. 

mes parvus ducit illuc, et Seu dextra laevaque vehs occurrere pugnae; 
meatus arcti atq; ingressus Sive instare jugis, et grandia volvere saxa. 

$*2£%%g£%& « u< r i u 7 enis nota fertur re S ione ^rum, 530 

supremo cacumine moutis, Arnpuitque locum, et sylvis msedit iniquis. 

sternitar planities incognita Velocem interea superis in sedibus Opim, 

et pertugiiim uitum: sue u nam ex virginibus sociis sacraque caterva, 

uam, /d C extra e et a sinistSCompellabat, et has tristi Latonia voces 

parte; sive imminere e ver- Ore dabat: Graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla, 535 

ticibus, et dejicere vastos la- q v [ rS r e t nostris nequicquam cineriturarmis, 

pides. Juvenis 1 urniis vadit^, ° ... .. * x ° '. 

iiluc V er spatiaitinerumwfo-Chara milu ante alias: neq; enim novus iste Dianse 
cognita, et occupavit locum, Venit amor, subitaq; animum dulcedine movit. 
et constitit in locisfflis aspe- p u i s -u S G b invidiam reerno, viresq; superbas, 

lis. Interim in ccelestibus se- ¥ . . * *«■ • *\ \ x •/ , 

dibus Diana filia Latona al- Pnverno antiqua Metabus cum excederet urbe, 540 

loquebatur Opim, unam e Infantem fugiens media inter praelia belli 

eomitibus puellis, et e turba Sustulit exilio comitem, matrisque vocavit 

fc£KS&SEoK£ Nomine Casmilte, muta* parte, Camillam. 

Camilla vadit ad bellum as- Ipse sinu prae se portans juga longa petebat 

perum, et frustrk tegitur Solorum nemorum: tela undiq; saeva premebant, 545 

pLSffiK! Et circumfuso volitabant milite Volsci. 

non novus contigit mihi Dianas, fiexitque animum meum improvisa dulcedine. Metabus, ejectus 
regno per invidiam et ob potentiam ferociorem, cum exiret e veteri urbe Priverno, fugiens per 
medias pugnas belli, asportavit sociam exilii infantem, et appellavit earn Camillam, de nomine 
mains CasmilUe, mutata parte nominis. Ipse ferens earn ante se in sinu, qiuerebat longa cacu- 
mina sylvarum secretarum: arriia infesta urgebant undique, et Volsci discurrebant cbcumjeetis 
miiitibus. 

NOTES. 

que itnprobo. nominative valless 

515. Furta belli. Literalty, the thefts of 524. Urget utrinque latus, i. e. Latus ne- 
wsy, i. e. stratagems, ambuscades. The maris, as JEn. VII. 566. 
same phrase is used by Sallust: Gens ad 528. Occurrere pugnae. The same as occur- 
furta belli per idovea. rtre hostibus. 

515. Convexo. Concave, as has been be- 534. Latonia. Diana, daughter of Latona, 

fore observed, iE. 1. 514. 539. Invidiam. For invidious measures; 

517- Collatis signis. Conftrre signa is a mi- the want of popularity, 
litary term, signifying to* engage in close 540. Priverno. Privernum, now called Pi- 
fight, as in Livy. Ariciam infesto agmine itur: perno Vecchio, was a town of the Volsci in 
nee pracul inde cum Auruncis signa collata, Italy, whose inhabitants were called Priver- 
prczlioque uno debellation est. So Cicero says, nates. It became a Roman colony. 
In JBgypimn venit, signa cohtulit cum Alex- 541. Prcelia belli; literally, the battles or 
andrinis. skirmishes of war. So Lucretius has more 

522. Vallis accommoda. Vallis here makes than once certamina belli. 

the last syllable long on account ofthec?e- 544. Longa j,uga } i. e.jtiga longe positet. 

sura. Sefrviirs however retains the ancient Servius; 



.ENElbOS LIB. XI. 



539 



Ecce fugae medio summis Amasenus abundans 

Spumabat ripis, tantus se nubibus imber 

Ruperat: ille innare parans, infantis amore 

Tardatur, charoq; oneri timet: omnia secum 

Versanti, subito vix haec sententia sedit. 

Telum immane manu valida. quod forte gerebat 

Bellator, solidum nodis et robore cocto; 

Huic natam, libro et sylvestri subere clausam, 

Implicat, atq; habilem mediae circumligat hastae, 

Quam dextra ingenti librans, ita ad xthera fatur: 

Alma, tibi hanc, nemorum cultrix Latonia virgo, 

Ipse pater famulam voveo: tua prima per auras 

Tela tenens supplex hostem fugit: accipe, testor, 

Diva, tuam, quae nunc dubiis committitur auris. 

Dixit, et adducto contortum hastile lacerto 

Immittit: sonuere undae: rapidum super amnem 

Infeiix fugit in jaculo stridente Camilla. 

At Metabus, magna, propiiis jam urgente caterva 

Dat sese fluvio, atq; hastam cum virgine victor 

Gramineoj donum Triviae, de cespite vellit. 

Non ilium teeds ullae, non mcenibus urbes 

Accepere: neque ipse manus feritate dedisset; 

Pastorum et solis exegit montibus aevum. 

Hie natam in dumis interq; horrentia lustra, 

Armentaiis equae mammis et lacte ferino 

Nutribat, teneris immulgens ubera labris. 

Utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis 

Institerat, jaculo palmas oneravit acuto: 

Spiculaq; ex humero parvae suspendit et arcum. 

Pro crinali auro, pro longse tegmine pallae, 

Tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice*pendent. 

Tela manu jam turn tenera puerilia torsit, 

Et fundam tereti circum caput egit habena, 

Strytnoniamq; gruem aut album dejecit olorem. 

Multae illam frustra Tyrrhena per oppida matres 

Optavere nurum: sola contenta Diana, 

internum telorum et virginitatis amorem 

Intemerata colit. Vellem haud correpta fuisset 

Militia tali, conata lacessere Teucros: 

vit arcum ac sagittas humero parvulse 

tis: pellis tigridis pendet e capite per tergum. Jam tunc libravit manu mollijacuYa puerilia, e 

agitavit fundam tereti loro circa caput, et prostravit gruem Strymoniam vel eyenum candidum. 

Matres plurimse in Etruscis urbibus frustra desideraverunt illam in uxorem filiorum suorumS 

contenta cultu solius Dianse, fovet pudica perpetuum amorem -virginitatis et armorum. Vellem ilt 

non fuisset perculsa amore talis belli, aggressa oppugnare Trojanos: 



Eccc, in medio fugic, Ama- 
senus tumens exundabat al- 
tis ripis, tanta pluvia effude- 
rat se 6 nubibus: ille medi- 

550 tans enatare, retinetur amo- 
re infantis, et timet dilecto 
oneri: segre tandem fixum 
est hoc consilium il/i, omnia 
secum raptim expendenti. 
Alligat filiam inclusam cor- 

555 *' ce et s y' vestl 'i subere huic 
telo, quod telum grande ges- 
tabat forte manu robusta, 
firmum nodis et ligno exsic- 
cato, utpote bellator: et cir- 
cumnectit aptam medire has- 
tx: et evibrans ltastam illam 

560 grandi dcxtera, sic loquitur 
ad ccelum: Diana virgo, be- 
nefica cultrix sylvarum, ips,e 
pater infantis hanc tibi con- 
secro famulam: fugit hostem 
per aera tenens primum tua 

gg-jacula: O Dea, obtestor te, 
accipe hanc tuam, quse jam 
creditur dubiis ventis: Dixit 
luec, et jacit hastam libra- 
tam reducto brachio: aquce 
sonuerujit: fugit misera Ca- 
milla super velocem fluvium 

STOinhasta stridula. Metabus 
vero, numerosu turba jam 
propius imrninente, projicit 
se in liumen, et victor extra- 
hit e glebis herbosis hastam 
cum infante,^? erat donum 
y w jam sacrum Diana. Nulla 

5 * a urbes exceperunt eum do- 
mibus, nullre muris: neque 
ipse se subdidisset iis ob as- 
peritatem morum: traduxit 
yitam pas tori tiam et secretis 
in montibus.IIlic inter vepres 

5 30 et inter latebras sylvarum 
horridas, alebat filiam uberi- 
bus equse gregalis et lacte fe- 
rino. premens ubera in labris 
fiUie tenellis. Et statim atqnie 
infans fixit gressus primis 
plantis pedum: oneravit ma- 

5o5 nus ejus telo acuto et a!!iga- 
Pro aureo ornatu capillorum, pro vestitu paHa defluen- 



NOTES. 



551. Vix, i. e. He was suddenly compel- 
led to fix on that resolution, in spite of all 
his tender fears for the safety of the child. 

553. Robore cocto. Hard wood dried be- 
fore fire, or in the smoke. 

554. Libro et subere. Liber is the interior 
and tender bark; suber, that thick body of 
bark, which is detached, from the cork tree. 

558. Ipse pater. Because none but the fa- 
ther had a right to devote his children to 
the service of the gods. And the ministers 



thus devoted were called CanulU by the 
Latins. 

571. Armentaiis equae. One of the drove of 
mares that were kept for breed. 

571. Lacte Jerino means no more than the 
milk of that animal; for ferus is said of a 
horse, a deer, an ass; and therefore Mr. 
Dryden translates it very absurdly, the dugs 
of boars and every savage beast: the teneris 
immulgens ubera labris shows the animal to 
have been tame and tractable » 



540 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

nunc essct mihi dilecta et^hara mihi comitumq; foret nunc una mearum. 
una e meis coimtinus, Age^r s i • 1 _«. r *• ,. 

ver<\ O Nyrapha, siquidcm Vcrum age, quandoquidem fatis urgetur acerbis, 
premitur fatis crudelibus, Labere Nympha polo, finesque inv-ise Latinos, 
descende cwlo et adi regio- Tristis ubi infausto committitur online puena. 
ZS£$%^ t f2g* H*c cape, et ultricem pharetra deprome sagittam. 590 
adversis. Accipe h«c, et ex- Hae, quicunq; sacrum violarit vulnere corpus, 
trahe e pharetra vindicem Tros Italusve, mihi pariter det sanguine pcenas. 
Xr-e^tv.'^Pfistego tobe cava otenofe corpus et arma 
tum, (five fuerit Tiojanus, Inspoliata teram tumulo, patnaeque reponam. 
sive Raudus, simul hac «a- Dixit: at ilia leves cceli demissa per auras 595 

gittd mihisolvatpcBnas san- Insonuit m v ro circumdata turbine corpus, 
guine: ego deinde nube ca- A °. s . rr» . " . 

va inieram sepuiehro cada- At manus mterea niuris I rojana propmquat, 
ver miser® C«vw7/«etarma Etruscique duces, equitumque exercitus omnis, 
non direpta, etrestituamzV. Composid numero in turmas: f rem j t a>quore toto 
lam patrice. Sic dixit Diana: T £ . . , , j • ^ 

at ilia JSympha delapsa per Insultans sonipes, et pressis pugnat habenis, 600 

levem aerem cceli insonuit, Hue obversus et hue: turn late ferreus hastis 
iaclusa obscm-o nimbo se- Horret ager, campique armis sublimibus ardent. 

cundv.m corpus, bed interim XT %,, . \ i t • • 

omnis multitudoTrojanaae-^ 60 non Messapus contra celeresque Latini, 
cedit ad mums Laurenti, et Et cum fratre Coras, et virginis ala Camilla, 
duces Tusd, et omnis acies Adversi campo apparent: hastasq; reductis 605 

equitum, distincti in turmas r> . j . i < j . • . • * i •* *. 

certo numero: equus snbsiii- Protendunt longe dextris, et spicula vibrant: 
ens fremit toto campo, etob-Adventusq; virum, fremitusq; ardescit equorum. 
luctaturconversusai'ctisha-jamque intra jactum teli nrogressus uterque 
^SiitSi^fS: Substiterat: subito erumpunt ctamore, frementesq; 
is hastis,etarva resplendent Exhortantur equos: fundunt simul undiq; tela 610 
excelsis armis. Messapus Crebra, nivis ritu: coelumque obtexitur umbra. 
Stukfi^e^Sil'Contipuo adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus 
tas virginis C:.avi!Ue, appa- Connixi lncurrunt hastis, pnmique ruinam 
rent contra oppositi in cam- Dant soiiitu ingenti perfractaq; quadrupedantum 
po: et immittunt long6 has- p ectora pectoribus rumpunt. Excuasus Aconteus 615 
tas, brachns contractis, et ^ , . . l . l . 

conjiciunt spicula: et fervet * ulmims in morem, aut tormento ponderis acti, 
adventus hominum, et hiu- Praecipitat longe, et vitam dispergit in auras, 
nitus equorum. Et jam uter- Extemplo turbatae acies: versique Latini 

<iue exercitus steterat, pro- -r, •• • r . , *■ 

gressus intra jactum teli: e- Kejiciunt parmas, et equos ad mcenia vertunt. 

rumpunt in repeutinum clamorem, et concitant equos frementes: simul spargunt undique tela 
frequentia, more nivis: et ccelum tegitur tenebris, Statim Tyrrhenus et ardens Aconteus con- 
currunt connixi hastis bppositis, et primi magno strepitu faciunt impetum, et feriunt pectora 
equorum impulsa pectoribus. Aconteus dejectus in modum fulminis, aut molis impulsa; per 
machinam, corruit procul, et efFnndit vitam in ventos. Exercitus Latini confestim territi sunt: 
et Latini conversi opponunt retro scuta, et reflectunt equos ad muros. 

NOTES, 

599. Numero, i. e. orderly, in number and 611. Coelumque obtexitur umbra- Agreeable 

proportion, or in battle array. to this is the saying of the brave Lacedemo- 

599. Numero in turmas. Turm* are pro- man general, recorded by Cicero; who being 

perly troops of horse consisting of about told the Persians were so numerous that 

thirty each. the multitude of their darts would even ob- 

603. Celeresque Latini, i. e. such of the La- struct the light of the sun, exclaimed, Then 

tins as were light armed, and consequently we shall have the advantage of fighting in 

more nimble. the shade. 

606. Protendunt longe. Longe meang that 612. Tyrrhenus. This is not a , gentile 
they hold their spears by the extremity; and noun; but the proper name of some distin- 
protendunt is, they advance with them in a guished person, probably of the army of 
threatening extended posture, just ready JEneas. 

to discharge, them on the foe. Ruacus trans- 615. Rumpunt, almost rive, as JEn. ZIL 

lates it immittunt, which is quite a different 527. 

idea. Rumpuntur nescia tiinci 

607. Adventusque virdm, &c. Literally, Pectora. 

The march of men, and neighing of steeds, Perfracta pectora pectoribus, is their horses* 

grow warm. Adventus here seems to be but breasts running full tilt against each other, 

a cold word to express the marching of an 617. Prcecipitat; for prcecipitatur, as JE. I. 

army, when they are just on the point of 108. Tumproraavertit, for avertitur. 

giVing battle 619. Rejkiunt parmas, Cfc. They covered 



jENEIDOS LIB. XL 



541 



Troes agunt, princeps turmas inducit Asylas. 
Jamque propinquabant portis: rursusq; Latini 
Clamorem tolkint, ct mollia colla reflectunt: 
Hi fugiunt, penitusq; dads referuntur habenis. 
Qualis ubi alterno procurrens gurgite pontus 



620Trqjani persequuntur, pri- 
mus Asylas iinmitt.it agmina. 
Kt jam attingebat portas: ct. 
itei nm Latim cmittunt ela- 
morem, et rctorquent colla 
eauorum facilia. Trojani fu- 
giunt, et revertuntur habe- 



est mare, quando excurrens 
sestu reciproco, modo volvi- 
tur ad terras, et spumans ef- 
fundit undam super rapes, 
et perluit ultimas arenas si- 
g3Qnuando se; mod6 cedit re- 
tr<\ prseceps et resorbens 
saxa lestu convulsa, et de~ 
serit litus fluetu detumes- 



Nunc ruit ad terras, scopulosq; superjacit undam 625;,i s omnino immissis. Quale 

Spumeus, extrcmamq; sinu perfundit arenam: 

Nunc rapidus retro atq; aestu revoluta resorbens 

Saxa fugit, litusque vado labente relinquit. 

Bis Tusci Rutulos egere ad mcenia versos: 

Bis rejecti armis respectant terga tegentes. 

Tertia sed postquam congressi in praelia, totas 

Implicuere inter se acies, legitque virum vir: 

Turn vero et gemitus morientum, et sanguine in alto c 

Armaq; corporaq; et permisti csede virorum 

Semianimes volvuntur equi: pugna aspera surgit. 6 

Orsilochus Remuli, quando ipsum horrebat adire, 

Hastam intorsit equo, ferrumq; sub aure reliquit: 

Quo sonipes ictu furit arduus, altaq; jactat, 

Vulneris impatiens, arrecto pectore crura: 

Volvitur ille excussus humi. Catillus Iolam, 

Ingentemque animis ingentem corpore et armis 

Dejicit Herminium: nudo cui vertice fulva 

Caesaries, nudique humeri: nee vulnera terrent. 

Tantus in arma patet. Latos huic hasta per armos 

Acta tremit, duplicatque virum, transfixa dolore. 645 immittit hastam in equum 

Funditur ater ubique cruor: dant funera ferro Remuli, et figit ferrum sub 

,^ . , ^ , aure: quo ictu equus furit 

Certantes: pulchramq; petunt per vulnera mortem. arrec tus, et impatiens piagae 
At medias inter caedes exultat Amazon, agitatalta crura sublatopec- 

Unum exerta latus pugnae, pharetrata Camilla. \ ove: . iUe ^imilus dejectus 

r ° r humicorruit. Catillus stem* J 

Iolam: et magnum animo, magnum corpore et armis sternit Herminium: cui coma flava erat in 
capite aperto, et nudi humeri: nee plagse terrent ewn, tam late aftertus est in ictus: hasta 
immissa huic per latos humeros intremit, et transfixa cum dolore incurvat hominem. Spargitur 
late niger sanguis: pugnantes edunt strages gladiis, et per plagas quserunt mortem gloriosam. 
At Camilla pharetrata gaudet in mediis stragibus, quasi Amazon, nudata secundum unam mam- 
mam ad pnelium. 



runt ad urbem Rutulos fu- 
gatos: bis iidem fugati respi- 
5 ciunt muniendo humeros 
clypeis. Sed quando com- 
missi ad tertiam pugnam^ 
miscuerunt invieem totos 
exercitus, et vir elegit vi- 
rum: turn vero et gemitus 
r Ar\ morientium audiuntur; ac 
rotantur in alto sanguine et 
arma, et corpora, et equi 
moribundi confusi in strage 
hominum: oritur crudele 
prselium. Orsilochus, cum ti- 
meret aggredi Remidum, 



NOTES. 



their backs with their shields. This manner 
of flying 1 and then facing about, was,it seems, 
according to the rules of fighting with the 
cavalry, as practised by the Romans, More 
cquestrh pralii, says Sallust, sumptis tergis ac 
'■edditis. 

624. Qualis ubi. These are some of the 
most laboured and spirited lines of the ele- 
venth book. The simile is not borrowed 
from Homer; yet is great and sublime, as 
is likewise the description that immediate- 
ly follows of the hurry and tumult of the 
battle; particularly, 

Turn vero et gemitus, &c. 

626. Sinu. Servius explains it curvatione 
etfiexu undarum, the curling and winding of 
the waves. It signifies the expanded skirts 
or volumes of water into which the flowing 
sea stretches itself farther and farther on 
the shore, and overspreads the beach like 
a garment. 

642. Dejicit Herminium* Herminius is a 



name taken from the Roman history. A 
Roman so called defended a bridge with 
Codes against the army of Porsenna. 

644. Tantus in arma patet. Servius, and 
most, if not all the interpreters after him, 
explain this as-being equivalent to tantunt 
patebat in hostilia tela, so large a mark lie 
stood exposed to the darts of the enemy, 
But this is so far from being a reason for his 
not being afraid, that it is one of the strong- 
est arguments why he ought to have been 
dismayed. Other interpreters take in for 
contra, which seems to agree best with the 
context. 

649. Unum exerta latus pugnce, i. e. Her 
right side was naked and disengaged for 
action; whereas her left was encumbered 
with her bow or half-moon shield. Or pug- 
nx may signify the attacks of the enemy, as 
above, verse 528. And then the sense will 
be, that she had one side, namely, the right, 
exposed to her foe, while the othar was co 



542 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Et modo jaciens manu con- Et nunc lenta manu spargens hastilia denset, 650 

SatlgSs o^ItTe^-Nunc validam dextra rapit indefessa bipennem. 

tra manu robustam securim. Aureus ex humero sonat arcus, et arma Dianse. 

Arcus aureus, et sagittasDi- Ilia etiam, siquando in tergum pulsa recessit, 

^<$ e *™ S Spicula converso fugientia dirigit arcu. 

gitsagittas fugaces, si ali- At circum lectae comites, Lannaque virgo, 655 

quando cedit fugata in ter- Tullaque, et aeratam quatiens Tarpeia securim, 

gum Sunt vero circa earn Ita li des: quas j psa decus sibi dia Camilla 

selectx soeue, et virsro Lari- ,^ . • ■■,-,,- 

na, et Tulla, et Tarpeia ^elegit, pacisque bonae bellique mimstras. 

intentans »ream securim, Quales Threiciae, cum flumina Thermodontis 

lUtepuellce: quas ipsa dm- p u i sant , e t pictis bellantur Amazones armis: 660 

na Camula elegit sibi quasi c • - T t* i \ -\/r 

honorem, famulas in beilo Seu circum Hippolyten, seu cum se Martia curru 

et bona pace. Quales Thra- Penthesilea refert: magnoque ululante tumultu 

cue Amazones quando le-Foeminea ex-oltant lunatis a$?mina peltis. 

eunt fluenta l hermodontis, ^ , , ^ 

tt pugnant armis pictis: sive Q u ?. m tel ° pnmum, quern postremum aspera yirgo 
circa Hippolyten, sive quan-Dejicis? aut quot humi morientia corpora fundis? 665 
do bellicosa Penthesilea re- Eumenium Clytio primum patre: cujus apertum 
muhu "SBrt? SS^^ 1 ^ transverberat abiete pectus, 
turmab gestiunt scutis luna- Sanguinis ille vomens rivos cadit, atq; cruentam 
lis: O bellicosa virgo, quem Mandit humum, moriensq; suo se in vulnere versat. 
SSr^uTsT^uTum Lirin Pagasumque supSr: quorum alter habenas 
bumi corpora moribunda? Sunosso revolutus equo dum colligit; alter 671 

primoEinnenium patre Cly-Dum subit, ac dextram labenti tendit inertem, 
riot cujus oppositi pectus p rseciitesparitruunt# His addit Amastrum 

patens transiodit longa has- TT . *■ . r . X7 . , . N , . 

id ex abiete. Ille corruitvo- Hippotaden: sequiturq; mcumbens emmus hasta, 
mens fluenta sanguinis, et Tereaque, Harpalycumque, et Demophoonta, Chro- 

mordet terram sanguinolen- mimaue* 675 

tarn, et moriens adtat se wi rt , * .... 

sua plaga. Debde Lirin et Quotque eimssa manu contorsit spicula virgo; 
Pagasum prseterea: quorum Tot Phrygii cecidere viri. Procul Ornitus armis 
alter dum c^llabens equo ig no tis, et equo venator Iapyge fertur: 
succidente retrahit habenas: . ■ • ■ * 

alter dum succurrit, et porrigit cadenti dextram lentiorem, repente et simul concidunt. Adjicit 
iis Amastrum Hippotas filium: et imminens insequitur propius hasta, et Tereum, et Harpaly- 
eum, et Demophoontem, et Chromim: et quot jacula vibrata manu virgo intorsit; tot homines 
Trojani corruerunt. Ornitus venator procul excurrit in armis insuetis et equo Apulo: 

NOTES. 

vered with the shield; which prepares the Thermodobn; the pictis armis, the Martia 

reader for the circumstance mentioned af- curru se Penthesilea refert, the magno ululante 

terwards of her receiving her fatal wound tumuliu, &c. are circumstances which suffi- 

in this part of her body, verse 803. ciently clear the simile from Dr. Trapp's 

Hasta sub exertam donee perlata papillam imputation. Besides, as Catrou remarks, 

Haesit. Camilla is not an Amazon in the true sense 

650. Denset, of the second conjugation, or of the word; that is, her left breast was not 

densat of the first. seared off for the convenience of drawing 

652. Anna Diana;. Such as suit a hun- the bow. She is indeed a female warrior, 

tress; arrows, a quiver, spears, hatchets. as were the Amazons, and like them too 

656. Tarpeia. Servius and Catrou tell us, lias the left side uncovered in sight. The 

that the names of Camilla's companions are true Amazons were those of Thrace only 

all drawn from the Roman history, and are and spoken of in this comparison. Ruxus 

introduced as a compliment to some illus- tells us, that the Amazons inhabited not the 

trious families in Rome. European, but the Asiatic Thrace. After 

659. Quales Threiciz. In this simile, says all, says Mr. Wharton, I much doubt the 

Dr. Trapp, the idea seems near akin: it is story of the Amazons being so called from 

almost comparing a thing to itself. The po- having one breast cut off, because in all the 

et, it must be owned, compares Amazons numerous antique figures of Amazons now 

to Amazons; yet at the same time an image remaining, there is not one instance of any 

entirely new is represented. Virgil, that he such thing. 

may give us as grand an idea as possible of 659. Flumina, in this place, are the banks 

this female hero, attended by her compani- of the river. The meaning is, they beat the 

ons, tells us that she resembled Hippolyte bank so as to make the river resound. 

or Penthesilea, the most renowned of the 659. Thermodontis. Some read Ther- 

Amazons, marching* over the banks of the modoontis, as Hippocbontis, so that the first 



jENEIDOS LIB. XI. 543 

Cui pellis latos humeros crepta juvenco cui pcllis extract* juvenco 

Pugnatori operit; caput ingens oris hiatus, 680 f#~*ft*?g£Z 

Et mala? texere lupi cum dcntibus albis; e t genie lupi cum deritibus 

Apiestisque manus armat sparus: ipse catervis candidis operuerunt caput; 

... . .: ..♦:,»«, pnr,,^ a ct ct sparus rusticusarmat ma- 

Vertttur in medus, et toto vertice supia est. mm \. . pse excurrit - n mediis 

Hunc ilia exccptum (neque enim labor agmine vcrsoj lurm - 1S) et supereminet toto 
Traiicit, et super haec inimico pectore fatur: 685 capite. Ilia perfodit hunc in- 

Sylvis te, Tyrrhene, feras agittre putasd! ^1^ 

Advenit qui vestra dies muliebnbus armis et hostili animo hsec ait su- 

Verba redargue rit. Nomen tamen haud leve patrum per ilium: Existimavisti, 6 
Mam ous hoc>feres, telo cecidisse Camilla. $S^£?£3£ 

Protinus Orsilochum et Buten, duo maxima 1 eucrum catur verba V estra fcemineis 
Corpora: sed Buten adversum cuspide fixit 69 1 armis. Tamen referes uru- 

Loricam ealeamque inter, qua" colla sedentis ¥ s Pfentum morum gte- 

e> i t i . nam banc non exiguam, xe 

Lucent, et laevo dependet parma lacerto; occisum esse hasta Camilla 

Orsilochum fugiens, magnumq; agitata per orbem Continuoocc/^ Orsilochum 
Eludit ^yro interior, sequiturq; sequentem. 695 et Buten, duo maxima cor- 

Turn vtlidam perq; arma viro perq; ossa securim, ff 2SSSS"taSft. 
Altior insurgens, orantl et multa precantl adversum, inter cassidem et 

Conereminat: vumus calido rigat ora cerebro. thoracem, qua collum equi- 

Incidit huic, subitoque aspeetu territus h*sit 8&£&.1»&EE 

Apenninicolae bellator films Auni, 700 n i strU m; fugiens verb etcir- 

Haud Ligurum extremus, dum fallere fata sinebant. cumacta magnum in orbem. 
Isque ubi se nullo jam cursu evadere pugna J^OjggJ^gJjg. 

Posse, neque instantem reginam avertere, cermt: tur eum qu iprius earn per- 
Consilio versare dolos ingressus et astu, sequebatur. Deinde assur- 

Incipit hsec: quid tarn e^re^um, si fcemina forti 705 § ens altius M s impingit vali- 
1.,/ , ?. • ^ && *■■ • x dam securim per arma et 

Fidis-equor dimitte tugam, et te commus aequo per ossa huic n0 mini rogan- 

Mecum crede solo, pugnaeque accinge pedestri: ti et multum precanth pla- 

Jam nosces, ventosa feret cui gloria fraudem. ga spargit vultum calido ce- 

_^. . .,, ' - . . ° j , rebro. Occurnt nil, et stetit 

Dixit: at ilia furens, aenqu-e mcensa dolore, # stapefactus improviso visu 

Tradit equum comiti, paiibusque assistit in armis, } beliicosus filius Auniincolse 
Ense pedes nudo, puraque interrita parma. 7 1 1 Apennini, non ultimus Li- 

1 * * gurum, quamdiu tata per- 

mittebant ei fallere. Ille autem, cum videt se n'tllo cursu posse subdueere se prrelio, nee expel- 
lere reginam imminentem: incipiens consulto agitare dolos mente et solertia. dicit ista: Quid tarn 
illustre est, si ciim sis fcemina, confidis equo robusto? relinque celeritatem equi, et propius com- 
mitte te mecum plana terrse, et para te ad certamen pedestre: mox cognosces, cui laus inauis 
inferat damnura. Sic ait: ilia vero furens et commota aspera indignatione, dat equum socise, et 
stat in armis paribus, pedes, et interrita ense strictp atque scuto spiendente, 

NOTES, 

three syllables constitute a dactyl. This 691. Adversum. Pierius found averstmi in 

Ruseus disapproves. The word, he says, is some of the best manuscripts; but the sense 

absolutely a quadrisyllable. Thermodontis ; determines for adversum, the wound having 

the first three syllables are long. O, in the been given just in the gorge, where the 

second syllable cannot be short. It is writ- helmet ends, loricam galeamque inter ; which 

ten Gig/jiu&uv not &igfco$otv> It is a river of Cap- could not have happened, if his back had 

padocia, flowing into the Euxine, now call- been turned, 

ed Pormon. 695. Gyro interior, in a shorter compass, 

677. Armis ignotis, arms that were strange as in Horace, 2 Sat. VI. 26. 

and unusual to him. Seu bruma nivalem 

678. Iapyge. See the note en verse 247. Interiore diem gyro trahit. 

682. Sparus. It is a rustic instrument, so 695. Sequitur. So Ovid describes the ca» 

called from spargendo Its form is not ascer- lamity of Ixion: 

tained. Festus thinks it was like a spear; Volvitur Ixion, et sequiturque fugitque. 

Servius supposes it was bended like the 706. Dimitte fug am, dismiss your flight, 

crook of a shepherd. i. e. dismiss your steed, which enables you. 

690. Protinus, next in order, as Geor. IV, to fly. 

1 711. Purd pafrnd, her shield, that had no 

Protinus u'erii mdds,Xfc, impress upon it; in the same sense as panne. 



544 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Sed juvenis existimans se At juvenis, vicisse dolo ratus, avolat ipse, 
lJraSte5S5Sft*J ™™> conversisque fugax aufertur habenis, 

pitui-fugax habenis detortis,Quadrupedemque citum terrata calce fatigat. 

et talo terrato impellit velo- Vane Ligur, frustraque animis elate superbis, 7 1 5 

cemeqaum.Frau(lulenteLi- Ne u j cquam p atr i a s tentasti lubricus artes: 

gur, et irustra elate saperbo VT p , • i r n • c *. a 

animo: frustra cailidus adhi- Nee fraus te mcolumem fallaci perferet Auno. 
buisti astutiam patiiam: nee Haec fatur virgo, et pernicibus ignea plantis 
i7/aastutiareducettesaivum'p rans i t e quum cursu: fraenisque adversa prehensk 

Auno doloso. virero nsec ,-, ■,. . . . x N . * 

loquitur, et aniens pedibus Congreditur, poenasque mimico a sanguine sumit. 
veiocibus preetergreditur Quam facile accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto 721 

cursu equum: et correpto Consequitur pennis sublimem in nube columbam, 
SuSS tenet > pedibusq; eviscerat uncis: 

guine. Tain facile, quam fa- Turn cruor et vulsae labuntur ab aethere plumae. 
ciie accipiter, avis dicata At non haec nullis hominum sator atq; Deorum 725 
Sfc„tfX P „: P SbObservans oculis, summo sedet altus Olympo. 
aere, et tenet correptam, et Tyrrhenum genitor Tarchontem in praelia saeva 
dilaniatunguibusacutis:tuncSuscitat, et stimulis haud mollibus incitat iras. 
!^«»3^£*> inter c*des cedentiaque agmina Tarchon 
hominum et Deorum nonFertur equo, varnsque mstigat vocibus alas, 730 

quiescit sublimis in supremo Nomine quemq; vocans: reficitq; in praelia pulsos. 
eailo ff«a« nullis oculis vidensQ j metus nunquam dolituri, 6 semper inertes 
?sta. Pater ille excit&t ad du- 2*; , . ^ } ... r . 5 

rum certamen Tarchontem Tyrrheni, quae tanta ammis ignavia venit? 
Tyrrhenum, et commovct Foemina palantes agit, atque haec agmina vertit? 
ejus iram non levibus stimu-Q^ f errum ? qu idve hxc ^eritis tela irrita dextris? 

lis. Itaquel archon inter stra- > - xt j. t_n mesr 

ges et acies recedentes im- At non in Venerem segnes^ nocturnaque bella, 736 
pellitur equo, et exhortatur Aut ubi curva choros indixit tibia Bacchi, 
equi^tumvariissermonibus,£ X p ectare <] a p eSj et pienae pocula mensae. 

SSnV^o, rt^Xrtadpug^Hic amor, hoc studium: dum sacra secundus aruspex 
nam fugientes: o Tyrrheni, Nuntiet, ac lucos vocet hostia pinguis in altos. 740 
nunquam sati? dolituri! 6 Haec effatus, equum in medios moriturus et ipse 
^S^StiSSdS-Concitat, et Venulo adversum se turbidus infert: 
mis vestris? Foemina disper- Direptumq; ab equo dextra complectitur hostem, 
git vos vagos, et fugat has £t gremium ante suum multa vi concitus aufert. 
ISZLS, ££&£ »* i« coelum elamor, cunctique Latini 745 

ma inania? tamen non estis Convertere oculos: volat igneus aequore 1 archon 

ignavi ad voluptates et ad 
pugnas nocturnas, aut ad 

expectandas epulas, et compotationes mensse opima, quando tibia curva Bacchi indixit choreas; 
hie est amor fester, hseccura: dummodo favens aruspex nunciet sacrificia, et hostia opimainvitet 
in profundos lucos. Htec locutus, ipse etiam moriturus impellit equum in medios, et minax im- 
mittit se adversum Venulo: et constringit dextra manu hostem detractum ab equo, et magno 
impetu concitatus abripit etan ante sinum suum. Clamor erigitur ad crelum, et Latiui omnes con- 
yerteruntocuios. Tarchon ardens volat campo 

NOTES. 

alba in the ninth book, verse 548. revenge. 

718. Ignea plantis. She flies with a rapidi- 74£ Complectitur hostem. This action 

ty surpassing- the fleetest horse. Her speed seems to be impossible. Servius however 

was ignea, fiery. gives us an example of it, drawn from the 

Springing with a fiery course, Ephemerides of Caius Caesar. Julius Csesar 

The raging maid outstripp'd the flying himself used to relate that he after this 
horse. manner was lifted up by a Gaul; who, as 
As in the seventh book: he was carrying him along, met ia his way 
Ilia veiintactee segetis per summa volaret; with another Gaul, who knew Cxsar, and 
Flies o'er the unbending corn, and skims a- cried out lecos, let him go. The Gaul in- 
long the main., stantly dropped his prey, out of favour to 
732. nunquam dolituri. O ye dastards, his brother soldier. Plutarch reports the. 
who are never moved by the grossest in- same thing of a Roman, 
suits and injuries to a just and deserved 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. XL 545 

Arma virumq; ferens: turn summa ipsius ab hasta portans horainemetejitwar- 
Deftingi. fermm, e« partes rimatur apertas, T^^^Z™ 

Qua vulnus lctale tcrat. Contra illc repugnans quqerit partes apertas, qtiibus 

Sustinet a jugulo dextram et vim viribus exit. 750»fehit plagam mortiferafn. 
Utque volans alte raptum cCm fulva draconcm gW£^iES£E!£ 

Pert aquila, implicuitq; pedes, atq; unguibus haesit: etevitatvim viribus.Etsicut, 
Saucius at serpens sinuosa volumina vcrsat, quandofalvaaquila volans al« 

Arrectisque torret squamis, et stoilat ore, «*^uS«S 

Arduus msurgens: ilia hand minus urgct adunco unguibus: serpens vert vui- 

Luctantem rostro, simul aethera verberat alis. neratus convolvit sinuosals 

Haud aliter praedam Tiburtum ex agmine Tarchon »P»w. et f ^ escit s< i uam ! s 

_, r , . * . sublatis,etaltusassurgenssi- 

Portat ovans: ducis exemplum eventumq; secuti i\\ Rt ore: in a ro8 tfo incui'vo 

Maeonidae incurrunt. Turn fatis.debitus Aruns non minus prcmit obniten- 

Velocem jaeulo et multa prior arte Camillam r60 te . ra » x ft simul quatit aeram 
^. . J - c . c 'ii* 4. 4. ^ alls. Nonaliter larehon aau- 

Circuit, et, quae sit fortuna facilhma, tentat. deosaufertpradame turma 

Qua se cunque furens medio tulit agmine virgo; Tiburtinorum:imitatiexem- 

Hac Aruns subit, et tacitus vestigia lusrrat: l )!um et eventom ducis mi 

Qua vUtrix redit ilia, pedemq; ex boste reportat; J%g&£?%3?%fc 
Hac juvenis furtim celeres detorquet habenas. 765 currit circa celerem Camii- 
Hos aditus, jamque hos aditus, ornnemq; pererrat 'am cum sagittal et mult* 
Undique circuitum, et certam quatit improbus hastam. J" 1 ! 1 " 11 ^^^ ^^ 8 ? 84 " 1 

_ N x n , . ' , . n ,. r , tortuna sit ^omraodisstma. 

Forte sacer Cybelas Chloreus, olimque sacerdos, Quacunque virgo aniens 

Insignis longe Phrvgiis fulgebat in armis: immittit se medio exercitu; 

Spum'antemq; agitabat equum, quern pellis ahenis Aruns sequitureamjiac pp. 

T l , *■ * A _,_, te, etoccultus consideratin- 

In plumam squamis auro conserta tegebat. 7/1 C€SSUra e j ns . ^ reV erti- 

Ipse peregrina ferrugine clar«s et ostro, tur ilia victm, et refert pe- 

Spicula torquebat Lycio Cortynia cornu: <! e ™ al ? ^'fer juvenis clam 

a i • ' ,. , l w( . deiiectit iliac habenas exne- 

Aureus ex humeris sonat arcus, et aurea vati 774 ditas . Undique percurrit bo's 
Cassida: turn croceam chlamydemq; sinusq; crepantes aditus, et jam hos aditus, 

Carbaseos fulvo in nodum collegerat auro, et omnem circuitum, etli- 

Pietus acu tunicas et barbara tegmina crurum. SLffiS"p!£8E£ 

Hunc virgo, sive ut templis praefigeret arma dicatus Cybete, et quondam 

Troia, captivo sive ut se ferret in auro sacerdos, procul splendebat 

Venatrix, unum ex omni certamine pugnae 780 SSftSriS a , rmis Phrygi " 

7 *■ t> is: et impel iebat eqtium spu- 

rnantem, quern tegebat pellis compacta squamis rereis auratis in mo than plumarura. Ipse con- 
spicuus ferrugine et purpura externa, vibrabat Lycio arcn corneo sagittas Commas: arcus aura- 
tus sonat ex humeris, et galea aurea est hide vati: prseterea strinxerat in nodum fulvi auri 
chlaraydem croceam carbasinam et ejus plexus crepitantes, pietus acu secundum tunic-am et 
barbara tegmina crurum. Puella, sire ut appenderet templis arma Trojana, sive at venatido 
incederet in aureis spoliis captis, 



NOTES. 

757. Tiburtum; among whose princes was 768. Chloreus. It is to be observed that 

Venulus. those priests of the gods who are introduced 

759. Fatis debitus Aruns. Aruns is called as warriors in the iEneid, are distinguished 
debitusfatis, devoted to death, because he by dresses of uncommon magnificence, 
is to kill Camilla; and whoever put her to 775. Cassida- A noun of the first declen- 
death, forfeited his life to Diana by thede- sion, taken from the accusative of a noun of 
cree of that goddess, verse 591. the third; Cassida, Cassidce, from Cassis, 
Hac, quicunque sacrum violarit vulnere cor- -idis, -idi, -ida. The word is found in Pro- 
pus, pertius, I. 3. 11. 15. So with Varro, as is 
Tros Italusve, mihi pariter det sanguine observed by Nonmus, compeda is from com- 
pcenas. pes, chlaviyda from chlamys, and among 

761. Fortuna. As fortune has great influ- sacred writers, lampada, <s, is from lampas. 

ence in bringing events about, so it is here 777- Barbara tegmina, i. e. embroidered,, 

put for the means or opportunity of effecting of foreign or Phrygian fashion, 
his purpose. 

4 A 



546 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

sequebatur caeca liuncwmm Caeca sequebatur: totumque incauta per agnieH, 

^■etrmpSr^^raineo pr*ds et spoliorum ardebat amtre. 

bat per totum exercitiim Telum ex insidns cum tandem tempore capto 

muliehri cupiditate prsedie Conjicit et superos Aruns sic voce precatur: 

et spoliorum Cum denique Summe Deum, sancti custos Soractis Apollo, 785 

tempore cap tato, Arutis vi- -. . . %. . . . *«. t #wiw, « w^ 

brat jaculum ex insidiis, eto- Quem pnmi cohmus, cm pmeus ardor acervo 
rat Deos his verbis.- Supreme Pascitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem 
Deorum Apollo, prases sa- Cultores multa premimus vestigia pruna: 

en Soractis, quern priccipui ^ , l . . . . °, A 

coiimus, cui ignis e pinu a- Ua > pater, hoc nostns abolen dedecus armis, 

Mtur iu cumuium: et cui Omnipotens. Non exuvias pulsaeve trophaeum 790 

72 5cuitore S ,secuiireiigione 3 Virginis aut spolia ulla peto: mihi cetera laudem 

calcamusplar.tismultaspru-T-, ° r. . , v j i 

nas per mediam flammam: f acta ferent: haec dira meo dum vulnere pestis 
eoncede,6pateromnipotens, Pulsa cadat, patriam remeabo inglorius urbem. 
hauc iguominiam deieri nos- Audiit, et voti Phoebus succedere partem 

tnsarmis. Non petoexuvias, », T . , -,-, , !*■•/• 

auttroph*um,autuiias P oiia Mente dedlt J partem volucres dispersit in auras. 
victre puelias: reliqua facta Sterneret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam, 796 
jnihiprasstabuntgioriam.Te- Annuit oranti;' reducem ut patria alta videret, 

urbem %3Sg&E&f* ^ '*** N ° t0S 7° C ™ ™»*« P™ e11 *- 

lKtcfunestii pestis moriatur krgo ut missa manu somtum dedit hasta per auras; 
vulnere a me inficto. Apol- Convertere animos acies, oculosque tulere 800 

lo audivit: et concessit, ut c U ncti ad reginam Volsci. Nihil ipsa neque aurae, 

pars voli annuo stfecederet, . T . A ° . r . /* .. ' 

partem dissipavit iu leves Nee sonitus memor, aut venientis ab sethere ten: 
ventos. Concessit precanti Hasta sub exertam donee perlata papillam 
^occideret morte improvisajjaesit, virgineumquc alte bibitacta cruorem. 

Lamillam turbatam: non >., **. . . , , 

concessit ut nobilis patria Concurrunt trepidae comites, dommamq; ruentem 
eerueret eum reversum, et Suscipiunt: fugit ante omnes exteiritus Aruns, 806 
nubes dispuiemnt vocem in Laetitia, mixtoque metu: nee jam amplius hastae 
hSr Sa' r„T Sffi;C-«tei^ nee telis occurrere virginis audet. 

stridorem per aerem: agmina converterunt animos, et omnes Volsci direxerunt oculos ad 
reginam. Ipsa nullaterius animadvertit aut aerem impv.teum, aut stridorem, aut jaculum ve- 
niens ex alto, donee jaculum appulsum ad mammara prEecisam inuxum est, et profuude immis- 
lum hausit virgineum sanguinem. Socne festinantes accurrunt, et suscipiunt reginam cadentem: 
Aruns prse ca;teris stupefactus fugit, gaudio et timore mixtis: nee jam ultra audet fidere hast», 
nee occurrere armis virginis. 

NOTES. 

782. Spoliorum ardebat aniore. Mr. Ad- that the priests of the god could walk over 
dison observes, that Virgil has very finely burning coals without hurting themselves, 
touched on the female passion for dress and There was, as some report, a fountain on 
show, in the character of Camilla: who, this mount, whose waters boiled at sunrise, 
though she seems to have shaken off all and killed the birds who drank them. 
other weaknesses of her sex, is still a w;o- 793. Reineaboinglorias. It was dishonour- 
man in this particular. The poet tells us, able in Aruns _o wound Camilla like a trai- 
that after having made a great slaughter tor without daring to enter the lists with her 
of the enemy, she unfortunately cast her in fair combat. 

eye on a Trojan who wore an embroidered 795. Mente dedit, i. e. He gave no exter- 

tunic, a beautiful coat of mail of the finest nal indication of his will, else Aruns had 

purple. The Amazon immediately singled been deterred from the action; but only 

out this well-dressed warrior, being seized purposed it in his heart, 

with a woman's longing for the pretty trap- 801. Nihil ipsa neque aurce. Our heroine, 

pin&s. This heedless pursuit after these eagerly engaged in the pursuit of Chlor 

flittering trirles the poet, by a nicely con- reus, that she may adorn herself with his 

',_ !ed moral, represents to have been the fine armour and rich trappings, is entirely 

destruction of this female hero. regardless of all danger, and so hurried 

Spectator, No. 15. away by the transports of female vanity, 

785. Sordciis. Soractes and Soracte, a that she does not hear the fatal dart of A- 

mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen runs hiss along the air. Catrou. 

from Rome at the distance of twenty-six 803- Sub. The reader may often observe 

miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who is from that sub in Virgil has the force of deep into. 
tiieiice surnamad Soracils; arid it is said, 



.£NEIDOS LIB. XI. 



547 



820; 



Ac velut ille, prills quam tela inimica sequantur, 

Continud in montcs sese avius abdidit altos 

Occiso pastore lupus magnove juvenco, 

Conscius audacis facti: caudamque remulccns 

Subjecit pavitantem utero, sylvasque petivit: 

Haud secus ex oculis sc turbidus abstulit Aruns, 

Contentusque fugu. mediis se immiscuit armis. 

Ilia manu morieus telum trahit: ossa sed inter 

Ferreus ad costas alto stat vulnere mucro. 

Labitur exsanguis, labuntur frigida leto 

Lumina: purpureus quondam color ora reliquit. 

Turn sic expirans, Accam ex aequalibus unam 

Alloquitur, fida ante alias quae sola Camillx, 

Quicum partiri curas; atque hsec ita fatur: 

Hactenus, Acca soror, potui: nunc vulnus acerbum 

Conficit, et tenebris nigrescunt omnia circum. 

Effuge, et haec Turno mandata novissima perfer: 

Succedat pugnae, Trojanosque arceat urbe. 

Jamque vale. Simul his dictis linquebat habenas, 

Ad terram non sponte fluens: turn frigida toto 

Paulatim exolvit se corpore, lentaque colla 

Et captum leto posuit caput, arma relinquens; 

Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. 

Turn verd immensus surgens ferit aurea clamor 

Sidera: dejecta crudescit pugna Camilla. 

Incurrunt densi: simul omnis copia Teucrum, 

Tyrrhenique duces, Evandrique Arcadis alae. 

At Triviae custos jamdudum m montibus Opis 

Alta sedet summis, spectatque interrita pugnas. 

Utq; procul medio juvenum in clamore furentum 

Prospexit tristi multatam morte Camillam; 

Ingemuitqiie, deditq; has imo pectore voces: 

Heu! nimium virgo, nimium crudele luisti 

Supplicium, Teucros conata lacessere beilo. 

Nee tibi desertae in durnis coluisse Dianam 

tudo Trojanorum, et ductores Tusci, et equitatus Evandri Arcadis. At Opis exploratrix Diana; 

jamdudum sedet sublimis in summis montibus, et immota aspicit prtelium; et cum inter medios 

clamores juvenum certantium procul vidit Camillam aft'ectam tristi morte; et suspiravit, et 

emisit hsec verba ex intimo pectore: Heu, virgo! tulisti supplicium nimis crudeie, conata beilo 

aggredi Trojanos: nee profuit tibi derelictse inter vepres coluisse Dianam: 



Et qucmadmodum aliquis lu- 
g JO pus, pastore aut magho j«- 
vencointerfecto,memor fact! 
»Kiaudacis,recipit sc in mon- 
tcs cxcclsos e.vtra \h\\n posi- 
tus,priusquam jacula nqstilia 
assequantur ipswn:et reflec- 
tens caudam supponit earn 
8 I 5 trementjem utcro,ct adit syl- 
vas: non aliter Aruns turba- 
tus subduxit sc ex oculis, et 
gaudens ob fugam miscuit se 
mediis armatis. Ilia moriens 
educit manu jaculum: sed 
cuspis ferrea lucret ad costas 
inter ossa profundo vulnere. 
Conciditpallida,concidunt o- 
culi frigidi morte: color olim 
rubicundus deseruit vultum. 
Turn 'moriens sic alloqui- 
tur Accam unam e sociis, 
qua} sola Camilla? fidciis 

826 erat P rje C£etei *i s ) cum 1 U & 
solebat communicare curas 
sitas; et sic loquitur ista: Ac- 
ca soror, potui hue usque 
pugnare: nunc dura plaga 
me interficit, et omnia eir- 

°30 cum nigrescunt caligine. Fu- 
ge, et fer ad Turnum htec ul- 
tima mouita: Succedat mihi 
ad pugnam, et avertat Tro- 
janos ab ui'be: denique vale. 
His prolatis,simul dimittebat 

g«5 babenas; non sponte labens 
in terram: turn frigida dissol- 
vitse paulatim fcoto corpore, 
et dimisit colla incurva ca- 
putque morte victum, abji- 
ciens arma: et vita dolens 
cum gemitu abit in tenebras. 

840 Tunc autem vastus cjamor 
suboriens verberat astra au- 
rea: pi*aelium inhorrescit oc- 
cisa. Camilla. Irrumpnnt 
conferti: simul omnis multi- 



NOTES. 



809. Ille lupus. Ille, says Ruxus, frequent- 
ly occurs in comparisons. JEn. 10. 707, 

812. Caudamque remulcens. Hugging", or 
fondly taking care of. 

818. Labitur exsaneuis . Donatus reads la- 
bitur et sanguis, seemingly to save the ap- 
pearance of contradiction in this narration; 
since Camilla does not fall from her horse 
till some time after this, verse 827. 

Simul his dictis linquebat habenas, 

Ad terram non sponte fluens. 
Labitur, however, does not necessarily sig- 
nify she falls to the ground, but she faints, or 
sinks down, being supported perhaps on her 
horse for some minutes. 

823. Hactenus potui. Servius supplies <oi- 
vere or pugnare: but it is more emphatical 
to consider it absolutely with La Cerda, 



hactenus potui, i. e. tPvvv&tiv, valui viribus, et 
potens fui beilo. 

825. Effuge, et luec. Wonderful is the 
magnanimity of this short speech. She 
makes no womanish complaints, but em- 
ploys her last breath in giving orders for 
the battle. 

Turno mandata novissima perfer! 

843. Desertce in dumis. Of the life of Ca- 
milla in woods, see above, v. 539, et seq. 

843. Coluisse Dianam. This sentiment of 
Opis is by no means injurious to the charac- 
ter of Diana, as if she had not sufficiently 
protected her votress. It was Camilla's own 
fault that she forsook the harmless plea-, 
sures of the chase to engage in martial pur- 
suits. 



548 P- VIRGILII MARONIS 

aut tuiisse humeris nostras Profuit, aut nostras humero geasisse pharetras. 
tiEE£2%$252& Non tamen indecorem tua te regina relinquet 845 
suprema morte: neque hsec Extrema jam in morte: neq; hoc sine nomine letum 
mors erit absque honore in- Per gentes erit, aut famam patieris inultae. 

terpopulos,nec s feres famam Nam qu j cunque tUUm violavit VUlnere Corpus, 
non vindicate. Nam quisquis _. ~* JW, .» ' t? *, • , ,/ 

lasit vulncre tuum corpus, Morte luet menta. Fuit mgens monte sub alto 

solvet in rieee merita. Fuit Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere bustum 859 

sub excelso monte magnum Antiqui Laurentii, opacaque ilice tectum. 

senulcrum Dercenni, vetems » T \ rv x • i 1 i 

rSLaurentini^x^ggestHHic Dea se primum rapido pulchernma nisu 

terra, et tectum unibrosa Sistit, et Aruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto. 

ilicc Dea formosissjina col- jj t v ' K y n fylgentem armis, ac vana tumentem: 

toSteUbreefeatSC"'', inquiV, diverniLdbis?. hue dirige gressum: 

lo circumspicit Aruntem. Hue periture veni: capias ut digna Camillse 856 

Quamio aspexit iliuir. corus- p raem i a . Tu-ne etiam teiis moriere Dianae? 

^P^jS^iS^S^iKit, et aurata volucrem Threissa sagittam 

bientem. ait: Cur discee.s in . . a 

diversam partem? hue fer Deprompsit pharetra, cornuque mfensa tetendit, 
gradara,.htte veni moritu'-e: Et duxit longe: donee curvata coirent 860 

ut redpias mercedem dig- Inter se cap i ta et m ambus jam tangeret aequis, 

nam Camilla, lu-ne mone- T A . r „ 7 . A •» c> ... " V 

ris sagittis ipsius etiam Dia- Lseva aciern tern, dextra nervoque papillam. 

use? Dixit, et quernadmodum ~Extem\ilb teli stridorem aurasque sonantes 

Amazon ^Thracia eduxit ex j^ U( \ jj t una a runs, hsesitque in corpore ferrum. 

aurat'ipharetr.L sagittam ce- Tn . •• : .. 

lerem. et inimiea intehdit " lum expirantem socn atque extrema gementem 

ardum cometim, et extendit Obliti ignbto camporum in pulvere linquunt: 866 

longe: donee extremitates Qpi s ac | gethereum pennis aufertur Olympum. 

g r f"SISt^« ttgj* d»minl amissa levis ala Canute: 

nibns aqnaiibns, sinistra ous-Tuvbati fugiunt Rutuli, fugit acer Atinas; 

pidero ferri, dextera et ner- Disjectique duces, desolatique manipli 870 

IS™ SetT-Tuta petunt,et equis aversi ad mcenia tendunt. 

gittw aeremque frementem, Nee quisquam instantes Teucros letumq; ferentes 

et ferrum infixum est in cor- s us tentare valet telis, aut sistere contra: 

pore. Socii immemores re- Sed laxog re f erunt humeris languentibus arcus, 874 

linquunt ill urn m incognito , & ' 

pulvere arvorum exspiran- Quadrupedumq; putrem cursu quatit ungula campum. 
tern, et ultima gementem: Opis effertur alis ad sethereura caelum. Levis equitatus Camillse 
fu°it primus, regina amissa: Rutuli turbati fugiunt, fugit fortis Atinas: et ductores dissipati et 
manipuli vastati quserunt toca tuta, et cumin t equis conversi ad muros. Nee ullus potest sustine- 
re armis, aut stare contra Trojanos imminentes et inferentes mortem: sed reportant humeris 
defessis arcus laxos, et ungula equorum currendo pulsat campum pulverulentum. 



NOTES, 

850. Regis Dercenni. This Dercennus, of Sallust. 

whom authors have said almost nothing, 875. ®>uadrupedemque putrem, &c. Pitt has 

was probably one of the kings of the Abo- tried to imitate this adaptation of sound to 

rigines,the primitive inhabitants of Italy. sense: 

*854. Vana. After the manner of an ad- Athwart their backs th' unbended bow 

verb for vane, as crebra for crebre, Georg. 3. they slung, 

500. Terrain crebra ferit. . And with their trampling steeds the sounding 

858. Threissa. Latona brought some champaigns run^. 

nymphs from the Hyperboreans to educate It is doubtful whether in the English or 

Diana and Apollo; these Hyperboreans, ac- in any language a finer example of sound 

cording to Servius, were the same with the echoing' sense can be produced than in a 

Thracians, and probably Opis was one of passage from Dyer's Ruins of Rome: 

them. : , The pilgrim oft 

870. Desolatique manipli. That is, says At dead of night, 'midst his oraisons, hears 

Servius, the standard bearers were desert- Aghast the voice of time -disparting to w'rs 

ed. The Roman generals were particularly Tumbling, all, precipitate, down, dash'd, 

careful that the standard bearer should be Rattling around, loud thundering to the moon- 
well attended with , soldiers: as we read in 



^NEIDOS LIB. XI. 



549 



"Pnlvis confusus nigra ca- 
lcine fertnr :i<l in tiros; et 
matres verbevautes sinuin e- 
raittunt e spiculisl'unnincam 
879 vociferatinnem ;,(! astia eorli 
Qui pi-imi attigorunt ounua 
portas apertrts: bos turba 
hostilis opprimit ngmine su- 
perjecto: nee eyitant mortem 
funestam; sed in ipso ingres- 
su, in maris patriis, ct inter 
tutas domos coiifoasi emit- 



Volvitur ad muros caligine turbidus atrfi. 

Pulvis: et e speculis percussae pectora matres 

Fcemineum clamorem ad cceli sidera tollunt. 

Qui cursu portas primi irrupere patentcs, 

Hos inimica super mixto premit agmine turba. 

Nee miseram effugiunt mortem: sed limine in ipso, 

Mcenibus in patriis, atque inter tuta domorum 

Confixi expirant animas. Pars claudere portas: 

Nee sociis aperire viam, nee mcenibus audent 

Accipere orantes: oriturque miserrima csedes 885 tunt animas. i'ars incipit 

Defendentum armis adilus, inque arnja ruentiim. claudere portas; nee audent 

Exclusi, ame oculos lachrymantumq; ora parentum, S&tS-S'WS 

Pars in praecipites fossas, urgente ruina, muros: et incipit tristissima 

Volvitur; immissis pars caeca et concita fraenis strages, prbpugnantiom ar- 

Arietat in portas, et duros objice postes. 890 m, L!" gressu % et . rue, ! tium , 

T . * . J. * urpugnam. Ex ns qui sunt 

Jpsae de mum summo certamme matres exclusi: pars Iabitur in fos* 

(Monstrat amor verus patriae) ut videre Camillam; sas prseruptas, premente 
Tela manu trepidae jaciunt, ac robore duro, tnulHtudmeivme^am^tite 

«„. ... c r ■>,., . , . • oculos et vultus parentum 

btipitlbus lerrum SUdlbusque lmitantur obustlS plorantiunr, pars insana et 

Praecipites, prim ae que mori pro mcenibus ardent. 895 concita e^'s framatis impel- 
Interea Turnum in sylvis saevissimus implet lant portas etpostesfirmatos 

Nuntius, et juveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum: coStione matiS^sVS 

quo conspextrunt Camillam 
(z'efdocet verus amor patrise) 
testinantes emittunt e muris 
tela manibus, et imitantur 
arma ierrea duris lignis, sti- 
pitibus, et fustibus prseustis, 
nihil m orate, et cupiunt pri- 
mes mori pro defensione mu- 
rorum. Interim nuncius 
905 acerbissimus occupat Tur- 
num in sylvis, et Acca re fert 
juveni magnum ilium tumul- 
tum: Turmas Volscorum 
c£esasesse,Camillarn occisam 
esse, hostes infestos im mine- 
re, et favente Marte vastasse 



Deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam, 
Ingruere infensos hostes, et Marte secundo 
Omnia corripuisse: metum jam ad moenia ferri. 
Ille furens (nam saeva Jovis sic numina poscunt) 
Deserit obsessos colles, nemora aspera linquit. 
Vix e conspectu exierat, campumque tenebat: 
Cum pater jEneas, saltus ingressus apertos, 
Exuperatque jugum, sylvaque evadit opaca. 
Sic ambo ad muros rapidi totoque feruntur 
Agmine, nee longis inter se passibus absunt. 
Ac simul JEneas fumantes pulvere campos 
Prospexit longe, Laurentiaque agmina vidit: 
Et saevum iEnean agnovit Turnus in armis, 



900 



910 



omnia: timorem jam exten ■ 



cti ad muros. ' Ille furiosus deserit colles occupatos et sylvas diffieiles> nam auctoritas dura Jovis 
ita imperat. Vix excesserat ultra conspectum, et attigerat campos: cum pater JEneas, ingressus 
sylvas paten tes, supergreditur collem, et exit ex obscura sylva. Sic ambo festini et toto impetu 
currunt ad muros, nee absunt longo intervallo a se invicem. Et simul iEneas vidit procul campos 
Mndantes pulvere, Laurentemque exercitum: et Turnus agnovit JEneam ferocem cum exercitu, 



NOTES. 



877. Percussce pectora matres. The circum- 
stance of the women renewing their rage 
at the sight of Camilla's dead body is finely 
imagined. 
— —When Camilla's corse appear'd in 

view, 
Warm'd by their country's love, the women 

flew, 
And from the walls a storm of javelins 

threw. 
With harden'd clubs th' advancing foe they 

dare, 
And with tough staves repel the rising war, 



Twice they rush on, they glow with mar- 
tial fire, 
And for their native walls with joy and 
pride expire. Pitt. 

897. Fert has in this sentence the signi- 
fication of refert or nunciat, as in other pas- 
sages of Virgil. See An. II. 230. 

Et scelus expendisse merentem 
Laocoontaferunt. 

905. Evadit, This word implies the dan- 
ger to which he had been exposed from the 
ambush laid for him by Turnus. 



550 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



audivitque incessum pedum, Ad ventumque pedum flatusq; audivit equorum. 
ZlS5S£2£^$**«* pugnasineam, et pr*lia tentent: 
tarent prselia: nisi Sol roseus Ni roseus fessos jam gurgite Phoebus Ibero 
jam lavaret man Hispanico Tingat equos, noctemq; die labente reducat. 

nr m e readeU edU X*: Considunt CaStris ante Urbem > et m(Enia Valiant. 

quiescunt in castris ante urbem, et cingunt muros urbis. 



914 



NOTES. 



913. Gurgite Ibero, in the Spanish or wes- 
tern ocean, wherein the poets supposed the 
sun to extinguish his light every evening. 

915. Mcenia valiant,- they intrench the 



walls. Pitt has happily expressed the double 
design of this measure: 
Before the city camp the impatient pow'rs, 
These to defendfixai thase to storm the to wr's. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



551 



P. VIRGILII MARONIS 



iENEIDOS 



LIBER XIT. 



TURNUS ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos 

Defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci, 

Se signari oculis: ultro implacabilis ardet, 

Attollitque anintos. Poenorum qualis in arvis 

Saucius ille gravi venantum vulnere pectus, 

Turn demum movet arma leo: gaudetq; comantes 

Excutiens cervice toros, fixumque latronis 

Impavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento. 

Haud secus accenso glkcit violentia Turno. 

Turn sic affatur regem, atq; ita turbidus infit: 

Nulla mora in Turno: nihil est quod dicta retractent toros jubatos colli: et intern- 

Ignavi ^nead*; nee, qua, pepigere, recusent. SS S, "Sfr S3£ 

Congredior: fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus. ore sanguinolento. Non ali- 

Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam, terira crescit Turno inflam- 

Desertorem Asi* (sedeant, spectentque Latini) 1 5 ^^SS^S^l 

pit: Nulla est dilatio in Turno:/nihil est cur segnes Trojani revocent sua verba, etabnuant facere 

ea,d.e qoibus convenerunt. Descendo ad pugnam: offer sacrificia, 6 pater, et fac foedus. Vel hae 

manu dextera mittam ad inferos Trojanum profugum ex Asia, et solus refutabo ease criminatio- 

nem communem nobis omnibus (Latini quiescant et aspiciant me) 



1NTERPRETATIO. 

Turnus, cum videt Lati- 
nos fractos bello infelici ab- 
jecisse animum, jldem suo- 
rum promissorum jam repe- 
5 ti se designari oculis: sponte 
etiam implacabilis irascitur, 
et erigit animum. Qualis leo 
aliquis, in agris Afrorum, 
sauciatus secundum pectus 
duro vulnere venatorum, 
tunc denique exerit vires su~ 
10 as~ et laetatur commovens 



NOTES. 



Turnus challenges iEneas to a single com- 
bat. Articles are agreed on, but broken by 
the Rutuli, who wound iEneas. He is mi- 
raculously cured by Venus, forces Turnus 
to a duel, and concludes the poem with his 
death. 

1. Infractos. Servius takes infractos for un- 
broken, or who had been hitherto invinci- 
ble; but the word hardly ever occurs in 
that sense. The in increases the significa- 
tion, and gives it the force of valde et vere 
fractos. 

3. Ultro signifies keenly impelled from 
within, agitated by some violent but volun- 
tary emotion. It seems here to import as 
much as st conscious of inborn worth" 

4. Poenorum. The Carthaginians, here put 
for the Africans in general. 

5. Ilk; Ille leo. Some fierce and furious 
lion. We have already observed that ille is 
frequently trued in comparisons, JEn. X. 707. 



6. Arma. The power, terror, safety, &c. 
of any object. The utensils of the baker are 
his arms, cerealia arma: the staves of shep- 
herds are theirs: the craft of Ulysses was 
his: 

Et quaerere conscius arma; 
i. e. tiolos, wicked contrivances. The arms 
of a lion are his teeth and claws. Hence, 
when an animal was deprived of them, he 
was called exarmatus. 

7. Toros. The knotty and tumefied mus- 
cles of the body, particularly of the neck. 

7. Latronu. Who comes on him like a 
robber to destroy. 

11. Dicta retractent. Retract the chal- 
lenge. The fierceness of the speech of Tur- 
nus, the wisdom of Latinus, and the female 
softness and pathos of Amata, are so many 
distinct kinds of excellence. 

13. Foedus. The league that is to ensue in 
consequence of the combat. 



552 P. VIRGILII MAUONIS 

vel Trojanua possideat nos Et solus ferro crimen commune refellam: 

victos, et Lavinia detur ei ^ u t habeat victos, cedat Lavinia coniux. 

^^'"'o j^::01Ii sedato respondit corde Latinus: 

nis, excellens animo, qu:m- O praestans animi juvenis, quantum ipse feroci 

tum tu excellis aspera for- virtute exuperas, tanto me impensius aequum est 2© 

fSSXmt, pS^Consulere, ate,; omnes metuentem expendere casus. 

tibi, et me timentem tibi Sunt tibi regna patns Dauni, sunt oppida capta 

cf m side rare omnia pericula. Multa manu: nee non aurumq; animusq; Latino est. 

Est tibi regnum Dauni pa- Sunt ^ innuptse Lat i et Laurentibus agris, 24 

tns tin, sunt plunma urbes • j cv . i_ j n* r 

expugnata viribus tuis: sunt Nee genus mclecores. bine me nasc haud molha tatu 

quoque Latino divitise, et Sublatis aperire dolis: simul haec animo hauri. 

benevoientia: sunt alia vir- Me natam nu ui ve terum sociare procorum 

ernes in Latio et cam pis ^ ., -^ ... • f 

Laurentibus, nee ingioriae ^as erat, idq; omnes Diviq; hominesq; canebant. 

secundum genus. Permkte Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus, 

me omissis fraudibus expo- Coniugis et moestae lachrymis, vincla omnia rupi, SO 

nere ista tibi non quidem -r, J « •• ' • r 

grata dictu: et simul per- Promissam enpui genero, arma impia sumpsi. 

pende ista animo. Non erat Ex illo qui me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur 

Ucitum me jungere filiam Bella, vides: quantos primus patiare labores. 

XjSZmZZSSSi Bis ™S n * victi pugna, vix urbe tuemur 

monebaut illud. Expugnatus Spes Italas: recalent nostro Tyberina fluenta 35 

benevoientia ev$-a te, ex- Sanguine adhuc, campiq; ingentes ossibus albent. 

pixgnatus sanguine cognato, q o referor toties ? quae men tem insania mutat? 

et fletibus tnstis uxons ?ne t e, :>. . l . 

fregi omnes nexus, abstuli e- Si Turno extincto socios sum accire paratus; 

oflipromissam-ainese genero, Cur non incolumi potius certamina tollo? 

suscepi bellum sceleratum. Q uid consangu i nc i R ut uli, quid csetera dicet 40 

Cernis, o I urne, qua eala- ,*• .. , *> . . ... ,~ 7 7- „.,. #* ^ 

mitates. qua bella me perse- "aha, ad mortem si te (fors dicta refutet) 

quantur ab illo tempore: cer- Prodiderim, natam et connubia nostra petentem? 
wsquanuisdifficuitates^ip-^gsp^g res be n var j as: miserere parentis 

se patians. Bis superati mag- r l 

nopralio,vix defendimus hde urbe spem Italia: ductus T/yberis calent adhuc nostro cruore, et vasti 
agrialbescunt ossibus. Quo revertor totfes? qua stultitia vertit sententt&m meam? si paratus sum 
advocare Ti'ojanos ad societatera, Turno occiso: cur non potius extinguo bella eo salvo? quid 
Rutuli mild conjut.cli, quid reliqua Italia dicet, si exposuerim moiti te petentem filiam meam et 
iiostvamatfinitatem? (fortuna refellat hac mea verba). Considera res mutabiles bello: miseresce 
patris senioris, quern jam tristem Ardea patria tua procul 

NOTES. 

19. prmttms- Ruxus, who is fond of for Turnus himself; the various casualties 

dissecting orations, remarks, that this ad- of war, &c. 

dress of Latinus, in which he endea%-ours 20. Tanto me impensibs. I ought to deli 

to dissuade Turnus from the hope of Lavi- berate with the greater caution, 

ma, and from so great a contest, shows, 23. Nee non aurwmque animusque Latin' 

1. That an affinity of Turnus with Lati- est. Servius takes the sense to be, Latinus 
nus would be useless: since the kingdoms satis opulentus est et nobifis, etiarti absque hi. 
of both were sufficiently powerful without nuptiis; meaning that, as Turnus was pow- 
any conjunction of their forces. Turnus had erful and wealthy enough without contract- 
m&iiy cities, riches, bravery, and numerous ing an alliance with Latinus, so Latinus 
fair virgins from whom a wife might be se- needed not to match his daughter with him 
lected. for the sake of aggrandizing himself. This 

2. That such a marriage would be un- explanation has been disputed: but it claim's 
lawful, because forbidden of the gods. i£n. our assent. 

VII. 95 29. Cognato sangiune. Turnus being the 

3. That it would be pernicious. An op- son of Venilia, who was the sister of A- 
position to the will of the gods would bring mata. 

a thousand calamities on both nations. 34. Bis magna victi pugna; first atiEneas' 

4. If, says he, you Turnus being slain, I landing from Etruria, when Mezentius wa<? 
should receive iEneas into an alliance, why killed, iEn. X. 310, and a second time ia 
not rather, now that you are in safety. the horse-fight under Tarchon, where Ca. 

5. He reminds hiro of the displeasure of milla fell, XI. 597. 

ihe Rutulians with such a self-exposure; 41. Fcrs dicta refutet, literally, May for - 
tiie anxiety and grief of Daunus his father tune or the issue refute my words. 



jENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



55: 



sic institit 



kongsvi, quern nunc nrcstum patri. Arclea long* -gjt^ «£, *«* 

Dividlt. Haudquaquam dictis violentia lurni *P tar his verbis: invaleseit po- 

Flectitur: exuperat magis, segrescilq; medcndo. tins, et asperatur reroedio. 

Ut primum fari potuit, sic institit ore: [jneQfcm primum potw 

Quam pro me curam geris, bane precor, optime, 

Deponas, letumque sinas pro laude pacisci. 

Et nos tela, pater, ferrumq; baud debile dextra _ 

Spargimus, et nostro sequitur de vulnere sanguis. 

Longe illi Dea mater erit, quae nube fugaccm 

Foeminea tegat, et vanis sese occulat umbris. 

At regina, nova pugnae conterrita sorte 



. ore: Obsccro, 
P bone pater, depone pro me 
nanc solicitudincm,quam ha- 
50 bes: et permktas me eligei:e 
mortem propter gloriam. 
Nos etiam, 6 pater, libra mus 
manujacula et ferrum non 
inutile: et sanguis exit e pla- 
ga, quam nos \facimus. Pro- 
cul aberit ab eo mater Dea: 



Flebat, et ardentem generum moritura tenebat: 55qusemuiiebri nebula prote 

Turne, per has ego te lachrymas, per si quis Amatae 

Tangit honos animum: spes tu nunc una senectae, 

Tu requies miserae: decus imperiumque Latini 

Te penes; in te omnis domus inclinata recumbit. 

Unum oro, desiste manum committere Teucris. 

Qui te cunque manent isto certamine casus, 

Et me, Turne, manent: simul haec invisa relinquam 

Lumina, nee generum ^neam captiva videbo. 

Accepit vocem lachrymis Lavinia matris, 

Flagrantes perfusa genas: cui plurimus ignem 

Subjecit rubor, et calefacta per ora cucurrit. 

Indum sanguineo veluti violaverit ostro 

Si quis ebur; vel mixta rubent ubi lilia multa 

Alba rosa: tales virgo dabat ore colores. 

m hac pugna, li 

sunt etiam mihi, » Turne: statim abjiciam hanc lucem odiosam, nee aspiciam captiva ^ISneam. 
generum. Lavinia rigata lachrymis 'secundum genas ardentes audiit verba matris: huic ignis 
multus suffecit ruborem, et sparsus est per vultum calefactum. Quemadmodum si aliquis 
tinxerit ebur lndicum purpura rubicunda; aut quando lilia Candida rubescunt, mixta rosis mul= 
tis. Puella exhibebat vultu tales colores. 



gat eum fugientem, et ipse 
se abscondat inani caligine. 
Sed Regina tremefacta nova 
conditione pugnse lugebat, 
et retinebat geneimm ira- 
tum ipsa moritura: Turne, 
- . ego peto unam rem, per hos 
3 l fletus; per gloriam Amata:, 
si aliqua movet animum tu- 
um: tu jam es unica spes se- 
nectutis mece, tu es requiem 
' miserce: regnum et gloria 
65 Latini es* in tua potestate: 
familia omnis jam labefacta- 
ta innititur tibi. Peto rem 
unam, omitte conserere ma- 
num cum Trqjanis. Quicun- 
que casus tibi destinati sunt 
hac pu$rna, ii destinati 



NOTES. 



46. JEgrescit medendo. The remedy does 
but increase the disease. Gerunds of this 
kind have frequently a passive force. So 
Eel. VIII. 71. Cantando rumpitur anguis. 

52. Loiige illi mater erit. Nor shall his 
goddess mother avail him. 

54. Nova pugnce sorte . Sors signifies desti- 
nation, state, or condition, which brings the 
words to the same sense with that of Ser- 
vius, without any of his unnecessary refine- 
ment. 

56. Turne, per has. The address of Ama- 
ta to Turnus, who was her sister's son, is 
not intended to persuade him to peace, for 
JEneas she abhors; but to urge him to de- 
cline a single combat, and to entrust his 
safety and. success to the combined force of 
his armies. 

6». Captiva videbo. Virgil here, says Ca- 
tron, prepares the first part of the unravel- 
ling of this poem. This consists in the death 
of Amata, who obstructs the execution of 
the marriage of her daughter with 2Eneas. 
This obstacle could be removed only by the 
death of the queen. 

Hevne is of opinion that the word Ixmina 



in this line imports the same with lumefo 
and corresponds with vitam in its import. 
With thee to death for refuge will I run, 
Nor live a captive to a Trojan son. 

64. Lachrymis. This picture, says Whar- 
ton, shows how great a master Virgil is of 
grace. Lavinia, strongly affected with the 
queen's pathetic address to Turnus, weeps 
for the danger to which he is going to ex- 
pose himself, and at the same time blushes 
and looks downward from a consciousness 
of his loving- her. Her tears and blushes in- 
flame him afresh with love. He gazes on 
her with the utmost ardency, and is stili 
more desirous of engaging with jEneas. It 
is observed that Turnus speaks to the dear 
object of his wishes with a look only. What 
eloquence is there implied in 

Figitque in virgine vultus. 
He gazes only at Lavinia, but speaks his 
resolution to Amata in express terms. 

65. Cui plurimus ignem subjecit rubor 
Here Servius again has recourse to his un- 
natural hypallage, and thinks the words, to 
make sense, must be turned thus: Cui pluri- 
mus ignis mbyecit ruborem. But whv mav not 



554 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Amor agitat Turnum, et Ilium turbat amor, figitque in virgine vultus, 70 

SShtSSffft ** Ardet in arma ma * is L p au ? is< i ; a «" atur . Amatam: 

nam: et alloquitur Ama-Ne quaeso, ne me lachrymis, neve onnne tanto 
tam paucis verbis: O ma- Prosequere, in duri certamina Martis euntem, 
ter, ne. obsecro, ne prose- Q mater: neq ; e nim Turno mora libera mortis, 
quans fletu et auguno tam __ . , % , _,, ,. x „, „ 

/wne^omedescendenteraad Nuntius hsec ldmon Phrygio mea dicta Tyranno 75 
praelium asperi Martis: non Haud placitura refer: cum primum crastina coelo 
enim est in Turno potestas p un i ce i s invecta rotis Aurora rubebit; 
retardandse mortis.O ldmon, VT , r .. • -n *. i t« 

fer nuncius regiTrojano hcec ™on 1 eucros agat in Kutulos: 1 eucrum arma quieacant 
mea verba, non ei placitura: Et Rutulum; nostro dirimatur sanguine bellum: 
quando crastina Aurora in- i\\ q USera tur conjux Lavinia campo. . 80 

J^tfaSBto^^^ 1 ^.!* 1 dicta dedit ' rapidusq; in tecta recessit: 
cat Trojanos contra Rutulos: Poscit equos, gaudetq; tuens ante ora frementes, 
cessent bella Trojanorum et pii umno q U0S j psa decus dedit Orithyia; 

SSS^SSWmE'** candore ««• »«™*> c «™ b « s «** 

vinia petatur uxor in illo Circumstant properi aurigae, manibusq; lacessunt 85 
campo. Postquam protulit Pectora plausa cavis, et colla comantia pectunt. 
J&S^I&S&S*!* de! linc aurosqualentem alboque orichalco 
et L-etatur videns eos tVe-v/ircumdat loricam humeris: simul aptat habendo 
mentes in conspectu sti&, Ensemque, clypeumque, et rubrae cornua cristae: 
quos Orithyia ipsa dedit Pi- Ensem quem Dauno iernipotens Deus ipse parenti 90 

lumnoornamentum; qui su- „ o. •* 1 • r ,. r 

perarent nivem candore, recerat, et Stygia candentem tmxerat unda. 
ventos ceieritate. Aurigse Exin, quae in mediis ingenti adnixa columnae 

festini circumsistunt, et \ivl\- 

pant cavis manibus pectora equorum plausa, et pectunt colla crinita. Deinde ipse induit hume- 
ris loricam asperam auro et candido orichalco: simul accommodat ut gestentur, et gladiunij 
et clypeum et eminentias crista rubicundse: gladium, inquam, quem ipse Deus prases ignis 
fabricaverat Dauno patri Tumi, et merserat ferventem aquis Stygiis. Deinde sumit cum robore 
hastam validam, qua stabat in media domo admota magnse columnae, 

NOTES. 

rubor signify here the passion of shame or when one is setting out on a journey, 
modesty, and ignem the effects of it in the Catrov. 

glowing 1 of her cheeks? Subjecit signifies, 73. Prosequere. Prosequi is properly t« 

properly, spread under her skin. convoy one when he sets out on a journey. 

70. Figitque. We see no reason here for Thus Plautus says, Novam nuptain volo rus 
supposing", with Dr. Trapp, a new nomina- prosequi; and Livy, Decedentem domum cum 
live to be understood. If amor be the nomi- favore ac laudibus prosecuti. 

native to turbat, why not to Jigit too? It is 74. Nec/ue enim^ Turno mora libera mortis; 

surely no less intelligible, and much more as if he had said, Your tears will be of no 

poetical, to say, Love chains down his eyes, avail; for Turnus has passed his word, and, 

and fixes them on the maid, than to say, He if death is to be the consequence, he cannot 

fixes them on her himself. retract, nor has it in his power to retard 

71. Paictisque affatur Amatam. Turnus the destiny. This, one would think, is ob- 
does not stay for answer from Amata, but viously the meaning of the passage; yet Ser- 
instantly goes to arm himself for the fight, vius reckons it among the places that are 
This is quite agreeable to his impetuous inexplicable. 

temper. His pride and pleasure at seeing 80. Campo,- by this contest or duel. So 

his steeds approach him instantly after ha- Pompey in Lucan, 1. 7- 

ving called for them, is conceived in a most Ense petas: medioposuitDeus omniacampo. 

lively manner. As this is the last time of 83. Orithyia. The daughter of Erechtheus, 

his going to battle, the hist decisive day, king of Athens, who is said to have been 

the poet describes his armour the more mi- carried off by Boreas into Thrace, Geor. 

iuitely. The image of his snatching his vast IV. 463. She* was reputed a goddess, and 

spear, which always stood against a massy Virgil makes Pilumnss, the great grandfa- 

pillar in the old hall of Latin us, is nobly ther of Turnus, to have received these 

drawn. horses from her; because Thrace, the place 

72. Neme lachrymi:. Tears and appre- of her residence, was famous for breeding 
hensions of danger were deemed, among noble steeds. 

the ancients, bad presages, when persons 89. Cornua. Two tufts or peaks that rose 
were going out to war, like a false step, up on the top of the helmet like horns; 



ANEIDOS LIB. XII. 



555 



jfcdibus astabat, validam vi corripit hastam, spolium Actoris Aunmci.- 

Actoris Aurunci spolium, quassatque treraentem, tL^SSLST JSTS 

Vociferans: Nunc, 6 nunquam frustrata vocatus 95 i iast:i qua? nunquam fefellis- 

Hasta meos, nunc tempus atlest: le inaxiruus Actor, ti me vocantem, nunc ad- 

Te Tumi nunc dextra gem: da sternere corpus, 

Loricamque manu valida lacerare revulsam 

Semiviri Phrygis, et foedare in pulverc crines, 

Vibratos calido fcrro, myrrhaque raadentes. 

His agitur furiis, totoque ardentis ab ore 

Scintillae absistunt: oculis micat acribus ignis. 

Mugitus veluti cum prima in prselia taurus 

Terrificos ciet, atque irasci in cornua tentat, 

Arboris obnixus trunco, ventosque laccssit 

Ictibus, et sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena. 

Nee minus interea maternis saevus in armis 

jEneas acuit Martem, et se suscitat ira, 

Oblato gaudens componi foedere bellum. 

Turn socios mcestique metum solatur Ilili, 

Fata docens: regique jubet responsa Latino 

Certa referre viros, et pacis dicere leges. 

Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montes 

Orta dies, cum primum alto se gurgite toliunt 

Solis equi lucemque elaiis naribus efrfont. 

Campum ad certamen, magnae sub moenibus urbis, 

Dimensi Rutulique viri Teucrique parabant: 

In medioque focos, et Diis communibus aras 

Gramineas: alii fontemque ignemque ferebant 

Velati lino, et verbena tempora vincti. 

Procedit legio Ausonidum, pilataq; plenis 

do equi Soils erigunt se primum e profundo mari, et emittunt lucem naribus patulis. Viri Ru- 
tuli et Trojani dimetientes paraljant campum ad pugnam, juxtamuros magna urbis: et in medio 
campo focos et aras e cespite Diis communibus: alii portabant aquam et ignem, operti lino, et 
cincti verbena circa capita. Exercitus Italorum prodit, et agmina hastata eftunduntse plenis 



est tempus: oliin te max- 
imus Actor, nunc dextra 
Turni te gestat: da ui pros- 
ternam corpus, et ut dis- 

jQQrumpam fortimanu loricam 
direptam Phrygis efFffimina- 
ti, et ut inficiam pulvere ca- 
pillos ejus crispatos ferro ca- 
lido, et fluentcs myrrha. Ab- 
ripitur hoc furore^ et scintil- 
la erumpunt e toto vultu 

105furentis, ignis t'ulget vivi- 
dis oculis. Quemadmodum 
quando taurus emittit mugi- 
tus terribiles ad prseludium 
pugnse, et obluctans in trun- 
cum tfrboris conatur irasci 

i iQad versus cornua, et provo- 
cat ventos ictibus, et parat 
se ad pugnam, disjectis are- 
nis. Interea JEneas terribi- 
lis sub armatura matema 
non minus parat pugnam, 
et furore commovit se, iietus 

115 bellum dirimi proposito fce- 
dere. Turn consolatur socios 
et timorem Iiiii soliciti, ape- 
riens ipsis lata: jnbetque vi- 
ros reportare Latino certum 
responsum, et proponere 
conditiones pacis. Vix se- 
quens dies nata illustrabat 
luce supremos montes, quan- 



120' 



NOTES. 



100. Vibratos calido ferro. Sterling says, 
curled with a crisping iron. 

100. Myrrhaque. The myrrh tree is a 
shrub abounding in Arabia. It rises to the 
height of five cubits. Itis armed with spines, 
the root hard and twisted, the bark smooth, 
and the leaves resembling those of the 
olive. At a certain season of the year, an 
incision is made, and a sap or liquor distils 
in considerable quantity. This is known by 
the name of stacte or myrrh. Plin. 1. 12. 15. 
Watts has the line, 

As myrrh new bleeding from the tree. 
The qualities of the myrrh are esteemed 
finest, when newly obtained. 

102. Absistunt. Exire non cessant, says Do- 
natus. 

107". Maternis in armis. The armour forg- 
ed by Vulcan at his mother's desire. 

115. Solis equi. These were four. See 
JEn. 5. 105. 

118. Diis communibus. The name com- 
munes Dii is understood in several senses. 

1. They who have not a certain zone or 
region assigned them in the heaven; as 



Cybele, for example, the mother of the 
gods, whereas Jupiter, Juno, Mercury, Ve 
nus, &c. possess this honour. 

2. Those who are worshipped among 
men in general, as the sun, the moon, 
Mars, &.C. 

3. Those who were invoked in common 
and alike to assist a people; as here, those 
who were importuned to aid the Rutulians 
or the Trojans. 

120. Velati lino. Servius writes that, 
among the Romans, the priests and sacred 
ministers, by whom the laws of peace and 
war were confirmed, were prohibited from 
wearing any thing of linen; and that Virgil 
designedly clothes the Feciales in linen veils 
on this occasion, to inform us beforehand 
that the league was to be broken, since it 
was ushered in wit unlawful rites. Others 
for lino read limo, a kind of garment or 
apron worn by the priests in sacrifice, that 
reached down from the waist to the feet. 

121. Pilata. Literally, armed with darts 
or javelins, 



55t 



P. VIRGILII MARON1S 



portis: hinc totus exercitus Agmina se fundunt portis: hinc Troius omnis, 
Trojanus et 1 yrrhenus exit t» „„i •. l •• .. ^ UMUB ' 

ni&armis vari.s: non nliter *y« ncnusque ruit yams exercitus armis: 
armati ferro, quam si durum Haud seeds instruct! ferro, quam si aspera Martis 
certumen Martis appciiete-Pugna vocet. Nee non mediis in millibus ipsi 125 

a?;JS 2££ D^Wtta .»«, volitant ostroque decori: 
intermedia millia: et Mnes- E * genus Assaraci Mnestheus, et fortis Asylas: 
thcus proles Assaraci, etge-Et Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles. 
ESX£&&!?&™f* dat ° ,fg"o spatia in sua quisq; recess*, 
les Neptuni. Et postquam Uengunt tellure hastas, et scuta rechnant. 130 

unusquisque recessit in su-Tum studio effusae matres, et vulgus inermum, 
um locum signo indicto, ft- Invalidique senes, turres et tecta domorum 

guiit hastas hurni, etdepo-^v, , A J ... ' . , ' ., UIU 

Sunt clypeos. Tunc cupidi- Obsedere: alii portis sublimibus astant. 

tate videndl egressse ma- At Juno ex suramo, qui nunc Albanus habetur, 

tres, etplebs sine armis, et (Tunc neque nomen erat, neque honos, aut gloria 

senes infirmi, impleverunt \\'\ " : & " 

tun-es et tecta domorum: HIOIHIJ 135 

alii stant in altis por- Prospiciens tumulo, campum spectabat, et ambas 

lis. At Juno aspiciens exLaurentum Troumque acies, urbemqae Latini. 

alto code, qui nunc voca- i? v <. ,-„,^ia t\,„.,: ; .. re 1 

tup Albanus (tunc nee no- £? te ™P l0 Turm S1C est effata sororem 

men, nee honor aut fama e- Lhva Deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris 

rat hide colli) videbat cam- Praesidet: hunc illi rex aetheris altus honorem 140 

pum,etgemmumexercitum Ju ite , e ta virginitate sacravit. 

Laurentinorum, etTrojano- r r r fc> 

rum, et urbern Latini. Stalim Dea sic allocuta est Deam sororem Tumi, quae prseest stagnis et 

fluviis strepentibus: Jupiter rex summus c<sb' addixit illi hunc honorem ob virginitatem ei abla- 

tam: 



NOTES. 



134. Albanus. The Alban Mount took its 
name from Alba Lo?iga, which was built by 
Ascanius, after he had reigned forty years 
in Laviniura. For the reason of the name 
Alba, see ^n. VIII. 48. 

138. Effata sororem. The sister of Tur- 
nus was called Juturna. Virgil here shows 
why she was ranked among the gods. 
What gave Virgil an opportunity of form- 
ing this fiction was, that near the river Nu- 
micus sprung- up a fountain which was 
called juturna, because its waters were of 
a salutary nature, a juvando. To this nymph 
a temple was dedicated, and a feast insti- 
tuted in honour of her, called Juturnalia. 
See the story of this nymph in Ovid's Fast. 
2. 585. 

" Aristotle observes in his Poetics that 
there are fewer good than bad women, and 
that they do more mischief than service in 
the world. Virgil has but too exactly fol- 
lowed this opinion. Venus, indeed, the mo- 
ther and protectress of JEneas, appears in 
an amiable light throughout the poem. The 
Sibyl assists our hero. Cybele and Andro- 
mache have no ill qualities ascribed to 
them, but they appear but little. To out- 
weigh this small number of good women, 
there are many others represented as bad 
characters, and very unfavourable to the he- 
ro. Juno is his grand enemy. She employs 
Iris, Juturna, and Alecto, to oppose his de- 



signs. Dido endeavoured to destroy him at 
Carthage, and calls to her assistance her 
sister, her nurse, and a magician. The Har- 
pies drive him from their island. Helen is 
a pest that has ruined both Trojans and 
Greeks. The Trojan women, Jineas's own 
subjects, set fire to his fleet. Amata des- 
pises the commands of the gods, and the 
will of the king her husband, and with the 
Latin women, is the first who kindles the 
war. Hostilities are commenced by the in- 
stigation of Sylvia. Even the women who 
were dearest to our hero, involved him in 
great difficulties and sorrows. At the end 
of the second book we see his affliction for 
the loss of Creiisa, and Lavinia is the cause 
of all the evil he suffers in the last six 
books." Bossu. 

The ladies, says Wharton, I hope, will 
despise these cruel and groundless reflec- 
tions on their virtuous and amiable sex; 
since they were made only by a solitary 
priest, condemned to celibacy, and utterly 
unacquainted with their excellencies. 

139. Diva Deam. Grammarians say that 
the Dli were eternal; the Dim taken from 
among men. Virgil supports no such dis- 
tinction. JEn. 1. 486. he calls Pallas, Diva, 
and Octavius, Deus, JEn. 1. 6. 

139. Stagnis quae. Juturna is by Ovid, Fast. 
2. 585. called Nais, a sea nyraph. 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. XII. 



557 



Nympha, decug fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro 

Scis ut le cunctis unam, quaecunque Latinae 

Magnanimi Jovis ingratum ascendere cubile, 

Fraetulerim, coeliq; libens in parte locarim. 

Disce tuam (ne me incuses) Juturna, dolorem. 

Qua visa est fortuna pati, Parcaeque sinebant 

Cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua moenia texi: 

Nunc juvenem imparibus video concurrere fatis 

Parcarumq; dies et vis inimica propinquat. 

Non pugnam aspicere hanc oculis, non loedera possum, tebant res Latii procedere, 

Tu pro germane si quid present!,., amies, ^£™^o"" m 

Perge, decet: forsan nuseros mehora sequentur. certare fatis iitssquaUbus: 

Vix ea, cum lachrymas oculis Juturna profudit, et dies appropinquat Par- 

Terq; quaterq; manu pectus percussit honestum. 155 «f' um et l> otes .tas adyersa. 

^ T n , *, ** , r • o . t Non possum videre ocuu 



Nympha, ornamentum am- 
nium, diloctisshna meo am- 
mo: nftsti qoomodo prretule- 
rim te solam omnibus Lati- 

145 nis,qu£ecumquea8cenderunt 
ingratum ledum summi Jo- 
vis: et guomodo sponte con- 
stituerim te participem coeli. 
O Juturna, no accuses me, 
accipe causam luctus tui. 
Quatenus fortuna visa est 

150 j ( i tolerare, et Parcte pcrmit- 



Non lachrymis hoc tempus, ait Saturnia Juno, 
Accelera, et fratrem, si quis modus, eripe morti: 
Aut tu bella cie, conceptumque excute foedus. 
Auctor ego audendi. Sic exhortata reliquit 
Incertam, et tristi turbatam vulnere mentis. 
Interea* reges, ingenti mole Latinus 
Quadrijugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum 
Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt, 
Solis avi specimen: bigis it Turnus in albis, 
Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro. 
Hinc pater JEneas, Romanae stirpis origo, 
Sidereo flagrans clypeo et coelestibus armis, 
Et juxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae, 
Procedunt castris: puraque in veste sacerdos 
Setigerae foetum suis, intonsamque bidentem 
Attulit, admovitque pecus flagrantibus aris. 



possur 

boc certamen, et fredera.Tu, 
si audes aliquid utilius pro 
fratre tuo, peril ce illud, de- 
cet: fortasse meliora succe- 
dent miseris. Yix ea dicta, 

^^f iterant, cum Juturna fudit 
oculis lachrymas, et verbe- 
l-avit manu pectus decorum 
ter ac quater. Juno fiiia Ba- 
tumi mquit: Non est hoc 
tempus ad lachrymas: pro- 

jg^pera, et subtrahe fratrem 
morti, si est aliqua ratio: vel 
tu excita helium, et dissipa 
foedus inceptum: ego sum ti- 
bi auctor ut id audeas. Sic 
exhortata reliquit earn dubi- 
am et turbatam tristi solici- 

170tudine animi. Interim reges 
vehuutur: Latinus magno 



apparatu, curru a quatuor 
equis tracto, cui duodecim radii aurati circumeunt caput rutilum, ornamentum Solis avi. Turnus 
vehitur binis equis candidis, libi'ans manu duo jacula lata cuspide. inde pater iEneas, caput s;en- 
tis Romans;, resplendens clypeo ccelesti et armis divinis, et Ascanius ads tat comes, secuuda spes 
magna; Romse. Exeunt e castris: et sacerdos in veste Candida adducit fotum purees setose et 
ovem intonsam, et statuit victimas ad aras aecensas. 



NOTES. 



144. yovis ingratum cubile; for cubile in- 
grati Jovis. The bed is called ungrateful, to 
avoid the indecency of giving that harsh 
epithet to Jove, though the meaning be the 
same. 

151. Non pugnam aspicere. Juno was for- 
bidden to concern herself in this war. All 
she does is done indirectly and by the agen- 
cy and ministry of Juturna. Catrou. 

152. Prasentius. Servius explains it ejjica- 
cius, vehementius; but it seems to refer to 
what she had said before, Non pugnam as- 
picere hanc oculis, nonfadera possum; for my 
part I cannot bear to be an eye-witness of 
the combat; 1 can only lament Turnus' hard 
fate, and intercede for him at a distance; 
but if you have courage to lend your brother 
some nearer aid, and assist him with your 
presence, then set about it as you ought; 
perge, decet. 

163. Bis sex radii. The twelve skikes in 
the corona radialis were supposed to allude 
To the twelve labours of Hercules, or to the 



twelve signs of the zodiac. Here they bear 
a particular allusion to the lineage of Lati- 
nus, who was descended from the sun. 

164. Solis avi. Latinus was the grandson 
of Picus, who took Circe, the daugnter of 
the Sun;, to be his wife or concubine, and 
by her had Faunus (the father of Latinus), 
who consequently was the grandchild of 
the sun. 

165. Bina manu. We have had the same 
line before, applied to Venus, JEn. 1. 317. 

168. Spes altera Romce. -Eneas the first, 
Ascanius the second. 

170. Factum suis- — bidentem. Ruxus ob~ 
serves that the ewe was offered for JEneas, 
after the manner of the Greeks, who usual- 
ly ratified a league with the sacrifice of 
a sheep or lamb, as we see in Homer, II. 
III. 103. The sow is for Latinus, after the 
Roman or Italian fashion, which Livy inti- 
mates to have been of very great antiquity. 
Lib. I. 24, where he gives the form of rati- 
fying a league between the Romans and 



55S P- VIRGIL1I MAR0N1S 

Illiconvem oralis ad Solem mi a d surgentem conversi lumina Soleru, 

*2E£2?£2ttE>«* f ™S cs manibu * salsas ' « temper. fcm» 

»ant gladio summa capita oumma notant pecudum, paterisq; altaria hbanl. 

victimarum,eteffunduntpa- Turn pius ./Eneas stricto sic ense precatur: 175 

teras in aras. Turn pius M- Esto nunc g i test i s et haec m \^ terra p re canti, 

r.eas nudato ffladio sic orat. ^. • r i i 

Esto mmc testis mihioianti, Quam propter tantos potui perferre labores: 

§ Sol, et h*e terra pro qua Et pater omnipotens, et tu Saturnia Juno; 

potui tolerare tot labores, etj am me lior, jam Diva, precor: tuq; inclyte Mavors, 

tS 6° J£S£nS3£ Cuncta tuo qui bella pater sub numine torques: 1 80 

a Diva, jam mihi mitior, ut Fontesq; fiuviosq; voco, quaeque setheris alti 

©ro : et tu, 6 gioriose Mars, R e nigi , et quae cosruleo sunt numina ponto. 

at-^S*Tl5SOB«ri» Ausonio si fors victoria Turno, 

otfluvios invoco, et quxcun- Convenit Evandri victos discedere ad urbem: 

que est d'ninitas in akoaere, Cedet lulus agris: nee post arma ulla rebelles 1 85 

££S£ StS**-**"* referent ' *«•»•>« regna lacessent. 

viaiveritadTurnumltalum; Sin nostrum annuerit nobis victoria Martem, 
irquum est nos victos abire (Ut potius reor, et potius Dii numine firment) 

in urbem Evandri: lulus Non neQ Teucii& Italos p jubebo, 

abibit ex Ins campis; nee © » r J* J 

.Cneadaj rebelles inferent Nee mihi regna peto: paribus se legibus ambae 190 

deincepswWsbeiiuniullam, Invictse gentes aeterna in foedera mittant. 

aut provocabunt armis htec Sacra Qgosque dabo: socer arma Latinus habeto, 

reirna. Si vero victoria con- . ^. . . . ,-, 

rcsserit nobis Martem pro- Impenum solemne socer: mihi moenia Teucn 

pitium, ut potius spero, et Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen. 

potius Dii confirment spera si c pi 4 or j£ n eas: sequitur sic deinde Latinus, 195 

meam auctoritate sua: ego c • • 1 *. ^-*. j«j j 

ncque cogam Italos obtem- Suspiciens ccelum, tenditque ad sidera dextram: 
perare Trojanis, neque ar- Haec eadem, JEnea, terram, mare, sidera juro, 
gftgo mibi imperium: ambse Latonseque genus duplex, Janumque bifrontem, 
^SSLSSSSS.StSK Vh&pio Deum infernam, et diri sacraria DM.: 
perpetuum. Ego distribuam Audiat hsec genitor, qui foedera fulmine sancit; 200 
religiones etDeos: socer La- Tango aras, mediosque ignes, et numina testor: 
tinus curet bella, socer su- N u dies h j n foedera rumpet, 

premum impenum: Irojam l . 

extruent mild urbem, et Lavinia imponet nomen urbi. iEneas sic dixit primus: Latinus deinde 
sic sequitur aspiciens in ccelum, et erigit dextram ad astra: O JEnea, juro haec eadem sidera, 
mare, terram, etgeminam prolem Latonre, et Janum bifrontem, et potestatem infernam De- 
orum, et penetralia ssevi Plutonis. Audiat luec paler iUe, qui firmat fulmine foedera. Tango aras, 
et ignes in medio eariim, et attestor Deos: nulla dies auferet Italis hanc pacem, neque hcec fce- 
dera, , 

NOTES. 

Albans in the reign of Tullus Hostilius: 199. Viinque Detim infernam. A circum- 

. huli Jupiter, 'Cfc.—Si prior defexit, tu Mo die locution for infernosque Deos, borrowed from. 

Jupiur populum. Romanum sic ferito, ut ego the Greeks. Thus, in Homer, Priam is 

lainc porcum hie hodieferiam. called U^ta/u-oio /S;«, the power of Priam; or, 

182. Relli^io; by a metonymy, the worship as we say in English, Priam's majesty, II. 

for the object worshipped. III. 105. So An. IV. 132- Odora canum vis, 

184. Evandri ad urbem. The city Pallan- for, the dogs themselves. 

tum, ./En. VIII. 54. 199. Sacraria. A sacrarium or sanctuari- 

185. Rebelles. Not rebels, as we use the urn was the inmost part of a temple,^ where 
word in English, but men renewing the the chief rites of a divinity were performed, 
war, re-bellantes. It here means the palace of Pluto. Some 

187. Nostrum Martem. Noster, here, has think it should be rather denominated exe- 

the same signification as propitius or seam- crabilem than sacramregiam. 

dus. Mars is theirs whose interest he es- 201. Tango aras. It was the ancient mode 

p 0Uses . of swearing, supplicating or sacrificing, that 

192. Anna habeto. Let him have the ma- the person engaged should touch with his 

nagement of peace and war, which is the hand the altars, images, or other sacred 

same thing as being king, the king being things. The custom has descended to us; 

also the leader of the army. in swearing the hand is laid on a book, the 

198. Laton<eque genus duplex. Apollo, or Bible, 
ih? sun, and Diana, or the moon. 

J 



.ENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



559 



Qu6 res cunq; cadcnt: nee me vis ulla volentem quoraadoeunqae res sucoe- 

Avertcl: non si tellurem effundat in undas 204 l \* ni \ ncc U, J» .P ***** uh 

__.,.. , _, , ducet me do us volentem: 

Diluvio miscens; coelumve in 1 artara solvat: nori) e tiamsi ilia potrntia 

Ut sceptrum hoc (dextra. sceptrum nam forte gcrebat) dissolvat terrain in aqups 

Nunquam fronde levi ftmdet virgulta nee umbras, confutvdena earn diluvioj *»t 

dejicmt cu-lum m inferos. 



Cum semel in sylvis imo de stirpe recisum 
Matre caret, posuitque comas et brachia ferro; 
Olim arbos; nunc artificis manus aere decoro 
Inclusit, patribusque dedit gestare Latinis. 
Talibus inter se firmabant foedera dictis, 
Conspectu in medio procerum: turn rite sacratas 
In flammam jugulant pecudes, et viscera vivis 
Eripiunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 

At verd Rutulis impar ea pugna videri 
Jamdudum, et vario misceri pectora motu: 
Turn magis, ut propius cernunt non viribus aequis 
Adjuvat incessu tacito progressus, et aram 
Suppliciter venerans demisso lumine Turnus, 
Tabentesque genae, et juvenili in corpore pallor. 
Quem simul ac Juturna soror crebrescere vidit 
Sermonem, et vulgi variare labantia corda: 
In medias acies, formam assimulata Camerti, 
(Cui genus a proavis ingens, clarumq; patemae 
Nomen erat virtutis, et ipse acerrimus armis) 
In medias dat sese acies, haud nescia rerum, 
Rumoresque serit varios, ac talia fatur: 
Non pudet, 6 Rutuli, cunctis pro talibus unam 
Objectare animam? numerone, an viribus sequi 
Non sumus? En omnes et Troes et Arcades hie sunt 
Fatalisq; manus, infensa Etruria Turno: 



Quemadmodum hoe scep- 
truta (nam forte tenebat 

2\Qmanu dextra sceptrum) 
nunquam emittet ramulos 
nee umbracnla levibus foliis: 
ex quo primum in sylvis 
abseissum ex infimo tnmco 
separatur a matre, et ferro 
amisit frondes et ramulos: 

215 quondam arbor, nunc manus 
fabri cihxit illam sere pul- 
ehro, et dedit portandura. 
regibus Latinis. Talibus ver- 
bis eonfirmabant fcedera in- 
ter se, in medio conspectu 

<^2q principum: turn juxta mo- 
rem sacras victimas occidunt 
in ignein, et extrahunt vis- 
cera ex iisdem adhuc spiran- 
tibus, etteguntaltaria lanci- 
bus plenis. At vero ccepit 
eertamen illud jampridem 

225 videri Rutulis insequale, ct 
animi turbari vario motu: 
et tunc magis, cum propius 
vident duces non esse pari 
robore. Auget hanc opini- 
onem Turnus, progressus 
gradu tacito, et suppliciter 



230 



dejectis oeulis venerans 



3 ram, et mala? ejus liventes, 
et pallor in corpore juvenili. 
Juturna soror ejus statira 
atque videt hunc sermonem invalescere, et anim03 plebis mobiles dissentire, per medium exer- 
citum similis specie Camerti (cui origo erat illustris a majoribus, et splendida faraa paternss for- 
titutlinis, et ipse erat fortissimus bello) immittit se per medium exercitum, non ignara rerum, 
et spargit varios rumores, et dicit talia: Non pudet vos, 6 Rutuli, objicere vitam unius pro iis 
omnifeus? nonne sumus pares numero et robore? ecce omnes et Trojani et Arcades adsunt hie^, 
et Etruria inimica Turno, exercitus Hie a fatis immissus: 



NOTES. 



206. Ut sceptrum hoc, &c. This compari- 
son is taken almost literally from Homer. 
See Mr. Pope's critical remarks upon the 
two passages, in his note on II. I. 309, of 
the translation. 

210. Olim arbos. In the simplicity of the 



232. Fatalisque inanus. By the fatalis ma- 
nus here Servius understands the Trojans, 
who were fated to come into Italy; andthen 
be charges Virgil with being guilty of idle 
repetition, the Trojans being mentioned be- 
fore. But it is no new tiling for interpreters 



early ages of the world, the sceptres of first to mistake an author, and then censure 
kings were really no other than long walk- him for committing faults which are their 



mg staves, and thence had the very name of 
sceptre, which now sounds so magnificent- 
ly, (Swrrgov ot.>ao Ttf o-xtj/TTscrGat). The old 
sceptres were as long as a hunting pole. 
This may serve to explain some of Virgil's 
expressions. 

2\5. Cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 
See the note on .En. VIII. 284. 

221. Tabentesque gence. Some copies read 
pubentesque; but the former is confirmed by 
the authority of the best manuscripts, and 
is most agreeable to the design of the place. 



own. It is sufficiently plain from what is 
said on the eighth book, verse 501, that 
by the fatalis manus here Virgil designed 
not the Trojans, but the Tuscans, who 
were directed by fate to put themselves un- 
der the conduct of iEneas, a foreign leader, 
and on that condition aloae were assured of 
success. 

232. Infensa Etruria Turno, i.e. thai part 
of Etruria which was hostile to Turnus; for 
one part thereof bore arms for him under 
the conduct of Messapus. /En. VII. 691. 



560 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

sisecundus quisque nostrum Vix hostem, alterni si congrediamur, habemus. 
SlSrS^f qufde™ ad superos, quorum se devovet aris, 
fama ascendet ad Deos, quo- buccedet fama, vivusque per ora feretur: 235 

rum aris consccrat se, et Nos patria amissa dominis parere superbis 

immortalis cm-ret per ora: Co „ emur qil i nunc l ent i consedimus arvis. 

nos amissa patria coeemur r .„ '?., • * . .... 

obedire dominis Feroeibus, 1 alibus mcensa est juvenum sentenua dictis 

qui nunc otiosi constitimus Jam magis atq; magis: serpitq; per agmina murmur. 

■in campis. Turn consilium j ps j_ Laurentes mutati, ipsique Latini: 240 

mvenum confirmatum est A ..... . r ^ . , 

magis ac magis talibus verbis; Q ul Slbl J a ™ requiem pugnae rebusque salutem 
et rumor spargitur per tur- Sperabant; nunc arma volunt, foedusq; precantur 
mas. lpsi Laurentes et ipsi l n f ec tum, et Turni sortem miserantur iniquam. 

Latini mutati sunt: qui modo tt« »« i • T . ,. ■•*. • 

optabant sibi requiem et se- HlS a | lud ™ a J us Jlltuma adjUnglt, et alto 

curitatem rebus suis,- nunc Dat signum coelo: quo non praesentius ullum 245 

3pectantarma,etcupiuntfe-Turbavit mentes Italas, monstroque fefellit. 
&te£SS££3SS: N-mque votes rubra fuivus Jovis ales in *thra, 
JatumaadclithisredKsaKudLitoreas agitabat aves, turbamque sonantem 
majus,etpr«betexaitococlo Agminis aligeri: subitd cum lapsus ad undas 
ESrSXSStEX*?*** excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis. 
k>s, et decepit prodigio. Sci- Arrexere animos Itah: cunctaeque volucres 25 1 

licet avis t'ulva Jovis, volans Convertunt clamore fugam (mirabile visu) 
Lnaererubicundo,perseque- ^ t heraque obscurant pennis, hostemq; per auras 

rail till H\ CS lillillilrfS ct rllUliI- y~* a i i • • • 

tudioem strepitantem alatra * acta nu be premunt: donee vi victus et ipso 

turbje: cum repente mens Pondere defecit, prsedamq; ex unguibus ales 255 

ad aquas, avida comprelien- p ro jecit fluvio, penitusque in nubila fugit. 

dit pedibus aduncis cvcnum , r J v r . n\.i*i i^ 

eximium. Itaii sustulerunt *■ um vero augunum Rutuli clamore salutant, 
animos: et aves omnes (res Expediuntq; manus, primusq; Tolumnius augur, 
mirabilis aspectu) cum soni- Hoc erat, hoc, votis, inquit, quod saepe petivi; 259 

tu convertuntur e tuga, et a • • t^ -»»• j r 

iuumbrant alis aerem, et Accipio, agnoscoque Deos. Me, me duce ferrum 
velut nube coacta urgent Corripite, 6 Rutuli, quos improbus advena bello 
hostem per aerem: donee- eessit avis, victa earum vi et ipso pondere eyeni, et dimisit 
prsedam ex unguibus in flumen, et longe aufugit inter nubes. Tunc autem Rutuli veneran- 
tur osteutum illud clamore, et explicant manus, et augur Tolumnius primus ait: Hoc erat, 
hoc, quod scepe petivi votis: admitto omen, et agnosco Deos. Me, me auctore, sumite ferrum, 6 
Rutuli, quos iniquus advena terret bello, 

NOTES. 

235. Vivusque feretur. Literally, shall be as, the swan Turnus, and the little birds 

declared immortal. themselves; but they were fatally deceived 

237. Lenti. Idle, at ease. So Eel. 1. Tu in supposing this augury, which Juturna 

Tityre lentus in umbra. So Ovid, procured, to be sent from the gods. This 

Kane tua Penelope lento tibi mittit Ulysses, interposition, however r of a superior power, 

247. Ales in cethra. This augury was ne- was necessary to account for the sudden 

cessary to make so sudden, and at the same change produced in the minds of the Rutu- 

time so irreligious a change the more pro- lians: if Virgil introduces his divinities, it 

bable and suitable to truth. Virgil never is only when there is dignus vitidice nodus. 
fails in due decorum. The words mentes 258. Tolumnius. To show the force of this 

Italas should be particularly observed. The omen, Virgil represents the augur himself 

Italians were more credulous with regard as deceived by it, and as the first man who 

to auguries than other nations. The manner begins an act of hostility. The conduct of 

of divining events by the flight of birds took Virgil is admirable in feigning him to have 

its rise, it is said, from Etruria. killed one of the Arcadian brethren, who 

Catrou. were ranged together, as they must conse- 

247. Rubra- — cethra. With regard to cethra, quently revenge his death, in doing- which 
sec the note on JEn. III. 5S5. It comes from a commotion is naturally raised sufficient to 
calta to be inflamed, because it is the sphere involve both armies in a general engage- 
of the sun and stars, those numerous globes ment. The eight men are instantly inte- 
nt fire. rested in the death of one man. If any com- 

257. Augurium, &c. Auguriuvi in this mon one, of no connexions, <vilis aliquzs, had 

place occurs in its proper sense, which is been killed, his death might have been con- 

an omen or prognostic taken from the flight sidered as a circumstance too trifling to be 

or chirping of birds. The Rutulians were the occasion of breaking so solemn, a 

right in explaining the eagle to mean. JEne- leag'ue. 



iENEIDOS LIB. XII. 561 

Territat, invalidas ut aves; et litora vestra sicnt imbecilUs volucres, et 

Vi populat: pctet ille fiigam, penitusq; profundo J- Jjyffifcta3 

Vela dabit: vos unanimi densete catervas, permittet vela roari: vos con- 

Et regem vobis pugna defcndite raptum. 265 eordea colligite agmina, et 

Dixit, et adversos telum contorsit in hostes P]Si^ w *? S^PVP" 

ZL i • i , u,s ereptum. Sic dixit, ct lr- 

Procurrens: sonitum dat stndula cornus, et auras nimpe , 13 vibravit hastarn in 
Gerta secat: simul hoc; simul ingens clamor, et omnes bostesoppositos: hasta cor- 
Turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultu. n f a sfidens cn.isit son.ua, 

,_ r \ i i • r ^ etcertadividituerem: simul 

Hasta volans, ut lorte novem pulchernma tratrum ] 10e fi tj simu i clamor mag- 
Corpora constiterant contra, quos fida crearat 271 nus oritur, et omnes ordi- 
Una tot Arcadio conjux Tyrrhena Gylippo; ne . 8 perturbati sunt, et ani- 
TT ■ - J i« • \ .-i- i mi accensi tumuitu. Cum 
Horum unum ad medium, teritur qua sutilis alvo fort6 novem formosa Mrpo . 

Balteus, et laterum juncturas fibula mordct, ra fratrum starent adver- 

Eereeium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, 275 s \™> <l uos fid * uxor Tyr- 

^° ° j. .. . J r i * *. Ji* ~* rhena una ediderat bylip- 

Transacngit costas, fulvaque extendit arena. po Arcadi . hasta vo y is 

At fratres, animosa phalanx accensaque luctu, transfodit unum illorum 

Pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum c »r c a medium corpus, per 
Corripiunt, cacique ruunt: quos agmina contra ^teSt^X 25 

Procurrunt Laurentum: hinc densi rursus inunaant fibula stringit juncturas la- 
Troes, Agyllinique, et pictis Arcades armis. 281 terum, et sternit m flavam 

Sic omnes amor unus habet decernere ferro. gg jSfcS 

Dinpuere aras: It toto turblda CCelo fratres ejus, turba generosa 

Tempestas telorum, ac ferreus ingruit imber: et concitata dolore, partim 

Craterasque focosque ferunf. Fugit ipse Latinus 285 edu ° ant ens f m ^ibu s , 

n „ 7 r r . ^. r partim apprehendunt tela 

Pulsatos referens mfecto fcedere Divos. missilia ferrea, etimunpunt 

Infraenant alii currus, aut corpora saltu yeluti cseci: adversus quos 

Subiiciunt in equos, et Strictis ensibus adsunt. irruunt agmina Laurentino- 

,_ J ^ . rum: deinde iterum eftun- 

Messapus regem regisque msigne gerentem duntur con ferti Trojani et 

Tyrrhenian Aulesten, avidus confundere foedus, 290Etrusci et Arcades pictis 
Adverso proterret equo: ruit ille recedens, armis Sic idem amor dimi- 

-r^ • •• \. , .. • candi terro occupat omnes. 

Et miser oppoSltlS a tergO involvitur ariS, Spoliave&nt altaria: nubes 

In caput, inque humeros: at fervidus advolat hasta confusa jaculorum spargitur 
Messapus, teloque orantem multa trabali toto aerie, et pluvia ferrea 

Dcsuper alius equo graviter ferit, atque ita fatur: ^5^^%^^ 
Hoc habet, haec melior magnis data victima Divis. fugit, reportans Deos dis- 

jectos fcedere non perfecto. Alii alHgant equos curribus, vel saltu imponunt corpora equis, et 
instant nudis ensibus. Messapus cupidus turbare fcedus proturbat equo objecto Aulesten, re- 
gem Etruscum, et ferentem ornamenta regis: ille recedens cadit, et infelix a tergo immisce- 
tur aris aversis, per caput et humeros: at Messapus ardens accurrit cum hast£, et sublimis ex 
equo ferit eum graviter hasta trabali multum deprecantem, et sic loquitur: Habet hoc vulnus: 
hsec hostia convenientior oblata est magnis Diis. 



NOTES. 

254. Densete. So written by the ancients the same sense by Livy, who says; Desilu- 

for densate. it, pavidumque regem in equum subjecit. 

267. Cornus, i. e. the shaft made of the And Virgil, Eel. X 74 

cornel tree. Quantum vere novo viridis se subjicit alnus. 

273. Teritur qua sutilis alvo balteus, lite- 294. Telo trabali; large as a beam; a 

rally, Where the stitched belt is worn by beam-like weapon, 

the belly. 296. Melior. Better, or more effectual to 

287. Aut corpora saltu subjiciunt in equos, appease the gods than those victims that 

Literally, Or with a bound throw up their had been offered for the trace on the altars 

bodies on their steeds. Subjitio is Used in where he feft. 

4 C 



562 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Itaii accummt, et nudant Concurrent Itali, spoliantque calentia membra. 
^ili^/SonerlwObvius ambustum torrem Choru.su. ab ara _ 
ustum, et occurreus interei-Corripit, et venienti Lbuso plagamque ferenti 
pitflammis vultum Ebusi ir Occupat os flammis: olli ingens barba reluxit, 30$ 
ruentis et mferentis vulnus: Nidoremque ambusta dedit: super ipse secutus 
magna barba refulsit 1II1, et _, . * * ■ • * . '■-. . . \_ -T 

ustulataemisitnidorenKiiJseCassanem laeva turbati cornpit hostis, 

Chorinceus incurrens dcsu- Impressoque genu nitens, terrae applicat ipsum. 

perapprehendit^nfamsiwis-sic r ioido latus ense ferit. Podalirius Alsum 

tra comam tnrbati bostis, et n ' 3 A . ■. 

obluctans imposito genu Pastorem, primaque acie per tela ruentem, 305 

sterniteum humi: sie fodit Ense sequens nudo superimminet: ille securi 

latus duro gladio. Podalirius Adversi frontem mediam mentumque reducta 

sequens ense stricto Alsum TA . .. . , v . *'••■« 

pastorem, et in primoagmi- Disjicit, et sparso late ngat anna cerebro. 

ne fugientem inter arma, in- Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget 

stat Mi: il.e reducta securi Somnus: in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem. 310 

£L5%gu&£. SAtpiu. £»«, dextramtendebat inermem 

late tegit arma diifuso cere- Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat. 

bro. Acerba quies et ferreus Q uo ru itis? quaeve ista repens discordia surgit? 

Stffiasslta-^g^o coi » b f te r s: icm ?. jam foedus - et omnes 

am noctem. Sed pius JEneas Composite leges: mini jus concurrere soli: 31 

capite aperto proferebat Me sinite, atque auferte metus: ego foedera faxo 
aextram exarmatam, et in- Fi Turnum jam debent hsec mihi sacra. 

damans vocabat suos: Quo _ T . ,. •> ,. 

curritis?autquanamhajcdis-Has inter voces, media inter talia verba, 

sensiorepentinaoritur?Oi'e- Ecce viro stridens alis allapsa sagitta est: 

primite furorem: foedus jam i ncer tum qua pulsa manu* quo turbine adacta; 320 

percussum est, et omnes _ . ' * T1 *• .. . j. r < ^ 

conditions constitute: mihi Qu J s tantam Rutulis laudem, casusne, Deusne, 

soli fas est pugnare: permit- Attulerit: pressa est insignis gloria facti, 

tite me pugnare, et pellite ]^ ec sese ^ neS e iactavit vulnere quisquam. 

timores: ea.o iaciam manu ut ^, *. a? j l S . .. 

federa constantia sint: \mc Turnus ut .Eneam cedentem ex agmme vidit, 
sacrificia jam addicunt mihi Turbatosque duces; subita spe fervidus ardet: 325 
Turnum. Inter has voces, p scit equos atque arma simul, saltuque superbus 
SSLSS WfSi E«nicat in currum, et manibus molitur habenas. 
pennis ad JEneam: ignotum Multa virum vohtans dat fortia corpora leto: 
est, qua manu missa s&,quo Semineces volvit multos, aut agrnina curru 

J3&l l £££$5£f£ ? rote . rh ' au , 1 ra P tas %»* ingerit hastas. 330 

sors, an Deus: fama iiiustris Quahs apud gelidi cum flumma concitus Hebri 

hujus facti suppressa est, nee 
ullus gloriatus est vulnere JEnese. Turnus cum vidit JEneam recedentem ab exercitu, et duces 
ejus turbatos; fervidus accemlitur spe improvisa: simul petit equos et arma, et confidens saltu 
erumpit in currum, et corripit habenas manibus. Currens dat morti plurima robusta corpora 
hominum: disjicit plurimos semimortuos, aut sternit curru agrnina, aut immittit fugientibus 
hastas abstractas iisdem. Qualis Mars gau dens sanguine, quando juxta fluenta frigidi Hebri 

NOTES. 

300. Occupat os. Strikes him in the face he is once more victorious, as he had been 

with a preventing* blow. before, when the Trojan chief was inEtru- 

312. Nudato capite; that he might soften ria. This indirect manner of praising his 

down the ferocity of the Latins by this pi- hero Virgil had learned from Homer, who 

ous confidence, rather than that he might makes victory still lean to the side of the 

be known by his own adherents, and that Trojans, during the absence of Achilles, as 

he might announce his will to them openly, here the absence of iEneas makes the ba- 

So Julius Caesar, in the battle of Pharsalia, lance preponderate in favour of the Latins, 

his hand and head being made bare, cried 330. Raptas. Ruzeus' sense of this passage 

Out to his men, Par cite civibus, spare the is very absurd, immittit fugientibus hastas 

citizens. abstractas iisdem; i.e. he took the spears 

316 Ego feeder a faxo, &c. The meaning from the fugitives themselves, and flung at 

is, This hand of mine shall make good my them, as they were flying. The word signi 

part of the treaty: and, as for Turnus, these fies no more than snatched up, or flung pre 

sacred rites give me security for his per- cipitately, as iEn. VII. 520. 

forming his part. Raptis concurrunt undique telis. 

325. Subita spe fervidus ardet- The absence 331. Hebri. The Hebrus, now called Ma- 

of iEneas raises^Turnus' courage? and now rissa, was a river of Thrace, which was sup- 



JENEIDOS LIB. XIK 563 

Sanguineus Mavors clypeo increpat, atq; furentes effrratus sonat clvpeo, et 
Bella movens immiuit equos: illi *quore ape.to fSSSSu^SffSpi 

Ante Notos Zephyrumque volant: gemit ultima pulsu currant ante Austrusct Ze- 
Thraca pedum: circumq; atrae Formidinis ora, 335 phyrum: ultima Thraoia 
Ir*que, Insidi*que, Dei comitate , aguntur. «J ■*• %%, •»-£ 

Talis equos aiacer media inter prxha I urnus Dei, fades nigri Timoris, et 

Fumantes sudore quatit, miserabile caesis Ir»t etlnsidice, circum ra- 

Hostibus insultans: spargit rapida ungula rores ^EjEffi! T^T* §rtU * 

„ . l o l . D dens impelht m mediaspus:- 

Sanguincos, mixtaque cruor calcatur arena. ^ 340 na8 ermos fumantes sudore, 

Jamque neci Sthenelumque dedit, Thamyrimque, insultans miserande hostibua 

PholumOUC: interfectis: rapid* unguis 

TT ■ * , .,, .x .v , snartrunt sruttas sancuineas, 

Hunccongressus, et nunc; ilium emmus: eminus ambos e ' t n ^ n ^ imx tus puivere 
Imbrasidas, Glaucum atq; Ladem: quos Imbrasus ipse calcatur. Et jam dedit mor- 
Nutrierat Lvcia, paribusq; ornaverat armis, l ! Stheneium, et Thamy- 

Vel confer™ manum, vel equo pr*v.rtere ventos. &£££%£?%. 
Parte alia, media Eumedes in praelia fertur, 346g ressuS eominus;Sthenelum. 

Antiqui proles bello praeclara Dolonis, *efd eminus; eminus duos 

Nomine avum referens, animo manibusq; parentem: J h ° s Imb ™ SI > Glaucum et 

jj . , ' .^ i ' j- Ladem: quos ipse Imbrasus 

Qui quondam, castra ut Danaum speculator adiret, educaverat in Lycia; et in- 

AllSUS Pelidae pretilim sibi poscere ClirrUS» 350 struxerat pariter arr/fo/s mi- 

Illum Tydides alio pro talibus ausis litaribus, sive conserere ma. 

A n . . * . . a . t_fii- num, sive prsecurrere ven- 

Aftecit pretio: nee equis aspirat Achiilis. tos equo \ VlA parle Eu „ 

Huno procul Ut campo Turnus conspexit aperto: medes rapitur in media cer- 

Ante levi iaculo Ionium per inane secutus, tamina,sobolesveterisDolo- 

.-• i •• .. i m*x 4. o - c nis, egregia in bello, reprse- 

bistit equos bijuges, et curru desiht, atque *o5 8e „\a.w nomineavum, man* 

Semianimi lapsoque supervenit: et pede collo et fortitudine patrem: qui 

Impre6so, dextrae mucronem extorquet, et alto pater, ut olim h-et explora- 
Fulgentem tinxit jugulo, atque h*c insuper addit: 3 ISfiEZSZZgl 

En, agros, et quam bello, Trojane, petisti, Achiilis in merccdem. Sed 

Hesperiam metire jacens: hsec praemia, qui me 360 Wiomedes donavit ilium alia 

Ferro ausi tentare, ferunt: sic mania condunt. mercede mo talibus cceptis, 

TT . . „ ' . . , . . nee amphus tile optat equos 

HuiC COmitem Buten, COUjecta Clispide, mittlt: Achiilis. Cum Turnus vi- 

Chloreaque, Sybarimq; Daretaq; Thersilochumq; dit ilium procul patente 
Et sternacis equi lapsum cervice Thymcetem ^S^^M^^^ 

Ac velut Edoni Boreae cum spiritus alto ^ 5: S^5SuiYnt^S«S 

Insonat i£gaeo, sequiturque ad litora fluctus, binos, et exscendit e curru, 

Qua venti incubuere, fugam dant nubila cceloj atque incurrit lapso et semi- 

^ mortuo: et pede impositozVi 

eollum ejus, eripit ensem ex ejus dextera, et immersit splendentem profundo jugulo, et adjicit 
hsec super: Ecce, 6 vir Trojane, metire prostratus campos et Italiam quam appetiisti bello: qui 
ausi sunt me lacessere ferro, reportant hsec prsemia: sic struunt urbes. Mittit huic socium Bu- 
ten, impacto jaculo, et Chlorea, et Sybarim, et Dareta, et Thersilochum, et Thymceten lap* 
sum e collo eqmfrequenter lapsantis. Et sicut quando flatus Thraeii Boreie sonat per profundus 
mare JEgseum, etfiuetus abeunt ad iitora; tunc nubes fugiunt Jter aerem, qua parte fiaut venti: 

NOTES. 

posed to roll its waters on golden sands. It mere covetousness. Dolon was a coward, 
falls into the iEgean. The head of Orpheus and here Eamedes, his son, falls sufficient- 
was thrown into it, after it had been cut ly dishonourably. 

off* by the Ciconian women. It received its 359. En, agros, &c. After a victory, the 

name from Hebrus, son of Cassander, a conquerors divided the conquered lands, 

king of Thrace, who was said to have and took the dimensions of them, in order 

drowned himself there. to distribute them equally among the troops. 

344. Lycid. A southern region of Asia To this custom Turnus in his bitter sarcasm 

Minor. JE. IV. 143. seems to allude. 

S47. Proles bello praclara. This is to be 365. Edoni Borex, Thracian Boreas, from 

understood ironically, as appears from what the Edoni, a people of Thrace. Hence say* 

follows; and particularly from the charac- Horace, 

ter of Dolon in Homer, II. X. where he ap- Non ego sanius bacchabor Edonis. 

j»ears to have undertaken the adventure, Carm. Lib. II. Ode 7. 

Here hinted at, not from true courage, but 367". Fugam dantmbila. A wind blowing 



564 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Sic turmse cedant Tumo, Sic Turno, quacunq; viam secat, agmina cedunt, 
SST&TS&S Convers^que ruunt acies: fert impetus ipsum, I 

impetus prnvebit ipsum, et Et cristam ad verso curru quatit aura volantem. 370 

ventusadversuscurmicom-Non tulit instantem Phegeus, animisq; frementem: 

movet cristam volantem. objecit sese ad currum, et spumantia fraenis 

Fhegeusnonnassusest/azwn , . J , ; . ' / 

imminentem^/ et furen- Ora citatorum dextra detorsit equorum. 

tem animo. Opposuit se ad Dum trahitur, pendetq; jugis, hunc lata retectum 

currum, et warn* dextra de- L ancea consequitur, rumpitq; infixa bilicem 375 

torsit capita coucitatorum e- r • x , 2 , . , 

quorum, spumantia ob fra- Loricarn, et summum degustat vulnere corpus. 

jium.Dumipserapitui-etin-Ille tamen clypeo objecto conversusin hostem 

haretjugo, hunc lata Ti«r/»ib at et auxilium ducto mucrone petebat: 

lancea consequitur detec- ^ . • . 

tum,etimpHctapenetratlo-Quem # rota praecipitem et procursu concitus axis 
ricam duplicem, et striiigit Impulit, effuditq; solo: Turnusque secutus, 380 

vulnere superficiem corpo- l mam inter galeam summi thoracis et oras, 
Zt 2g£ IgStt***** «* caput, truncumque reliquit arena. 
hostem, et educto gladiovo- Atque ea dum eampis victor dat funera Turnus, 
cabat auxilium: ciim rota et Interea iEneam Mnestheus, et fidus Achates, 
SSSSlT^AfautoSqi comes, castris statuere cruentum, 385 
nus insecutus earn inter i n fi- Alternos longa nitentem cuspide gressus, 
mamommcassidis,et.extre- Saevit, et infracta luctatur arundine telum 
mjtates summje lonca, ab- Eripere, auxilioque viam, quae proxima, poscit: 
acidit caput gladio, et reliquit ^, r ^ , *. „ / .i % . . . r 

tmncummpulvere. Atver6 Ense secent lato yulnus, tehque latebram 
dum Turnus edit strages in Rescindant penitus, seseq; in bella remittant. 39© 
eampis, interim Mnestheus, j amque aderat Phoebo ante alios dilectus lapis 

et fideiis Achates, et conies T • 1 • i • 

Ascanius, deposuerunt in lasides: acn quondam cm captus amore 

castris Eneam sanguinoien- Ipse suas artes, sua munera laetus Apollo, 

tum firmantem longa hasta Au^urium citharamque dabat, celeresque saeittas. 

Stu^SXre £gg ™P Ul de P° Siti P TOferret fata P arentls ' . 395 

teli fracto telo: et petit mo- Scwe potestates herbarum usumque medendi 
dum auxilii, qui celerrimus Maluit, et mutas agitare inglorius artes. 
^i^eS^etSnJt S Jabat, acerba Tremens, ingentem nixus in hastam 
tebramteli, et remittant se -#.neas, magno juvenum et moerentis lull 
ad pugnam. Et jam aderat Concursu lachrymisq; immobilis. Ille retorto 400 
Tapis films Iasi, charus pr» p^onjmn ni m0 rem senior succinctus amictu, 
catens Apolhni: cui ipse A- 7 

polio, percitus magno amore, offierebat olim Isetus suas artee, sua munera, vaticinium, et musi- 
cam, et veloces sagittas. Me, ut retardaret mortem desperati patris, maluit cognoseere vires 
herbarum et visum medicinse, et exercere inglorius artem illam tacitam. JEueas stabat, acerbe 
Tremens, innixus magna hasta, magno juvenum et Ascanii dolentis concursu etfletibus immotus. 
Ille senex lapis, ductus replicata veste ex consuetudine medicorum, 

NOTES. 

so as to chase the clouds in the north, will pictured with a lyre, and deemed the patron 

collect them in the south. god of poets: 3, 'Skill in archery; which is 

oTO. Advcrso curru, in his chariot facing the reason of representing him with a qui- 

the wind. ver: 4, Medicine. 

374. Jugis. Donatus explains it, the reins The god had proffer'd to bestow 

of the yoked steeds. Others, more properly, His lyre, his bays, his prescience, and his 

lake jugis to be ibrjugo. bow. 

374. Retectum. The meaning is not, that 397. Mutas artes. Arts more useful than 

he was quite uncovered, but that he was showy; not like the other arts of Apollo, 

unprotected by the buckler. such as music and divination/ which are 

378. Auxilium, ducto mucrone petebat. Mr. more ostentatious. 
Dryden and Ruaus take ihe sense to be, 401. Paonium in morem. After the man- 
that he drew his sword, and called for aid. ner of Paeon, the physician of the gods, 

393. Suas artes- Apollo's arts were, 1, here put for ?.ny physician'. 
Preohecv: 2, Music; whence he is often 



^NEIDOS LIB. XII. 



565 



frustni deproperat piurima 
manu medica et ralidis her- 
bis PhoeW: frustra commo- 



Multa manu medica Phcebique potentibus herbis 

Nequicquam trepidat; nequicquam spicula dextra 

Sollicitat, prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum. 

Nulla viam fortuna regit, nihil auctor Apollo 405 benefit ferrum mordaci t'or- 

Subvenit: et ssevus campis magis ac magis horror oipe. Nulla fortuna juvat 

Grebrescit, propiusque malum est. Jam pulvere JS^JfiH ?° f ctor ^'" 

1 l * ^ r cities nullatenus saccumt: 

CCe»um tamen sicvus horror magis 

Stare vident: subeunt equites, et spicula castris ac magis augeturin campis, 

Densa cadunt mediis: it tristis ad aethera clamor et malum vieinius est. Jam 

_,,,.. , i i\/t j vident aerem totwn constate 

BellaiUum juvenum, et duro sub Marte cadentum. ptilvere: appropinquant e 

Hie Venus, indigno nati concussa dolore, 

Dictamnum genitrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida, 

Puberibus caulem foliis, et flore comantem 

Purpureo: non ilia feris incognita capris 

Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesere sagitte. 

Hoc Venusj obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo, 

Detulit: hoc fuscum labris splendsentibu amnem 

Inficit, occulte medicans; spargitque salubris 

Ambrosiae succos, et odorifcram panaceam. 

-r, , , , v , f-» ,_ non ignota est capris sylves- 

Fovit ea vulnus lympha longaevus lapis, 420 tribus, cum leves sagittx iu- 

Ignorans: subitoque omnis de corpore fugit fix* sum tergo. Venus attu- 

Quippe dolor, omnis stetit imo vulnere sanguis: Kt hoc dictammim, involuta 

^- rr ° nube obscura circa corpus: 

imbuir hoc dictamno undam nigrantem in patinis fulgenUbus, occulte temperans: et miscet sa- 
lutaris arubrosite succos, et panaceam odoratam. Senex lapis, ignarus rei, lavit pla^am aoua 
ilia: etscilicet omnis dolor repente abiit e corpore, omnis sanguis coastitit in una plag«* 



411 quites Tumi, et jacula cre- 
bra cadunt in mediis castris: 
surgit ad ccelum mcestus cla- 
mor juvenum pugnantiutu 
et morientium in pugna as- 

4l5pera. Turn Venus mater, 
corr.mota immerito dolore 
filii, legit ex Ida Cretaea dic- 
tamnum, caulem frondibus 
lanuginosis, et diffusuni ii\, 
Cores purpureos: herba 



NOTES. 



403. Trepidat rnuka, i. e. trepidus tentat 
multa. 

407. Pulvere ccelum stare vident. They see 
the air or sky stand thick or overspread 
with dust. Stet lias the same sense in Ho- 
race, as, vides ut altd stet nive, &c. 

412. Dictamnum. The common editions 
read di damnum genitrix. Catrou reads for 
dictamnum, ipsa manu genitrix. His reasons 
for such a reading are, 

1. Because the word dictamnum is use- 
less here, for why should the poet mention 
the proper name of a plant of which he 
makes a description sufficiently particular 
to distinguish it from any othir. 

2. We should read (if we mention the 
proper name at all) dictamni caulem. 

3. Ipsa manu gives a stronger idea of 
maternal care; she cropped this salutary 
plant with her own hand. All these reasons 
(says Catrou) strengthened by the autho- 
rity of Donatus, who affirms that some 
manuscripts read so in his time, evi- 
dently justify this reading. It must be 
added that there is an objection made to 
the word dictamnum drawn from the de- 
scription here given of it. PBny reports. 



Flos nullus est (dictamno) aut semen, ^ut 
caulis. Theophrastus gives it flowers; Di- 
oscorides tells us that it is a Cretan plant 
of a harsh taste, that it is soft like the pu- 
legium or pennyroyal, but with larger 
leaves, and those woolly or downy; that it 
has neither flower nor seed, and that the 
juice of it heals wounds made with iron. 
Some botanical writers think it the dittany, 
It is so translated by Pitt. 
A branch of sov'reign dittany she bore, 
From Ida gather'd on the Cretan shore. 

417. Labris. Vessels in which they wash- 
ed; quasi lavabris. 

419. Jmbrosics succos, et adoriferam pana- 
ceam. Ambrosia is what Homer makes the 
meat of the gods; the word signifies im- 
mortality. Panacea is a salutary herb, 
whereof Pliny reckons three kinds, lib. 
XXV. cap. 4. According to the etymology 
of the name, it ought to be a remedy for all 
diseases. 

421. Subitoque, C-c. In order to make 
sense of the auippe, subitoque must be joined 
with arma ciii, kc. and what intervenes in- 
cluded in a parenthesis, as in the edition of 
Stephanas, 



566 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

etjamaagittasecutamanum Jamque secuta manum nullo cogente sa^itta 

&«'£&*&«%& Excidit '. au ) ue nova: r ? diere . in p iistina ™ es - 

cuj.saeta officia. Festiuate Arma cm properate viro: quid statis? lapis 425 

celeres, affevre arma Imic Conclamat: primusq; animos accendit in hostes. 

lS?j$?SvZ& S& *°» h -. c humanis °pii> us ' non a «* ««»«** 

mat animos contra hostes: Froveiiiunt: neq; te, iEnea, mea dextera servat: 
adaens: Ista non accidunt Major agit Deus, atq; opera ad majora remittit. 
humanis viribus, neque in- m e avidus puenae suras incluserat auro 430 

dustna medicorum: neque „• « . • ° ,• , 

manu S meatesanat,6iEnea. Hinc aU U nine: oditq; moras ; hastamq; coruscat. 
l)euspotentioragit,etmittit Postquam habilis lateri clypeus loricaq; tergo est: 
te ad majores labores. Ilie Ascanium fusis circum complectitur armis, 

JEneas eupulus eertammis e < . , ,., , r 

/«mve S tieratubias c?^au- b V mma( l ue P e . r S aleam dehbans oscula fatur: 
j7eishincetinde:etaversaturDisce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumq; laborem; 435 
moras, et quassat hastam. Fortunam ex aliis: nunc te mea dextera bello 
^r^ r feS,rt e e".g„-Defensu„, dabit, et magna inter prsmia ducet. 
admit: ampiectitur Ascani- Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit aetas, 
umarmiscircumjectis,etos-Sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum, 
*^t$&$& ?} P at - f » eas J « ^nculus excitet Hector. 440 
er, sume ex me exempium "3ec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese extulit ingens, 
virtutis et digni laboris: for- Telum immane manu quatiens: simul agmine denso 

tuna; autem ex ahis. Mo* Anteusque Mnestheusque ruunt: omnisq; relictis 
dextera mea faciet te bello „, , ,i .. . ^ , Z 1 ' 

seeurum, et ducet tuam se- A \ irba flult castri S= turn C3£CO pulvere Campus 
surltatem inter magna sua Miscetur, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus. 445 

pramia. Tu mox quando yidit ab adverso venientes ag^ere Turnus, 
atas provectior adoleverit, ,,-., a a •• ... °° . ' . 

fae ut sis memor »»e* viriu- Videre Ausonn, gehdusque per ima cucurnt 
Us: et pater JEneas, atque Ossa tremor. Prima ante omnes Juturna Latinos 
avunculus Hector excitet te Audiit, aenovhque sonum, et tremefacta refu^it. 
SSWSS'SSSSUto volat, campoque atrum rapit agmen aperto. 
}jtec verba, extulit se e por-Qualis ubi ad terras abrupto sidere nimbus 45 1 

tis, altus, commovens manu grandem hastam: simul erumpunt cum magno numero Anteus et 
Mnestheus: et omnis multitudo exit desertis castris: turn campus turbatur obseuro pulvere^ 
et terra tremit commota pulsu pedum. Turuus ex opposito tumulo vidit accedentes: Latini vi- 
derunl, et frigidus tremor subrepsit in intima ossa. Juturna prima ante omnes Latinos audivit 
etagno\itsonitum, etfu^it irepida. Ille JEneas volat et trahit secum densum agmen patente 
campo. Qualis, cum turbo 



NOTES. \ 

430. Surds incluserat auro hinc atque hinc; To the clos'd covert of an arching rock. 

Literally, He had incased his legs on this Pope, II. B. IV. 

side and that side in gold. The image of the shepherd on the mountain 

433. Fusis circum complectitur armis; Li- seeing the storm i*ising from the sea is 

terally, He embraces him with arms spread beautiful, as is the close of this comparison, 

about him. But in the Greek poet, the soldiers thi eke n- 

440. Avuncuhcs Hector. Hector was uncle ing their files are compared to a storm. Ib 

to Ascanius, whose mother, Creiisa, was the Roman, the\general JEneas is compared 

Priam's daughter, and Hector's sister. to a destructive tempest. 

451. Qualis ubi. A comparison borrowed 451. Abrupto sidere* We may either take 

from Homer: sidere here metaphorically for a storm, 

Thus from the lofty promontory's brow, which was thought to be the effect of some 

A swain surveys the gath'ring storm below, furious constellation, and then abrupto sidere 

Slow from the main the heavy vapours rise, will be the same as abrupto. tempestate, or 

Spread in dim streams, and sail along the abruptis procellis in the third Georgic, 

skies; bursting storms; or, it' sidere be taken in its 

Till black as night the swelling tempest proper sense, abrupto must mean setting, 

shows the constellations being reckoned more par- 

The clouds condensing as the west wind ticularly furious towards their setting. 

blows; 451. Nimbus, as has been observed be« 

He dreads th' impending storm, and drives fore, signifies a cloud fraught with thunder 

his flock, and storm. 



ANEIDOS LIB. XII. 



567 



It mafe per medium; miseris heu prxscia longe 

Horrcscunt corda agricolis; dabit ille ruinas 

Arboribus stragemque satis, met omnia late. 

Ante volant, sonitumque ferunt ad litora venti. 

Talis in adversos ductor Rhcetei'us hostes 

Agmen agit: densi cuneis se quisque coactis 

Agglomerant. Ferit ense gruvem Thymbraeus Oa-wnitam ad litora/ Talis 

T ' iny (lux Trqjanus impellit aciem 

.,.*,, t>i i_ a i m oppositos hostes; orancs 

Archetiam Mnestheus, Epulonem obtruncat Acha-d cns i congiobant se pressis 



effusA tempestate ruit. ad ter 
ras per marc medium: lieu! 
animi longe providi horrcs- 
cunt miseris agricolis: scili- 
455 ce t, ille turbo faferet ealamir 
tatem arboribus eteladem sc- 
getibaa, evertet hue ouncta. 
Venti prscvolant, et portaut 



tes, 



Ufentemq; Gyas. Cadit ipse Tolumnius augur, 

Primus in adversos telum qui torserat hostes. 

Tollitur in coelum clamor: versique vicissim 

Pulverulenta fuga Rutuli dant terga per agros. 

Ipse neque aversos dignatur sternere morti; 

Nee pede congressos aequo, nee tela ferentes 

Insequitur: solum densa in caligine Turnum 

Vestigat lustrans, solum in certamina poscit. 

Hoc concussa metu mentem Juturna virago, 

Aurigam Turni media inter lora Metiscum 

Excutit. et longe lapsum temone relinquit: 

Ipsa subit, manibusque undantes fiectit habenas, 

Cuncta gerens, vocemq; et corpus, et arma Metisci. ens in opaco pulvere, wmm 

Nigra velut magnas dominf cum divitis aedes J 111110 v0 V at afl pogwm. Ju- 

r, ° , ° . . . , . • j turn a virgo, commota hoe 

Pervolat, et penms alta atria lustrat htrundo, timore se cimdum animum, 

Pabula parva legens nidisq; loquacibus escas; 475 dejicit inter media? habenas 

Metiscum aurigam Turni, 
et relinquit procul lapsum e temone: ipsa succedit in ejus locum et regit manibus habenas flue- 
tuantes, j&nr ?e ferens omnia Metisci, et vocem, et speciem, et arma. Veluti quando nigra hi- 
rundo volat per amplam domum opulenti doming et a!is circuit altas areas, colligcns parva pa- 
buia et cibos nidis garruUs: 



ordtnibus. Thymbrreus pe- 
^gQtitgladio gravcm Osirim: 
Mnestheus jugulat Archeti- 
um, Achates Epulonem, et 
Gyas Ufentem. Occiditur 
ipse augur Tolumnius, qui 
primus immiserat hastam in 
hostes oppositos. Clamor ad 
465ccelum miuitur: et Rutuli 
rautuo fugati, objiciunt per 
fugam terga pulverulenta is 
agris. Ipse JEneas neque 
dignatur dimittere morti 
dantes terga, nee insequitur 
jwQpari gressuobstantes, neeja- 
cientes eminus spicula: quffi- 
ritunum Turnum circumi- 



NOTES. 



457. Cuneis; ordinibus; resembling the 
figure of a wedge. 

464. Aversos. Thus Pierius amends the 
text according to the Roman manuscript, 
and it appears to be the genuine reading; 
for the poet is here telling us that JEneas 
disdained to fight with any of the Rutulians 
except Turnus. This he does by a circum- 
locution, dividing the Rutulian army into 
three denominations: 1. The aversos, or 
those who were upon the flight: 2. The 
congressus dequo pede, or those who were 
ready to engage in close fight; and lastly, 
the tela ferentes, or those who fought with 
missive weapons. 

468. Virago; from vir. The ancients used 
the word vira for a female: hence virago, 
the associate of a man, whence by contrac- 
tion, virgo. The fiction concerning Juturna, 
where Minerva takes the place of Sthene- 
lus in the car of Diomede, is taken from 
Homer: 

She said, and to his steed approaching near, 
Drew from his seat the martial charioteer. 



The vigorous power the trembling car as 

, cends, 
Fierce for revenge, and Diomede attends. 
The groaning axle bent beneath the load, 
So great a hero, and so great a god. 
She snatch'd the reins, she lash'd with all 

her force, 
And full on Mars impell'd the foaming 

horse. 
But first, t© hide her heav'nly visage, 

spread 
Black Orcus' helmet o'er her radiant head, 

Pope, II. B.V. 
The description exceeds Virgil's as far as 
Minerva as a divinity is more potent than 
Juturna. 

473. Nigra. This epithet, Scaliger ob 
serves, is added to distinguish this' species 
of swallow from those which haunt the 
banks of rivers, and are of a sandy colour 
For the same reason Petronius calls it Ur- 
bana Progne, because it loves to frequent 
towers and such stately buildings as are in 
cities. 



568 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

et modd resonat i« portici- Et nunc porticibus vacuis, nunc humida circum 
stagn^hamida^SimiU^u! Stagna sonat: Similis medios Juturna per hostes 
turna vehitur equis inter Fertur equis, rapidoq; volans obit omnia curru: 
medios hostes, et percurrit Jamq; hie germanum, jamq; hie, ostendit ovantem* 

ttgtigSZ&S. * ec «**»* r mna patitur: - volat avia lon ^ 48 ° 

trem exultantem: nee pcr-Haud mm us iEneas tortos legit obvius orbes, 
mittitettmeoiisereremanum Vestigatque virum, et disjecta per agmina magna 
cum JEned.- yolat proeui ex- V oce vocat. Quoties oculos conjecit in hostem, 
tra viam. JEneas non segm- A .. j r • ' 

tis percurrit fiexoscircuitus, Alipedumque tugam cursu tentavit equorum; 
occurrens ei, et quserit vi- Aversos toties currus Juturna retorsit. 485 

ram ilium, et magno ciamo- Heu! quid agat? vario nequicquam fluctuat aestu: 
re vocat inter agmina dissi- rw-„ „~*. ?■::•'' n .^ . 

pata. Quoties conjecit oculos Uiversaeque vocant animum in contrana curae. 
in hostem, et imitatus est Huic Messapus, uti laeva. duo forte gerebat 

cursu //^Kceleritatem Lenta levis cursu praefixa hastilia ferro, 

equorum 1 urm habentium tt „•„ / ,• • •„ . 

alatos pedes: toties Juturna * iorUm . UnUm Cert0 COntorquens diriglt ICtU.. 490 

deflexit conversum currum. Substitit iEneas, et se collegit in arma, 

Heu! quid faciat .fcneas? Poplite subsidens: apicem tamen incita summum 

K2«S3£SS^5^*««. summasque excussit vertice.cristas. 

mentemin oppositi. Messa- Turn vero assurgunt irse, insidiisque subactus 

pus, cum forte leviter cur- Diversos ubi sensit equos currumque referri, 495 

rendo ferret sinistra manu MuJta j oyem t l££si testatus foederis aras: 

duo lacula flexuia armata T . . .. .. _, . 

ferro, librans certo ictu u- Jam tandem mvadit medios, et Marte secundo 
nam iiiorum immitiit huic Terribilis, ssevam nullo discrimine caedem 
imneie. iEneas stetit, et oc- Suscitat, irarumque omnes effundit habenas. 

culuit se post clvpeum, m- ~ ..... * , 1A . . , 

eurvans sew popiitem: ta- Q U1S mihl nunc tot acerba Deus > q ius carmine caedes 

men immissa hasta abstulit Diversas, obitumque ducum, quos aequore toto 501 

summitat<?m galeae, et absci- i n q Ue vicem nunc Turnus agit, nunc Troius heros, 

Ta^mrS^ISExpediat? tanton' placuit concurred motu, 

dolis coactus cum vidit equos Jupiter aeterna. gentes in pace futuras? 

et currum rapiin diversam iEneas Rutulum Sucronem (ea prima ruentes 505 

tt*X*E2Z& P u s; ia . '? co statuit Te v c ; os) haud . multa moratus 

tumdemumirrumpitmme-Excipitm latus, et qua fata celernma, crudum 
dios, et Marte prospero, terribilis, edit crudelem stragem absque ullo delectu, et immittit om- 
nes habenas furoris. QuisDeus, quis carmine jam declaret mihi tot duras res, varias strages, et 
mortem ducum, quos modd Turnus, mod6 heros Trojanus disjecit vicissim toto campo? Jupi- 
ter, an placuit tihi., populos mansuros in perpetuo feed ere certare tanto tumultu! iEneas non 
multum tardans, invadit in latus Suci'onem Rutulum; ea pugua primuru fixit loco Trojanos ir- 
ruentes: et qua mors erat promptissima, immisit durum / 



NOTES. 

481. Legit tortos orbes, &c. Traces out the collected or contracted himself into his 
maty orbs and windings of Turnus. The arms. The sense is the same with that of 
meaning ox obvius seems to be either in or- Statius, 2. Theb. In clypeum turbatus colligit 
der to overtake him, or rather wheeling the artus. Though the word arma is here men- 
contrary way, so as to intercept him. That tioned in general, yet it must be restricted 
this last is the sense, appears from verse to the shield, as appears both from this pas- 
483, quoties oculos, &c. i. e. still as iEneas sage in Statius, and from different places 
came up, facing the chariot, Juturna turned in Virgil, where the word arma is used in 
It about, and wheeled back. the same sense . 

486. Heu! quid agat? This Dr. Trapp ex- 492. Apicem tamen incita. The apex is the 

plains of juturna" but, besides that the uppermost part of the cone of a helmet, 

whole passage would lead one naturally to 505. Ea prima ruentes pugna loco scatuit 

understand it of iEneas, since it is he who Teucros, i. e. this opposition from so brave 

is disappointed and crossed in his design, a man as Sucro checked the Trojans, who 

the huic in verse 488, which can mean "no were before rushing on the foe without 

other than JEneas, evidently shows that he control: or, according to others, this assault 

must be the person spoken of immediately of iEneas on Sucro first made the flying 

before. ~ Trojans rally and stand their ground. 

491. Etse collegit in arm a; Literally, And 



; 



jfcNEIDOS LIB. XII. 



569 



Transadigit costas et crates pectoris ensem. ensem trans cosfas ct sep- 

Turnus equo dejectum Amycum, fratremq; Diorem, %£*£fi£E£££* 

Congressus pedes, liunc vcnientem cuspidc longa, quo,etfratreme;walXiorea*, 

Hunc mucrone ferit: curruque abscissa duorum pedestri congressu: hunc 

Suspend* capita, et rorantia sanguine portatJ 5V3^ M «'-»|^».^ 

Die Talon Taiuumque tieci, tortemque Cethegum, cap j ta amberum amputate, 

Tres uno congressu, ct nice stum mittit Onythen, 

Nomen Eohionium, matrisq; genus Pcridix. 

Hie fratres Lycia missos et Apollinis agris, 

Eljuvenem exosum nequicquam bella Menceten 

Arcada: piscosse cui circum flumina Lern<e 

Ars fuerat, pauperque domus: nee nota potentura 

Munera, conductaque pater tellure serebat. 

Ac velut immissi diversis partibus ignes 

Arentem in sylvam, et virgulta sonantia lauro; 

Aut ubi decursu rapido de montibus altis 

Dant sonitum spumosi amnes, et in sequora currunt, 

Quisque suura populatus iter.non segnius ambo 

iEneas Turnusque ruuntper praelia, nunc, nunc 

Fluctuat ira intus: rumpuntur nescia vinci 

Pectora: nunc totis in vulnera viribus itur. 



et aufert stillantia sanguine. 

5 j 5 I!Ie JEneas dat niorti Talon, 
Tana'i'm, et fortem Cethe- 
gum, tres uno impetu, et 
tristem Onythen, virum 
Thebanum, et prolem ma- 
tris Peridiic. Hie Turnus 
morti dat fratres profeetos e 

520 Lycia et agris Apollinis: et 
Mencbten Arcada, juvenem 
frustra aversatum bella, cui 
ars et pauper domus fuerat 
circa aquas Lernae piscosae, 
nee dignitates magnatum 
notte erunt Mi, et pater ejus 
serebat in arvis conductis. 
Et quemadmodum ignes in- 

527jecti e diversis partibus in 
siccam sylvam et in virgulta 



laurea erepitantia; aut quan- 
do fluvii spumantes priecipi- 
ti lapsu ex altis montibus 
531 edunt strepitum, et currunt 
in mare, singuli vastantes 
suum iter: non lentius ambo 
JEneas etTurnus irrumpunt 
in certamina: nunc ira mo- 
vetur intus: pectora antd 
nescia vinci perfodiuntur: nunc toto impetu incurritur in vulnera. Hie JEneas saxo et turbine 
magni lapidis dejicit prsecipitem et sternithumi Murranum jactantem avos et vetera nomina avo= 
rum, et omne genus deductum per reges Latinos: rotse propulerunt ipsum subter juga et habe* 
nas, prceterea protriverunt eum un guise multo pulsu incitatse equorum immemorum domini. 



Murranum hie, atavos et t avorum antiqua sonantem 
Nomina, per regesq; actum genus omne Latinos, 
Prsecipitem scopulo atq; ingentis turbine saxi 
Excutit, effunditq; solo: hunc lora et juga subter 
Provolvere rotse, crebro super ungula pulsu 
Incita nee domini memorum proculcat equorum. 



NOTES. 



508. Crates pectoris, the ribs — so called 
because they extend across the breast in 
form of hurdles. 

515. Nomen Echionium, i. e. whose 
name spoke him an Echionian or Theban, 
one of the descendants of Echioii the The- 
ban, who accompanied Cadmus at the 
building of Thebes in Bccotia. 

518. Circum Jiumina; a fisherman, accus- 
tomed to angle in the Lernian lake. The 
addition of this circumstance is quite in 
the spirit of Homer, who generally diversi- 
fies and softens the description of his bat- 
tles by distinguishing, as Mr. Pope ob- 
serves, the profession, business, age, office, 
nation, family, &c of every warrior that is 
slain. One is a blooming youth, whose father 
dissuaded him from the war. One is a priest, 
whose piety could not save him. One is a 
sportsman, whom Diana taught in vain. One 
is a native of a far distant country, who is 
never to return. One is descended from a 
noble line, which is to end with his death. 



Another, by his beseeching; and another, 
who is distinguished by nothing else, is 
marked by his habit and the singularity of 
his armour. One has left an aged father; 
another, a palace unfinished, or a wife he 
was fond of, or children that will be made 
captives. 

519. Ne c not a potentum munera. Ursinus af- 
firms that limina is the reading of a most 
ancient manuscript, Liber Coiotianus vetus- 
tissimus, and makes no doubt of its being 
the true reading, agreeable to a passage in 
Horace, Epod. II. 7, 8. 

Forumque vitat, et superba'civium 
Potentiorum limina. 
Besides, it is not very easy to make sense 
of munera, the common reading. 

527. Rumpuntur nescia vinci pectora, i. e. 
they pant and heave as if they would burst 
their sides. Others explain it in Mr. Dry- 
den's sense: 

And hearts are pierc'cl unknowing how ta 
yield, 



4D 



570 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Ilie Turnus occmrit Hyllo m e ruenti Hyllo animisq; immane frementi 535 

SETS tfif jSm^Of,? ^. telu "T e a «™ a ad tem P°™ t0 »l«* : 

tempora tecta c'asside aura- Olli per galeam nxo stetit hasta cerebro. 

ta: hasta stetit illi in cerebro Dextera nee tua te, Grajum fortissime Creteu, 

SSAff ££& te e J Eri P uit Turno: nCC Dii texdre Cupcntum, 
Turno, 6 Creteu fortissime -&nea. veniente, sui: dedit obvia ferro 540 

Grsecorum: nee Uii propitii Pectora, nee misero clypei mora profuit aerei. 
protexeruntCu P entum,7E- Te quoque Laurentes viderunt, JEole, campi 

nea irruente: e//e obtuht pec-.. * * ■ . ;' N ' ' r 

tus obvium ferro, nee mora Oppetere, et late terram consternere tergo. 
clypei srei profuit misero. Occidis, Argivae quern non potuere phalanges 
Te etiam,oJEoie, agriLau-s ternere) nec p r i am i regnorum eversor Achilles. 545 
fal:? 1 tegere^terram °dorso. Hie tibi mortis erant metae: dornus alta sub Ida, 
Moreris^^quemGrsecaca-Lyrnessi domus alta; solo Laurente sepulchrum. 
tervaj non potuerunt dejice- Totae ade6 conversae acies, omnesque Latini, 
5£3ffiK^a°*?y» DardMHd.: Mnestheus acerque Serestus, 
terminus mortis: domus sub- Lt Messapus, equum domitor, et fortis Asylas, 550 
limis erat sub Ida, domus Tuscorumque phalanx, Evandrique Arcadis alae: 

XSSZ&S&SS*** 3e <l uis 1 ue viri summa nitunturopum vi. 

Toti etiam exercitus per- -Nee mora, nec requies: vasto certamine tendunt. 

mixti sToit, et omnes Latini, Hie mentem i&neae genitrix pulcherrima misit, 

et emr.es Trojaufc Mnesthe- Iret ut ad muros ur bi que adverteret agmen 555 

us, et ardens Serestus, et ^ v , . * ' . * , , T . ° 

Messapus subactor equo- Ocyus, et subita turbaret clade Latinos. 

rum, et fortis Asylas, et ex- Ille, ut vestigans diversa per agmina Turnum, 

ercitusTuscorum,etequita-Huc atque hue acies circumtulit; aspicit urbem 

tus Lvandn Arcadis: hemi- T * , . , ... \ ' '"• . 

nes^singuliproseconten- Imm . une v m tantl belll > a ^ e impune quietam. 

dunttotoimpetuvirium;necContinuo pugnae accendit majoris imago. 560 

est mora, nec cessatio: cer- Mnesthea, Sergestumq; vocat, fortemq; Serestum, 
SSK'taSttS Ductores: tumulumq; capit, qu6 cetera Teucrum 
immisit *j&si consilium: utac-Concurnt legio, nec scuta aut spicula densi 
cederet ad muros, et admo- Deponunt: celso medius stans aggere fatur: 

improvisastrage.Ille^neasNeu quis ob mceptum subitum mihi segmor no. 
postquamcircumjecitoculos Urbem hodie, causam belli, regna ipsa Latini, 
hue etilluc, ijuarens Tur- j^j f raenum accipere et victi parere fatentur, 
num inter turmas remotas: „, , r • i • 

videt urbem expertem tantae Lruam: et aequa solo lumantia culmma ponam. 

pugnse ettranquiiiam absque Scilicet expectem, libeat dum praelia Turno 570 

damno. Statim species ma- ]sj os ti» a pari? rursusque velit concurrere victus? 
joris prffiiu innauirnat eum. * * 

Vocat duces, Mnestheum, et Sergestum, et forte m Serestum: et conscendit eollem, quo reli- 
quus exercitus Trojanorum congregatur, et spissi non dimittunt clypeos aut jacula: ipse medius 
inter i'.los sic loquitur erectus alto e tuvnulo: Ne sit ulla mora meis jussis: Jupiter hac par- 
te stabit./jra ilobis: et ne ull us mihi sit inertior ob repentinum consilium. Nisi hostes volunt ad- 
Btttttere frienum et supcrati obedire, hodie evertam urbem, causam belli, et ipsum regnum Lati- 
ni, et sternam tecta fumantia sequata tense. Nempe expeetabo, dum placeat Turno pugnam 
lerre nostram, et dum victus iterum velit congredi mecum? 



NOTES. 

536. Aurata tempom,- i. e. his temples 558. Acies. Some take this to mean the 

decked with the gilded helmet. various parts of his army; but Servius more 

543. Oppetere, is quasi ore peter e terram; naturally understands by it acies oculorum, 

so that this word properly signifies to die his eye-sight, 

like a hero in the field of battle; as we say 563. Nec scuta — deponunt; according to 

in English, to bite the ground. the custom of the Roman soldiers, who 

546. Mortis metae, in imitation of Homer, were wont to be drawn up in arms before 

Ts'bo says n\og ^Uvutoio; i. e. death, which is their general when he harangued them. 

the goal or boundary of human life. 565. jfupitcr hac stat. Jupiter is on our 

554. Mtnttm misit; suggests a thought, side. 



.ENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



571 



Hoc caput, 6 cives, haec belli summa nefandi. 

Ferte faces propere, foedusque reposcite flammis. 

Dixerat: atque animis pariter certantibus omncs 

Dant cuneum, densaque ad muros mole feruntur. 

Scalae improviso, subitusqueapparuit ignis, 

Discurrunt alii ad portas, primosque trucidant: 

Ferrum alii torquer.t, et obumbrant aetbera telis. 

Ipse inter primos dextram sub moenia tendit 

iEneas, magnaque incusat voce Latinum: 

Testaturque Deos, iterum se ad praelia cogi: 

Bis jam Italos hostes, baec altera foedera rumpi. 

Exoritur trepidos inter discordia cives: 

Urbem alii reserare jubent, et pandere portas 

Dardanidis, ipsumq; trahunt in mosnia regem: 

Arma ferunt alii, et pergunt defendere muros. 

Inclusas ut cum latebroso in pumice pastor 

Vestigavit apes, fumoque implevit amaro: 

Mae intus trepidae rerum per cerea castra 

Discurrunt, magnisq; acuunt stridoribus iras. 

Volvitur ater odor tectis, turn murmure caeco 

Intus saxa sonant: vacuas it fumus ad auras. 

Accidit haec fessis etiam fortuna Latinis, 

Quae totam luctu concussit funditus urbem. 

Regina ut tectis venientem prospicit hostem, 

Incessi muros, ignes ad tecta volare; 

Nusquam acies contra Rutulas, nulla agmina Turni: rusodordirTunditurdomo,et 

Infelix pugnae juvenem in certamine credit 

Extinctum: et, subito mentem turbata dolore, 

Se causam clamat crimenq; caputq; malorum: 

Multaque per mcestum demens effata furorem, 

Purpureos moritura manu discindit amictus, 

Et nodum informis leti trabe nectit ab alta. 



hsec urbs, 6 cives, tut caput, 
hsec summa belli scelerati. 
Celeriter inforte faces, ct 
ignibus repetite fi-dem fede- 

575 ns. Sic dixerat: ct omnes 
animis una pugnantibus for- 
mant cuneum, et spissj'i 
multitudine trruunt in mu- 
ros. Repente scabe etsubitus 
ignis visas est. Alii incurrunt 
Qn ad portas,et occid unt obvios; 

^°^alii librant jaeula, et obscu- 
rant aerem sagittis. Ipse iE- 
neas inter primos protendit 
dexterarn ad muros, et in- 
crepat alta voce Latinum: et 
attestatur Deos, se rursus 

585 cogi ad pugnam> Italos jam 
bis hostes esse, htec secunda 
fed era violari. Dissensio nas- 
citur inter cives timidos: alii 
jubent suos recludere ur- 
bem, et aperire portas Tro- 
janis, et trahunt ad muros 

^-^ipsum regem: alii inferunt 
arma, et pergunt tutari mu- 
ros. Veluti quando pastor 
qusesivit apes inclusas in ca« 
vernoso saxo, et implevit eas 
fumo amaro: ilhe timentes 

595 rebus mis volitant intus per 
suas domos, et excitant iram 
suam magnisfremitibus. Di- 



saxa resonant intus obscuro 
murmure: fumus exit in ae- 
rem apertum. Prseterea ca- 
600 lamitas ista contigit Latinis 
fatigatis, quse turbavit peni- 
tus dolore totam urbem. Re- 
gina, quando videt hostem 
accedentem ad domos, mu- 
ros infestari, flammas volare ad culmina, exercitum Rutulum nullibi comparere contra, nullas 
turmas Turni: misera putat juvenem occisum esse in contentione praelii: et coramota repentino 
dolore secundum animum, fatetur se esse causam et scelus et origin em calamitatum: et amens 
loeuta plurima ex tristi furore, lacerat manu vestes pui'pureas moritura, et suspendit ex alta 
trabe laqueum fcedse mortis. 



NOTES. 



575. Dant cuneum. They form themselves 
into the military wedge, which draws to a 
point in the front, and still widens and di- 
lates itself more and more towards the 
rear. See Lipsius de militia, Lib. IV. 7. 
This was sometimes called caput porcmum, 
which it in some measure resembled. 

582. Altera foedera. The first was when 
Latinus had solemnly promised to Ilioneus 
to take iEneas for his ally and son-in-law, 
JEn. VII. 259. The second was that which 
ratified the single combat between -Eneas 
and Tumus, verse 195. 

585. Ipsumque trahunt. They drag their 
king Latinus to the ramparts that he 
may become a spectator of the city into 
which the Trojans enter, or, as aviolater 
of the league, he may be delivered up to 
them. 

58r. In pumice pastor. This simile is ta- 
ken from Apollonius Rhodius. Wharton has 



translated it, 

As when the swains, of honey studious, 
strive 

To chase the swarms from some deep ca- 
vern'd hive. 

Sudden impatient of the rising fumes, 

T'uck and more thick they press their wax- 
en rooms; 

Then from their smoky cells tumultuous 
pour, 

And to the skies releas'd in airy circles 
tow'r. 
589. Trepidce rerum. So ttn. I. 182- Fessi 

rerum. 

592. Vacuas. The air or airy regions are 

called vacua, because they appear to the 

eye quite void of matter. 

601. Mcestum per furorem, literally, in her 

mournful fury. 

602. Purpureos. The colour of royalty. 

603. Nodum nectit. This kind of death 



f 
572 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Postt-nam Latina wiw&ere* Q ua m cladern miserae postquam accepere Latinae, 

infelices cognoverunt hancj^ • flavos Lavinia crines 60 j 

mortem, fina ejus Lavuua, „ r . v 

prima lacevans manu rutilo^ kt roseas lamata genas, turn caetera circum 
capillos et malas w5feea», de- Turba furit: resonant late plangoribus aedes. 
inderelKJua multitude iurit: Hinc totam in f e li x vulgatur fama per urbem. 

domus late sonat plancta. T ^ . ° . A ^ r T 

Hinc fama. miseta spargi- DeauttuM merges: it scissa yeste Latinus, 

tur per totam urbem. Conjugis attonitus fatis, urbisque ruina, 610 

Dejiciunt animos: Latinus Canitlem immundo perfusam pulvere turpans: 

^tr!™MK Multaque se incusat, qui non acceperit ante 

bis, fcedans albos crines mix- Dardanium iE.neam s generumque asciverit ultro. 

tos sordido pulvere: et mul-i ntere a extremo bellator in aequore Turnus 

S£^Se™T^ a :? alante . S sequitur paucos, jam.segnior, atque 615 

num, et ultro sociaverit sibi Jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum. 

genertvm. interim Turnus Attulit hunc illi caecis terroribus aura 

pugnans_ in remote campo CommixUim clamorem, arrectasque impulit aures 

persequiturpaucoserrantes, ,-•,,,., r 

jam tardier, et jam minus Contusae sonus urbis, et lllaetabile murmur. 

ac minus gaudens celeritate Hei milii! quid tanto turbantur moenia luctu? 620 

ecLuoijm suorwn. Ventus Q u i sve ru [ t tantus di versa clamor ab urbe? 

pertulit illi hunc clamorem J ■,..■„ . . . . . 

conf usumincertis terroribus, ^>ic ait, adductisque amens subsistit habems. 

et sonitus turbata urbis ac Atque huic in faciem soror ut conversa Metisci 

murmur minime latum pe- Aurigae, currumque et equos et lora regebat, 

&*E&!Zfi3££ TaliboB occurrit dictis: Hac, Turne, sequamur 625 

tur tanto ululatu? et qua Trojugenas, qua prima viam victoria pandit. 

tanta vociferatio erumpit ex Sunt alii, qui tecta manu defendere possint: 

;fter,tf "tafco^rSS Wg"* *"eas Italia, et pr*lU miscet: _ 

habenis. At vero soror, quip- Et nos saeva manu mittamus itinera Teucns. 

pe qua transformata in spe- N ec numero inferior, pugnae nee honore recedes. 630 

ciemaurig* Metisci mode- T ^ fa 

rabatur currum et equos et . 

babenas ejus, respondet illi O soror, et dudum agnovi, cum prima per artem 

talibus verbis: Turne, persequamur Trojanos hac, qua prima victoria aperit iter: sunt alii, qui 
possuut tutari manu domos. JEneas itiit in Italos, et agitat pugnam; nos quoque manu demus 
Trqjanis crudelem mortem: non exibis inferior aut numero aut gloria pugnse. Turnus respondet 
ad hac: O soror, et jampridem animadverti, quando prima turbasti per dolos fcedus, 



NOTES, 

was not uncommon in ancient times, even 616. yam minus, Cfc Servius, and all the 

among persons of the first rank. Thus Phze- interpreters after him, take the meaning to 

dra in Euripides, Jocastain Sophocles, and be, that Turnus was now less pleased with 

the wife of Mithridates in Plutarch, destroy his steeds, because they were quite breath- 

themselves. less and fatigued. But how poor a sense is 

605. Flaws — crines. Servius chooses to this! It seems much more natural to under- 
read floras ovfioreos, in imitation of Ennius. stand it of his being less and less pleased 
But as there is no authority to support this with the cheap victory he gained, now that 
reading, there is no manner of necessity for vEneas had retired, and only a few strag- 
such an alteration; yellow or golden hair gling troops were left in the field. This a- 
%ras the colour most admired and celebrated grees with the expressions paucos palantes, 
in ancient times, JEn. IV. 559. successu equoru7n; the last particularly inti- 

607. Plangoribas cedes. The circumstances mates that the victory he gained was now 

of distress consequent on Amata's death are so easy, that he had only to drive the foes 

finely chosen, especially Lavinia's grief: before his chariot without meeting with any 

The picture of the old pious monarch weep- resistance. 

inc" tearing his robes, and spreading dust 617- Ccecis terroribus; i. e. terrors whose 

over his hoary head, is very affecting, and cause was unknown; for coccus signifies 

with how much constancy of character both what cannot see, and what cannot be 

does he attribute this disaster to his own seen or known. 

neglect of the oracle, and refusing iEneas 618. Arrectasque. A metaphor taken from 

for his son. those animals which bend the ear to receive 

612. Malta; neuter plural, for multum, distant sounds. So iEn. 1: 

in adverbl Arrectisque auribus adstant. 

616. Minus atque minus; himself flagging 630. Numero, i. e- numero occisorum, ac- 

as his horses grew tired. cording to Servius, and all the interpreters. 



jENEIDOS LIB. XII. 573 

Foedera turb&sti, tequc hxc in bclla dedisti: e1 immisisti tc in hanc 

unc nequicquam fallis L)ea, sed quis Olympo pugnam; et jam fri 

Demissam tantos voluit te ierrc laborcs? 605 Dea ; Se( , (|uis ' j(lssir ,, 

An fratris miseri letum ut crudele videres? lapsam & cceio pati tantos 

Nam quid ago? aut quae jam spondet fortuna salutem? laborea? an at speotarea 
Vidi oculos ante ipse meos, me voce vocantem fratrig fw/2 nam quid facUl? 

Murranum, quo non supcrat mihi chavior alter, a ut qua? sors promittit jam 

Oppetcrc inurentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum. mhi salutem? vidi ipse iu-;e 
Occiclit inlelix, ne nostrum dedecus Ui'ens _ 64 1 S'r.ts^-T'n'IS 
Aspiceret: Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis. cha\w, magnum et magno 

Kxscindi-ne domos, id rebus clefuit unum, occisum vuliiere raori vocao- 

PerpetW? dextra „ec Dwncis dicta refcllam? _ Jj 3£**ST£S£ 
lergadabo: et 1 urnum lugientem nsec terra viae- am . Trojani habent cadaver 
bit? 645 ejus et arraa. An feram e- 

Usq; adedne mori miserum est? vos 6 mihi manes * erti domos? boc wmm de- 

_, ^ *\ . , uiat miserns; nee retutabo 

hste bom, quoniam supens ayersa voluntas. manucrimmaiionesDrancis? 

Sancta ad vos anima, atque istius inscia culpae, vertam terga? et hsec terra 

Desccndam, magnorum haud unqtiam indignus avo- spectabit Turaum fugien- 

° - tern? An ed usque calamito- 

r tim. ^ suraest m ori ? 6 vos Dii i nferi , 

Vix ea fatus erat, medios volat ecce per hostes 650 estotemibtpr.opitii,siquidem 
Vectus equo spun mte Sages ad versa sagitt& voluntas c®lestmra intensa 

Saucius or* ruitque, implorans nomine turnum: ^fc^SS 
Turne, in te suprema salus: miserere tuorum. a <i vos, nuhquam indignus 

Fulminat iEneas armis, summasque minatur Claris patribus. Vix ea lo- 

Deiecturum arces ltaium, excidioq; daturum: 655 eutus ei '* t: ec f Sa ^ s £**» 

J p L / . ^' _ . . equo spuraanle accurnt per 

Jamque faces aa tecta volant: in te ora Latini, medios hostes, vulneratus 

In te oculos referunt: mussat rex ipse Latinus, sagitta secundum vuUumad- 

Quos generos vocet, aut quse sese ad fcedera flectat. ^ rsum: etaccumtinvocans 

,> ° N . / ~ ,. \ . A 1 urnum nomine: 1 urne, 

Praeterea regina, Uu fidissima, aextra : u l Uma salus in te est: mise . 

Occidit ipse sua, lucemque exterrita fugit. 660resce tuorum: JEneas to- 

Soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinas nat arrT,is > ^ minatur. se 

rt . • . ' ' ■• • i 11 eversurum et daturum exitio 

Sustentant aciem: circum hos utnnque phalanges allas avces ltalorum: et jam 
Stant densse, strictisque seges mucronibus horret tsedse volant ad culmna: 

Ferrea: tu currum deserto in gramine versas. Latini con jieiunt in tevultus, 

Obstupuit varia confusus imagine rerum 665 5~«g* ■£.'^£ 

Turnus, et obtUtU tacitO Stetlt: aestuat ingens generum, queni ad societa- 

tera se vertat. Insuper ipsa regina fidissima tibi, occidit sua manu, et attonita deseruit vitam. 
Messapus et ardens Atinas soli ante portas sustinent pradium: densa agmina circumstant illos 
utrinque, et seges ferrea rigescit nudis ensibus: tu volvis currum in solo gramine. Turnus ob- 
stupuit turbatus varia specie rerum, et constitit taclte intuens: ardet maguus 



NOTES. 

638. Me voce vocantem. So 1. 4: would have produced an admirable exprcs- 
Hlfc audire gemitus et verba vocantis, &c. sion, and be artfully calculated to show dis- 

639. Murranum, one of the Italian princes tress and danger, and bespeak bad news, 
slain by -Eneas, verse 529. 657. Mussat. This word strongly marks 

64-8. Istius culpa, i. e. of flying or desert- the perplexity of Latinus' mind. On the 

jng my citizens in their distress. one hand, he was inclined to match his 

651. Adversa sagitta. Virgil takes all op- daughter to iEneas, and fulfil his engage- 

portunities of beautifying and enriching his ments. On the other hand, he was overawed 

poem with images and such strokes as by Turnus, and durst not openly declare his 

would have fine effect in a painting. Thus sentiments, but faintly hinted them, like 

he could not omit the circumstance of the one who mutters what he is afraid to speak 

arrow striking in the face of the messenger out. 

who comes to inform Turnus of the dange- 666. JEstuat ingens. This same tumult of 

rous situation of his friends, and the success mingled passions is applied to Mezentius 

of the enemy. In a picture, which is pro- in the same words, iEn. X. 870. 
verbially styled mutum poema, an arrow 



574 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

pudorin intimo corde, eta»I m o in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu,. 

virtus sibi ipsi cognita. Sta- Ut primum discussas umbrae, et lux reddita menti, 
tim atque tenebrse dissipatx Ardentes oculorum acies ad mcenia torsit 670 

So? SribrtS^tt ad Turbidus, eque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem. 
muros oibes oculorum i n .Ecce autem flammis inter tabulata volutus 
flammatos, et e curru res- Ad coelum undabat vortex, turrimque tenebat, 
pexit ad magnam urbem. Turrim compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipse, 

tiCce autem torrens flamma- r, , ,., r \ , r „-. 

rum elapsus inter contabula- bubdideratq; rotas, pontesq; mstraverat altos. 675 
iiones erumpebat adcoebr.n, Jam jam fata, soror, superant; absiste morari: 
et h&rebatturri quam ipse q u 5 £) e us, et quo <j ura vocat fortuna, sequamur. 

rat trabious cO.njune- <? n f -- ■» • 

supposuerat ei rotas, aiac conl C 
et appiieuerat aitos pontes. est, 



tis, et supposuerat « rotas, ^ tat conterre manum ^neae: stat, quicquid acerbi 



O soror, ing-w^, jam jam fata Morte pati, nee me indecorem, germana! videbis 

Tincunt: desine retmere me: * „„_j* ?„ i ,.„^ • r «.i c 

eamus, qu6Deus,etqu6ad.^P ,iUb \ hunc » Q ro ' sine me furere antefurorem. 
versa fortuna vocat me. De- Dixit, et e curru saltum dedit ocyus arvis: 681 

Jiberatum est miM consere- Perque hostes, per tela ruit, moestamque sororem 
CSresT" Se'^ciDesent^ac rapido cursu media agmina rumpit. 
quid est asperi in moite: Ac veluti montis saxum de vertice praeceps 
E ec me videbis ulterius in- Cum ruit avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber 685 

glorium, 6 soror: preeor, p roluit aut annis solvit sub lapsa vetUStas: 
permute me exereere hunc «■-,.., r . , 

fororem ante mortem. Sic r ertur m abruptum magno mons improbus actu, 
dixit, et statim desilit e cur- Exultatque solo, sylvas, armenta, virosque 

ru in agros: et irrumpit i nvo lvens secum: disjecta per agmina Turnus 

per bostes, per arma: etre- . ,. .. , J , ! . <? r ,_-i 

linquit tristem sororem, et Slc ur ? ls ruit ad UlUros, ubl plunma fllSO 690 

eeleri cursu disjicit media Sanguine terra madet, stridentq; hastilibus aurae: 
agmina. Et quemadmodum Significatque manu, et maerno simul incipit ore: 

quando saxum abruptum -n ° . . * r» ,. i- ^ 1 • 1 'l«^ t -j • 

vento caditpronume montis Parclte J am > Rutuh, et vos, tela mhibite, Latim; 
cacumine,sivepluviarepen-Quaecunq; est fortuna, mea est; me verius unum 
tina exedit iihid, sive vetus- p ro vo bi s foedus luere, et decernere ferro. 695 

tas dtssolvit tempore laben- n- v *.• j j& 

te: mons ille vastus cadit in ttiscessere °mnes medn, spatiumque ded£re. 
abruptum magno impetu, et At pater iEneas, audito nomine Turni, 
subsilit humi, rapiens secum arbores, pecora, et homines: sic Turnus inter agmina disturbata cur- 
rit ad muros urbis: ubi multa terra tincta est fuso sanguine, et aer stridet sagittis: et signum 
facit manu, et simul alta voce incipit loqui: Abstinete jam* 6 Rutuli, et vos Latini cobibete ar- 
ma: qucecumque est sors hujus pugnce, mea est: justius est me solum implere fredus pro vobis, 
et dimicare ferro. Omnes qui erant in medio recesserunt, et fecerunt spatium. At pater iEne- 
as, audito nomine Turni, ' 



NOTES. 

672. Tabulata. They were wooden tow- steep, 

ers raised with several stories and joined Doth break, doth bruise, and into dust doth 

to each other with small bridges. They grind 

were placed on wheels and capable of being- Woods, houses, hamlets, herds, and fckls 

drawn from place to place. of sheep, 

680. Furerefurorem. This is a Greek idi- So fell the beam, and down with it all kind 
em, well known to those who have any ac- Of arms, of weapons, and of men doth 
quaintance with that language. Some, how- sweep. Fairfax. 
ever, construe the words as they stand: 687. Improbus, i. e. quod in stat etiam pro- 
Sine me furere antefurorem; i. e. Suffer me hibenti, as Isidorus says; that rushes on with 
to indulge fury before that which will be uncontrollable force. It signifies great per- 
my last. But this appears forced. severing. Geor. I. 146: 

684. Ad veluti. This simile is taken from Labor omnia vincit improbus. 

Iliad 13. Tasso, in the following lines, has 694. Verius, here, has the signification of 

copied it: aquius, as Livy uses tierum for aquum, Lib. 

As an old rock which age or stormy wind XXXII. 33, says, Sociorum qudiri postulata 

Tears from some craggy hill or mountain veruntesse. 



jENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



575 



Deserit et muros, et summas deserit arces; rclinquit mums, et retfn- 

Praecipitatq; moras omnes; opera omnia rumpit, *i uit *•*-><* tun-es: ct acce- 

Lstitia exultans, horrendilmq; intonat armts: 700 j^j^-j^**- 
Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx, aut ipse coruscis tans gauriio, et Hbrrendum 
Cum fremit ilicibus quantus, gaudetq; nivali s°nat armis. Quantus est A- 

Venice se attollens pater Apenninos ad auras. S^tTT^' pS 

Jam verd et Rutuli certatim, et Troes, et omnes Apenninus,quandosonatili- 
Convertere oculos Itaii, quique alta tenebant 705 cibns mobilibus, et gaudet 

Mcnia, quique imos pulsabant ariete muros; _ «- m° tZ° 2^t 

Armaque deposuere humens. btupet ipse Latinus, R Utu ii, et Trojani, et cuncti 



Itali certatim converterunt 
oculos, et qui' defendebant 

,- . n sublimes muros, etqui quas- 
sabant ariete muros infi- 
mos: et demiserunt anna ex 
humeris. Ipse Latinus obstu- 
pescit, magnos illos viros or- 
tos e disjunctis regionibus 
terrarum congredi inter se 

715 et dimicare ferro. Illi au- 
tem, postquam cam pi a- 
perti sunt spatiosa. planitie, 
ceieii incursu procul vibra- 



Ingentes genitos diversis partibus orbis 

Inter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro. 

Atq; illi, ut vacuo patuerunt aequore campi, 

Procursu rapido conjectis eminus hastis, 

Invadunt Martem clypeis atque aere sonoro. 

Dat gemitum tellus: turn crebros ensibus ictus 

Congeminant: fors et virtus miscentur in unum. 

Ac velutingenti Sila summove Taburno, 

Cum duo conversis inimica in praelia tauri 

Frontibus incurrunt, pavidi cessere magistri; 

Stat pecus omne metu mutum, mussantq; juvencae, tis hastis incipiunt pugnam 

Quis pecori imperitet, quern tota armenta sequantur; clypeis s^eis sonanttbus: 

I*. . r i * • i • ___ terra reddit gemitum: dein- 

Ilii inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent, 720 de hmigunt gladiis frequen- 

Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo tes ictus: sors et fortitudo 

Collaarmosq; lavant: e;emitu nemus omne remugit. confunduntur simul. Et 

TT , ,. , n -, ° v r» • i. quemadmodum m laagna Si- 

Haud ahter T ros ^Eneas et Daunius heros ^ aut alt0 Taburn0> | uando 

Concurrunt clypeis: ingens fragor aethera complet. duo tauri obversis capitibus 
Jupiter ipse duas aequato examine lances 725 congrediuntur in certamen 

o *■ . *. r , .j* i hostile, pastores tinudi fuse- 

Sustinet, et fata imponit diversa duorurn; runt: Centum totum ma- 

Quern damnet labor, et quo vergat pondere letum. net taciturn pr<z timore, et 

juvencse mugientes expectant^ quis dominetur armento, cui tota arraenta pareant: illi con- 
fundunt inter se plagas multo robore, et obluctantes infigunt cornua, et tingunt colla atque 
humeros multo sanguine: tota sylva reboat gemitu. "Non ahter tineas Trojanus et heros Dauni 
filius incurrunt in clypeos: magnus fragor ferit coelum. Ipse Jupiter librat duas lances examine 
aequato, et addit lancibus fata opposita amborum: nt videat, cui labor male succedat, aut que 
poudere mors incliuet. 



NOTES. 



701. Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, 
now called Monte Santo, from the great 
number of monasteries there erected. Eryx 
is a mountain in Sicily; its 'modern name is 
Monte di Trapani. 

703. Pater Apenninus. Mount Apennine 
is called pater, either as being- the parent 
of so many noble woods and rivers; or by 
way of dignity, as being the greatest and 
most venerable mountain in Italy. 

707- Stupet ipse Latinus. This reflection 
fcf Latinus is natural and agreeable to the 
bitr.seanse or decorum of manners. Old men 
are very suscepfible of impressions of this 
kind. It was certainly something wonder- 
ful and extraordinary that two rivals, one 
from Asia and the other born in Italy, 
should be disputing for his daughter by 
force of arms, and fighting, as the poet ele- 
gantly shows, like two bulls for a favourite 
heifer 



715. Sild — Taburno. Sila is a vast forest, 
or a tract of hills clothed with wood, that 
form a part of the Apennine mountains in 
Calabria, which retains its ancient name. 
Taburnus is a mountain on the confines of 
Campania, that blocks up the famous straits 
of Caudiumon the north. 

725. JEquato examine, i.e. equally poised; 
examen being the tongue or needle of the 
balance, which, being exactly in equilibrio, 
shows the scales to be equal. 

727. S>uo pondere signifies in which scale, 
as Cicero says: Ego hoc meis ponderibus ex- 
aminabo. 

727. §>uem damnet labor. Damnet here 
we take in Servius' sense, quern felix labor 
damnet votis, as in Eel. V. 80. Damtiabis tu 
quoque votis; i. e. you too shall crown our 
prayers with success, and so oblige us to 
the performance of our vows. Others, how- 
ever, tafcebeth parts of the sentence to re- 



576 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Tunc Turnus e*i|it, et toto Emicat hie, impune putans, et corpore toto 

corpore exurait in urhidiuni *i^\ M •. t. • 

altfi crcctum, eMsiimaiw irf AIte sublatum consurgit 1 urnus in ensem, 

fittuvum impnnitum, et fc- Et ferit. Exclamant Troes, trepidiq; Latini, 730 

rit^ncam. Trojani et tur- Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis 

bon.'f'exoSir'i'u:,',;::;;: £?*«** r t,ioque a ; de . ntera deserit ictu ' 

Sed gtedius minim ru'mpr-Ni fuga subsidio subeat: fugit ocyor Euro, 
tur, et deserit te.-ventem in Ut capulum ignotum dextramq; aspexit inermem. 
Satt IX&S! F^iSK £ ama est / P^ipitem, cum prima in praelia junctos 
eior Euro, quando v'idit ma- Conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone rehcto, 736 

nubrium inuognitum, et ma- Dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisci; 

nam exarmatam. Famay di d t d b t palantia Teucri, 

perlubet, Turnum ineonsu!- *,; . & n 1 ... . . ' 

turn, cum conscenderet e- outtecit: postquam arma Dei ad Vulcania ventum est, 
quos jugatos ad primum Mortalis mucro, glacies ceu futilis, ictu 740 

certamen, chyn properat, oissiluit; fulva resplendent fras;mina arena. 

omisso gladio paterno. -p, .. l r . A -. . P _, 

sumpsisse giadium aurigie Ergo aniens diversa fuga petit sequora 1 urnus, 
sui Metisci. Is quidem diu Et nunc hue, inde hue incertos implicat orbes. 
sufficiens/iaV, dum Trojani Undique enim densa Teucri inclusere corona: 

obticiebnntz/w ters>a rnarien- * * ' u* i i • i • 

tia: sed quando ventum est At( U hl . nC v vasta P alus > hinc arcIua HlOenia Cingunt 

ad arma Dei Vidcani, gl:\dius Nee minus Apneas, quanquam tardante sagitta 746 
mortali maim /actus frac- Interdum genua impediunt, cursumque recusant, 
f&£ SS,S!:^S Insequitur: trepidiq; pedem pede fervidus urget. 
in fulva arena. Itaque Tur- Inclusum veluti si quando in flu mine nactus 
uus attonitus adit fugiens Cervum, aut puniceae septum formidine pennae, 750 
campoa remotes: et miscet Venator cursu canis et latratibus instate 

dubios circuitus, nunc hue, ..... . A . . A 

deinde illuc. Nam Trojani Hie autem, msidns et npa terntus alta, 

undique einxerunt eum spis- Mille fugit refugitque vias: at vividus Umber 

sa maltitudine et hinc mag- Haeret hians, jam iamque tenet, similisque tenenti 

na palus, hinc altimuri sepi- T •:..»• i • • ~ .. , 

unt. iEneas non se^nius Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus mam est. 7^5 

persequitur, etardens tangit Turn vero exoritur clamor: ripaeque lacusque 
pedepedei^timentis: quam- Responsaut circa, et coelum tonat omne tumultu. 

v;s aliquando genua ihnese A 

impediant et negent cursum, vulnere sagittce remorante. Quemadmodum canis venaticus, 
eum aliqUiindo repererit cervum deprehensum in iluvio, aut cireumdatum formidine plumaruni 
rubraruni, imminet ei cursu et latratu: iile vero territus insidiis et alto margin e Jluvii, fugit et 
refugit />er mille vias: sed acer canis ex Umbria adhseret ipsi hians, et jam jam apprehendit, et 
similis apprehendenti insonuit dentibus, et deeeptus e& vano morsu. Tunc autem clamor emit- 
titur, et ripcC et lacus respondent circum, et totum. coelum sonat tumultu. , 

NOTES. 

fer to one and the same person thus;Whom The latter quick up flew and kick'd the 

the combat devotes to ruin, &c. This cir- beam. 

cumstance is imitated from II. XXII. 209; Paradise Lost, B. IV, I. 996. 

■where Jupiter in like manner weighs the This description, says Mr. Pope, may 

fate of Hector and Achilles. And Milton with justice be*preferred to either Homer's 

has improved upon both in his Paradise or Virgil's, on account of the beautiful allu- 

Lost, B. IV, towards the end; where, in sion to the sign Libra in the heavens, and 

order to put an end to the strife between the noble imagination of the Maker's weigh- 

Gabriel and Satan, he makes the Almighty ing the whole world at the creation, and 

hang Out his scales, wherein the event of all the events of it since, so well correspond 

the future fight is weighed; and Satan no at once with philosophy and the style of the 

sooner looks nip, and sees bis scale mount- scriptures, 

ed aloft, than he betakes himself to flight: 734. Capulum ignotum. This is explained 

These are the lines of Milton: by the following lines. 

Th' Eternal, to prevent such horrid fray, 743 Implicat orbes; as ./En. V. Altemosque 

Hung forth in heav'n his golden scales, yet orbibus orbes impediunt. 

seen 749. Si quando in jiumine. The Roman 

Betwixt Astraea and the Scorpion sign, manuscript, and some others leave out the 

Wherein ail things ere ated first he weigh'd: in. 

The pendulous round earth with balanc'd 750. Pewue. This, as Dr. Trapp observes, 

air, was a rope stuck with feathers to inclose 

In counterpoise now ponders all events, and fright the deer. 

Battles and realms. In these he put two 753. Umber, a hound from Umbria, in the 

weights, north of Italy. 
The signal each of parting and of fight, 



jENEIDOS LIB. XII. 



577 



Ille simul fugiens, Rutulos simul increpat omnes, H'e Tumm timul fugit, ct 

Nomine que'mque vocans: notumq; efflagitat ensem. ^*3*SS Z 

iEneas mortem contra praesensque minatur 760 n ,i ne SUOt c t petit ensem so- 

Exitium, si quisquam adeat: terretque trementes, litum. Contra iEneas inten- 

Excisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat. ZST^SSCS, 

Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque retexunt et terret trepidos, minitans 

Hue, illuc: nee enim levia aut luclicra petuntur se eversurum urbem, et w> 

Prsmia, sed Turni de vita et sanguine certant. 765 ^^/""e 

Forte sacer Fauno folus oleaster am arts 

Hie steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum: 

Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant 

Laurenti Divo, et votas suspendere vestes: 

Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum 

Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo. 

Hie hasta jEneae stabat: hue impetus illam 

Detulcrat fixam, et lenta in radice tenebat. 

Incubuit, voluitque manu convellere ferrum 

Dardanides; teloq; sequi, quern prendere cursu 

Non poterat. Turn vero amens formidine Turnus, derant sine discrimine sa 

Faune, precor, miserere, inquit: tuq; optima ferrum cram arborem, ut possent 

Terra tene: colui vestros si semper honores, fSRS&£T$& 

Quos contra iEneadae bello tecere protanos. impetus illam impulerat il- 

Dixit: opemq; Dei non cassa in vota vocavit. 780 luc fixam 

Namque diu luctans, lentoque in stirpe moratus 

Viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus 

Roboris iEneas. Dum nititur acer et instat, 

Rursus in aurigae faciem mutata Metisci 

Procurrit, fratriq; ensem Dea Daunia reddit. 

Quod Venus audaci Nymphae indignatalicere; 

Accessit, telumque alta. ab radice revellit. 

Olli sublimes, armis, animisque refecti, 

Hie gladio fidens, hie acer et arduus hasta, 

Assistunt contra, certamine Martis anheli. 

Junonem interea rex omnipotentis Olympi 

Alloquitur, fulva pugnas de nube tuentem. 

tenacitatem ligni. Dum JEneas ardens conatui' et urget 



circuitus, et totidem rele- 
gunt, hue, illut: non enim 
quievuntur prrcmia tenuia 
aut luclicra, sed contendunt. 
de vita et sanguine Tumi. 

770 Forte oleaster frondibus a- 
maris hie fuerat sacer Fau- 
no, arbor quondam veneran- 
da nautis: ubi nautce erepti 
e naufragio solebant afligere 
dona Deo Mi Laurentino, 

775 et suspendere vestimenta 
devota. Sed Trojani absci- 



etretinebat in ra- 
dice tenaci. Trojanus %/E.ne- 
as institit, et voluit manu 
extrahere hastam ferratam; 
et assequi hasta eum, quern 
non poterat attingere cursu. 
,_P Turn vero Turnus exanima- 
' ° 5 tus metu, ait: O Faune, oro, 
miserere: et tu, 6 bona terra, 
retine ferrum: si fovi semper 
vestros cultus, quos iEneas 
contra reddidit bello profa- 
nos. Dixit: neque imploravit 
790 auxilium Dei in votainutilia. 
Nam .iEneas diu obnixus et 
moratus in tenaci radice, 
nullo. robore potuit solvere 
Dea filia Dauni, iterum conversa in 



formam aurigse Metisci accurrit, et reddit gladium fratri. Venus irata quod id liceret audaci 
Nymphse, venit et attraxit hastam e profunda radice. Illi alti, reparati animis et armis, hie con- 
fidens ensi, hie ferox et sublimis hasta, stant oppositi, anhelantes prselio Martis. Interim rex 
cceli omnipotentis affatur Junonem, spectantem prselia e rutila nube: 



766. Fauno. Faunus was the god of the 
Laurentines, and the father or grandsire of 
Latinus. 

766. Oleaster. The wild olive was fre- 
quently planted before temples to have the 
consecrated offerings suspended upon its 
boughs; that tree being very durable, and 
not apt to receive damage, though a great 
number of nails were stuck into its wood. 

768. Dona,- the votive tablets or garments 
of those who had escaped shipwreck. See 
Horat. Od. 

771. Puro campo, i. e. clear from all rubs 
and impediments. Thus Horace uses the 
word, Epist. lib. II. 2. 71. 
Purae sunt plate<e, nihil ut meditantibus ob- 
stet. 



NOTES. 



See ^n. XI. 711. 

782. Discludere morsus. He speaks of it 
as a fierce dog or wild beast, whose tusks 
take so fast hold of the prey, that there is 
no disengaging them. 

785. Dea Daunia, Juturna, the sister of 
Turnus, and daughter of Daunus, verse 139. 

789. Arduus hasta. Just as we expected 
the heroes would engage in a decisive com- 
bat, the poet stops short, and introduces a 
dialogue between Jupiter and Juno on this 
important action. Such unexpected pauses 
are highly judicious: they awaken and raise 
the reader's attention, and make him impa- 
tient for the event. 

791. Omnipotentis Olympi. See the note 
on iEn, X. 1. 

E 



578 P. VIRGILTI MARONIS 

O uxor, quis nunc finis erit? Quae jam finis erit, conjux? quid denique restat? 

SSSTSSSTM; f»*w ,^ m scis >. s ? et sci ,? fateris 

iEneamdestin^riDivam coe- Deben ccelo, fatisque ad sidera tola. 795 

lo, et fatis ev^hi ad astra. Quid struis? aut qua spe gelidis in nubibus haeres? 
Quid paras? aut qua spe ma- Mortalin' decuit violari vulnere Divum? 

nes in tngidis nubibus? an A , . , T , . , x 

deeuit Divum Itfwwtedi pia-Aut ensem (quid enim sine te Juturna valeret?) 

ga inflicta a mortali? aut gla- Ereptum reddi Turno, et vim crescere victis? 799 

dium subdactura reddi Taty Desine jam tandem, precibusq; inflectere nostris: 

no, et robur an gen victis: XT . : J ^ , , ^ r . , , l ... 

nam quid Jutu?na posset Nec te tantus edat tacitam dolor; et mihi curae 

absque te? cesla nunc djeni- Saepe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent. 

que, etflectiiiis ;neo vogatn: Ventum ad supremum est. Terris a^itare vel undis 

nee tantus dolor art gat te -r-> . • - r , j i n 

tacitam, sed mast* solicita- [ rojanos potuisti, mfandum accendere bellum, 

dines tux innotescant mihi Deformare domum, et luctu miscere hymenaeos: 805 

ssepe etuoduia ore Ventum Ulterius tentare veto. Sic Jupiter orsus: 

*££#£&£2i£?* D - submiss ° «»tra Saturriavultu: 

ri, exeitare dirura bellum. Ista quidem quia nota mihi tua, magne, voluntas, 
fffidare domum Latini, et Jupiter, et Turnum et terras invita reliqui. 
S^hiteoTe^^-^cttfttfaSriisolamntthcsede^dews ^ .:•: 810 
quam praterea. Sic Jupiter Digna mdigna pati; sed flammis cincta sub ipsa 
locutus est.- sic Dea Saturni Starem acie, traheremque inimica in praelia Teucros* 
filia contra 7e 5 />o;u^dejectoj uturnam m i S ero, f at eor, succurrere fratri 

vultu: (J magne Jupiter, de- • A • i , 

serui etTuvnum et terras in- s «asi, et pro vita majora audere probavi: 

vita, quod quidem tua volun- Non ut tela tamen, non ut contenderet arcum. 815 

tas mihi esset cognita: alio- Adjuro Stygii caput implacabile fontis, 

qui, non yideresmejam so-,, J ~ H fcp*irTrJn mineris nn*> reddita divis 

lam in aeriaregione tolerare ^ na *>upersUtlO SliperiS quae reaaita OlVlS. ^ 

di-r.aetindigaa; sedchcun-Et nunc cedo equidem, pugnasque exosa rehnquo. 
data ignibus eesem in ipso mud te, nulla fati quod le^e tenetur, 
ZFtSSTZEE P« Latio obtestor, pro majestate tuorum: 820 

Fateor, suasi ut Juturna Cum jam connubiis pacem fehcibus, esto, ' 
auxiiiaretur fratri sua infor- Component; cum jam leges et foedera jungent: 
^Sal^^i^Ne vetus indigenas nomen mulare Latinos, 
non tamen itq utjacula in- Neu 1 roas fieri jubeas, leucrosque vocan: 
tenderet, neque ut ai'cum; Aut vocem mutare viros, aut vertere vestes. 825 

juro per originem inexorabi- 

lem t'ontis Stygii, quae sola religio imposita est Di& ccelestibus. Et nunc quidem cedo, et aver- 
satapugnas relinquo eas. Peto ate pro Latio, pro dignitate ttiorum Latinorum, id quod nulla le- 
ge fatdrum continetur; scilicet quando jam constituent pacem fausto conjugio (itaque sit) quan- 
do jam sociabunt leges et foedera: ne imperes, ut Latini indigence amittant nomen antiquum: 
neve imperes ut fiant Trojani, et appellentur Trojani, aut ut viri illi mutent linguam, aut con- 
vertant vestimenta. 

NOTES. 

794. Zndigetem. The Indigetes are those the air, who had an equal power oversea and 

whom the Greeks call otvQgoxofcuftovis, dei- land. She at first opposes vigorously the voy- 

fied men; or, in the modern style, canon- age of our hero, and afterwards his settle- 

ized saints. ment. This opposition then is what consti- 

804. Accendere bellum, by raising a Fury tutes the general intrigue of the whole ac- 

from the infernal regions, who broke the tion. The solution of the plot begins when 

league which Latinus had made with iEne- the anger of Juno is softened, and she is 

as,, En. VII. 323. appeased by Jupiter, as she appears to be 

809. Jupiter. Virgil, as we have seen, in this passage of the twelfth book, 
has divided his poem, as Homer did his Bossu. . 

Odyssey. The first part contains the voyage 811. Dignaindigna pati, literally, Submit 

and arrival of JEneas in Italy; the second, to things becoming or unbecoming: a pro- 

his establishment there; but he connected verbial way of speaking, the import whereof 

these two great events better than Homer, is, to bear every thing, even the greatest 

by giving them a common intrigue or plot, insults and indignities. 
He did not introduce for the first part of his 817. Superstitio reddita. Servius explains 

intrigue a deity who could act no where reddita simply as data: others take it to 

but at sea, as the Neptune of Homer; but mean, retaliated on them by the infernal 

he makes choice of Juno., the goddess of gods; as if this made the gods above subject 



^NEIDOS LIB. X*J. 



579 



Sit in seternum Latium, slht 
reges All>r\ni, sit posterity* 
Romana potens fortitudine: 
Troja cecidit, permitte eti- 
am ut ceciderit cum suo no. 

g3Q mine. Auk tor rerum etho- 
minum vespondit illi subri- 
dens: Tu es soror Jovis, et 
sccunda soboles Saturn*: 
an versas in animo tantoa 
fluctus iraram? sec) age, et 
miiiga t'urorem truatra sus- 
ceptum: concedo quod petis; 

335 ac me submitto et spontc 
et auperatus tids prccibus. 
Itali servabunt linguam pa- 



Sit Latium, sint Albani per saecula reges: 

Sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago: 

Occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troja 

Olli subridens hominum rerumque repertor, 

Es germana Jovis, Saturniq; altera proles, 

Irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus? 

Verum age, et inceptum frustra submitte furorem; 

Do quod vis; et me victusque volensque remitto. 

Sermonem Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt: 

Utq; est, nomen erit: commixti corpore tantum 

Subsident Teucri: morem ritusq; sacrorum 

Adjiciam: faciamque omnes uno ore Latinos. 

Hinc genus, Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget, triam, et consuetlidmeset 

Supra homines, supra ire Deos pietate videbis. 

Nee gens ulla tuos aeque celebrabit honores. 

Annuit his Juno, et mentem laetata retorsit. 

Interea excedit coelo, nubemque reliquit. 

His actis, aliud genitor secum ipse voiutat: 

Juturnamque parat fratris dimittere ab armis. 

Dicuntur geminae pestes, cognomine Dirae: 

Quas, -et Tartaream Nox intempesta Megseram, 

Uno eodemque tulit partu: paribusque revinxit 

Serpentum spiris, ventosasque addidit alas. 

Hae Jovis ad solium saevique in limine regis 

Apparent, acuuntq; metum mortalibus segris: 

Si quando letum horrificum morbosq; Deum rex 

Molitur, meritas aut bello territat urbes. 

Harum unam celerem demittit ab aethere summo 

Jupiter, inque omen Juturnae occurrere jussit. 

Ilia volat, celerique ad terram turbine fertur: 

Non secus ac nervo per nubem impulsa sagitta, 

Armatam saevi Parthus quam felle veneni, 

Parthus sive Cydon, telum immedicabile torsit 

Stridens, et celeres incognita transilit umbras. 

Talis se sata Nocte tulit, terrasque petivit. 

rex Deorum parat horribilem necem ac morbos, aut terret 

Jupiter mittit ex alto ccelo unam illarum velocem, et imperavit offerri Juturnte quasi porten 
turn. Ilia Dira volat et labitur in terras veloci impetu; non aliter ae sagitta per aerem immissa 
nervo, tjutim Paribus aut Cydon conjicit imbutam felle diri veneni, ut sit jaculum immedicabU 
le, trajicit stridens et improvisa leves umbras. Filia Noctis talis intulit se et adivit terras. 



nomen eorxim erit, quale est: 
.,v tantuinmodo Trqjani juncti 
connubiis illic sedebunt: ad- 
dam modos et ceremonias 
sacrorum, et faciam omnes 
Latinos unius lingiue. Vide- 
bis posteritatem, qua? hinc 
oi-ietur mixta sanguine Italo, 

845 pietate superare homines, 
superare Di\os. Nee ulla na- 
tio adeo celebi-abit cultum 
tuum. Juno assensa est ver- 
bis, et gaudens convertit ani- 
mum. Interim abiit ex aere, 

o , et reliquit nubem. His per- 

S5U tectis, pater ipse volvit aliud 
secum, et meditator dedu- 
oere Juturnam a pugna fra- 
tris. Dicuntur esse duse pes* 
tes, nomine Dira: quas, et 
infernam Megan-am, Nox 
profunda edidit uno et eo- 
dem partu, et implicuit si- 
milibus nexibus anguium, et 

857 applicuite^salas celeres. Hse 
adsunt ante solium Jovis et 
in vestibulo severi illius re- 

ftfir g's,et excitant timores mi- 
*« seris hominibus: si aliquando 
urbes quce id meruerunt. 



bello 



NOTES. 



in their turn to the infernal deities, as much 
as these are to those. 

827. Sit Romana potens, &c. i. e. let all 
the future glory and grandeur of the Ro- 
mans be grafted on the valour of the Latins. 

840. Nee gens, &c. Juno was peculiarly 
honoured among the Romans, especially by 
the ladies of the first quality. She had a 
magnificent temple on the Aventine mount, 
whither Scipio brought her statue from 
Oarthage. 

$46. Nox intempesta, dead inactive night, 



unseasonable for business, and when there 
is nothing stirring. 

848. Ventosas alas, wings of the wind, or 
swift as wind. Hence it is said afterwards, 
celerique ad terram turbine fertur. 

849. S<£<oi. This is not his habitual cha- 
racter, but what he assumes at times; so 
that the meaning is, what time he is in 
wrath . 

850. Apparent. They attend as his appa* 
ritores, the ministers of his will. 



580 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 

Quando cernit excrcitum Postquam acies videt Iliacas, atque affmina TurnL 
TSSTStaVSTt A»ds in parv, .ubiri coHecta figuram: 

forraam parvse avis, qiue Quae quondam in bustis aut culmmibus desertis 
aKqaando noete manens in Nocte sedens, serum canit importuna per umbras: 
&££» StL^S p^anc versa in faciera, Tumi se pestis ad ora 865 
tenebras: Diia mntata hauc rertq; retertq; sonans, clypeumque everberat alis. 
in speciem, fert ac i-efert se Illi membra novus solvit formidine torpor: 
fuiTSr^'J^Arrect^ue horrore corns, et vox faucibus he*. 
Novus torpor debiiitat Ipsi At Pfocul ut Dirae stridorem agnovit et alas: 
membra timore: et capiili Infelix crines scindit Jutuma solutos, 870 

subvert sunt horrore; et vox Unguibus ora soror foedans, et pectora puenis. 

stetit in gutture. At misera ^ ■ • , ^ * v * 9 , 

Jutuma, quandoproculani-Vi u,cl nunc i te tua » Turne > potest germana juvare? 
madvertit stridorem et voia- Aut quid jam miserae superat mihi? qua tibi lucem 
tnm DirK, lacerat capiilos Arte morer? talhV possum me opponere monstro? 

sparsos, turpans vultum un- r„_ • •■ • xr , ri ,. _ — „ 

guibus et pectus pianctu, Jam J am lm q uo acies - Ne me terrete timentem, 875 
quia erat soroi-, ciitque: O Obscoenae volucres: alarum verbera nosco, 
Turne, quomodo tua soror Letalemque sonum: nee fallunt iussa superba 

J2ttJFSR»m%V^**- H * c P'-o virginitate reponit? 

mihi? quo artificio producam Quo vitam dedit aeternam? cur mortis adempta est 
tibi vitam? an possum objiee- Conditio? possem tantos finire dolores 8 80 

23S££32L?£ * unc cen % et mise r? f r* c .° mes ire p e r ™ bra3 ' 

terreatis me./am timentem, Jam mortahs ego. Haud quicquam mihi dulce me- 

6 infaustse aves: cognosco orum 

verbeva ^vumvestrarum Te siRe f rater erit> q q U 2E satis ima dehiscat 

et sonitum mortiferura; nee rr. ., • V, ■, i • ■ 

dura imperia magni Jovis l erra nwni, manesque Deam demittat ad imos: 

decipiuntme. Jin reddit ista Tantum effata, caput glauco contexit amictu, 885 

mihi pro . virginitete ereptd? Multa gemens, et se fluvio Dea condidit alto. 

cur decht mihi vitam perpe- *-, 9 N , , 

tuam?curablataest^:iex^ neas lnstat contra, telumque coruscat 
moriendi?jam certe possem Ingens, arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur; 
terminare tantos dolores, etQ uae nunc deinde mora est? aut quid jam, Turne, re- 
ire socia tratri misero inter . . ? .,,.... 
umbras, si ego nunc essem tiactas. ^ . v , 

mortaiis. Nihil quicquam Non cursu, saevis certandum est cominus armis. 890 
meorum bonovum jucundum Verte omnes tete in facies; et contrahe quicquid 
r£££ttg£28* al,imis > «ve arte vales: opta ardua pennis 

aperietur mihi, et detrudet Astra sequi, clausumque cava, te condere terra. 
me Divam ad infimas umbras? E6 usque locuta, Dea texit caput viridi velamine, gemens val- 
de, et immisit se in profundum flumen. Contra JEneas urget, et quassat hastam magnam, arbo- 
ream: et sic loquitur duro animo: Quse jam deinceps est mora? aut quid jam revolvis, 6 Turne? 
non pugnandum est cursu, se d propius duris armis: muta te in omnes formas, et collige quicquid 
potes sive virtute sive dolo: opta adire alis alta sidera, et occultare te abstrusum cava tellure. 



NOTES. 

864. Serum canit, the owl; because no equivalent to stridorem alarum, by a usual 

other bird sings only by night, especially in poetical figure. 

the dusk of the evening, which seems to be 875. Jam, jam, ISfc- In imitation of Ho- 

the meaning of serum. As Geor. I. mer, who makes Apollo quit the field just 

lllic sera rubens accendit lumina vesper. before Hector falls by the hand of Achilles. 

868. ArrecUeque horrore comx. However II. XXII. 

simple this circumstance may appear, yet 877. Letalemque sonum. Pitt has given 

the ancients, who so faithfully represent a most animated translation of this fine 

the genuine feelings of nature, always men- passage. 

tion the erection of the hair as a strong Your threats, ye baleful birds of night, for- 

mark of dread and terror. Sophocles, in bear, 

that wonderfully sublime scene, where the Nor fright a trembling goddess to despair. 

^o~*->> .of (Edipus is described, after telling Too well I know your pinions clattering 

loudly he and his daughters lament- round — 

ieir taking leave of each other, adds: There was a scream! Hell, hell is in the 

•ice ensued: when suddenly a cer- sound. 

:e called out (Edipus, aloud, so 888. Arboreum, massy as a tree: ingens 

lair of all present was erected." we refer, with Servius, to v£neas. 
-idortm et alas; an expression 



^NEIDOS LIB. XII. 






581 



Ille, caput quassans: Non me tua fervida terrent Hie Turnus commovens ca- 

Dicta, ferox; Dii me terrent, et Jupiter hostis. 895 J*g* £? £fc,2 
Nec plura effatus, saxum circumspicit ingens: mu: ^\\ et j up i te r adversus 

Saxum antiquum, ineens, campo quod forte jacebat me terrent. Nec locutus plu- 
t : „ — .. .;..,o i :•«.*» „♦ ^; c ^ A «r.»i.o» »«£«; »*»» aspicit magnum saxum;* 



saxum magnum, vetus, quod 
forte jacebat campo, con- 

900 stitutus limes agri, ut di- 
rimeret lites agrorum. Du<- 
odecim electi viri diffici- 
le suft'errent illud collo, ta- 
les, qualia sunt corpora ho- 
minum, quje terra jam pro- 

Qn fert. Ille heros assurgens 
^ altius, et impulsus cursu, 
mittebat in hostem hoc sax- 
%im apprehensum manu tre- 
mente. Sed neque cognoscit 
se currentem, neque irruen- 



Limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis. 

Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subirent, 

Qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus. 

Ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem 

Altior insurgens, et cursu concitus heros. 

Scd neque currentem se, nec cognoscit euntem, 

Tollentemve manu, saxumq; immane moventem 

Genua labant, gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis. 

Turn lapis ipse viri, vacuum per inane volutus, 

Nec spatium evasit, totum nec pertulit ictum. 

Ac velut in somnis oculos ubi languida pressit 

Nocte quies, nequicquam avidos extendere cursus tem,auterigentem manuet 

Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus segri gioversantem saxum grande, 

Suceidimus; not, lingua valet, non corpore note gffi£S£SfcEPS.£ 

Sufficiunt vires, nec vox nec verba sequuntur. terea saxum ipsum,rotatum 

Sic Turno, quacunque viam virtute petivit, per aerem, nee pertransiit, 

Sueeessmn Dea Diranegat. Turn peetore sensus g«g£ *£ ™~ 

Vertuntur varn. Rutulos aspectat et urbem, 915 aa modum nocte in somnis, 

Cunctaturque metu: telumq; instare tremiscit: quando languida quies clausit 

Nec quo se eripiat, nec qua. vi tendat in hostem, 

Nec currus usquam videt, aurigamque sororem. 

Cunctanti teium ^Eneas fatale coruscat, 

Sortitus fbrtunam oculis: et corpore toto 

Eminus intorquet. Murali concita nunquam 

Tormento sic saxa fremunt, nec fulmine tanti 

Dissultant crepitus. Volat atri turbinis instar 

Exitium dirum hasta ferens: orasque recludit 

Loricae, et clypei extremos septemplicis orbes: 

et moratur prce timore, et timet hastam imminentem: nec cernit usquam, quo se subducafc 
nec quo robore irruat in hostem, nec currum, nec sororem aurigam. JEneas incutit moranti 
hastam letalem, explorans oculis opportunitatem: et procul immittit toto c«rpore. Nunquam 
saxa sic sonant, pulsa murali machina; nee tanti crepitus eduntur fulmine. Hasta portans 
sfevam mortem, volat sicut nigrans procella, et aperit extremitates thoracis, et sinuosos circuitus 
clypei septemplicis; 



oculos, frustra videmur velle 
producere cursus optatos, et 
infirmi defieimus in medio 
impetu: lingua non viget, 

920 v ' res s °l* tse non suppetunt 
in corpore: nec vox nee 
verba erumpunt: sic Dira 
divina abnuit Turno succes- 
sum, quacumque vi tentavit 
xnodum. Tunc diversse sen- 
ten rise agitantur ejus animo. 

925 Respicit Rutulos et urbem; 



NOTES. 



899. Bis sex. Here the poet had two pas- 
sages of Homer fn his eye: the one is II. V. 
302; where Diomede throws a stone atM- 
neas, such as two men in Homer's days 
could hardly have wielded. The other is 
II. XXI. 405; where Minerva gives Mars a 
blow with a stone that was set for a land- 
mark. These, and some other imitations, 
discover less judgment and correctness 
than are visible throughout the rest of Vir- 
gil's works. 

905. Frigore, cold shuddering fear; the 
effect put for the cause, as J£n. I. 92- 

Extemplb Mnece so ivuntur frigore membra. 

906. Viri. Servius joins lapis with viri, 
and admires the choice of the word for 
something or other. But that criticism, like 
many others of his, is not easy to be under- 
stood. It appears to us that viri belongs to 
the latter part of the sentence 

906. Vacuum per inane. Inane here, as of- 



ten in Lucretius, signifies the air, yet it 
must be owned, that to join the two looks 
very like tautology. But vacuum may signi- 
fy spacious, as elsewhere. 

907. Totum ought to be joined with spa- 
tium, not with ictum, as Ruseus has it; for 
that would be to say it gave -Eneas a partial 
stroke; whereas the plain meaning is, it 
did not hit him at all, since it did not so 
much as reach his length. 

908. Ac velut in somnis. Trapp calls this 
an admirable simile, comparing his vain at- 
tempts to the feeble endeavours which we 
make in dreams. He adds, almost every 
word is remarkable. The like simile is ap- 
plied to Hector in the 22d Iliad. 

920. Sortitus for tunam oculis. Servius ex- 
plains it: Hunc locum adferiendum oculis ele- 
git JEneas, quern fortuna destinaverat vulneri. 

921. Murali, i. e. for battering the walls, 
925. Loricce, et clypei, t9*c. In the Mr-dice- 



?V 



582 P. VIRGILII MARONIS &c. 

stridens pcnetrat per me- Per medium stridens transit femur. Incidit ictus 

dium femur: Turnus magnus j ad terram duplicato poplite Tumus. 

cadit percussus in terram _ b • t» .• 

flexo poplite. Rutuli surgunt Consurgunt gemitu Rutuh, totusque remugit 
cum lamentis, et mons totu Mons circum, et vocem late nemora alta remittunt 

^^t^TJ^Z^ 111 ^ humilis su PP lex( l ue > ocul ° s dextramque pre- 

llle abjectus et supplex, in- cantem > . 930 

tendens oculos et dexteram Protendens: Equidem merui, nee deprecor, inquitj 

3upplicantem, ait: Sane me-Tj tere sorte tua: miseri te si qua parentis 

^'ZeTtur^unlri-angere cura potest, oro (fait et tibi talis 

si ullacura miseri patris po-Anc4iises genitor) Dauni miserere senectae: 

test commovere te, oro mi- £t me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis, 935 

r^r e tibit% U AL!,i:R«dde meis ; Vicisti, et victum tendere palmas 

ses pater: et redde meis, Ausonn videre: tua est Lavinia conjux. 

vel me vivum: vel, si ma- Ulterius ne tende odiis. Stetit acer in armis 

2NaE5a*^£«»' volvens oculos, dextramque repressit. 

me victum tendere tibi ma- kt jam jamq; magis cunctantem flectere sermo 94C 

nus: Lavinia tua est uxor. Ne Coeperat: infelix humero cum apparuit ingens 

progpedere ukevius odiis. Ba lteus, et notis fulserunt cingula bullis 

JLneas constitit ferox in ar- ^ a -J > ^ & , " 

mis, torquens oculos, etreti-Pallantis puen: victum quern vulnere Turnus 

iiuitmanum.Etjamjam ma-Straverat, atq; humeris inimicum insigne gerebat. 
gis sermo Tumi coeperat in e ocu H s postquam saevi monimenta doloris, 945 
commovere morantem Jk.- -n . % f. r •• . • a 

neam: qaando magnus ac in- Exuviasque hausit: funis accensus et ira 
faustus balteus Pallantis ju-Terribilis: tu-ne hmc spolns indute meorum 
venis apparuit in humero Eripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallas 

%fi££%£^i*™&. et ?™ s r lerat0 t x san s uine surak - 

aiRictum vulnere Turnus oc- Hoc dicens, ferrum adverso sub pectore condit 950 
ciderat, et gestabat humero Fervidus: ast ill! solvuntur frigore membra, 
^fd*^epiJ«gmtVitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. 

numentum crudelis luctus et spolia, inflammatus furore, et terribilis ira, ait: An tu, ornat e 
spoliis meorum sociorum, eripieris hinc mihi? Pallafc, Pallas maetat te hoc ictu, et sumit suppli- 
wa ex impio sanguine. Hoc dicens, ardens occuluit ferrum intra pectus oppositum: ilie autem 
Tumo membra deficmnt pra frigore, et vita dolens abit cum gemitu ad umbras. 

"NOTES. 

an manuscript the words run thus: Loricce casion of the contest. 

dypeique extremos septemplicis orbes, et medi- Tua est Lavinia conjux. 

urn stridens transit femur. 941. Infelix, I e. which was still unlucky 

930. Supplexque, oculos. In some editions to its owner, 

it is supplex oculos, without the que. Some 949. Immolat. It was not a murder, but 

make the construction to be humilis sup- a sacrifice. 

plexque quoad oculos, with humble suppliant 952. Sub umbras. Virgil closes the whole 

looks. But tendens, or protendens oculos, is as scene of action by the death of Turnus, and 

much in Virgil's style as tendens dextram. leaves the rest to be imagined by the mind 

Thus JEn. II. 405. of the reader. He dees not draw the picture 

Ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina, &c. at full length, but delineates so far that we 

And Catullus, LXII. 127. cannot fail of imagining the whole draught; 

Unde aciem in pelagi vnstos protenderet for it is evident that the fall of Turnus, by 

jgstus giving .Eneas a full power over Italy, an- 

It is extremely judicious in the poet to swers the whole design and intention of the 

make Turnus himself fairly own that he de- poem. Po pe 
serves to die, and solemnly resign the oc- 



FINIS: 



m 



i 



t 



* 



N;'»:;rffcil 






